#Best CBSE Question Bank for Class 12 Economics

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Together with Best CBSE Question Bank for Class 12 |Economics Question Bank with answers

Latest edition of Solved CBSE Question Bank Class 12 Economics for Session 2024-25 includes chapter-wise Mind Maps & Practice Questions. Completely Solved NCERT Textbook Exercises comprises a part of Together with CBSE 2024 Question Bank for Board exam preparation. Practice Papers provided in the reference material gives full course based practice.

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Class 12 Commerce: Build a Strong Academic and Professional Base

Introduction Class 12 Commerce is perhaps the most crucial academic year for students. It is not only a board exam year—it's also the last stepping stone before going into professional courses such as CA, CS, CMA, B.Com, BBA, or other business degrees. Your Class 12 performance is a decisive factor in determining your college admission opportunities and career.

At ACC Commerce Coaching Jodhpur, we not only facilitate students in Class 12 to get through their exams with high marks, but also develop the confidence and skills necessary to perform well in higher studies.

Class 12 Commerce Stream Subjects Following are the main subjects taught in Class 12 Commerce under the majority of boards such as CBSE and RBSE:

Accountancy

Advanced accounting topics such as Partnership Firms, Companies Accounts, and Analysis of Financial Statements

This is a major subject for students who want to study CA or B.Com

Business Studies

Involves principles of management, marketing, business environment, and financial planning

Enables students to learn how businesses function and make strategic decisions

Economics

Comprises Macroeconomics and Indian Economic Development

Involves national income, budget, foreign exchange, and economic reforms in India

English

Improves language skills, business correspondence, understanding, and writing

Optional Subjects

Typical choices are Mathematics, Applied Maths, Informatics Practices (IP), Physical Education, etc., depending on student aspirations

Why Class 12 is So Crucial for Commerce Students Class 12 marks are a reference point for higher studies. Whether you're seeking admission to undergraduate courses, professional courses like CA Foundation, or getting ready for entrance tests like CUET, a solid academic foundation in Class 12 is crucial.

Secondly, the subject matter learned here is repeated in college and entrance exams, and hence mastering the subject well is essential.

Common Puzzles of Class 12 Commerce

Managing school exam along with entrance test preparation

Long syllabus that demands time management

Mathematical complexity of Accountancy and Maths

Negligence of writing practice in theory papers

All these puzzles can prove to be too much to handle without proper coaching, study schedule, and guidance.

Why ACC is the Best Coaching for Class 12 Commerce in Jodhpur ✅ Subject Specialists with 10+ Years Experience ✅ Personalized Study Plans according to student strengths & weaknesses ✅ Board + Competitive Exam Coaching ✅ Periodic Practice Tests, Worksheets & Mock Tests ✅ Doubt Classes and One-on-One Guidance ✅ Crash Courses and Revision Batches are Available

We train students for academic success, board scores, and professional preparation.

Tips to Score 90%+ in Class 12 Commerce

Begin revision from Day 1; don't wait until pre-boards

Use standard business and accounting terminology when writing answers

Practice daily numerical questions and read NCERT examples

Read Business Studies case studies and attempt to write your own answers

Get updated with Indian economic policies and facts for Economics

Career Opportunities After Class 12 Commerce

B.Com, BBA, BMS

CA, CS, CMA Foundation

BA Economics, Law, Finance & Investment Analysis

Entrepreneurship, Digital Marketing, Banking, and more

ACC assists students in planning strategically for their next steps, so they don't just pass— they grow.

Start with ACC Today: https://acceducation.in Find us on Google Maps: ACC Commerce Coaching - GMB

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Best Business Studies Classes for 12th in Jaipur

Online & Offline Classes for Class 12th Business Studies

CP Classes offers the best classes for business studies for Class 12th commerce students under the guidance of CA Niraj Jain having an experience of 12+ years in the field of professional mentoring.

Learning Modes:

The following modes of study are available on our Business Studies classes:

Conventional Face-to-Face Classes (at our Jaipur Campus)

Google Drive Lectures (All India & Abroad)

Pen Drive Lectures (All India)

  What is Business Studies?

Business studies is the academic subject concerned with the study of business and includes a wide range of disciplines such as accountancy, marketing, finance, organisational studies and operations.

Business is a complex process that puts together technology, natural resources and human initiative in a constantly changing global environment. To understand the framework in which a business operates, a detailed study of the organisation and management of business processes and its interaction with the environment is required.

Business Studies at the CBSE Class 12 level develops a good understanding of the principles and practices bearing in business (trade and industry) as well as their relationship with the society.

Business Studies for Class 12 commerce provides an comprehensive range of concepts and advanced information regarding the subject which includes all the questions provided in the Business Studies syllabus. A piece of good knowledge in the business can influence the growth of an organisation, earning, personal development, and daily lives of people. The business has an important impact on the living and quality of lifestyle and also the environment we live in.

Coaching Classes for Business Studies for all Boards

Commerce Paathshala offers the class 12th business studies classes for various boards viz. CBSE, ICSE, IGCSE, IB and State boards in commerce stream.

Business Studies is a comparatively easy and interesting subject. In BSt. too 100% Marks can be obtained in Class 12th Board Exams. The faculty at CP Classes gives special attention on the latest examination pattern and extensively covers Case Study based questions. CP provides a Question Bank of 1000+ questions that are set as per the CBSE Updates & Guidelines. Students are taught BSt. through Presentations and Videos to make understanding better. Our Face-to-Face Classes in Malviya Nagar provides the Best Infrastructure for Learning in Jaipur.

For students outside Jaipur, we provide the Best Video Classes for Commerce (Accountancy, Economics & Business Studies) in India. Our faculties have minimum 10 years of experience and have taught 2000+ students. Study Materials of CP Classes are prepared as per CBSE Syllabus & NCERT Textbooks & questions that are practised in the class have high chance of appearing in the Board Exam. This makes CP Classes one of the Best Institute of Commerce.

Why Commerce Paathshala is Best for Class 12 Business Studies?

Personalised, Conceptual & Quality Teaching

Coverage of the entire syllabus with complete comprehension

Quality Notes help students learn more effectively and speed up the revision process.

Mock Tests are provided on a regular basis to measure students’ performance.

For each lecture, a video backup is also available.

Special Doubt Clearing Session

While doing this, we would also ensure that, Class 12th Business Studies Classes at Commerce Paathshala covers all NCERT topics as per the updated CBSE Class 12 Business Studies syllabus for 2021-22

Our Pen Drive Classes & Google Drive Classes

Class 12 Commerce Business Studies Video Lectures, is another option for our students to learn the concepts easily of the entire CBSE or State Boards Class 12th Business Studies Syllabus.

Our video lectures for BSt. are very adequate for Class 12th students in the CBSE or any State Board. We also provide study material through PDFs. We always look forward to help students in providing in-depth knowledge regarding the syllabus, books, marking scheme, and question paper, sample papers etc.

Class 12th Business Studies Pendrive & Google Drive Classes

 ₹6,000     

Must  Read: Mathematics Online Coaching For Class 12th

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CBSE Sample Paper + Question bank Class 12 Accountancy, English Core, Business Studies & Economics 2022-2023 is one of the best CBSE Reference Books for the Class 12 board exam. It includes Latest Solved Board Sample Papers with Marking scheme 2022- 2023 which were released on 16th September 2022 for enhanced learning.

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Best Books for Engineering - Engineering Textbooks Engineering can be defined as the application of mathematics and physics in a straightforward and straightforward manner. A wide range of applications in mechanical and aerospace engineering, civil engineering, medical and biological engineering, financial engineering, economics, and a variety of other fields can all be included in this definition.

For More Details Visit Here:- https://www.amazon.in/stores/page/3E9B6C51-8D9B-448A-9FEB-D00CA65A99F8

Our Books:- CLAT Mock Test Sample Papers, Best Books for Engineering, CBSE Handbooks Class 11 12, CLAT 2022 Exam Book, Competitive Exam Books, GATE 2010 to 2021 Solved Question Papers, GATE 2022 Exam Book, GATE Previous Year Solved Question Papers, Karnataka PUC Board Class 12 books, Karnataka SSLC Board Class 10 books, Medical Entrance Exam Books, PUC Previous Years Solved Papers, Question Bank 2021-23, SSLC Previous Years Solved Papers, SSLC Question Bank 2021-22

For CBSE :- CBSE Workbook Class 1, CBSE Workbook Class 2, CBSE Workbook Class 3, CBSE Workbook Class 4, CBSE Workbook Class 5

For Olympiad :- Olympiad Books Class 1, Olympiad Books Class 2, Olympiad Books Class 3, Olympiad Books Class 4, Olympiad Books Class 5

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Accounts Coaching Classes in Chandigarh

Accounts Coaching Classes in Chandigarh offers Accounts Coaching for Class 12th for CBSE, ICSE, AND PSEB board students. Accounts Academy in Chandigarh has designed 11th 12th Class Tuition in such a way that it will clear all the basic fundamental concepts of CBSE 11th 12th class syllabus for those students who wish to excel & score good rank in CBSE 11th 12th Examination. Accounts Coaching Classes in Chandigarh is one of the best tutoring institutes for Class 11th & 12th Commerce students. Our teachers cover here apart from teaching and also work as their instructors.

Our unique study method combines modern practice techniques and our accounts programs are easy to design in coaching classes. Our training for those accounts helps the student overcome all confusions about accountancy. The study involves accounting laws, fraud detection, managerial accounting, and auditing in the study. Motivated accountants generally take their accounting courses through a full degree program. Traverse the contents of general accounting classes by studying accountancy.

Our

Accounts Training

Accounts Classroom Training

Accounts Mock Test

Accounts daily Practice

Accounts Problem Solving Classes

Accounts Weekly Practice Test

Accounts Result

Some common concepts we hear here involve auditing procedures and standards, cost analysis, financial statements, and reporting, tax deductions and liabilities, international accounting, business or tax research methods, global economy, etc. Solve all your confusion with the Accounts Coaching Institute in Chandigarh. In our accountancy coaching classes in Chandigarh, you get the full solution for the accounts. Students learn the business side of accounting in this classical classroom, such as direct handwriting, bookkeeping, numerous equations, and liabilities. Involves original accounting principles and how they relate to making statements. This accounting course is a must for any accounting major in our tuition classes. We also provide all the subjects for commerce stream 11th & 12th students like Accounts, Business Studies, Economics, English, and Mathematics

Vision

To attain apex in sharing knowledge, training students in accountancy and related domains, and to provide professional guidance for their success.

Mission

To provide students with quality-oriented personalized attention by delivering educational solutions and to see they prosper their career.

Focus

The teaching methodology is designed in such a way to realize how learning accountancy is made so easy, with an ultimate goal to attain the untold secret of success in every walk of life.

Syllabus for Class 11th Accountancy

Accountancy syllabuses differ from schools affiliated to one board of education to schools affiliated to another board. While there may be some differences across syllabuses advised by several education boards, the core study areas remain the same. Here are the things that commerce students have to cover in Class 11th.

Theoretical Framework – Benefits, Importance, Objectives, and Limitations of Accounting, Basic Accounting Terms

Theory Base of Accounting – presumption, Principles, Accounting Standards, Double Entry System

Recording of Transactions

Debit and Credit Rules

Journal

Cash Book

Purchase or buy Book, Sales Book, Purchases Returns Book & Sales Returns Book

Bank Reconciliation Statement

Ledger

Objectives and Preparation of Trial Balance

Depreciation

Provisions and Reserves

Promissory Note and Bills of Exchange

Accounting Treatment of Bill Transactions

Rectification of Errors

Financial Statements

Balance Sheet

Trading and Profit and Loss Account

Sole Proprietorship Trading, Profit & Loss Account and Balance Sheet

Limitations and Uses of Incomplete Records

Statement of Affairs Method for regulating Profit & Loss

Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organizations

Syllabus for Class 12th Accountancy

Here partnership firms and companies will come into the picture. What are the main subjects?

Accounting for partnership firms: Partnership deeds, preparation of profit and loss accounts, admission of a partner, retirement, and death of a partner, and dissolution of a partnership firm.

Accounting for the organization: Accounting for share capital and accounting for debentures will be clear here.

Analysis of financial statements: The students are taught how to analyze financial statements using various tools such as ratio analysis.

Cash flow statement

Besides the students are also given classes in computerized accounting.

Books followed in the

Accounts Coaching Classes

in Chandigarh

T.S. GREWAL

D.K. GOEL

P.C. TULISAN

S.A. SIDDIQUE

Importance of

Accounts Coaching Classes

in 12th Class?

The majority of class 12 students would answer this question by saying that it is essential to get a good score in the subject. Which is perfectly true. But by focusing on a broader aspect, you will realize the following.

Preparing for accountancy for class 12 will:

Enhance your chances of getting admissions to a good institute that broaden your exposure and knowledge

Keep your foundation strong

Broaden your skills set and competency

Gain your confidence

Train you to be able to understand advanced accounting concepts with ease method

Offer you opportunities that can make you a versatile accountant in the future

Help you get a job in some of the best financial consultant companies due to the rising demand for accountants

Help you get one step closer to writing the common proficiency test (CPT)

Help you get one step closer to becoming a Chartered Accountant (CA)

Teaching Methodology:

One to one attention (individual attention) is a great favor in Accounts Coaching Classes in Chandigarh.

All illustrations and exercises in a textbook & practice manual will be explained.

Students are given instructed to do all exercise problems and submit. Corrections will be made then and there. If required related concepts will be explained once again, where the students find it difficult to solve the exercise problems.

Mock tests will be directed for each chapter and if needed for each concept.

Questions that appeared in previous year’s question papers will also be solved or explained.

Parents are informed then and there concerning wards performance

How should you prepare for

accounts in class 12th?

Accountancy has both theoretical topics and practice-based topics in every chapter. There are six exact steps to be followed while preparing for accounts in class 12th.

Step 1: Study the theory – definitions, conceptual explanations, applications and p 4: Work on questions at the end of every chapter – at the end of the third step, you must be comparatively thorough with a chapter and its concepts. Now is the best time to work on the problems, questions, and adjustments that are available at the end of every chapter of the textbook. This will not only make you comprehensively thorough but will also demonstrate various kinds of questions that can be asked in the exam.

Step 5: Analyze past year’s papers – past year’s papers on accountancy for class 12th is available on 2 main sources, the internet, and books by many authors. Sometimes, the last few pages of your accountancy textbook could also have several year’s papers. By checking these papers, you can get a clear-cut idea and outline of:

Question paper format

Emphasized topics

Allocation of marks

Frequently asked questions

Answer expectation

Step 6: Solve sample papers – numerous students think that analyzing the past year’s papers are sufficient in conducting a good score. But sample papers are equally essential when offered by the right source. These sample papers will give you information and updates on:

Any changes in the question paper format

Any predicted questions

Changes in answer expectations

Changes in answer pattern

After following these steps, you will know that you are not only prepared with the right answers but also prepared for any changes or surprises that may happen in the examination hall. You would have learned to manage time, maintain your confidence, work efficiently, and stay aware.

Benefits of

Accounts Coaching Classes

in Chandigarh for 11th 12th Classes

Commerce students who have ambitions and aspirations for prosperous careers in the world of accounting only have one year to familiarize themselves with the basic accounting concepts; Class 11. While there are advanced concepts to learn in Class 12, candidates must grasp the basics in Class 11 to make sure that they don’t face any problems in understanding advanced concepts in the future. With an accounts home tutor, candidates can gain greater insights into accounting concepts and learn them thoroughly.

Classroom teaching at school may not always be efficient as teachers have limited time to explain concepts. However, a home tutor can take as much time as needed to explain concepts thoroughly. Regular Practice: Your accounts teacher at school may be great, but they cannot ensure that you are practicing regularly. There are two-parts of accountancy; the theoretical side and the practical side. What you learn in your accounts theory section will be of less use if you cannot use it practically. Coaching classes helps in this regard as they can assign tasks and homework for students that they need to submit regularly.

School teachers also mostly rely on the advised school textbook for examples and problems. However, a home tutor has the freedom to use any resource they see fit and may also come up with problems that students have to solve. Correspondence with Parents: School teachers remain under a lot of pressure for the whole academic session and apart from the two or three parent-teacher meetings scheduled by the school, they don’t get many chances to speak to parents. However, a home tutor can keep parents up-to-date regarding the performances of their children. Parents can use this information to motivate their children to practice more and they can also be more aware of the difficulties their children are facing with regards to accountancy.

Careers in Accounting

Finding a job in the accounting field is one of the decisions. Accounting is a field that will always be in demand and it is a field that you can continue to develop and move up inside your organization. There are various positions you can find in the accounting field. Careers in the accounting field can differ from entry-level positions to executive level. Choose the accounting career you are most interested in learning what it requires, what education you may require, and the salary you can potentially earn.

Jobs in Accounting

Accountant

Accounting Assistant

Accounting Clerk

Accounting Manager

Accounts Payable Clerk

Accounts Receivable Clerk

Bookkeeping

Budget Analyst

Certified Internal Auditor

Chief Financial Officer – CFO

Comptroller/Controller

CPA

Forensic Accounting

Government Accounting

Payroll Clerk

Staff Accountant

Tax Accountant

Why us for

Accounts Coaching Classes

in Chandigarh?

Accounts Coaching Classes in Chandigarh apply ease techniques to train our students and make smooth command over the desired subject. We have a practical approach and follow the 360-degree feedback system, to maintain hygiene in our Service Delivery Eco system. We prefer to deliver Quality students/professionals instead of delivering a lump of students reaching nowhere! Accountancy coaching classes in Chandigarh have the best and experienced teachers, offering students total insight and ample knowledge of the subject.

Exclusive Study Material

Properly compiled study material is our specialty which contains

Complete course topic-wise,

The easy language that helps in remembering the concepts,

Flow charts,

Diagrams,

Tabular representation,

Solved and unsolved questions,

Fast Track Revision section,

Important points to remember,

Do’s and Don’ts for the exam.

All these spotless features make this study material exclusive.

Routine Feedback & Tests

Surprise tests and feedback are important to make sure the student has understood the concept thoroughly. We believe in a quality product, therefore students are given regular tests and feedback on their work.

Our modernistic system will take the test of our students online and make sure that the result of the feedback is given immediately.

Doubt solving sessions

Our teaching sessions and methods are different and simple giving students no doubts about any concepts.

If there is any query or doubt, our doubt solving session or one to one sessions with students will work wonders to solve the problem of the students. Examples of the concepts should be studied to lay strong foundations for the chapter before moving next to complex adjustments.

Step 2: Solve accounting problems – after having enhanced the base knowledge for the chapter, you can go ahead with working on simple-moderate accounting problems. These accounting problems will have terms or concepts that have been explained in the theoretical expansion of the chapter.

Step 3: Practice computerized accounting – repeatedly practicing accounting on a spreadsheet or DBMS or even on software like Tally can make a huge difference in keeping what you studied and can lead to a better understanding of treating some accounting adjustments.

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Kanpur's No. 1 Commerce Institute by Vishal Srivastava Sir and Anil Sharma Sir 📚❤✌ XI-XII Economics

BEST CLASS XI-XII ECONOMICS COACHING IN Awadhpuri, Kanpur-UP, India🇮🇳

We are the leaders in Class XI-XII Economics Coaching in Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur, Awadhpuri.

Class XI & XII Sparkle Commerce Classes 📚 (offline & Online) for Accountancy, Economics, Applied Mathematics, Business Studies.

Class 12th (2021-22, 23) batch starts in February, March, April Months.

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We provide Online and Offline Economics classes 📚 By Vishal Srivastava Sir📚✌❤.

Highlights of our Online Class XI-XII Economics Classes

Interactive online Economics classes. Students can interact with the economics teacher just like in face to face classes.

Economics assignment after every class and evaluation of assignment just like physical classes.

Online Economics Tests are conducted to simulate classroom test environment using our ingenious process.

✅ Economics Class Resources

✅ Economics Concept Videos

✅ MCQ’s and Assignments

✅ Question Bank for all the chapters

Active doubt groups

We also provide coaching for Class 11th & 12th Accountancy, Applied Mathematics, Business Studies.

Our Economics Teachers (Passionate, Qualified, Result Oriented)

Team of result oriented, Postgraduate in Economics faculties having combined teaching experience of experience of over 12 years.

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XI-XII Accounts Coaching, XI-XII Economics Coaching, XI-XII Mathematics Coaching

Best class 11th & 12th Commerce Coaching (Accounts, Economics, Mathematics, Business Studies, English) in

CLASS 11TH ECONOMICS COACHING:

Class 11th economics course is divided in two broad categorizies. Micro-economics and statistical insights. Students are shown the basics of microeconomics, including demand theory, cost theory, and market structures. In statistics, students find out about various methods for gathering, arranging, and introducing factual information utilizing tabular, diagrammatic, and graphical representation.

Important Links Economics

Syllabus 2020-2021 Class 11th Economics

Deleted Class 11th Economics course for 2020-21

CLASS 12TH ECONOMICS COACHING:

Class 12th economics tuitions deals with Macroeconomics and Indian economic development. In Microeconomics, In Macroeconomics the students are familiarized with microeconomic aggregates like cash, banking, and balance of payments aspects. The Indian economic development as a subject concerns issues being faced by Indian economy, and the transformation of Indian economy from British period to independence and beyond

Syllabus 2021-2022, 23 Class 12 Economics

Deleted Course for Class 12th Economics 2021-22, 23

We are the leading Sparkle Commerce Classes📚 in Awadhpuri, Kanpur-UP, India🇮🇳. Numerous genuine students have vetted for our teaching commitment and results delivered by us. Check our reviews

Some of the important teaching methodologies that we center around are:

Chapter-wise assignments followed by discussion in the class

Fortnightly Testing (using our unique online testing process and theinstitute’s dedicated App)

Separate Time for UT/Block Test

Small batch with individual attention

Mock test series with assessment as per the CBSE board marking scheme

Frequent personal feedback from the faculty and institute’s App for attendance

Test marks directed to parents/guardians

What are the advantages to learn from our Economics Coaching?

We believe in simple clarification’s for the complex economic theory by our experienced and talented economics teachers.

Effective Learning using a combination of online and offline classes.

Clarity on complex economic theory

Comprehending how important public services are regulated using Macro and Micro Economic theory

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Courses to pursue after 12th Arts

It is that time of the year when not just the temperatures of the country are increasing but also the tensions, expectations and anticipations of Class 12th students. It has become hard to choose the best career courses after 12th. Yes, it is time for various school boards, including state boards and CBSE to announce the results and help students decide their career path quickly.

This question occupies each student’s mind once they complete class 12th.  Whether it’s their parents, relatives, teachers, neighbours or friends, everyone around them will ask the same question. While some students have an answer, others are confused. For those who are confused, it is best to understand all the available courses in detail. Besides, it is better to take more time in making such decisions than rushing into them and regretting it later.

The decision of pursuing any course will not only affect their professional life but will also play an essential role in their social life. Some of the most common mistakes students tend to make are; choosing the same course as of their friends or selecting the choice of their parents. So, before making the final decision, they should go through all the top courses after 12th.  Having an idea about these courses will help them in making a favourable choice.

Every student wins half of their battle by selecting a stream after class 10th. The course selection after class 12th depends on the stream chosen by them in class 10th, Furthermore, students should ask themselves about their areas of interest, skills they are good in as well as their goals in life. The answers to these questions will help them reach the course of their choice.

Therefore, when it comes to choosing a right career, students should not pick the most convenient option. Instead, they should select an option that motivates them. All of us have different interests, motivations and goals. Thus, every student should select a course based on these factors and not according to someone else’s choices. We at Exams Planner will help you understand the wide range of courses available for you.

Students in India need to choose a stream based on their aptitude and grades after completing class 10th. But the chief factor while making this decision is their interest in a subject. A student should always opt for a stream where their interest lies. Moreover, there are plenty of options available for every student in each of these streams – Science, Commerce or Arts. Here’s a brief description of all these streams after class 10th: -

Courses after 12th Arts:

Gone are the days when Arts stream was for students with low scores. With changing times, this stream has also become popular among students. It offers some exceptional career options to students and is incredibly diverse.

B.A. (Honors in Political Science)

B.A. (Honors in Sociology)

B.A. (Hons.) Economics

B.A. (Hons.) Humanities and Social Sciences

B.A. (Hons.) Social Work

B.A. (Hons) English

B.A. Programme with Functional Hindi

B.A. (Honors) History

B.A. (Honors) English with Journalism

B.A. (Journalism)

B.A. (English)

B.A. (Media & Communication)

B.A. (Psychology)

B.A.  Tourism

B.A. (Apparel Design & Merchandising)

B.A. (Fine Arts)

B.A. (History)

B.A. (Geography)

B.A. (Mass Communication)

B.A. (Sociology)

B.A. Economics

B.A. LL.B.

Vocational courses are not stream-specific. They allow students to do something different than the usual courses and will enable them to learn new skills. With these courses, students gain practical knowledge and prepare for a specialised career.  There are various programs which are fit for students and makes them job ready. One of the advantages of selecting these courses is that they can be taken online as well.  Other than that, there are few courses which are not expensive and are of shorter duration.

B.Des. (Accessory Design)

B.Des. (Fashion Design)

B.Des. (Textile Design)

B.Des. (Interior Design)

B.Des. (Ceramic Design)

B.Des. (Game Design)

B.Des. (Leather Design)

B.Des. (Multimedia Design)

B.Des. (Jewellery & Metalsmithing Design)

B.Des. (Graphic Design)

B.Des. (Industrial Design)

B.Des. (Knitwear Design)

B.Sc Games & Interactive Media from Sheffield Hallam University

B.Sc Multimedia & Animation

B.Sc (Electronics Media)

B.Sc (Hons) Digital Art & Technology

B.Sc (Hospitality Studies)

B.Sc (Mass Communication Journalism & Advertising)

B.Sc in Animation (Distance Education)

B.Sc in Fashion Designing & Apparel Designing

B.Sc in Jewellery & Metalsmithing Design

B.Sc in Fashion Technology

B.Sc in Textile Design

B.Sc in Interior Design

Bachelor in Environmental Management

Bachelor in Foreign Trade Management

Bachelor in Foreign Language

Diploma in Retail Management

Diploma in Textile and Leather Designing

Diploma in Human Resources

Diploma in Banking

Diploma in Company Secretary ship

Diploma in Infrastructure and Construction

Diploma in Marketing

Diploma in Interior Designing

Diploma in Entrepreneurship

Diploma in Hotel Management

Diploma in Aviation and Hospitality Management

Diploma in Tourism Management

Diploma in TV/Filming Courses

Diploma in Foreign Language

Air Hostess

Mobile repairing

Laptop repairing

Anchoring

Animation Film Making

Animation Master

Advance Diploma in 3D Animation- Expert

Advance Diploma in 3D Animation

Advance Diploma in Fashion Designing

Advance Diploma in Interior Designing

Advance Hair Diploma Holder

Advanced Diploma in Digital Animation (Diploma in VFX & Animation)

Advanced Diploma in Multimedia

Foreign languages courses

If you are looking to make your career in technology or smartphone industry, Mobile and Laptop repairing course from Hitech institute is the best option to go with. We hope the information provided here would help you in making a well-informed career decision.

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NCERT Class 12 English Reading Comprehension

NCERT Class 12 English : English Reading : Reading Comprehension - Passages, Exercises & Worksheets

Exercises :

Step 1: Skim once as rapidly as possible to determine the main idea before you look at the questions. Do not worry about words you do not know at this stage.

Step 2: Underline the words that you do not understand to facilitate a complete understanding of the passage. This will enable you to solve the vocabulary questions quicker.

Step 3: Look through the words carefully. You are advised to maintain the order in which the questions appear in the test paper. Read intensively the portion relevant to the answer.

Step 4; Concentrate on the vocabulary items and puzzle out from the context the meanings of those words you do not know.

♦ Ideas To Follow While Skimming

Read the title of the passage/ poem very carefully, if given. Determine what clues it gives you about the passage/poem.

Watch for keywords like causes, results, effects etc. Do not overlook signal words such as those suggesting controversy (e.g., versus, pros and cons), which indicate that the author is intending to present both sides of an argument.

Concentrate on the main ideas and ignore details. Most passages require at least two readings. Before writing the answer, check the questions again to be sure you have understood them.

♦ Guidelines To Attempt Comprehension Passage

First of all, read the passage quickly study the questions given at the end of your passage.

Start your second reading of the passage. This reading should be thorough. Underline key sentences or words related to the given questions.

An alternate method could be to go through the questions first, which gives a rough idea about the content or subject of the passage. It becomes easier to underline the keywords while going through the passage and will help to reach the answers faster.

While answering the questions, try not to give vague or general answers; be specific; sometimes students use one general description when four or five points have to be made. Avoid general answers.

Write in short, simple sentences unless required to do otherwise.

Do not repeat yourself. This is a waste of time. Avoid using slang. Do not use vague words when a precise one will do.

Make sure that you use your own words as far as possible. This means that you must summarise and’ interpret information; never copy whole ‘chunks’ from the passage.

When answering factual questions, i.e., questions that involve words like ‘what7, ‘when’, ‘how’ and ‘why’, do not include information not given in the passage. While answering the ‘why’ question, you may begin your answer with ‘This is because of a similar phrase.

While answering vocabulary questions, determine the part of speech of the word. Your answer should have the same part of speech. ,

♦ Previous Years’ CBSE Examination Questions

Question 1.Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: (Delhi, All India 2010)

1. Today’s woman is a highly self-directed person, alive to the sense of her dignity and the importance of her functions in the private domestic domain and the public domain of the world of work. Women are rational in approach, careful in handling situations and want to do things as best as possible. The Fourth World Conference of Women held in Beijing in September 1995 had emphasized that no enduring solution of society’s most threatening social, economic and political problems could be found without the participation and empowerment of the women. The 1995 World Summit for Social Development had also emphasised the pivotal role of women in eradicating poverty and mending the social fabric.

2. The Constitution of India had conferred on women equal rights and opportunities political, social, educational and of employment with men. Because of oppressive traditions, superstitions, exploitation and corruption, a majority of women are not allowed to enjoy the rights and opportunities, bestowed on them. One of the major reasons for this state of affairs is the lack of literacy and awareness among women. Education is the main instrument through which we can narrow down the prevailing inequality and accelerate the process of economic and political change in the status of women.

3. The role of women in a society is very important. Women’s education is the key to a better life in the future. A recent World Bank study says that educating girls is not a charity, it is good economics and if developing nations are to eradicate poverty, they must educate the girls. The report says that the economic and social returns on investment in education of the girls considerably affect the human development index of the nation. Society would progress only if the status of women is respected and the presence of an educated woman in the family would ensure education of the family itself. Education and empowerment of women are closely related.

4. Women’s education has not received due care and attention from the planners and policymakers. The National Commission for Women has rightly pointed out that even after 50 years of independence, women continue to be treated as the single largest group of backward citizens of India. The role of women in overall development has not been fully understood nor has it been given its full weight in the struggle to eliminate poverty, hunger, injustice and inequality at the national level. Even when we are at the threshold of the 21st century, our society still discriminates against women in matters of their rights and privileges and prevents them from participating in the process of national and societal progress.

Various Committees and Commissions have been constituted before and after the independence to evaluate the progress in women’s education and to suggest ways and means to enhance the status of women. The female literacy rate has gone up in the 20th century from 0.6 per cent in 1901 to 39.29 per cent in 1991 but India still possesses the largest number of illiterate women in the world. The female literacy index for the year 1991 shows that there are eight States which fall below the national average. The most populous States of the country, UP, MP, Bihar and Rajasthan fall in the category of most backward States as far as female literacy is concerned.

5. The prevailing cultural norms of gender behaviour and the perceived domestic and reproductive roles of women tend to affect the education of girls. Negative attitude towards sending girls to schools, restrictions on their mobility, early marriage, poverty and illiteracy of parents affect the girl’s participation in education.

6. Women’s political empowerment got a big boost with the Panchayati Raj Act of 1993 which gave them 30 per cent reservation in Village Panchayats, Block Samities and Zila Parishads throughout the country. The National Commission for Women was also set up in 1992 to act as a lobby for women’s issues.

7. The educational system is the only institution which can counteract the deep foundations of inequality of sexes that are built in the minds of people through the socialization process. Education is the most important instrument of human resource development. Educational system should be used to revolutionize the traditional attitudes and inculcate new values of equality.

(a)(i) Mention any two attributes of a modern woman. 2(ii) Why are women’s participation and empowerment considered necessary? 2(iii) Which factors adversely affect the education of girls? 2(iv) What benefits did the women get with the enactment of the Panchayati Raj Act of 1993? 2(v) By what process can we remove the sense of inequality of sexes from the minds of the people? 1Answer:(i) The modem woman of today is a highly self-dependent person alive to the sense of her dignity. She is rational in her approach and handles situations carefully.(ii) At the Fourth World Conference of Women held in Beijing, it was emphasized that without women’s participation and empowerment no enduring solution to society’s most threatening social, economic and political problems could be found. Also women’s empowerment is extremely important in eradicating poverty and mending the social fabric.(iii) The prevailing cultural norms of gender behaviour and the perceived domestic and reproductive roles of women tend to adversely affect the education of girls. Restrictions on the mobility of girls, early marriage of girls, poverty and illiteracy of parents affect the girl’s participation in education.(iv) Women’s political empowerment got a major boost with the Panchayati Raj Act of 1993 which gave them 30 per cent reservation in Village Panchayats, Block Samities and Zila Parishads throughout the country.(v) The sense of inequality of sexes can be removed from the minds of the people only through the process of education.

(b) Pick out words from the passage which mean the same as each of the following: 1×3=3(i) cruel and unfair (para 2)(ii) remove (para 3)(iii) full of people (para 4)Answer:(i) oppressive(ii) eradicate(iii) populous

Question 2.Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: (Delhi, All India 2011)

1. For many years now the Governments have been promising the eradication of child labour in hazardous industries in India. But the truth is that despite all the rhetoric no Government so far has succeeded in eradicating this evil, nor has any been able to ensure compulsory primary education for every Indian child. Between 60 and 100 million children are still at work instead of going to school, and around 10 million are working in hazardous industries. India has the biggest child population of 380 million in the world; plus the largest number of children who are forced to earn a living.

2. We have many laws that ban child labour in hazardous industries. According to the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986, the employment of children below the age of 14 in hazardous occupations has been strictly banned. But each state has different rules regarding the minimum age of employment. This makes the implementation of these laws difficult.

3. Also, there is no ban on child labour in nonhazardous occupations. The act applies to the organised or factory sector and not the unorganized or informal sector where most children find employment as cleaners, servants, porters, waiters, among other forms of unskilled work. Thus, child labour continues because the implementation of the existing law is lax.

4. There are industries, which have a special demand for child labour because of their nimble fingers, high level of concentration and capacity to work hard at abysmally low wages. The carpet industry in U.P. and Kashmir employs children to make hand-knotted carpets. There are 80,000 child workers in Jammu & Kashmir alone. In Kashmir because of the political unrest, children are forced to work while many schools are shut. Industries like gem cutting and polishing, pottery and glass want to remain competitive by employing children.

5. The truth is that it is poverty which is pushing children into the brutish labour market. We have 260 million people below the poverty line in India, a large number of them are women. Poor and especially woman-headed families have no option but to push their little ones in this hard life in hostile conditions, with no human or labour rights.

6. There is a lobby which argues that there is nothing wrong with children working as long as the environment for work is conducive to learning new skills but studies have shown that the children are made to do boring, repetitive and tedious jobs and are not taught new skills as they grow older. In these hellholes like the sweet shops of the old, there is no hope.

7. Children working in hazardous industries are prone to debilitating diseases which can cripple them for life. By sitting in cramped, damp and unhygienic spaces, their limbs become deformed for life. Inside matchstick, fireworks and glass industries they are victims of bronchial diseases and T.B. Their mental and physical development is permanently impaired by long hours of work. Once trapped, they can’t get out of this vicious circle of poverty. They remain uneducated and powerless. Finally, in later years, they too are compelled to send their own children to work. Child labour perpetuates its own nightmare.

8. If at all the Government was serious about granting children their rights, an intensive effort ought to have been made to implement the Supreme Court’s Directive of 1997 which laid down punitive action against employers of child labour. Only compulsory primary education can eliminate child labour.

9. Surely, if 380 million children are given a better life and elementary education, India’s human capital would be greatly enhanced. But that needs, as former President Abdul Kalam says, “a Second

(a)(i) On which two counts has the Government not succeeded so far in respect of children? 2(ii) What makes the implementation of child labour law difficult? 2(iii) Why do industries prefer child labour?(iv) What are the adverse effects of hazardous industries on children? Given any two. 2(v) What does the Supreme Court’s Directive of 1997 provide? 1Answer:(i) In respect to children the Government has not yet succeeded in eradication of child labour in hazardous industries and ensuring compulsory primary education.(ii) Implementation of child labour becomes difficult because each state has different rules regarding the minimum age of employment and there is no ban on child labour in the nonhazardous occupations.(iii) Industries prefer child labour because children have a capacity to work hard, a high level of concentration and can be employed at low wages.(iv) Children working in hazardous industries are prone to debilitating diseases which can cripple them for life. By sitting in cramped, damp and unhygienic spaces their limbs too become deformed for life. In matchstick, fireworks and glass industries, children become victims of bronchial diseases and T.B.(v) The Supreme Court’s Directive of 1997 provides punitive action against employers of child labour.

(b) Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following:(i) risky/dangerous (para 1)(ii) very unfriendly (para 5)(iii) intended as punishment (para 8)Answer:(i) hazardous(ii) hostile(iii) punitive

Question 3.Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: (Delhi, All India 2012)

1. While there is no denying that the world loves a winner, it is important that you recognize the signs, of stress in your behaviour and be healthy enough to enjoy your success. Stress can strike anytime, in a fashion that may leave you unaware of its presence in your life. While a certain amount of pressure is necessary for performance, it is important to be able to recognize your individual limit. For instance, there are some individuals who accept competition in a healthy fashion. There are others who collapse into weeping wrecks before an exam or on comparing marks sheets and finding that their friend has scored better.

2. Stress is a body reaction to any demands or changes in its internal and external environment. Whenever there is a change in the external environment such as temperature, pollutants, humidity and working conditions, it leads to stress. In these days of competition when a person makes up his mind to surpass what has been achieved by others, leading to an imbalance between demands and resources, it causes psychosocial stress. It is a part and parcel of everyday life.

3. Stress has a different meaning, depending on the stage of life you are in. The loss of a toy or a reprimand from the parents might create a stress shock in a child. An adolescent who fails an examination may feel as if everything has been lost and life has no further meaning. In an adult the loss of his or her companion, job or professional failure may appear as if there is nothing more to be achieved.

4. Such signs appear in the attitude and behaviour of the individual, as muscle tension in various parts of the body, palpitation and high blood pressure, indigestion and hyperacidity. Ultimately the result is self-destructive behaviour such as eating and drinking too much, smoking excessively, relying on tranquilisers. There are other signs of stress such as trembling, shaking, nervous blinking, dryness of throat and mouth and difficulty in swallowing.

5. The professional under stress behaves as if he is a perfectionist. It leads to depression, lethargy and weakness. Periodic mood shifts also indicate the stress status of the students, executives and professionals.

6. In a study sponsored by World Health Organization and carried out by Harvard School of Public Health, the global burden of diseases and injury indicated that stress diseases and accidents are going to be the major killers in 2020.

7. The heart disease and depression both stress diseases are going to rank first and second in 2020. Road traffic accidents are going to be the third-largest killers. These accidents are also an indicator of psychosocial stress in a fast-moving society. Other stress diseases like ulcers, hypertension and sleeplessness have assumed epidemic proportions in modern societies.

8. A person under stress reacts in different ways and the common ones are flight, fight and flee depending upon the nature of the stress and capabilities of the person. The three responses can be elegantly chosen to cope with the stress so that stress does not damage the system and become distressed.

9. When stress crosses the limit, peculiar to an individual, it lowers his performance capacity. Frequent crossings of the limit may result in chronic fatigue in which a person feels lethargic, disinterested and is not easily motivated to achieve anything. This may make the person mentally undecided, confused and accident-prone as well. Sudden exposure of unnerving stress may also result in a loss of memory. Diet, massage, food supplements, herbal medicines, hobbies, relaxation techniques and dance movements are excellent stress busters.

(a)(i) What is stress? What factors lead to stress? 2(ii) What are the signs by which a person can know that he is under stress? 2(iii) What are the different diseases a person gets due to stress? 2(iv) Give any two examples of stress busters. 1(v) How does a person react under stress? 2Answer:(i) Stress is a body reaction to any demands or changes in its external and internal environment. A change in the external environments such as temperature, pollutants, humidity and working conditions lead to stress.(ii) Certain signs appear in the attitude and behaviour of an individual under stress. These include muscle tension in various body parts, palpitation, high blood pressure, indigestion and hyperacidity. Other stress-related signs are trembling, shaking, nervous blinking, dryness of throat and mouth and difficulty in swallowing.(iii) Heart disease and depression are the two major stress-related diseases. Other stress diseases include ulcers, hypertension and sleeplessness.(iv) Herbal medicines and relaxation techniques are two examples of stress busters.(v) A person under stress reacts in different ways, the most common ones being flight, fight and flee depending upon the nature of the stress and capabilities of a person.

(b) Which words in the above passage mean the same as the following?(i) Fall down (para 1)(ii) rebuke (para 3)(iii) inactive (para 9)Answer:(i) collapse(ii) reprimand(iii) lethargic

Question 4.Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: (Delhi, All India 2013)

1. Air pollution is an issue which concerns us all alike. One can willingly choose or reject a food, a drink or a life comfort, but unfortunately there is little choice for the air we breathe. All, what is there in the air is inhaled by one and all living in those surroundings.

2. Air pollutant is defined as a substance which is present while normally it is not there or present in an amount exceeding the normal concentrations. It could either be gaseous or a particulate matter. The important and harmful polluting gases are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ozone and oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. The common particulate pollutants are the dusts of various inorganic or organic origins. Although we often talk of the outdoor air pollution caused by industrial and vehicular exhausts, the indoor pollution may prove to be as or a more important cause of health problems.

3. Recognition of air pollution is relatively recent. It is not uncommon to experience a feeling of ‘suffocation’ in a closed environment. It is often ascribed to the lack of oxygen. Fortunately, however, the composition of air is remarkably constant all over the world. There is about 79 per cent nitrogen and 21 per cent oxygen in the air the other gases forming a very small fraction. It is true that carbon dioxide exhaled out of lungs may accumulate in a closed and overcrowded place. But such an increase is usually small and temporary unless the room is really airtight. Exposure to poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide may occur in a closed room, heated by burning cctal inside. This may also prove to be fatal.

4. What is more common in a poorly ventilated home is a vague constellation of symptoms described as the sickbuilding syndrome. It is characterized by a general feeling of malaise, headache, diiiiness and irritation of mucous membranes. It may also be accompanied by nausea, itching, aches, pains and depression. Sick building syndrome is getting commoner in big cities with the small houses, which are generally overfurnished. Some of the important pollutants whose indoor concentrations exceed those of the outdoors include gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and organic substances like spores, formaldehydes, hydrocarbon aerosols and allergens. The sources are attributed to a variety of construction materials, insulations, furnishings, adhesives, cosmetics, house dusts, fungi and other indoor products.

5. Byproducts of fuel combustion are important in houses with indoor kitchens. It is not only the burning of dried dung and fuel wood which is responsible, but also kerosene and liquid petroleum gas. Oxides of both nitrogen and sulphur are released from their combustion.

6. Smoking of tobacco in the closed environment is an important source of indoor pollution. It may not be high quaniiiatively, but signiiicantly hazardous for health. It is because of the fact that there are over 3,000 chemical consiiiuents in tobacco smoke, which have been identiiied. These are harmful for human health.

7. Microorganisms and allergens are of special signiiicance in the causation and spread of diseases. Most of the infective illnesses may involve more persons of a family living in common indoor environment. These include viral and bacterial diseases like tuberculosis.

8. Besides infections, allergic and hypersensitivity disorders are spreading fast. Although asthma is the most common form of respiratory allergic disorders, pneumonias are not uncommon, but more persistent and serious. These are attributed to exposures to allergens from various fungi, moulds, hay and other organic materials. Indoor air ventilation systems, coolers, airconditioners, dampness, decay, pet animals, production or handling of the causative items are responsible for these hypersensitivitydiseases.

9. Obviously, the spectrum of pollution is very wide and our options are limited. Indoor pollution may be handled relatively easily by an individual. Moreover, the good work must start from one’s own house. (Extracted from The Tribune)

(a)(i) What is an air pollutant? 1(ii) In what forms are the air pollutants present? 2(iii) Why do we feel suffocated in a closed environment? 1(iv) What is sick building syndrome? How is it increasing? 2(v) How is indoor smoking very hazardous? 1(vi) How can one overcome the dangers of indoor air pollution? 2Answer:(i) An air pollutant is a substance which is present while normally it is not there in an amount exceeding the normal , concentrations.(ii) Air pollutants are present as gaseous or particulate matter. The harmful polluting gases are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ozone and oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. The common particulate pollutants are the dusts of various inorganic or organic origins.(iii) We often feel suffocated in a closed environment due to the lack of oxygen.(iv) Sick building syndrome is a vague constellation of symptoms in a poorly ventilated room. Sick building syndrome is characterised by a general feeling of malaise, headache, diiiiness and irritation of mucous membranes. It may also be accompanied by nausea, itching, aches, pains and depression. This syndrome is increasing in big cities which have an increasing number of small houses which are generally overfurnished.(v) Indoor smoking is very hazardous because over 3,000 chemical consiiiuents are present in tobacco smoke and these are harmful for human health.(vi) The dangers of indoor pollution can be avoided through well ventilated houses and improving greenery around houses. Also, it can be avoided by not smoking tobacco inside houses and by not burning coal inside closed rooms.

(b) Find the words from the above passage which mean the same as the following: 3(i) giddiness (para 4)(ii) constant (para 8)(iii) humidity (para 8)Answer:(i) diiiiness(ii) persistent(iii) dampness

Question 5.Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow: (Delhi, All India 2014)

1. Too many parents these days can’t say no. As a result, they find themselves raising ‘children’ who respond greedily to the advertisements aimed right at them. Even getting what they want doesn’t satisfy some kids; they only want more. Now, a growing number of psychologists, educators and parents think it’s time to stop the madness and start teaching kids about what’s really important: values like hard work, contentment, honesty and compassion. The struggle to set limits has never been tougherand the stakes have never been higher. One recent study of adults who were overindulged as children, paints a discouraging picture of their future: when given too much too soon, they grow up to be adults who have difficulty coping with life’s disappointments. They also have distorted sense of eniiilement that gets in the way of success in the work place and in relationships.

2. Psychologists say that parents who overindulge their kids, set them up to be more vulnerable to future anxiety and depression. Today’s parents themselves raised on values of thrift and selfsacriiice, grew up in a culture where no was a household word. Today’s kids want much more, partly because there is so much more to want. The oldest members of this generation were bom in the late 1980s, just as PCs and video games were making their assault on the family room. They think of MP3 players and flat screen TV as essential utilities, and they have developed strategies to get them. One survey of teenagers found that when they crave for something new, most expect to ask nine times before their parents give in. By every measure, parents are shelling out record amounts. In the heat of this buying blitz, even parents who desperately need to say no find themselves reaching for their credit cards.

3. Today’s parents aren’t equipped to deal with the problem. Many of them, raised in the 1960s and ’70s, swore they’d act differently from their parents and have closer relationships with their own children. Many even wear the same designer clothes as their kids and listen to the same music. And they work more hours; at the end of a long week, it’s tempting to buy peace with ‘yes’ and not mar precious family time with conflict. Anxiety about future is another factor. How do well intentioned parents say no to all the sports gear and arts and language lessons they believe will help their kids thrive in an increasingly compeiiiive world? Experts agree : too much love won’t spoil a child. Too few limits will.

4. What parents need to find, is a balance between the advantages of an affluent society and the critical life lessons that come from waiting, saving and working hard to achieve goals. That search for balance has to start early. Children need limits on their behaviour because they feel better and more secure when they live within a secured structure. Older children learn selfcontrol by watching how others, especially parents act. Learning how to overcome challenges is essential to becoming a successful adult. Few parents ask kids to do chores. They think their kids are already overburdened by social and academic pressures. Every individual can be of service to others, and life has meaning beyond one’s own immediate happiness. That means parents eager to teach values have to take a long, hard look at their own.

(a) Answer the following:(i) What values do parents and teachers want children to learn? 2(ii) What are the results of giving the children too much too soon? 2(iii) Why do today’s children want more? 1(iv) What is the balance which the parents need to have in today’s world? 2(v) What is the necessity to set limits for children? 2Answer:(i) Parents and teachers want children to learn values like hard work, contentment, honesty and compassion.(ii) When children are given too much too soon, they grow up to be adults who have difficulty coping with life’s disappointments. They also have distorted sense of eniiilement that gets in the way of success in the work place and in relationships.(iii) Today’s children want more, partly because there is so much more to want.(iv) The balance that parents need to have in today’s world is between the advantages of an affluent society and the critical life lessons that come from waiting, saving and working hard to achieve goals.(v) It is necessary to set limits on the behaviour of children because they feel better and more secure when they live within a secured structure.

(b) Pick out words from the passage that mean the same as the following: 3(i) a feeling of satisfaction (para 1)(ii) valuable (para 3)(iii) important (para 4)Answer:(i) a feeling of satisfaction contentment(ii) valuable precious(iii) important essential/critical

Question 6.Read the passage carefully: (Delhi, Comptt. Delhi, Comptt. All India 2015)

1. For four days, I walked through the narrow lanes of the old city, enjoying the romance of being in a city where history still livesin its cobblestone streets and in its people riding asses, carrying vine leaves and palm as they once did during the time of Christ.

2. This is Jerusalem, home to the sacred sites of Christianity, Islam and Judaism. This is the place that houses the church of the Holy Sepulchre, the place where Jesus was finally laid to rest. This is also the site of Christ’s cruciiixion, burial and resurrection.

3. Built by the Roman Emperor Constantine at the site of an earlier temple to Aphrodite, it is the most venerated Christian shrine in the world. And justiiiably so. Here, within the church, are the last five stations of the cross, the 10th station where Jesus was stripped of his clothes, the 11th where he was nailed to the cross, the 12th where he died on the cross, the 13th where the body was removed from the cross, and the 14th, his tomb.

4. For all this weighty tradition, the approach and entrance to the church is nondescript. You have to ask for directions. Even to the devout Christian pilgrims walking along the Via Dolorosathe Way of Sorrowsfirst nine stations look clueless. Then a courtyard appears, hemmed in by other buildings and a doorway to one side. This leads to a vast area of huge stone architecture.

5. Immediately inside the entrance is your first stop. It’s the stone of anointing: this is the place, according to Greek tradition, where Christ was removed from the cross. The Roman Catholics, however, believe it to be the spot where Jesus’ body was prepared for burial by Joseph.

6. What happened next? Jesus was buried. He was taken to a place outside the city of Jerusalem where other graves existed and there, he was buried in a cave. However, all that is long gone, destroyed bycontinued attacks and rebuilding; what remains is the massiveand impressiveRotunda (a round building with a dome) that Emperor Constantine built. Under this, and right in the centre of the Rotunda, is the structure that contains the Holy Sepulchre.

7. “How do you know that this is Jesus’ tomb?” I asked one of the pilgrims standing next to me. He was clueless, more interested, like the rest of them, in the novelty of it all and in photographing it, than in its history or tradition.

8. At the start of the first century, the place was a disused quarry outside the city walls. According to the gospels, Jesus’ cruciiixion occurred ‘at a place outside the city walls with graves nearby. Archaeologists have discovered tombs from that era, so the site is compatible with the biblical period.

9. The structure at the site is a marble tomb built over the original burial chamber. It has two rooms, and you enter four at a time into the first of these, the Chapel of the Angel. Here the angel is supposed to have sat on a stone to recount Christ’s resurrection. A low door made of white marble, partly worn away by pilgrims’ hands, leads to a smaller chamber inside. This is the ‘room of the tomb’, the place where Jesus was buried.

10. We entered in a single file. On my right was a large marble slab that covered the original rock bench on which the body of Jesus was laid. A woman knelt and prayed. Her eyes were wet with tears. She pressed her face against the slab to hide them, but it only made it worse.

On the basis of your understanding of this passage answer the following questions with the help of the given options: 1×4=4(a) How does Jerusalem still retain the charm of the ancient era?(i) There are narrow lanes.(ii) Roads are paved with cobblestones,(iii) People can be seen riding asses.(iv) All of the above.

(b) Holy Sepulchre is sacred to(i) Christianity(ii) Islam(iii) Judaism(iv) Both (i) and (iii)

(c) Why does one have to constantly ask for directions to the church?(i) Its lanes are narrow.(ii) Entrance to the church is nondescript.(iii) People are not tourist-friendly.(iv) Everyone is lost in enjoying the romance of the place.

(d) Where was Jesus buried?(i) In a cave(ii) At a place outside the city(iii) In the Holy Sepulchre(iv) Both (i) and (ii)

Answer the following questions briefly: 1 x 6 = 6(e) What is the Greek belief about the ‘stone of anointing’?(f) Why did Emperor Constantine build the Rotunda?(g) What is the general attitude of the pilgrims?(h) How is the site compatible with the biblical period?(i) Why did the pilgrims enter the ‘room of the tomb’ in a single file?(j) Why did ‘a woman’ try to hide her tears?(k) Find words from the passage which mean the same as 1 x 2 = 2(i) A large grave (para 3)(ii) Having no interesting features/dull (para 4)Answer:(a) (iv) All of the above(b) (i) Christianity(c) (ii) Entrance to the church is non-descript.(d) (iv) Both (z) and (ii)(e) According to Greek belief the ‘stone of anointing’ is the place where Christ was removed from the cross(f) Emperor Constantine built the Rotunda to venerate the place of burial of Jesus. He built this structure to protect the Holy Sepulchre.(g) The pilgrims are not interested in the history or tradition of the place and the tomb where Jesus was buried. They are more interested in the novelty of it all and in photographing it.(h) Archaeologists have discovered tombs from that era. So this is compatible with the biblical period according to which Jesus crucifixion occurred ‘at a place outside the city walls with graves nearby.(i) The pilgrims enter the room of the tomb in a single file (line) because it has a narrow passage and a low door which leads to a smaller chamber.(j) ‘A woman’ tried to hide her tears because she did not want anyone to see her crying. Like a true Christian, she was overwhelmed as Jesus was buried there, while others seemed unconcerned.(k) (i) tomb (ii) nondescript

Question 7.Read the passage given below: (Delhi 2015)

1. We often make all things around us the way we want them. Even during our pilgrimages we have begun to look for whatever makes our heart happy, gives comfort to our body and peace to the mind. It is as if external solutions will fulfil our needs, and we do not want to make any special efforts even in our spiritual search. Our mind is resourceful works to find shortcuts in simple and easy ways.

2. Even pilgrimages have been converted into tourism opportunities. Instead, we must, awaken our conscience and souls and understand the truth. Let us not tamper with either our own nature or that of the Supreme.

3. All our cleverness is rendered ineffective when nature does a dance of destruction. Its fury can and will wash away all imperfections. Indian culture, based on Vedic treatises; assists in human evolution, but we are now using our entire energy in distorting these traditions according to our convenience instead of making efforts to make ourselves worthy of them.

4. The irony is that humans are not even aware of the complacent attitude they have allowed themselves to sink to. Nature is everyone’s Amma and her fierce blows will sooner or later comer and force us to understand this truth. Earlier, pilgrimages to places of spiritual significance were rituals that were undertaken when people became free from their worldly duties. Even now some seekers take up this pious religious journey as a path to peace and knowledge. Anyone travelling with this attitude feels and travels with only a few essential items that his body can carry. Pilgrims traditionally travelled light, on foot, eating light, dried chickpeas and fruits, or whatever was available. Pilgrims of olden days did not feel the need to stay in special AC bedrooms, or travel by luxury cars or indulge themselves with delicious food and savouries.

5. Pilgrims traditionally moved ahead, creating a feeling of belonging towards all, conveying a message of brotherhood among all they came across whether in small caves, ashrams or local settlements. They received the blessings and congregations of yogis and mahatmas in return while conducting the dharma of their pilgrimage. A pilgrimage is like penance or sadhana to stay near nature and to experience a feeling of oneness with it, to keep the body healthy and fulfilled with the amount of food, while seeking freedom from attachments and yet remaining happy while staying away from relatives and associates.

6. This is how a pilgrimage should be rather than making it like a picnic by taking a large group along and living in comfort, packing in entertainment, and tampering with environment. What is worse is giving a boost to the ego of having had a special darshan. Now alms are distributed, charity done while they brag about their spiritual experiences!

7. We must embark on our spiritual journey by first understanding the grace and significance of a pilgrimage and following it up with the prescribed rules and rituals this is what translates into the ultimate and beautiful medium of spiritual evolution. There is no justification for tampering with nature.

8. A pilgrimage is symbolic of contemplation and meditation and acceptance and is a metaphor for the constant growth or movement and love for nature that we should hold in our hearts.

9. This is the truth! On the basis of your understanding of the above passage answer the questions that follow with the help of the given options: 1 x 2 = 2(a) How can a pilgrim keep his body healthy?(i) By travelling light(ii) By eating a small amount of food(iii) By keeping free from attachments(iv) Both (i) and (ii)

(b) How do we satisfy our ego?(i) By having a special darshan(ii) By distributing alms(iii) By treating it like a picnic(iv) Both (i) and (ii)

Answer the following as briefly as possible: 1 x 6 = 6(c) What change has taken place in our attitude towards pilgrimages?(d) What happens when pilgrimages are turned into picnics?(e) Why are we complacent in our spiritual efforts?(f) How does nature respond when we try to be clever with it?(g) In olden days with what attitude did people go on a pilgrimage?(h) What message does the passage convey to the pilgrims?(i) Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following: 1 x 2 = 2(i) made/turned (para 3)(ii) very satisfied (para 4)Answer:(a) (iv) Both (i) and (it)(b) (i) By having a special darshan(c) During our pilgrimages we have begun to look for whatever makes our heart happy, gives comfort to our body and peace to the mind.(d) When pilgrimages are turned into picnics, we travel with a large group consisting of our relatives, friends and associates. We live in comfort, pack in entertainment and tamper with the environment.(e) We have become complacent in our spiritual efforts. We feel external solutions will fulfil our needs, and we do not want to make any special efforts in our spiritual search. We often make all things around us the way we want them.(f) When we try to be clever with nature it does a dance of destruction and we have to face the fierce blows which will sooner or later comer us and wash away all imperfections.(g) In olden days when people went on a pilgrimage, they created a feeling of belonging towards all, conveying a message of brotherhood among all they came across.(h) The passage conveys the message that a pilgrimage symbolizes contemplation, meditation, acceptance growth and love for nature. The message the passage conveys to pilgrims is that we must embark on our spiritual journey by first understanding the grace and significance of a pilgrimage and following it up with prescribed rules and rituals.(k) (i) rendered (ii) complacent

Question 8.Read the passage given below: (Delhi, All India 2016)

1. Maharana Pratap ruled over Mewar only for 25 years. However, he accomplished so much grandeur during his reign that his glory surpassed the boundaries of countries and time turning him into an immortal personality. He along with his kingdom became a synonym for valour, sacrifice and patriotism. Mewar had been a leading Rajput Kingdom even before Maharana Pratap occupied the throne. Kings of Mewar, with the cooperation of their nobles and subjects, had established such traditions in the kingdom, as augmented their magnificence despite the hurdles of having a smaller area under their command and less population. There did come a few thorny occasions when the flag of the kingdom seemed sliding down. Their flag once again heaved high in the sky thanks to the gallantry and brilliance of the people of Mewar.

2. The destiny of Mewar was good in the sense that barring a few kings, most of the rulers were competent and patriotic. This glorious tradition of the kingdom almost continued for 1500 years since its establishment, right from the region of Bappa Rawal. In fact only 60 years before Maharana Pratap, Rana Sanga drove the kingdom to the pinnacle of fame. His reputation went beyond Rajasthan and reached Delhi. Two generations before him, Rana Kumbha had given a new stature to the kingdom through victories and developmental work. During his reign, literature and art also progressed extraordinarily. Rana himself was inclined towards writing and his works are read with reverence even today. The ambience of his kingdom was conducive to the creation of high-quality work of art and literature. These accomplishments were the outcome of a longstanding tradition sustained by several generations.

3. The life of the people of Mewar must have been peaceful and prosperous during the long span of time; otherwise, such extraordinary accomplishment in these fields would not have been possible. This is reflected in their art and literature as well as their loving nature. They compensate for lack of admirable physique by their firm but pleasant nature. The ambience of Mewar remains lovely thanks to the cheerful and liberal character of its people.

4. One may observe astonishing pieces of workmanship not only in the forts and palaces of Mewar but also in public utility buildings. Ruins of many structures which are still standing tall in their grandeur are testimony to the fact that Mewar was not only the land of the brave but also a seat of art and culture. Amidst aggression and bloodshed, literature and art flourished and creative pursuits of literature and artists did not suffer. Imagine, how glorious the period must have been when the Vijaya Stambha which is the sample of our great ancient architecture even today, was constructed. In the same fort, Kirti Stambha is standing high, reflecting how liberal the then administration was which allowed people from other communities and kingdoms to come and carry out construction work. It is useless to indulge in the debate whether the Vijaya Stambha was constructed first or the Kirti Stambha. The fact is that both the capitals are standing side by side and reveal the proximity between the king and the subjects of Mewar.

5. The cycle of time does not remain the same. Whereas the reign of Rana Sanga was crucial in raising the kingdom to the acme of glory, it also proved to be his nemesis. History took a turn. The fortune of Mewarthe land of the brave, started waning. Rana tried to save the day with his acumen which was running against the stream and the glorious traditions for sometime.

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage answer each of the questions given below with the help of options that follow: 1 x 4 = 4(a) Maharana Pratap became immortal because:(i) he ruled Mewar for 25 years.(ii) he added a lot of grandeur to Mewar.(iii) of his valour, sacrifice & patriotism.(iv) both (ii) and (iii).

(b) Difficulties in the way of Mewar were:(i) lack of cooperation of the nobility.(ii) ancient traditions of the kingdom.(iii) its small area and small population.(iv) the poverty of the subjects.

(c) During thorny occasions:(i) the flag of Mewar seemed to be lowered.(ii) the flag of Mewar was hoisted high.(iii) the people of Mewar showed gallantry.(iv) most of the rulers heaved a sigh of relief.

(d) Mewar was lucky because:(i) all of its rulers were competent,(ii) most of its people were competent.(iii) most of its rulers were competent.(iv) only a few of its people were incompetent.

Answer the following questions briefly: 1 x 6 = 6(e) Who is the earliest king of Mewar mentioned in the passage?(f) What was Rana Kumbha’s contribution to the glory of Mewar?(g) What does the writer find worth admiration in the people of Mewar?(h) How could art and literature flourish in Mewar?(i) How did the rulers show that they cared for their subjects?(j) What does the erection of Vijaya Stambha and Kirti Stambha in the same fort signify?

(k) Find words from the passage which mean the same as each of the following:(i) surprising (para 4)(ii) evidence (para 4) 1 x 2 = 2Answer:(a) (iv) both (ii) & (iii)(b) (iii) its small area and small population.(c) (i) the flag of Mewar seemed to be lowered.(d) (ii) most of its rulers were competent.(e) The earliest king of Mewar mentioned in the passage is Bappa Rawal.(f) Rana Kumbha gave new stature to the kingdom through victories and developmental work. During his reign, literature and art progressed extraordinarily.(g) The writer finds the cheerful and liberal character of the people of Mewar and their loving and pleasant nature worth admiration.(h) Art and literature flourished in Mewar as the ambience of Rana Sanga’s Kingdom was conducive to the creation of high-quality work of art and literature. Also, the people of Mewar led peaceful and prosperous lives for a long period of time which helped art flourish. The rulers were inherently inclined towards art and culture.(i) The rulers of Mewar created an atmosphere where cooperation existed between the nobles and subjects. The people of Mewar lived peacefully and had prosperous lives. Not just the palaces but public utility buildings built by the rulers had astonishing workmanship.(j) The erection of Vijaya Stambha and Kirti Stambha in the same fort signifies how liberal the then administration of Mewar was which allowed people from other communities and kingdoms to come and carry out construction work. It also depicts the proximity between the king and the subjects of Mewar.(k) (i) astonishing (ii) testimony

Question 9.Read the passage given below: (Delhi 2016)

1. To ensure its perpetuity, the ground is well held by the panther both in space and in time. It enjoys a much wider distribution over the globe than its bigger cousins, and procreates sufficiently profusely to ensure its continuity for all time to come.

2. There seems to be no particular breeding season of the panther, although its sawing and caterwauling is more frequently heard during winter and summer. The gestation period is about ninety to hundred days (Whipsnade, ninety-two days). The litter normally consists of four cubs, rarely five. Of these, generally two survive and not more than one reaches maturity. I have never come across more than two cubs at the heels of the mother. Likewise, graziers in the forest have generally found only two cubs hidden away among rocks, hollows of trees, and other impossible places.

3. Panther cubs are generally in evidence in March. They are born blind. This is a provision of Nature against their drifting away from the place of safety in which they are lodged by their mother, and exposing themselves to the danger of their being devoured by hyenas, jackals, and other predators. They generally open their eyes in about three to four weeks.

4. The mother alone rears its cubs in seclusion. It keeps them out of the reach of the impulsive and impatient male. As a matter of fact the mother separates from the male soon after mating and forgets all about their tumultuous union. The story that the male often looks in to find out how the mother is progressing with her cubs has no foundation except in what we wish it should do at least.

5. The mother carries its cubs about by holding them by the scruff of their neck in its mouth. It trains them to stalk and teaches them how to deliver the bite of death to the prey. The cubs learn to treat all and sundry with suspicion at their mother’s heels. Instinctively the cubs seek seclusion, keep to cover and protect their flanks by walking along the edge of the forest.

6. I have never had an opportunity to watch mother panther train its cubs. But in Pilibhit forests, I once saw a tigress giving some lessons to its little ones. I was sitting over its kill at Mala. As the sun set, the tigress materialized in the twilight behind my machan. For about an hour, it scanned and surveyed the entire area looking and listening with the gravest concern. It even went to the road where my elephant was awaiting my signal. The mahout spotted it from a distance and drove the elephant away.

7. When darkness descended upon the scene and all was well and safe, the tigress called its cubs by emitting a low halogen. The cubs, two in number and bigger than a full-grown cat, soon responded. They came trotting up to their mother and hurried straight to the kill in indecent haste. The mother spat at them so furiously that they doubled back to its heels immediately. Thereafter, the mother and its cubs sat undercover about 50 feet (15 m) away from the kill to watch, wait, look, and listen. After about half an hour’s patient and fidget less vigil the mother seemed to say ‘paid for’. At this signal, the cubs cautiously advanced, covering their flanks, towards the kill. No longer did they make a beeline for it, as they had done before.

8. The mother sat watching its cubs eat, and mounted guard on them. She did not partake of the meal.

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage complete the statements given below with the help of options that follow: 1 x 2 = 2

(a) To protect its cubs the mother panther hides them:(i) among rocks(ii) in the branches of the trees(iii) behind the tree trunks(iv) at its heels

(b) The male panther.(i) is protective of its cubs(ii) trains its cubs(iii) watches the progress of the mother(iv) is impulsive and impatient

(c) How many cubs does the mother panther rarely deliver?(d) What may happen if the panther cubs are not born blind?(e) Why did the mahout drive his elephant away?(f) Why did the tigress spit at its cubs?(g) From the narrator’s observation, what do we learn about the nature of the tigress?(h) Why does the panther not face the risk of extinction?

(i) Find words from the passage which mean the same as each of the following:(i) moving aimlessly (para 3)(ii) came down/fell (para 7) 1 x 2 = 2Answer:(a) (i) among rock(b) (iv) is impulsive and impatient(c) The mother panther rarely delivers five cubs.(d) If the panther cubs are not born blind they may drift away from the place of safety in which they are lodged by their mother and expose themselves to the danger of being devoured by hyenas, jackals and other predators.(e) The mahout did not want to disturb the tigress. Thus, on spotting the tigress the mahout drove his elephant away because he knew the presence of his elephant there would deter the tigress from summoning her cubs to devour the kill.(f) The mother was furious with its cubs and so she spit at them to discipline and train them to come back to her heels. The mother spat at them as they hurried straight to the kill in the indecent haste without watching, waiting, looking and listening.(g) From the narrator’s observation, we get to know the tigress was extremely concerned about the safety and wellbeing of her cubs. She was protective and caring and yet remained on guard and was vigilant.(h) The panther does not face the risk of extinction because it enjoys a much wider distribution over the globe and procreates sufficiently profusely to ensure its continuity for all times to come.(i)(i) drifting(ii) descended

Question 10.Read the passage carefully: (Comput. Delhi 2016)

1. Can you imagine a college without walls, professors or classrooms? Educator Bunker Roy can. More than 40 years ago, Roy, now 69, founded the Barefoot College in Tilonia, Rajasthan. His school admits rural women, often grandmothers and teaches them the basics of solar engineering and freshwater technology. His efforts have yielded enormous benefits. When the women return to their homes, they are trained enough to provide their communities, some of the world’s most lonely places, with electricity and clean water. They also gain something important: a newfound self-confidence. The Barefoot model has already been used to empower women throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Last year, former President, Bill Clinton presented Roy with a Clinton Global Citizen Award, which honours leaders who are solving the world’s problems in effective ways.

2. If you go all over the world, to very remote villages, you will often find only very old people and very young people. The men have already left. So two ideas were put into practice in order to make the Barefoot Model work. First it was declared that men are untrainable, restless, always ready to move, ambitious, and they all want a certificate to show for their efforts. And the moment you give one of them a certificate, he leaves the village looking for a job in the city. That is how, the simple, practical solution of training grandmothers came up. They are sympathetic, tolerant, willing to learn, and patient. All the qualities you need are there. And the second idea was not to give out certificates. Because the moment a certificate is given, a woman, like a man, will see it as a passport for leaving rural areas and going to urban areas to find a job.

3. Barefoot College follows the lifestyle of Mahatma Gandhi: Students eat, sleep, and work on the floor. They can work for 20 years or they can go home the next day. As of today, 604 women solar engineers from 1083 villages in 63 countries have been trained. The engineers have given solar power to 45,000 houses. These were done by women who had never left their homes before. They hate the idea of leaving their families and getting on a plane. When they reach India, sometimes after 19 hours of travel, they are faced with strange food, strange people, and a strange language. All the training is done in sign language. Yet in six months, they will know more about solar engineering than most university graduates. Some women face problems at home for attending college. Most of the husbands do not like their wives going to these colleges and tell them not to come back if they do so. But, on her return when she is able to help provide her village with solar electricity, her husband wants her to get back home. The respect she now has is enormous and she considers herself no less than solar engineers. Bunker Roy dreams of providing the world’s 47 least developed countries with Barefoot College trained grandmothers and solar electrify more than 1,00,000 houses.

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage answer the questions that follow with the help of the given options: 1 x 2 = 2

(a) Why did the promoter of Barefoot Model decide to train grandmothers?(i) Men do not want to be trained.(ii) Grandmothers were patient, willing to learn and tolerant.(iii) Men are lazy, want to make money.(iv) Men and women are not skilled.

(b) The attitude of the husbands to their wives on their return from training is different because(i) of the respect they gain from the villagers(ii) they were away for a long time(iii) they will again be looked after(iv) they will not go back

Answer the following questions briefly:lx6=6(c) How is Barefoot College different from other colleges?(d) What did the women gain from the college apart from technology?(e) Why were certificates not given out after training?(f) What are the difficulties the women have to face during their travel and their life in Tilonia, Rajasthan?(g) How do the women consider themselves professionally, after their training?(h) What is the narrator’s dream about solar electrification?

Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following: 1 x 2 = 2(i) many/great in size (para 1)(ii) far off (para 2)Answer:(a) (ii) Grandmothers were patient, willing to learn and tolerant.(b) (i) of the respect they gain from the villagers.(c) Barefoot college is a college without walls, professors or classrooms. It admits rural women, often grandmothers. Students eat, sleep and work on the floor. They can work for 20 years or they can go home the next day.(d) Apart from technology the women gain a newfound self-confidence and are trained enough to provide their communities, some of the world’s most lonely places, with electricity and clean water.(e) Certificates were not given out after training because the moment a certificate is given a person sees it as a passport for leaving rural areas and going to urban areas to find a job.(f) The women hate the idea of leaving their families and getting on a plane. When they reach India, sometimes after 19 hours of travel they are faced with strange food, strange people and a strange language. Some women also face problems at home for attending the college as their husbands do not like their wives going to these colleges.(g) After their training, the women professionally consider themselves no less than solar engineers. They are able to help provide their village with solar electricity.(h) The narrator’s dream about solar electrification is to provide the world’s 47 least developed countries with Barefoot college-trained grandmothers and solar electrify more than 1,00,000 houses.(i) many/great in size enormous(j) far off remote

Question 11.Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: (Delhi, All India 2017)

1. We sit in the last row, bumped about but free of stares. The bus rolls out of the dull crossroads of the city, and we are soon in open countryside, with fields of sunflowers as far as the eye can see, their heads all facing us. Where there is no water, the land reverts to desert. While still on level ground, we see in the distance the tall range of the Mount Bogda, abrupt like a shining prism laid horizontally on the desert surface. It is over 5,000 metres high, and the peaks are under permanent snow, in powerful contrast to the flat desert all around. Heaven Lake lies part of the way up this range, about 2,000 metres above sea level, at the foot of one of the higher snow-peaks.

2. As the bus climbs, the sky, brilliant before, grows overcast. I have brought nothing warm to wear: it is all down at the hotel in Urumqi. Rain begins to fall. The man behind me is eating overpoweringly smelly goat’s cheese. The bus window leaks inhospitably but reveals a beautiful view. We have passed quickly from desert through arable land to pasture, and the ground is now green with grass, the slopes dark with pine. A few cattle drink at a clear stream flowing past moss-covered stones; it is a Constable landscape. The stream changes into a white torrent, and as we climb higher I wish more and more that I had brought with me something warmer than the pair of shorts that have served me so well in the desert. The stream (which, we are told, rises in Heaven Lake) disappears, and we continue our slow ascent. About noon, we arrive at Heaven Lake and look for a place to stay at the foot, which is the resort area. We get a room in a small cottage, and I am happy to note that there are thick quilts on the beds.

3. Standing outside the cottage we survey our surroundings. Heaven Lake is long, sardine shaped and fed by snowmelt from a stream at its head. The lake is an intense blue, surrounded on all sides by green mountain walls, dotted with distant sheep. At the head of the lake, beyond the delta of the inflowing stream, is a massive snowcapped peak which dominates the vista; it is part of a series of peaks that culminate, a little out of view, in Mount Bogda itself.

4. For those who live in the resort, there is a small mess hall by the shore. We eat here sometimes, and sometimes buy food from the vendors outside, who sell kabab and naan until the last buses leave. The kababs, cooked on skewers over charcoal braziers, are particularly good; highly spiced and well done. Horse’s milk is available too from the local Kazakh herdsmen, but I decline this. I am so affected by the cold that Mr. Cao, the relaxed young man who runs the mess, lends me a spare pair of trousers, several sizes too large but more than comfortable. Once I am warm again, I feel a predinner spurt of energy dinner will be long in coming and I ask him whether the lake is good for swimming in.

5. “Swimming ?” Mr. Cao says. “You aren’t thinking of swimming, are you?”

6. ” I thought I might,” I confess. “What’s the water like?”

7. He doesn’t answer me immediately, turning instead to examine some receipts with exaggerated interest. Mr. Cao, with great offhandedness, addresses the air. “People are often drowned here,” he says. After a pause, he continues. “When was the last one ?” This question is directed at the cook, who is preparing a tray of mantou (squat white steamed bread rolls), and who now appears, wiping his doughy hand across his forehead. “Was it the Beijing athlete ?” asks Mr. Cao.

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, complete the statements given below with the help of the options that follow: 1 x 4 = 4(a) One benefit of sitting in the last row of the bus was that:(i) the narrator enjoyed the bumps.(ii) no one stared at him(iii) he could see the sunflowers.(iv) he avoided the dullness of the city.

(b) The narrator was travelling to:(i) Mount Bogda(ii) Heaven Lake(iii) a 2,000 m high snow peak(iv) Urumqi

(c) On reaching the destination the narrator felt relieved because:(i) he had got away from the desert(ii) a difficult journey had come to an end(iii) he could watch the snow peak(iv) there were thick quilts on the beds

(d) Mount Bogda is compared to:(i) a horizontal desert surface(ii) a shining prism(iii) a Constable landscape(iv) the overcast sky

Answer the following questions briefly: 1 x 6 = 6(e) Which two things in the bus made the narrator feel uncomfortable?(f) What made the scene look like a Constable landscape?(g) What did he regret as the bus climbed higher?(h) Why did the narrator like to buy food from outside?(i) What is ironic about the pair of trousers lent by Mr. Cao?(j) Why did Mr. Cao not like the narrator to swim in the lake?(k) Find words from the passage which mean the same as each of the following:(i) sellers (para 4)(ii) increased (para 7) 1 x 2 = 2Answer:(a) (ii) no one started at him.(b) (ii) Heaven lake.(c) (iv) there were thick quilts on the bed.(d) (ii) a shining prism.(e) The two things that made the narrator feel uncomfortable in the bus were that the man behind him was eating overpoweringly smelly goat’s cheese and the bus window leaked inhospitably. Moreover, he had to endure a bumpy ride.(f) The pasture green with grass, the slopes dark with pine and the sight of a few cattle drinking at a clear stream flowing past moss-covered stones made the scene look like a Constable landscape.(g) The stream changed into a white torrent as the bus climbed higher and the narrator regretted that he had not brought something warmer than a pair of shorts with him.(h) The narrator likes to buy kababs and naan from outside as the kababs, cooked on skewer over charcoal braziers, are rather good, highly spiced and well done.(i) Though the pair of trousers lent by Mr. Cao was several sizes too large for the narrator but they were more than comfortable for him.(j) Mr. Cao did not like the narrator to swim in the lake as he says many people often drowned in it.(k)(i) sellers vendors(ii) increased exaggeratedly

Question 12.Read the passage given below: (Delhi 2017)

1. Thackeray reached Kittur along with a small British army force and a few of his officers. He thought that the very presence of the British on the outskirts of Kittur would terrorise the rulers and people of Kittur, and that they would lay down their arms. He was quite confident that he would be able to crush the revolt in no time. He ordered that tents be erected on the eastern side for the fighting forces, and a little away on the western slopes tents be put up for the family members of the officers who had accompanied them. During the afternoon and evening of 20th October, the British soldiers were busy making arrangements for these camps.

2. On the 21st morning, Thackeray sent his political assistants to Kittur fort to obtain a written assurance from all the important officers of Kittur rendering them answerable for the security of the treasury of Kittur. They, accordingly, met Sardar Gurusiddappa and other officers of Kittur and asked them to comply with the orders of Thackeray. They did not know that the people were in a defiant mood. The commanders of Kittur dismissed the agent’s orders as no documents could be signed without sanction from Rani Chennamma.

3. Thackeray was enraged and sent for the commander of the Horse Artillery, which was about 100 strong, and ordered him to rush his artillery into the fort and capture the commanders of the Desai’s army. When the Horse Artillery stormed into the fort, Sardar Gurusiddappa, who had kept his men on full alert, promptly commanded his men to repel and chase them away. The Kittur forces made a bold front and overpowered the British soldiers.

4. In the meanwhile, the Desai’s guards had shut the gates of the fort and the British Horse Artillerymen, being completely overrun and routed, had to get out through the escape window. Rani’s soldiers chased them out of the fort, killing a few of them until they retreated to their camps on the outskirts.

5. A few of the British had found refuge in some private residences, while some were hiding in their tents. The Kittur soldiers captured about forty persons and brought them to the palace. These included twelve children and a few women from the British officers’ camp. When they were brought in the presence of the Rani, she ordered the soldiers to be imprisoned. For the women and children she had only gentleness and admonished her soldiers for taking them into custody. At her orders, these women and children were taken inside the palace and given food and shelter. Rani came down from her throne, patted the children lovingly and told them that no harm would come to them.

6. She, then, sent word through a messenger to Thackeray that the British women and children were safe and could be taken back any time. Seeing this noble gesture of the Rani, he was moved. He wanted to meet this gracious lady and talk to her. He even thought of trying to persuade her to enter into an agreement with the British to stop all hostilities in lieu of an inam (prize) of eleven villages. His offer was dismissed with a gesture of contempt. She had no wish to meet Thackeray. That night she called Sardar Gurusiddappa and other leading Sardars, and after discussing all the issues came to the conclusion that there was no point in meeting Thackeray who had come with an army to threaten Kittur into submission to British sovereignty.

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, complete the statements given below with the help of options that follow:

(a) Thackeray was a/an(i) British tourist(ii) army officer(iii) advisor to the Rani of Kittur(iv) treasury officer

(b) British women and children came to Kittur to(ii) enjoy life in tents(iii) stay in the palace(iv) give company to officers 1 x 2 = 2

Answer the following questions briefly: 1 x 6 = 6

(c) Why did Thackeray come to Kittur?(d) Why did the Kittur officials refuse to give the desired assurance to Thackeray?(e) What happened to the Horse Artillery?(f) How do we know that the Rani was a noble queen?(g) How, in your opinion, would the British women have felt after meeting the Rani?(h) Why did the Rani refuse to meet Thackeray?

(i) Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following:(i) entered forcibly (para 3)(ii) aggressiv^refusing to obey (para 2)Answer:(a) (ii) army officer(b) (iv) give company to officers(c) Thackeray had come with an army to threaten the rulers and people of Kittur into submission to British sovereignty and to crush the revolt.(d) The Kittur officials were in a defiant mood and declared that no document could be signed without sanction from Rani Chennamma so they refused to give the desired assurance to Thackeray.(e) The Horse Artillery was repelled and chased away by Sardar Gurusiddappa’s men who had been kept on high alert by him. The Desai’s guards shut the gates of the fort and the British Horse Artillerymen were thus completely overrun and routed and had to get out through the escape window.(f) The Rani was indeed a noble queen. When the forty captured persons were brought in her presence, she ordered only the soldiers to be imprisoned. For the women and children, she had only gentleness and admonished her soldiers for taking them into custody. She then ordered that they be given food and shelter. Moreover, she patted the children lovingly and told them that no harm would come to them.(g) The British women must have felt very relieved and happy to meet the Rani who was a kind and gentle queen. They must have been overwhelmed by her noble and gracious gesture.(h) The Rani felt there was no point in meeting Thackeray who had come with an army to threaten Kittur into submission to British sovereignty.

(i)(i) entered forcibly stormed(ii) aggressive/refusing to obeydefiant

Question 13.Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: (Comput. Delhi, Comput. All India 2017)

The Art Of Living1. The art of living is learnt easily by those who are positive and optimistic. From humble and simple people to great leaders in history, science or literature, we can learn a lot about the art of living, by having a peep into their lives. The daily routines of these great men not only reveal their different, maybe unique lifestyles but also help us learn certain habits and practices they followed. Here are some; read, enjoy and follow in their footsteps as it suits you.

2. A private workplace always helps. Jane Austen asked that a certain squeaky hinge should never be oiled so that she always had a warning whenever someone was approaching the room where she wrote. Willliam Faulkner, lacking a lock on his study door, detached the doorknob and brought it into the room with him. Mark Twain’s family knew better than to breach his study door they would blow a horn to draw him out. Graham Green went even further, renting a secret office; only his wife knew the address and the telephone number. After all, every one of us needs a workplace where we can work on our creation uninterruptedly. Equally, we need our private space too!

3. A daily walk has always been a source of inspiration. For many artists, a regular stroll was essentially a creative inspiration. Charles Dickens famously took three hour walks every afternoon, and what he observed on them fed directly into his writing. Tchaikovsky made do with a two-hour jaunt but wouldn’t return a moment early; convinced that doing so would make him ill. Ludwig van Beethoven took lengthy strolls after lunch, carrying a pencil and paper with him in case inspiration struck.

Nineteenth-century composer Erik Satie did the same on his long hikes from Paris to the working-class suburb where he lived, stopping under streetlamps to jot down ideas that came on his journey; it’s rumoured that when those lamps were turned off during the war years, his music declined too. Many great people had a limited social life too. One of Simone de Beauvoir’s close friends puts it this way. “There were no receptions, parties. It was an uncluttered kind of life, a simplicity deliberately constructed so that she could do her work.” To Pablo, the idea of Sunday was an “at home day”.

4. The routines of these thinkers are difficult. Perhaps it is because they are so unattainable. The very idea that you can organize your time as you like is out of reach for most of us, so I’ll close with a toast to all those who worked with difficulties. Like Francine Prose, who began writing when the school bus picked up her children and stopped when it brought them back; or T.S. Eliot, who found it much easier to write once he had a day job in a bank than he had as a starving poet and even F. Scott Fitzgerald, whose early books were written in his strict schedule as a young military officer. Those days were not as interesting as the nights in Paris that came later, but they were much more productive and no doubt easier on his liver.

5. Being forced to follow someone else’s routine may irritate, but it makes it easier to stay on the path. Whenever we break that trail ourselves or take an easy path of least resistance, perhaps what’s most important is that we keep walking.

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, complete each of the statements given below with help of the options that follow: 1 x 4 = 4

(a) The passage is about:(i) how to practise walking(ii) walking everyday(iii) the life of a genius(iv) what we can learn from the routines of geniuses

(b) The writers in the past:(i) followed a perfect daily routine(ii) enjoyed the difficulties of life(iii) can teach us a lot(iv) wrote a lot in books

(c) In their daily routines:(i) they had unique lifestyles(ii) they read books and enjoyed them(iii) they did not get any privacy(iv) they did not mind visitors

(d) Some artists resorted to walking as it was:(i) an exercise(ii) a creative inspiration(iii) essential for improving their health(iv) helpful in interaction with others

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer the following questions: 1×2=2(e) What did Jane Austen like?(f) Why do you think Graham Green hired a secret office?(g) What was the rumour about Erik Satie’s productivity?(h) How did her limited social life affect Simone de Beauvoir?(i) In what way did T.S. Eliot’s day job help him to write?(j) What makes it easier for one to stay on the path?

Find words from the passage which mean the same as each of the following:(i) glance/look (para 1)(ii) noisy (para 2) 1×2=2(a) (iv) what we can learn from the routines of geniuses.(b) (i) followed a perfect daily routine.(c) (i) they had unique lifestyles.(d) (ii) a creative inspiration.(e) Jane Austen liked a private workplace. She did not want a certain squeaky hinge to be oiled so that it warned her whenever someone was approaching the room where she wrote.(j) Graham Green hired a secret office because he needed a workplace where he could work on his creation uninterruptedly.(g) Erik Satie used to stop under streetlamps on his long hikes from Paris to the place where he lived in the working-class suburb, and jot down ideas that came to his mind during the walk. It is rumoured that when those street lights were turned off during the war years, his music too declined.(h) Simone de Beauvoir led a limited social life. There were no receptions or parties. It was an uncluttered kind of life, a deliberately constructed simplicity so that she could concentrate on her work.(i) T.S. Eliot found it much easier to write once he had a day job in a bank than he could as a starving poet.(j) Following a routine and leading an organized life may be irritating but it makes it easier for one to stay on the path.(i) glance/look: peep(ii) noisy: squeaky

Question 14.Read the passage given below: (Comput. Delhi 2017)

1. Ammon means “fragrant spice plant” in Arabic and Hebraic and in Italian, canella means “little tube”. These are a few of the many terms given to the popular spice known as cinnamon. Dating back as far as 2800 B.C., Chinese writings describe cinnamon as an important part of the culture, so much so that over the years this spice was traded right up there with silver. Nowadays we find it in sweetened cereals, baked goods and sprinkled on various foods such as yoghurt. Yet, many do not consider its wealth of healing capabilities including the potential as a weight loss remedy.

2. Cinnamon is derived from the inner bark of the cinnamon tree grown and harvested mostly in Sri Lanka but also found in Brazil, Indonesia, Vietnam, China and Burma. After a cinnamon tree grows for about six to eight years it is cut down leaving a stump to allow it to grow again making it a very sustainable practice. It is then stripped from the bark, dried and packaged as sticks for export.

3. Several studies have been published regarding the weight loss properties of cinnamon which include its unique ability to be used for type 2 diabetes which is a disease often resulting from obesity. When eaten, the spice seems to slow down glucose absorption within the intestines while stimulating insulin production. This normalizes blood glucose levels which in turn can indirectly decrease weight gain.

4. “The results of study demonstrate that intake of 1, 3 or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases”.

5. A study from the Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, called “Effect of ground cinnamon on after-meal blood glucose level in normal-weight and obese adults” found that cinnamon may be effective in moderating post-meal glucose level in normal weight and obese adults.

6. Columbia University nutritionist Tara Ostrowe comments to Reader’s Digest on the benefits of this spice: ” Cinnamon really is the new skinny food ……………………………. Scientists already credit cinnamon with helping lower blood sugar concentration and improving insulin sensitivity. When less sugar is stored as fat, this translates into more help for your body when it comes to weight loss”.

7. Talk to your doctor about adding cinnamon daily into your healthy diet and exercise program. Add it to your tea, oatmeal, fruit, toast or anything else you can think of, as a small amount will go a long way and potentially assist in your weight loss mission.

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, complete each of the statements given below with the help of options that follow: 1 x 2 = 2(a) Cinnamon is called _______ in Hebraic.(i) little tube(ii) canella(iii) Ammon(iv) a fragrant spice plant

(b) In ‘Yet, many do not consider its wealth of healing capabilities ‘ The writer refers to the word ‘wealth’ to:(i) the payment in silver(ii) the cost of cinnamon(iii) health of people(iv) the healing power of cinnamon

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer the following: 1 x 6 = 6(c) Which country produces most of the cinnamon in the world?(d) Pick out the phrase from the passage (para 1) which shows that cinnamon was much in demand in China.(e) From what is cinnamon derived?(f) How is it used today?(g) In what way does cinnamon help people suffering from type2 diabetes?(h) How is cinnamon helpful in weight loss?

Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following:(i) sweet-smelling (para 1)(ii) reaped/cultivated (para 2)Answer:(a) (ii) Ammon(b) (iv) the healing power of cinnamon.(c) Sri Lanka produces most of the cinnamon in the world.(d) Chinese writings describe cinnamon as an important part of the culture, so much so that over the years this spice was ‘traded right up there with silver’.(e) Cinnamon is derived from the inner bark of the Cinnamon tree from which it is stripped, dried and packaged as sticks.(f) Nowadays we find cinnamon in sweetened cereals, baked goods and it is sprinkled on various foods such as yoghurt.(g) Cinnamon helps people suffering from type 2 diabetes. It seems to slow down the glucose absorption within the intestines while stimulating insulin production. This normalizes blood glucose levels which indirectly decreases weight gain.(h) Scientists credit cinnamon with helping lower blood sugar concentration and improving insulin sensitivity. When less sugar is stored as fat, it helps the body in terms of weight loss.(i) sweet-smelling fragrant(ii) reaped/cultivated harvested

from Blogger http://www.margdarsan.com/2020/08/ncert-class-12-english-reading.html

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Class 11 Commerce Online Preparation

Commerce is an important academic stream that imparts a detailed knowledge related to economy, finance, accounting and others.

Specifically , the subjects included in this stream are Economics , Business Studies , Accountancy and English along with a choice of Maths or Informatics Practices.

A perfectly devised syllabus plays a vital role in imparting required knowledge to students so that they can go for further studies and ensure a bright future.

CBSE commerce class 11 syllabus is a competent resource for students as it is structured with all relevant topics, which provide essential knowledge to students.

Even though various institutions follow there own structure of studies and exams , but they are more or less similar to that given by CBSE.

So , to guide students on illuminated paths. And help them gain real knowledge of concepts here is the Class 11 Commerce Online Preparation by Esuccessmantra.

Class 11 Commerce Video lectures

Class 11 Commerce Online Video Lectures In Saharanpur , Dehradun , Yamunanagar.

Our video notes and in-video assessments are ideal for quick revision of topics.

Our well-written study materials will support you to score more marks in the board exams.

Commerce as a stream is a gateway that leads the students towards various professional courses after completing class 12.

Chartered Accountancy (CA), Company Secretary (CS), Cost and Management Accountant (CMA), Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA), Banking Sector, Teaching Profession, etc., are few famous carrier options for commerce professionals.

Commerce as a course of education can be interpreted as a study of business and trade pursuits such as the exchange of goods and services from the producer to the final customer.

The important subjects that are educated in the Commerce subject in class 11th, comprise Accountancy, Economics, Business Studies, Statistics, Mathematics and Informatics Practices.

There are various combinations of subjects that the students can choose in their class 11

Class 11 Commerce Pendrive Classes

The Class 11 Commerce pendrive Classes In Saharanpur , Dehradun , Yamunanagar.

Class XII CBSE Commerce USB Pendrive Course Ver 2.0 (Accounts Business studies Economics) with English (core).

All Lessons are Interactive Multimedia Video lessons with multiple Questions on the Basis of CBSE Evaluation Blue Print.

Topic WISE TEST of All — 4 Subjects. Total TOPICS available are _121 X 50 QUESTIONS

High quality content by Teachers, Resource Persons. It is easy to understand and remember, you can revise faster.

Format: Pen Drive/USB, Language: English, Valid Upto: life-time Active

Video can run on any laptop/computer also can be configure windows operating system.

Exam Attempt Year: 2020, Topics Covered: CBSE syllabus based all topics.

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Test Your Knowledge Through Scheduled Mock Tests

Our students also get access to schedule mock tests and practice sets.

Upon successful registration, you will get access to mock tests.

The syllabus and time table for the mock tests will be share in advance to help you prepare in time.

The mock tests are mark just like in the main examination pattern to help you track your progress.

The question paper format and pattern are similar to the main examination to give you a real feel of the exam.

Once you attempt any mock test, you have to send the scanned answer copy to our email ID.

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I Can and I Will

Source: I Can and I Will

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Medical Education in Ukraine (MBBS in Ukraine)

Medical Education in Ukraine is a hot favorite and popular among the medical aspirant’s community due to its systematic and disciplined pedagogy since 2005. For Indian students, MBBS in UKRAINE is prevalent for 3 major reasons:

Global recognition,

Accreditation and affiliation from world-renown organizations,

Quality education system.

Ukraine is a country that comprises a variety of world-class government medical universities that offer MBBS, MD and other courses in medicine and that too at an affordable price. Also, as these universities are completely owned by the government, loan facilities are also available to students via education loans.

Each Medical University in Ukraine welcomes a minimum of 120 to 150 Indian students every year for MBBS programs with a minimum of 50% in PCM in CBSE/ISCE/State Board. Also, 40% -45% criteria for Category students (OBC/SC/ST/PH)

Students completing their MBBS course from UKRAINE are eligible to apply for the job in any part of the world (As per those country eligibility guidelines). The duration of MBBS in Ukraine is for about 6 years comprising of :

Pre-clinical (3 years), and

Clinical (3 years).

Note: Ukraine doesn’t offer an internship to Medical students. But it is mandatory for Indian Students and after cracking MCI/FMGE/NEXT, students will have to complete a 1-year compulsory rotatory internship in the Indian government or private hospital (MCI recognized).

Medical education in UKRAINE enhances the student’s interpersonal skills and overall personality development. MBBS in Ukraine is worth studying as the medical universities offer world-class amenities ranging from great infra-to-awesome medical faculties-to-mixed community students-to-study pressure-to-research labs and that too at economical prices. The clinical rotations begin from the mid 3rd year till the 6th year during MBBS in UKRAINE is an outstanding aspect incorporated in the MBBS curriculum.

Advantages in a nutshell:

They deliver high-class medical education.

The literacy rate is 100%.

The universities have superior quality infrastructure.

The educational expenses of MBBS in Ukraine are lower.

Students get excellent accommodation facilities at more economical rates while studying MBBS in Ukraine.

Student security is taken care of by both the government and the universities.

Students get exposure to international seminars and conferences.

WHO and MCI recognize the universities.

No English test is required for MBBS admission in Ukraine.

The degree is valid in India and worldwide.

MBBS admission in Ukraine is easy and hassle-free.

Practical exposure is ensured.

The mode of teaching is English for MBBS in Ukraine.

Indian students will find their fellow peers there.

Safe for the girl students (Ukraine’s major population (70%) consist of females).

MCI Eligibility Criteria for MBBS in Ukraine:

They must be of 17 years of age minimum.

Indian students’ age must correspond with the NEET eligibility age.

They must have 50% in their class 12 board exams, including science subjects and English.OBC/SC/ST students must have 40%, including Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and English.

International students must have valid visas and passports.

Indian students must have valid MCI certificate i.e. NEET-UG qualified are eligible only.

Admission Procedure:

The students first have to fill the admission forms of their chosen Ukrainian medical university.

Submission of the filled-up forms along with required documents

Students will then receive their admission letter as well as the invitation letter.

After receiving the admission letter, visa work must be started

Get hold of your valid visa and passport

Fly to Ukraine to make your dream of becoming a doctor come true.

Documents required:

Mark sheets of the board exams.

NEET mark sheet.

Valid passport.

Passport size photos.

Migration certificate.

Bank statement.

Offer letter from the university.

Student Visa.

Medical reports (In extreme cases).

Universities you can trust:

Ivano Frankivsk National Medical University

Danylo Halitsky Lviv National Medical University

Bogomolets National Medical University (Kiev)

Sumy State University

Bukovinian State Medical University

Ternopil State Medical University

Last, but not least in a nutshell kindly make thorough research on every aspect before enrolling yourself in MBBS in Ukraine.

To Parents/Guardian, please consider the following things:

Ask about University/medical faculties/teaching/alumni.

Don’t ask silly questions like flooding/mess facilities. Every standard University has its own setup and acts in the best professional way. Also, international universities are well equipped with basic necessities. Let your son/daughter learn to do basic things in life i.e. cooking, cleaning, washing. After all, it will help in the overall development of your child.

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School Education Boards In India

Indian educational system follows different types of boarding pattern. Students here have a great scope to choose between the syllabus and subjects. Most of the students are not aware of all the education boards and syllabus which are followed in India. In this article, we are going to talk about various governing boards and syllabus. Also note that LearnMor provides highly qualified private tutors for all these boards. So let’s get started.

Most of the Indian Education is carried over six major educational boards. These institutions are maintained under three levels ie., State, National and International, each of them has private and government funding.

1. STATE BOARD (SSC/SSLC)

2. CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE)

3. COUNCIL FOR THE INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (CISCE)

4. INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE (IB)

5. INTERNATIONAL GENERAL CERTIFICATE FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION (IGCSE)

6. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING BOARD (NOS/NIOS)

1. STATE BOARD (SSC/SSLC):

Usually called as SSC/SSLC (secondary school certificate/secondary school leaving certificate) board, majority of the students in the country are enrolled in this board which is maintained by respective state governments. Almost every state has its own board examination. Most government schools and colleges prefer to teach in their own medium of instruction, but most private institutes follow English as a teaching medium.

SYLLABUS:

Syllabus is same throughout the whole state. Students can enrol themselves in regular schools which are run by private sector and in government schools which are maintained by the respective state governments, anyways the curriculum followed in both the sectors is same. Syllabus is designed according to the guidelines of NCERT. It is a lot more easier when compared with the other boards. Readymade material, question banks and guides are available in the market. Most of the syllabus will be on state level topics which helps students to prepare for the state level competitive exams and national level topics are also included to some extent.

There is a compulsory subject on regional language in both (private/government) institutions and there are extra 2-3 subjects (basic computer knowledge, general knowledge etc) in private schools which is an added advantage. Rest of the curriculum is very similar, only difference is the medium of teaching.

TYPES OF EXAMS:

Middle Standard Examination (earlier)

Secondary School Certificate (10 class/SSC)

Higher School Certificate (intermediate/+2/HSC)

After completing the intermediate examinations, students can choose among different streams like engineering, medicine, BSc, BBA, BCom, NDA, Air force, Navy, Military etc.

GRADING SYSTEM:

Most of them follows normal grading system. Marks are given in the form of percentage.

State board accommodates Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya’s (JNV’S) and Sainik Schools which falls under special category in which students are recruited based on their merit.

JNV’S specially focus on the rural areas and selects students who shows excellent problem solving skills. These students are provided free educational facilities from Class IV to X.

Sainik schools are run under the Ministry of Defence in which students are trained in military to make their entry into the Indian military and Indian navy in the future.

2. CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE)

CBSE is an apex board of education in India which is a national board and grants affiliation to schools upto higher secondary level. It was formed in 1952 by NCERT (National Council of Education Research And Training) especially for government employees who gets transferred frequently. But soon many private organizations also opted for this syllabus. Its main target is to operate group of central schools (Kendriya Vidyalaya’s) and finally amalgamated as CBSE by the Government of India.

SYLLABUS:

CBSE follows unique syllabus throughout the nation and many government examinations are conducted based on CBSE (national level exams). Curriculum is standard and helps students in the entrance examinations at later stages. Candidates from private institutions which are not affiliated to CBSE are also eligible for these entrance exams. Unlike state syllabus, CBSE focuses more on math and science as compared to languages. Syllabus is mainly for the students who wants to join engineering and medical services.

TYPES OF EXAMS:

CBSE conducts various exams at national level and it is also credited as the largest exam conducting body in the world.

It conducts board examinations for Class 10 and Class 12

All India Secondary School Examination for Class 10.

All India Senior School Certificate Examination for Class 12.

IIT-JEE Advanced and JEE mains.

All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE). However AIEEE is merged with IIT in 2013 and CBSE conducts two Exams ie JEE Mains and JEE Advanced.

All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) now replaced by National Eligibility and Entrance Test - UG (NEET-UG) - which is an entrance examination for medical colleges in India.

National Eligibility Test (eligibility for assistant professor).

Central Teacher’s Eligibility Test.

GRADING SYSTEM:

CBSE follows nine (9) point grading system on five (5) point scale (A-E), with 9 as the best. The qualifying mark in each subject is 33%.

Official website:  http://cbse.nic.in/

WHAT IS NCERT (National Council For Education Research and Training)?

A lot of people get confused between CBSE and NCERT. It is assumed that NCERT is also a board like other boards, but the fact is that it is not a board. It is an organization which publishes books and materials for CBSE and ICSE boards. Students who enrolled in CBSE and ICSE boards will mostly follow the textbooks, study material published by NCERT.

3. COUNCIL FOR THE INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (CISCE)

It is the autonomous, private and non government body which conducts exams for Class 10, Class 12 and vocational courses. In 1952, the All India Certificate Examinations Conference was held under the chairmanship of Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad. The main aim was to replace the Cambridge School Certification by an All India Examination, thus a foundation was laid for the establishment of CISCE.

Official website: http://www.cisce.org/

It conducts 3 examinations for students who are affiliated to its board mainly:

The Indian Certificate for Secondary Education (ICSE) (Class X)

The Indian School Certificate Examination (ISCE) (Class XII)

The Certificate Of Vocational Education Examination (CVE) (Year 12)   

INDIAN CERTIFICATE FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION (ICSE)

ICSE is an exam conducted by CISCE, a private non government board of education in India. Exam is conducted for Class X students and private students cannot appear for the examination. The medium of instruction is English except the language subject.

SYLLABUS:

The following are the subjects for Class X examinations: 

Group I: Compulsory subjects 

English

Second Language

History, Civics, Geography

Group II:  (Any two of the following subjects)

Mathematics

Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)

Economics

Commercial Studies

A Modern Foreign Language

A Classical Language

Environmental Science

Group III (Any one of the following subjects)

Computer Applications, Economic Applications, Commercial Applications, Art, Performing Arts, Home Science, Cookery, Fashion Designing, Physical Education, Yoga, Technical Drawing Applications, Environmental Applications and A Modern Foreign Language

In addition to these, there are internal assessments, class work assignments, project work, practical work, etc. Internal assessments has 20% weightage in Group I and Group II and 50% weightage in Group III.

Officail website: http://www.cisce.org/

INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (ISCE)

ISC is the board exam conducted for Class 12 students after 2 year course which is after their secondary education (or its equivalent). Private students are not permitted to take the exam. It is treated as the equivalent examination to senior exam of the University of Scotland. Students will no longer be required to obtain “A” level certificate for seeking admissions into the Universities of UK, and other overseas universities in commonwealth. This is the only qualification which is granted special recognition.

Syllabus

You can view the official syllabus by visiting the following link:

http://www.cisce.org/divisions.aspx

GRADING:

Grading and allocation of marks are similar to ICSE system but the only difference is the exams are conducted as 70:30  ratio, that means internal assessment is conducted for 30 marks weightage and external examination for 70 marks. The pass mark for each subject is 40%

Official website: http://www.cisce.org/

CERTIFICATE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION EXAMINATION (CVE)

It is conducted for Class 12 students in accordance with the recommendation with the Human Resource Development through the Joint Council of Vocational Education (JCVE) who wants to take up professional courses.

There are several departments from which student can choose the subject in which he wants to pursue his career, such as the following

Pre School management, Offset Printing Technician, Graphic Designing Technician, Telecommunication and Electronic Technician, Mechanical Engineering Technician, Exterior and Interior Design, Hospitality Management, Computer Theory and System Analyst, Civil Engineering Technician, Physical Education, Business Studies, Air Conditioning And Refrigeration Technician, Office Assistant.

Research Development And Consultancy Division (RDCD).

Some of the activities undertaken by RDCD include curriculum development, ISC and CVE syllabi, development of material for teachers and students, updating council website, preparation of the documents regarding performance of the pupil in ICSE and ISC levels. etc

4. INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE (IB)

IB programme was founded in 1968 by the International Baccalaureate Organization, a non-profit educational organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. IBO is not associated with any particular country . This programme is more practical and application based. It tests students knowledge rather than testing memory and speed. IB mostly focuses on ‘how to learn’ rather than ‘what to learn’. It is more challenging compared to CBSE & ICSE. 

There are three main programs in IB which include:

Primary Year Programme (PYP)

Middle Year Programme (MYP)

Diploma Programme (DP)

Primary Year Programme (PYP):

Followed for classes (Kindergarten to Class 5)

There are no exams till MYP

Normal curriculum is followed (maths, science, social, physical education, languages)

Middle Year Programme (MYP):

Followed for Class 6 to Class 10

Exams are conducted as per the syllabus

In addition to the PYP syllabus, Humanities (History and geography), Technology (Computers) and one more language (second language) is included.

Diploma Programme (DP):

DP is followed for Class 11 to Class 12.

Students have to choose 1 subject from each of the following six ‘Subject Groups’:

Group 1: First Language (English)

Group 2: Second Language (French, German, Hindi, etc)

Group 3: Individuals and Societies ((History, Economics, Business and Management, etc) 

Group 4: Sciences (Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Systems) 

Group 5: Mathematics and Computer Science

Group 6: Electives (either Visual Arts or one subject from Group 3,4 or 5)

In addition to these, students must also go through a two-year program which includes -

Theory of Knowledge (TOK):

An essay of 1600 words is written on a given topic chosen from a group of 10 topics, followed by a ten-min presentation.

Extended Essay (EE):

It involves original independent research by the DP student to produce an essay of 4000 words.

Creativity, Action and Service (CAS):

Student should complete at least 150 hours of work in one-and-a-half years by participating in sports or other physical action, creativity and social service.   

Generally, higher subjects are more rigorous than Standard level.

Official website: http://www.ibo.org/

5. INTERNATIONAL GENERAL CERTIFICATE FOR SECONDARY EDUCATION (IGCSE)

It is an internationally accepted syllabus and the exams are conducted by Cambridge International Examinations (CIE). The Cambridge IGCSE curriculum offers a variety of routes for learners with a wide range of abilities, including those whose first language is not English. There are over 70 subjects, including 30 languages and schools can offer them in any combination. Cambridge IGCSE is the world’s most popular international qualification for 14 to 16 year olds

The Cambridge Programme is divided into the following four stages:

1. Cambridge Primary (for 5 to 11 years)

At this stage, students develop skills and understanding in English, maths and science.  

2. Cambridge Secondary 1 (for 11-14 years)

At the second stage, students develop further their skills and understanding in English, maths and science

3. Cambridge Secondary 2 (for 14-16 years)

Here, the students follow Cambridge O Level or Cambridge IGCSE courses, leading to globally recognised qualifications. They build a broad learning programme from a wide range of subjects.

4. Cambridge Advanced (16-19 years)

At this stage, students develop deep understanding and thinking skills. These include Cambridge International AS & A Level qualifications providing the students with a choice to specialise from a range of 50 diverse subjects.

IGCSE CORE:

The core curriculum is within the ability range of larger majority of students. It provides a full overview of the subject and is targeted at students expected to achieve grades C to G.

IGCSE EXTENDED:

The extended curriculum has been designed for more academically able students. It is targeted at those expected to achieve grades A* to E.             

Exams are conducted twice a year in June and November and the results are announced in August and January respectively.

GRADING SYSTEM

Graded on 8 point scale from A* to G; A^ is another grade for those who sustained performance in higher level maths skills such as reasoning and problem solving.

The overlap of three grades (C, D and E) is designed to accommodate students who perform either better or worse than their teachers expect. “U” is another grade called as “UNGRADED” equivalent to “FAIL”.

For more information:

http://www.cie.org.uk/programmes-and-qualifications/cambridge-secondary-2/cambridge-igcse/

6.  NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING BOARD (NOS/NIOS)

It is similar to CBSE and ICSE and believed to be the largest open school in the world, which provides vocational education and training (VET). It is a initiative from Government Of India and operated in 26 countries. People who benefit from NIOS are sports person, people who have learning disabilities, who are in psychiatric conditions and physically handicapped condition.

NIOS is established by Human Rights Department of Indian Government in November 1989 which is established as an autonomous body.

EXAM PATTERN:

Exams are conducted twice a year in April-May and October-November.

Every student is given nine chances and 5 years to complete their subjects and each student has flexibility to chose their own subjects. If they fail to complete their subjects in nine chances, they were given one more chance to complete.

Pass percentage in exam is 33%.

Student can take exam at any time they want and no pressure is put on them.

Students are permitted to write exams as often as they want if they wants to improve their performance. This is called on-demand examination system which is currently only available at NIOS headquarters in NOIDA.

SYLLABUS:

Student should study minimum 5 and maximum 7 subjects. They are also allowed to change the subjects in midway if they are not interested in them.

Visit NIOS website for more information:

http://www.nos.org/                    

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Rachna Sagar’s ‘Together with’ PYQ Economics Class 12 2025 board exam preparation

Together with CBSE PYQ Class 12 Economics includes Previous 10 Years Question papers of 2014-2024. Chapter-wise Mind Maps & Self-Evaluation Tests included in PYQ Class 12 Economics for full-fledged practice. Latest Examination Paper 2024 given in 10 year solved question bank 2025, gives best knowledge of the exam pattern as per the latest trends.

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I Can and I Will

Source: I Can and I Will

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