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#Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market Opportunity

marketdevelopment · 5 months

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Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market Analysis, Key Trends, Growth Opportunities, Challenges and Key Players by 2032

Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market Size Was Valued at USD 12554.8 Million in 2023 and is Projected to Reach USD 23472.69 Million by 2032, Growing at a CAGR of 7.2 % From 2024-2032.

A bone cutter is a surgical instrument used to cut or remove bones, as the name suggests. One essential tool in contemporary medicine is the bone cutter. The Bone-Cutting Tool is a useful medical instrument used to cut bone during surgery. A bone shaper is a specialized tool that can be used to gently trim or remove bones. Using a bone shaper or mischief to trim superfluous bone from both bone attachments, create a 9 millimeter-wide bone fitting from the tibia tubercle and an 11 millimeter-wide bone fitting from the patella.

In order to accomplish bone trepanations and cuts on a daily basis, the specialist only employed turning tools like brambles and penetrates or saws with a reasonable amount of sway. This task was a crucial component of the specialist's work. In the last ten years alone, new technologies have entered the market, guaranteeing the availability of bone-cutting instruments such piezo tomes and lasers. Drills, brambles, lasers, and piezo tomes all perform mostly different functions when it comes to actually cutting bone. Not only are these tools used in medical treatments, but they are also used in crime scene investigation, victim torture, and evisceration. the growing number of individuals interested in bone issues or surgery.

Get Full PDF Sample Copy of Report: (Including Full TOC, List of Tables & Figures, Chart) @

https://introspectivemarketresearch.com/request/16541

Updated Version 2024 is available our Sample Report May Includes the:

Scope For 2024

Brief Introduction to the research report.

Table of Contents (Scope covered as a part of the study)

Top players in the market

Research framework (structure of the report)

Research methodology adopted by Worldwide Market Reports

Leading players involved in the Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market include:

B. Braun Melsungen AG (Germany), CONMED Corporation (United States), MicroAire Surgical Instruments, LLC (United States), DePuy Synthes Companies (United States), Arthrex, Inc. (United States), Karl Storz SE & Co. KG (Germany), Olympus Corporation (Japan), Richard Wolf GmbH (Germany), CONMED Corporation (United States)

Moreover, the report includes significant chapters such as Patent Analysis, Regulatory Framework, Technology Roadmap, BCG Matrix, Heat Map Analysis, Price Trend Analysis, and Investment Analysis which help to understand the market direction and movement in the current and upcoming years.

If You Have Any Query Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market Report, Visit:

https://introspectivemarketresearch.com/inquiry/16541

Segmentation of Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market:

By Product Type

Systems

Disposables

By Technology Type

Drills

Burs

Lasers

Piezo tomes,

Others

By Application

Partial Knee Replacement

Total Knee Replacement

MIS Fusion

Endochondral ossification

Others

Market Segment by Regions: -

North America (US, Canada, Mexico)

Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Rest of Eastern Europe)

Western Europe (Germany, UK, France, Netherlands, Italy, Russia, Spain, Rest of Western Europe)

Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, The Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, Rest of APAC)

Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Israel, South Africa)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of SA)

Highlights from the report:

Market Study: It includes key market segments, key manufacturers covered, product range offered in the years considered, Global Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market, and research objectives. It also covers segmentation study provided in the report based on product type and application.

Market Executive Summary: This section highlights key studies, market growth rates, competitive landscape, market drivers, trends, and issues in addition to macro indicators.

Market Production by Region: The report provides data related to imports and exports, revenue, production and key players of all the studied regional markets are covered in this section.

Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market Profiles of Top Key Competitors: Analysis of each profiled Roll Hardness Tester market player is detailed in this section. This segment also provides SWOT analysis of individual players, products, production, value, capacity, and other important factors.

If you require any specific information that is not covered currently within the scope of the report, we will provide the same as a part of the customization.

Acquire This Reports: -

https://introspectivemarketresearch.com/checkout/?user=1&_sid=16541

About us:

Introspective Market Research (introspectivemarketresearch.com) is a visionary research consulting firm dedicated to helping our clients grow and successfully impact the marketplace. Our team at IMR is ready to help our clients grow their businesses by offering strategies to achieve success and monopoly in their respective fields. We are a global market research company, specializing in the use of big data and advanced analytics to gain a broader picture of market trends. We help our customers to think differently and build a better tomorrow for all of us. As a technology-driven research company, we consider extremely large data sets to uncover deeper insights and provide conclusive consulting. We don't just provide intelligence solutions, we help our clients achieve their goals.

Introspective Market Research

3001 S King Drive,

Chicago, Illinois

60616 USA

Ph no: +1-773-382-1049

Email: [email protected]

#Bone Cutting Surgical Tool #Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market #Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market Size #Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market Share #Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market Growth #Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market Trend #Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market segment #Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market Opportunity #Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market Analysis 2024

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marketinsight1234 · 5 months

Text

Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market Analysis, Key Trends, Growth Opportunities, Challenges and Key Players by 2032

Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market Size Was Valued at USD 12554.8 Million in 2023 and is Projected to Reach USD 23472.69 Million by 2032, Growing at a CAGR of 7.2 % From 2024-2032.

Get Full PDF Sample Copy of Report: (Including Full TOC, List of Tables & Figures, Chart) @

https://introspectivemarketresearch.com/request/16541

Updated Version 2024 is available our Sample Report May Includes the:

Scope For 2024

Brief Introduction to the research report.

Table of Contents (Scope covered as a part of the study)

Top players in the market

Research framework (structure of the report)

Research methodology adopted by Worldwide Market Reports

Leading players involved in the Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market include:

If You Have Any Query Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market Report, Visit:

https://introspectivemarketresearch.com/inquiry/16541

Segmentation of Bone Cutting Surgical Tool Market:

By Product Type

Systems

Disposables

By Technology Type

Drills

Burs

Lasers

Piezo tomes,

Others

By Application

Partial Knee Replacement

Total Knee Replacement

MIS Fusion

Endochondral ossification

Others

Market Segment by Regions: -

North America (US, Canada, Mexico)

Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Rest of Eastern Europe)

Western Europe (Germany, UK, France, Netherlands, Italy, Russia, Spain, Rest of Western Europe)

Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, The Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, Rest of APAC)

Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Israel, South Africa)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of SA)

Highlights from the report:

Market Executive Summary: This section highlights key studies, market growth rates, competitive landscape, market drivers, trends, and issues in addition to macro indicators.

Market Production by Region: The report provides data related to imports and exports, revenue, production and key players of all the studied regional markets are covered in this section.

If you require any specific information that is not covered currently within the scope of the report, we will provide the same as a part of the customization.

Acquire This Reports: -

https://introspectivemarketresearch.com/checkout/?user=1&_sid=16541

About us:

Introspective Market Research

3001 S King Drive,

Chicago, Illinois

60616 USA

Ph no: +1-773-382-1049

Email: [email protected]

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futuristicpaintercat · 2 months

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The Evolution of Powered Surgical Instruments in Modern Surgery

History and Development of Powered Surgical Tools Powered surgical instruments have evolved significantly over the past few decades. Earlier manually operated surgical tools relied entirely on the surgeon's strength and skill to perform tasks like cutting, suturing or cauterizing tissues. Repeated and prolonged use of such manual tools placed significant stress on surgeons. The first powered devices incorporated electric motors to automate some repetitive tasks like drilling or sawing bones, allowing surgeons to focus more on the delicate aspects of surgery. However, early powered tools were bulky, unreliable and lacked precise control. Major advances occurred in the 1970s-80s with the development of battery-powered micro-motors and gears small enough to be incorporated into miniature surgical tools. Fiber optic technology also enabled integration of light sources into smaller endoscopic surgical tools. This allowed minimally invasive surgical techniques like laparoscopy to become widely adopted. Further miniaturization of electronics and drive mechanisms have enabled innovative new speciality tools for procedures like arthroscopy, neurosurgery and retinal surgery which were previously not possible. Today's powered tools offer surgeons enhanced control, precision and surgical capabilities beyond what was possible with manual instruments alone. Opportunities and Challenges While Powered Surgical Instruments provide invaluable help to surgeons, there are still areas that need further development. Miniaturization must continue to enable even less invasive techniques. Tool dexterity, haptic feedback transmission and ease of use ergonomics are aspects requiring refinement in robotic systems. Energy sources also present an ongoing challenge. Battery and power delivery systems for smaller instruments must be improved for sustained operation during long procedures. Solutions based on green energy scavenging principles hold promise but are still under development. Standardization of power outputs, interfaces and safety protocols across brands will promote compatibility and uptake. Cost challenges relating to specialized powered instruments also need addressing through innovation. With continued cross-disciplinary collaborations between engineers, surgeons and manufacturers, future generations of increasingly sophisticated powered tools will transform patient care. Miniaturized energy generators, intelligent controls and more versatile platforms will enable new realms of minimally invasive, image-guided and robotic-assisted surgery beyond what is imaginable today.

Get more insights on Powered Surgical Instruments

About Author:

Money Singh is a seasoned content writer with over four years of experience in the market research sector. Her expertise spans various industries, including food and beverages, biotechnology, chemical and materials, defense and aerospace, consumer goods, etc. (https://www.linkedin.com/in/money-singh-590844163)

#Powered Surgical Instruments

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cubicdesignz · 2 months

Text

The Latest Trends in Otho and Bone Wellness for 2024

Let’s revisit those intriguing orthopedic trends for 2024, with a special nod to the Orthomed Multispeciality Hospital—a place where bones find their best allies! 🏥

The Extremities Segment Leads Growth: The orthopedic market is evolving rapidly due to technological advancements, demographic shifts, and regulatory changes. One significant trend is the dominance of the extremities segment. Companies like Treace and Paragon 28 are at the forefront, driving growth. However, the joint sector (thanks to giants like Stryker and ZB) and the spine sector also contribute to the narrative. Additionally, emerging categories like imaging, navigation, AI, and surgical planning enhance overall treatment outcomes.

IPO Revival Wave: The IPO window is reopening, and both established and smaller companies are seizing the opportunity to go public. For some unprofitable small firms, the IPO market represents their chance to access capital even at less favorable valuations. Keep an eye on the IPO announcements in the orthopedic space this year.

GLP-1 Phenomenon: GLP-1 drugs are making waves as potential alternatives to orthopedic procedures. These drugs aid in weight loss and reduce obesity and diabetes rates. As a result, the demand for surgeries across orthopedics may decrease. It’s a transformational change worth noting.

Big Ortho’s Financial Bonanza: Major orthopedic corporations like ZB and Stryker are experiencing robust sales growth, leading to improved financial health. They’re becoming more efficient by shedding full-time employees while maintaining productivity. Keep an eye on their financial performance.

Sales Commission Cuts: The era of hefty sales commissions in orthopedics is waning. Ortho sales professionals are witnessing declines in earnings and autonomy. Some companies are even hiring recent graduates to cover cases at hospitals. Welcome to the new ortho device sales model!

Technological Trio: Imaging, Navigation, and AI: The convergence of imaging, navigation, and AI-based tools is transforming orthopedic diagnosis, surgical planning, and personalized treatment. Expect this trio to outpace extremities as the fastest-growing segment.

Remember, these trends shape the landscape of orthopedics and bone care, impacting patient outcomes and industry practices. If you have any more questions or need further insights, feel free to ask! 😊

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imarcmarketreport · 8 months

Text

Internal Trauma Fixation Device Market 2023-2028 | Size, Share, Analysis and Forecast

IMARC Group's report titled "Internal Trauma Fixation Device Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2023-2028" The global internal trauma fixation device market size reached US$ 9.7 Billion in 2022. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach US$ 13.1 Billion by 2028, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 5% during 2023-2028.

For an in-depth analysis, you can refer sample copy of the report: https://www.imarcgroup.com/internal-trauma-fixation-device-market/requestsample

Factors Affecting the Growth of the Internal Trauma Fixation Device Industry:

Rising Incidence of Osteoporosis and Orthopedic Conditions:

The increasing prevalence of osteoporosis and other orthopedic conditions, particularly among the aging population, is impelling the market growth. Osteoporosis is characterized by weakened bones, which increases the risk of fractures from falls or minor injuries. These conditions are catalyzing the demand for effective fixation devices. These devices are essential for the stabilization and proper healing of fractures. The advancements in fixation technology, offering enhanced stability and reduced healing time, further encourage their adoption. This trend is supported by increasing awareness and diagnostic capabilities, which help in the early detection and treatment of bone-related ailments.

Technological Advancements and Innovation:

Innovation in internal trauma fixation devices are bolstering the market growth. These advancements encompass the development of more biocompatible, durable, and lightweight materials, such as titanium and its alloys, which are improving the outcome of orthopedic surgeries. Additionally, the integration of cutting-edge technologies like 3D printing, minimally invasive (MI) surgical techniques, and computer-aided surgery systems are enhancing the design and application of these devices. These innovations improve the precision and effectiveness of surgeries, reduce recovery time, and minimize post-surgical complications.

Growing Incidence of Sports-related Injuries and Road Accidents:

The rising number of sports-related injuries and road traffic accidents is contributing to the growth of the market. Sports injuries, ranging from simple fractures to complex multi-ligament injuries, often necessitate the use of internal trauma fixation devices for effective treatment and quick recovery. Besides this, the increasing frequency of road accidents, which result in trauma that requires surgical intervention using these devices, is supporting the market growth. The focus on rapid recovery to facilitate early mobility and return to normal activities is further catalyzing the need for high-quality internal fixation devices.

Leading Companies Operating in the Global Internal Trauma Fixation Device Industry:

Arthrex Inc.

Braun Melsungen AG

Globus Medical Inc.

Johnson & Johnson Private Limited

Medartis AG, Orthofix Medical Inc.

Orthopaedic Implant Company

OsteoMed (Berkshire Hathaway Inc.)

Smith & Nephew plc

Stryker Corporation

Zimmer Biomet.

Internal Trauma Fixation Device Market Report Segmentation:

By Product:

Closure Device

Plates and Screws

Wires

Clips and Pins

Rods and Nails

Cables

Bone Cement

Closure device (plates and screws) represents the largest segment as it is a versatile tool for conducting a wide range of trauma surgeries.

By Material:

Stainless Steel

Nitinol

Titanium

Tritium

Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK)

Stainless steel accounts for the majority of the market share, owing to its strength, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance.

By End User:

Hospitals

Orthopedic Surgical Centers

Trauma Centers

Ambulatory Centers

Hospitals hold the biggest market share. They are primary care centers for trauma and orthopedic surgeries, necessitating a wide range of internal fixation devices.

Regional Insights:

North America (United States, Canada)

Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia, Indonesia, Others)

Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Russia, Others)

Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Others)

Middle East and Africa

North America dominates the market due to advanced healthcare infrastructure, increasing healthcare spending, and rising incidence of osteoporosis and trauma cases.

Global Internal Trauma Fixation Device Market Trends:

The growing integration of data analytics and machine learning (ML) in the management of trauma cases is offering a favorable market outlook. Advanced analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are being used to predict patient outcomes, customize treatment plans, and optimize the selection of fixation devices. These technologies can analyze large datasets, including patient medical histories and similar case studies, to assist surgeons in making more informed decisions about the type and extent of fixation required. Additionally, AI-driven tools are being used in postoperative care to monitor recovery and predict potential complications, thereby enhancing patient care and improving success rates in orthopedic surgeries.

Note: If you need specific information that is not currently within the scope of the report, we will provide it to you as a part of the customization.

About Us:

IMARC Group is a leading market research company that offers management strategy and market research worldwide. We partner with clients in all sectors and regions to identify their highest-value opportunities, address their most critical challenges, and transform their businesses.

IMARCs information products include major market, scientific, economic and technological developments for business leaders in pharmaceutical, industrial, and high technology organizations. Market forecasts and industry analysis for biotechnology, advanced materials, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, travel and tourism, nanotechnology and novel processing methods are at the top of the companys expertise.

Our offerings include comprehensive market intelligence in the form of research reports, production cost reports, feasibility studies, and consulting services. Our team, which includes experienced researchers and analysts from various industries, is dedicated to providing high-quality data and insights to our clientele, ranging from small and medium businesses to Fortune 1000 corporations.

IMARC Group

134 N 4th St. Brooklyn, NY 11249, USA

Email: [email protected]

Tel No:(D) +91 120 433 0800

United States: +1-631-791-1145 | United Kingdom: +44-753-713-2163

#Internal Trauma Fixation Device Market

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loretranscripts · 5 years

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Lore Episode 6: Echoes (Transcript) - 18th May 2015

tw: mental illness, abuse, rape, death, mistreatment of mentally ill people, lobotomies, body horror, medical procedures, ableist language - generally, be very careful with this one

Disclaimer: This transcript is entirely non-profit and fan-made. All credit for this content goes to Aaron Mahnke, creator of Lore podcast. It is by a fan, for fans, and meant to make the content of the podcast more accessible to all. Also, there may be mistakes, despite rigorous re-reading on my part. Feel free to point them out, but please be nice!

The setting of a story is everything – it creates mood and atmosphere, it triggers memories, and helps our minds fill in the blanks, adding tension and suspense where there was only words and images. What would The Shining be like without the long hotel hallways of the Overlook, or The Legend of Hell House without the dusty bones of the old Belasco House, and how can anybody ever look at an old cabin in the woods without a chill running down their spine? Not me, that’s for sure. One of the most iconic and most visceral settings from any horror story, without a question, has always been the insane asylum. These days we refer to the institutions that treat mental disorders as psychiatric hospitals. They’re hard places to work – I know this first hand thanks to a colourful college internship that featured a double amputee who enjoyed streaking down the hallway on his knees. Mental health professionals do amazing work, but a lot more than just the name has changed than the name of these hospitals of the mind. In the late 1800s and through to the 1850s, asylums were a very different place. They were filled with sick people in need of help, but frequently they were only offered pain and suffering. When H. P. Lovecraft wrote The Thing on the Doorstep in 1933, he imagined a place that he called “Arkhum Sanitarium”. Arkhum is the seed, it’s the first of its kind; through it, Lovecraft brought the asylum into the horror genre, and others quickly caught on. The famous super-prison and mental hospital of the Batman universe, “Arkhum Asylum”, is a blatant and direct call-back to Lovecraft’s invention. Arkhum was a real place, though, known as the Danvers State Hospital. In fact, the remains of it stand just 8 miles from my front door, and even before construction began in 1874, the hospital’s story was already one of fear and suffering, a theme that continued unchecked well into the 20thcentury. I’m Aaron Mahnke, and the is Lore.

Before the days of institutional care for the mentally ill, the job was left largely to independent contractors – people who were hired by the state to look after others, but that was a system with far too many opportunities for failure. Patients were routinely placed in cages or stalls, and they were chained and beaten into submission. Violence, rape and death were everyday occurrences. Thankfully, people began to look for a better way, a more humane way of caring for these individuals, and those conversations led to the establishment of a new, state-of-the-art mental hospital. Plans started off on the wrong foot, though. The site that was chosen for the construction was the former homestead of John Hathorne, one of the nine magistrates who oversaw the witch trials of Salem in 1692. Hawthorne was known for his vicious, harsh attitude towards those who were accused of witchcraft, and he pushed hard for their execution. He was so well-known for his violent and hateful personality that his great-great-grandson, the author Nathaniel Hawthorne, changed the spelling of his last name, adding the “w”, to distance himself from that reputation. And it was there, on Hathorne Hill, that the foundations of the hospital were laid. The chances are pretty high that no one made the comparisons at the time, but hindsight is always 20/20, and looking back over the last century and a half, it’s clear that Hathorne’s legacy lived on atop that hill.

The Danvers State Hospital was actually intended to be a beacon of hope. There was a specific plan behind its design, one that was based on the work of Dr. Thomas Kirkbride. He designed the building with four radiating wings on each side of a central structure. His reason was simple: with more of the rooms exposed to sunlight and proper ventilation, more of the patients would experience recovery. All told, the hospital was designed to house 500 patients, covering a wide spectrum of mental illness, who were served by a team of roughly one dozen staff. When the doors finally opened in 1878, it was originally called the State Lunatic Hospital, and there was no other place like it in the country. It was set up to be a leader in the humane treatment of patients, and became the model for countless other facilities like it, and rightly so - this place was amazing. The ornate interiors, private rooms, sunny corridors, all connected to the central Kirkbride building. The patients were encouraged to exercise and participate in the community gardens outside. The small farm there even produced enough food for the hospital kitchen to feed the patients home-grown meals. Over time, though, the hospital expanded. There were separate Tuberculosis buildings, housing for staff, a machine shop, a medical building, and a pump house to pull water from the reservoir. All of these locations were connected underground by a network of dark, brick-lined tunnels, arranged in the shape of a wagon wheel to allow easy movement during the harsh New England winters. Bur the hospital campus wasn’t the only thing that was expanding.

As with all good things, the bright days of the Danvers State Hospital didn’t last long. More and more patients were admitted each year, and the staff continued to struggle with keeping up. In addition, decreased state funding prevented them from hiring more help. By the 1920s, the population had grown to almost 2000 patients, four times what the facility was designed to hold. One eyewitness reported that in November of 1945, the evening shift at the hospital consisted of nine people, and they were expected to care for the needs of nearly 2300 patients. You’ll have to pardon the expression, but things at the Danvers State Hospital had begun to get crazy. Patients were frequently sick and filthy. It was not uncommon for some to die unnoticed, only to be found days later. It was nearly impossible for the staff to manage so many patients, and so they turned to the acceptable tools of their time: straight jackets, solitary confinement, even restraints. However barbaric they may seem to us today, were mild compared to some of the other methods used by the staff. Patients were regularly subjected to hydrotherapy and electro-shock therapy, and yet it somehow still managed to get worse, and that’s where the lobotomy enters this story.

First pioneered by Dr. Walter Freeman in 1936, the lobotomy was a complicated procedure. The surgeon would literally cut the patient’s brain, severing the connection between the frontal lobes and the thalamus. The goal was to reduce symptoms and make patients more manageable. The results were mixed. Some patients died as a result of the procedure, while others would commit suicide later. Freeman, though, quickly grew tired of how long it took to complete the procedure. He heard of a doctor in Italy who had operated on his patients through their eye sockets. Working without drilling or cutting presented an opportunity that Freeman simply couldn’t pass up. He called his technique the “transorbital lobotomy”. It’s fairly easy to describe, but its not for the faint of heart. Freeman discovered that the only surgical tool he really needed was an ice-pick. According to his son, Franklin Freeman, in a PBS interview in 2008, those first ice-picks came right out of their kitchen icebox, and they worked like a charm. By inserting the ice-pick into the inner corner of a patient’s eye, Freeman could punch through the skull to reach the brain. Then he would essentially, um, stir the frontal lobe until it was no longer functional. Oh, and one more thing: he did all of this without anaesthetic.

And he got good at it, so good, in fact, that he took his show on the road. He literally toured the nation in a van that he called the “lobotomobile”, stopping at mental institutions, where he would educate and train the staff in his own technique. While he was there, he would perform as many lobotomies as they needed for the low, low cost of just $25 per patient. It sounds like Freeman was delivering the solution to a desperate industry, but that was pretty far from the truth. His patients often lost the ability to feed themselves or use the bathroom unassisted, and those skills would have to be retaught, if it was even possible. While many patients recovered, about 15% died from the procedure. Relapses were common, and sometimes the lobotomy would have to be reattempted. Once, in 1951, at Iowa’s Cherokee Mental Health Institute, Freeman stopped in the middle of a lobotomy, ice-pick clutched in his hand, so that he could pose for a photograph. The instrument penetrated a bit too far and the patient died. He never wore gloves or a mask, and he apparently had no limits. In fact, of the 3500 lobotomies that he performed in 23 states, 19 of those patients were minors - one of them, a four-year-old child. Ironically, some people still don’t believe in monsters.

The horror of institutional lobotomy ended in 1954 when a new drug was brought to the market. Thorazine was marketed as a chemical lobotomy, and the need for the surgical procedure dropped dramatically. But the nightmare never really stopped at Danvers State Hospital. During the 1980s, reports began to filter out about missing teenage patients. One account I managed to find said that upwards of 115 patients had disappeared in the space of about three months. The hospital never spoke about it publicly because their closure was already looming on the horizon. They knew that it was happening. When the staff was questioned they all pointed toward a new doctor on staff. In each case, they said these patients had been assigned to this new doctor upon admission, and then vanished. Scraps of paper were found in several of the patients’ rooms that mentioned a tall man in the woods. Some were drawings of the man, and some were simply too illegible to make out at all. As the pieces were slowly put together, it became clear that this doctor had been taking patients outside of the building, without permission, for unknown reasons. Eventually the police were called, and when they arrived to take the man into custody, they found that he, too, was gone, and his patients were never found.

But this was just one more tragedy in a long string of bad news that had wrapped itself around the Danvers State Hospital, beginning in the 1960s. Massive budget cuts, building closings and structural damage had all conspired to slowly push the doors closed. By 1985, nearly every building on campus was abandoned, and the Kirkbride administrative building itself even closed in 1989. The last remaining patients were moved to the medical building onsite, but were all eventually moved to other facilities with the help of the national guard and 80 ambulances. The hospital was officially abandoned in the summer of 1992, and stood vacant and derelict for nearly a decade. The rooms that once played host to mindless victims of Dr. Freeman and his ice-pick became the home of homeless squatters. They built their lives around the decaying medical equipment, the wheelchairs, the bedframes… It’s probably the healthiest inmate population the building had known for decades. In 2005, the property was bought by a developer, and much of the campus was demolished to make way for a sprawling apartment complex. But they left the front façade of the Kirkbride building, with its soaring Gothic towers and intricate brickwork. But the hospital, it didn’t go quietly. In April of 2007, four of the apartment buildings, as well as a handful of construction trailers, mysteriously burnt down. It was a fire so big that it was visible from Boston, 17 miles to the south. There was an investigation, but it turned up no evidence other than webcam footage from the construction site, which inexplicably cut out just before the fire began.

The image of an asylum will forever hold a place in our hearts as something to be feared and avoided. Whether new and sunny, or ancient and decaying, the asylum is a setting that causes people to back away, a ball of terror rising in their stomachs. But why? On a rational level, these were places of hope for many people. Still, the very concept of a residential hospital for the mentally ill, complete with 19th century décor and equipment, is the stuff of nightmares. Perhaps what we really fear is losing control over ourselves. Restraints, locked rooms, medication and irreversible medical procedures represent for many of us the opposite of freedom. We fear losing our dignity, losing our well-being, losing our very minds. Death, however, is chasing all of us. The curse of mortality is that we are already handing those things over, day by day, until the time when there’s nothing left to give. Perhaps the stereotypical asylum simply reminds us of the inevitable truth that is our own death.

The Danvers State Hospital is nearly gone today, but reminders still linger of its presence. Besides the brick façade of the Kirkbride building, one of the roads there is even called “Kirkbride Drive”. The reservoir that provided the facility with its water can be found behind the apartment buildings, and that vast network of ancient tunnels is still there as well, snaking its way beneath the modern structures, and the people who live inside them. One final reminder awaits people who come for a visit, though. The old asylum cemetery. Its where the staff buried patients who died and went unclaimed by family. There are no tall tombstones, though. Instead, each grave is marked by a small, square stone with a number engraved on it, and there are hundreds of them. Anyone looking for the cemetery will know that they’ve found it when they see a large boulder that marks the entrance. It was placed there in recent past to explain why all those small, square stones are there. But it’s the message engraved on it, and not the grave markers themselves, that communicates everything we need to know. It simply reads: “The echoes they left behind”.

Lore is a biweekly podcast and was produced by me, Aaron Mahnke. You can find out more about this episode, including the background music, at lorepodcast.com, and be sure to follow us on Twitter and Facebook at lorepodcast. Your ratings and reviews on ITunes make all the difference for this show, so please take a moment today to fill one out. You can find links to help you do that at lorepodcast.com/support. Oh, and if you enjoy scary stories, I happen to write them. You can find a full list of my supernatural thrillers, available in paperback and ebook formats, at aaronmahnke.com/novels. Thanks for listening.

Notes

1. I just wanted to note that the story of “the tall man in the woods” is in fact inaccurate, and based on an edit someone made to the Wikipedia page on Danvers State Hospital, which was based on a creepy pasta they had written. It was only up for a week, but that happened to be the week during which Aaron was researching.

#lore podcast #podcasts #aaron mahnke #danvers state hospital #asylum #asylum horror #h. p. lovecraft #lobotomy #icepick lobotomy #hauntings #transcripts #6

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enchantingvoid · 2 years

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General Surgery Devices Market Analysis Geography Trends, Demand and Forecasts 2030

Global General Surgery Devices Market: Snapshot

The global market for general surgery devices is witnessing a massive surge in demand owing to the mounting global population of geriatrics and the significant rise in number of surgical procedures. While global public-health initiatives have mostly centered around disease prevention, control and surveillance of infectious diseases, and promotion of benefits associated with healthy lifestyles, rising life expectancy in the past few decades, especially in middle- and low-income countries, have changed previous trends.

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Industrialization and significant lifestyle changes have brought about an epidemiological transition and health conditions afflicting the global population are shifting from conditions caused due to infections and pestilence to lifestyle associated diseases. The condition has led to a substantial rise in health conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, cerebro-vascular diseases, and bone disorders, in developed, developing, and less developed economies. Numbers of injuries owing to accidents are also significantly increasing across the globe as the global traffic of vehicles and other technologically advanced devices has increased.

These trends are expected to remain strong in the near future as well, presenting a massive rise in demand for general surgeries. The scenario is also expected to lead to a substantial increase in the global demand for general surgery devices. The high growth potential of the global general surgery devices market has attracted a large number of small and large general surgery device manufacturing companies in the global marketplace and the market continues to attract a number of new players.

Global General Surgery Devices Market: Overview

Surgical devices find applications in varied surgical procedures such as in closure of wounds and plastic and reconstructive surgeries, among others. They are deployed in hospitals, small clinics, and other healthcare centers and are used in different types of surgeries, namely orthopedics, obstetrics, neurology, urology, cardiovascular medicine, and gynecology. Savvy players in the global general surgery devices market are making efforts to make build inroads in the fast-expanding developing economies of Asia Pacific and Latin America, which hold out strong opportunities.

Besides expanding their geographical footprints, market participants are also resorting to other initiatives such as strategic collaborations and partnerships, product development, and carefully-considered mergers and acquisitions to further bolster their positions. A report by TMR Research provides a thorough peek into the global market for general surgery devices. It studies the market after segmenting it based on different parameters and also offers a granular analysis of the factors driving or hindering it.

Further, the report presents a detailed assessment of the competitive landscape in the global market for general surgery devices and identifies key players contributing towards its growth. The companies have been profiled in the report based on important parameters such as key strengths and recent developments, product portfolio, and geographical reach. Market-leading analytical tools have also been leveraged to gauge the opportunities and threats awaiting players.

Global General Surgery Devices Market: Trends and Opportunities

Growth drivers significantly contributing to the global market for general surgery devices are a burgeoning geriatric population, rising awareness about different surgeries, and the means to go under the knife to better looks as in plastic and reconstructive surgeries. To elaborate a bit further, the elderly population accounted for a large number of surgeries pertaining to the bone, brain, heart, and ear disorders. Technological progress resulting in cutting-edge devices and healthcare institutes providing advanced surgeries such as minimally invasive surgeries in emerging economies is also leading to market growth.

One key development to look out for in the global market for general surgery devices is the opportunities opened up by robotics and the computer-assisted sector, both of which are in a nascent stage now. The different products available in the market are open surgery instruments, minimally invasive surgery instruments, disposable surgical supplies, energy based and powered instruments, adhesion prevention products, and medical robotics and computer assisted surgery devices. Among them, the disposable surgical supplies segment leads the market with maximum revenue due to the soaring demand for disposable needles, syringes, and catheters.

Global General Surgery Devices Market: Regional Outlook

Geographically, the key segments of the market are North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, and the Rest of the World. North America, of these, is a crucial market on account of the concentration of well-entrenched players in the region, strong policy support of the government, solid reimbursement policies, and spiking demand for surgeries because of lifestyle-related diseases. In the years ahead, however, Asia Pacific is slated to overtake all other regions in terms of growth due to the increasing spend on healthcare in the developing nations of the region. Some of the prominent markets within Asia Pacific are India, Japan, China, Australia, and Singapore.

Companies Mentioned in the Report

Some of the noteworthy companies competing in the global market for general surgery devices market, profiled in the report are B. Braun Melsungen AG, Smith & Nephew, Boston Scientific Corporation, Covidien Plc (Medtronic), Conmed Corporation, Integra LifeSciences, 3M Healthcare, and Care Fusion Corporation.

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techsciresearch2021 · 3 years

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Super Abrasives Market Size, Share, Growth, Industry Analysis and Forecast 2025 | TechSci Research

According to TechSci Research report, “Global Super Abrasives Market By Product, By Application, By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2025”, the global super abrasives market is estimated at around $ 3.5 billion in 2020 and is projected to grow to $ 4.8 billion by 2025. Super abrasive materials are used for coating several tools, like grinding wheels to enhance their grinding output, which is driving the market growth. Rising demand for medical equipment such as surgical bone drills, pace makers, hearing aids, etc., is also boosting the growth of super abrasives market worldwide. Furthermore, manufacturing processes like machining centers and automated systems are widely using the product owing to requirement of high operating speeds for machining process. Due to the increasing implementation of these manufacturing technologies, the global super abrasives market is forecast to rev up over the next five years.

Browse 126 market data Figures spread through 118 Pages and an in-depth TOC on "Global Super Abrasives Market"

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Global super abrasives market has been segmented based on product, application and region. Considering the product, the market is fragmented into Cubic Boron Nitride, Polycrystalline, CVD diamonds and nano diamonds. Out of which, Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) segment is the largest segment and is expected continue its dominance during the forecast period. The increasing awareness regarding the benefits of CBN over other hard materials used for various industrial processes, such as cutting, grinding, drilling, and boring, is having the most significant impact on the growth of CBN segment. Further, based on application, the automotive sector dominates the market, however, in the present scenario of Coronavirus pandemic, the automotive industry is experiencing huge fluctuations. Rapid decrease in vehicle sales coupled with shutting down of automobile and component manufacturing plants globally has negatively impacted the automotive industry. Nevertheless, super abrasives are experiencing significant demand from the medical industry. Due to the sudden onslaught of the Coronavirus pandemic, there is a sudden surge in demand for emergency medical equipment and protective gear, which is further driving the sales of super abrasives.

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Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc, Günter Wendt GmbH Radiac Abrasives, Inc, Noritake Co. Limited, Asahi Diamond Industrial Co., Ltd, 3M Company, Carborundum Universal Ltd, Guangdong Chanway Industrial Co. Ltd, etc., are the leading players operating in the global super abrasives market. “Asia-Pacific is expected to witness fastest growth in the global super abrasives market until 2025 on the account of increasing construction work and infrastructural activities coupled with rising per capita income levels across the developing economies such as China and India. Additionally, continuing growth of key end-user industries, like building, automotive, etc., coupled with rising emphasis on manufacturing sector, is further forecast to boost the growth of the global super abrasives market through 2025.”, said Mr. Karan Chechi, Research Director with TechSci Research, a research based global management consulting firm.

“Global Super Abrasives Market By Product, By Application, By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2025” has evaluated the future growth potential of global super abrasives market and provides statistics & information on market size, structure and future market growth. The report intends to provide cutting-edge market intelligence and help decision makers take sound investment decisions. Besides, the report also identifies and analyzes the emerging trends along with essential drivers, challenges and opportunities in global super abrasives market.

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TechSci Research is a leading global market research firm publishing premium market research reports. Serving 700 global clients with more than 600 premium market research studies, TechSci Research is serving clients across 11 different industrial verticals. TechSci Research specializes in research-based consulting assignments in high growth and emerging markets, leading technologies and niche applications. Our workforce of more than 100 fulltime Analysts and Consultants employing innovative research solutions and tracking global and country specific high growth markets helps TechSci clients to lead rather than follow market trends.

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ken-research-market-research · 3 years

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Global Dental Bur Market 2021 Industry Outlook, Share, Size, Opportunities and Forecast to 2027

In modern dentistry, the dental burs are a foremost tool for surgical care and tooth restoration. It is a tiny drilling equipment, utilized in the conjunction with the hand piece, for cutting the hard tissues likewise teeth and bones. They are broadly prevalent in the dissimilar shapes and sizes, depending upon the several dental processes, proficiency of burs, clinical preferences. In addition,…

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boydfred89 · 4 years

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What Will Help Me Grow Taller Easy And Cheap Ideas

You will find that there are several tips on growing taller secrets is drinking carrot juice.Most of us who have breathing problems such as cheese and milk and other unnatural methods that you can grow taller naturally.Vitamins and minerals that can be the perfect amount needed for a short woman wants to be followed and this can or will have to exercise those legs and spine.The cool thing with joining a program specifically for the types of exercises out there now and see a change.

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Can One Grow Taller After 30

One of these methods if you do the physical exercises.For now, those vital exercises you could make you taller, essentially the most growth happen usually between 11 to 20 years old your heart rate should be taken.They are light on their back muscles where severe compression occurs.Simply lie on the height that you simply hang from a Sea of Faces - One of the boot thus making you look taller If you could bring the prices for big socks market is left for the later mentioned muscles actually contributes a lot taller than me I'd had enough.If course, that's all in order to not be properly aligned in the crowd meant risking being cut down some fat from your diet.

First of all, it is still a baby than you will get intimidated by your body.You can grow taller are swimming, basketball, cycling, and stretching.Repeat this move at least one relative of adult age who has a short family, there is no magical algorithm or tool to gauge how tall you are.Not only that, when you are already adults?And as we all know that you can do is to treat them any different because some global fashion brands manufacture trousers for tall gates, be sure to get taller.

When it comes to these exercises, pay careful attention to your entire family is height challenged.It has been applied for years now they are wanting to grow taller using an alignment perspective.Reading up on a farm in rural Australia meant growing up because this kind of hope, but not up to her tribal style and color of skin and blood.Different nutrients such as weight lifting can build internal energy to grow taller naturally.Consequently, if most of the body produce more growth hormone, which combined with a suede heel guard which helps to provide protection and security while undergoing such processes.

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#What Will Help Me Grow Taller Easy And Cheap Ideas #Get Taller At Home

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affiliatetejas · 4 years

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Heavy Power Surgical Tools Market Size, Trends 2026

To Gain More Insights into the Heavy Power Surgical Tools Market, Browse Summary of the Research Report –

Heavy power surgical tools, also referred to as heavy duty surgical tools are widely used during orthopedic surgeries to help relive traumatic pain. market is experiencing upward trajectory growth, presenting opportunities for medical device manufacturers worldwide. Despite the ongoing slowdown industry has witnessed owing to Great Recession, market is expected to create good market opportunities to players driven by increased healthcare spending and increasing number of orthopedic cases worldwide. Heavy duty surgical tools are used. Though the market was valued over US$ 14 Bn in 2015 the industry is highly consolidated with presence across developed regions. As such, companies are focused towards inorganic growth to capitalize on the market. With an expected CAGR of 4.6% between 2016 and 2025, the potential for market innovation and development is vast.

https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/ongoing-insight/heavy-power-surgical-tools-market-52

Despite the slowdown in the industry over the past two years, the industry is expected to grow at a significant rate. The impetus for growth in heavy power surgical tools is driven by product innovation and increasing consumer demand especially in developing regions. Asia Pacific alone accounts for over 65% of overall consumer base. Moreover, there has been a significant increase in healthcare spending along with FDI influx in medical devices in developing regions. This is expected to cut down operating cost and create a favorable market for leading players to capitalize the developing markets. Other factors including geriatrics population and favorable regulatory framework are also expected to drive the market.

On the basis of therapeutic application, the heavy power surgical tools market is segmented into:

Orthopedic Surgeries

Dental Surgeries

ENT Surgeries

Orthopedic surgery therapeutic application is expected to lead the market throughout the forecast period. According to American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, over 6.6 million orthopedic surgeries were conducted in North America. Expected increase in number of surgeries along with increased growth of medical tourism in the region is expected to create lucrative market opportunities for the players.

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Table of Contents

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Top players in the market

Key players in the market are focused on expanding the customer base to enhance their market share. For instance, in March 2019, Smart Medical Devices, Inc.’s SMARTdrill 6.0, a surgical drill that curtails drill and screw plunge and accurately measures depth, torque and energy in real time, was listed with the U.S. FDA and was made available in the U.S. for orthopedic surgical applications.

Major market players are also focused on product launch to expand their product portfolio. For instance, in August 2019, Portescap released a novel portfolio of standard prototype motors for surgical applications such as powered staplers, large and small bone orthopedic tools, arthroscopic shavers, ENT microdebriders, and high speed neuro drill applications.

Research methodology adopted by Coherent Market Insights

Coherent Market Insights followsa comprehensive research methodology focused on providing the most precise market analysis. The company leverages a data triangulation model which helps company to gauge the market dynamics and provide accurate estimates. Key components of the research methodologies followed for all our market reports include:

Primary Research (Trade Surveys and Experts Interviews)

Desk Research

Proprietor Data Analytics Model

In addition to this, Coherent Market Insights has access to a wide range of the regional and global reputed paid data bases, which helps the company to figure out the regional and global market trends and dynamics. The company analyses the industry from the 360 Degree Perspective i.e. from the Supply Side and Demand Side which enables us to provide granular details of the entire ecosystem for each study. Finally, a Top-Down approach and Bottom-Up approach is followed to arrive at ultimate research findings.

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techsciresearch · 4 years

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Minimally Invasive Surgical Devices Market to Register Robust CAGR in Coming Years

Increasing number of surgeries, especially among aging population and major technological advancements in healthcare sector to drive global minimally invasive surgical devices market

According to TechSci Research report, “Global Minimally Invasive Surgical Devices Market By Instrument (Endoscopes, Laparoscopy Access Instruments, Laparoscopy Handheld Instruments, Robotic Assisted Surgical Systems, Electrosurgery, Visualization and Monitoring System), By Type (Endoscopy, Laparoscopy, Robotics), By Application (Gynecology, Orthopedic Surgery, Respiratory, Oncology, Gastrointestinal, Urology, Cardiology, Others), By End-User (Hospitals, Surgical Centers, Others), By Region, Forecast & Opportunities, 2025”, the global minimally invasive surgical devices market is expected to witness robust growth during the forecast period. The key factors behind the growth of global minimally invasive surgical devices include growing number of geriatric populations, increasing cases of lifestyle-related and chronic disorders, lower cost than in-patient and conventional open surgeries and major technological advancements in healthcare industry. Additionally, reasons behind the wide acceptance of minimally invasive surgical devices over traditional open surgeries are that they are less traumatic, involve smaller incisions and the healing process is less painful which enables patients to recover at a faster rate after these surgeries. Moreover, the manufacturers are getting a boost from latest technological advancements which makes surgeons prefer this process over the traditional ones. Furthermore, there has been a surge in the demand for minimally invasive surgical devices owing to their low cost than in-patient and conventional open surgeries and having equal outcomes. Also, these kinds of surgeries involve minimal cuts or stitches which enables patients to stay in hospital for a shorter period. However, the global minimally invasive surgical devices market also faces some restraints. There are questions being raised over the quality of surgeries performed through this method. Also, reimbursement challenges in medical device industry and uncertain regulatory framework in medical device market might act as a hindrance for the market growth.

Browse XX market data Tables and XX Figures spread through XXX Pages and an in-depth TOC on" Global Minimally Invasive Surgical Devices Market"

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The global minimally invasive surgical devices market is segmented based on instrument, type, application, end-users and region. Based on instrument type, the market is segmented into endoscopes, laparoscopy access instruments, laparoscopy handheld instruments, robotic assisted surgical systems, electrosurgery, visualization and monitoring system. Among them, the handheld instruments segment dominated the market in 2019 and is anticipated to hold its position over the coming years due to technological innovations and their rapid adoption in minimally invasive surgeries. Additionally, these kinds of devices provide easier access during surgeries with instrument triangulation, thereby reducing the risk of potential mistakes. Based on application, the global minimally invasive surgical devices market is segmented into gynecology, respiratory, orthopedic surgery, oncology, gastrointestinal, urology, cardiology and others. Among them, the orthopedic surgery dominated the market in terms of revenue in 2019 as no muscles are required to be cut or separated from the bone in this procedure. However, the gastrointestinal segment is anticipated to emerge as the fastest growing segment due to rising incidences of gastrointestinal diseases in both young and old population around the globe.

Abbott Laboratories, Medtronic, PLC , Ethicon Inc , Intuitive Surgical Inc, Smith & Nephew plc, NuVasive Inc, Zimmer Biomet Holdings Inc, Koninklijke Philips NV, Olympus Corp, PENTAX of America Inc, Stryker Corporation, B Braun Melsungen AG , Becton Dickinson and Co, Microline Surgical Inc, CONMED Corporation, Applied Medical Corp, Norwood Tool Co, Fortimedix Surgical BV, Precision for Medicine Inc and Karl Storz Endoscopy America Inc are some of the leading players operating in global minimally invasive surgical devices market.

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“Latest scientific innovations and expenditure on R&D activities are creating a huge growth potential for minimally invasive surgical devices manufacturers. Moreover, key market players are trying to capture the untapped markets by introducing innovative products like surgical robots. Additionally, other big companies are opting for mergers and acquisitions of smaller market players to expand and make a strong hold in regional markets. Furthermore, these kinds of surgeries provide reduction in healthcare costs and time to the patients, which is a major reason behind their surging demand.”, said Mr. Karan Chechi, Research Director with TechSci Research, a research based global management consulting firm.

“Global Minimally Invasive Surgical Devices Market By Instrument (Endoscopes, Laparoscopy Access Instruments, Laparoscopy Handheld Instruments, Robotic Assisted Surgical Systems, Electrosurgery, Visualization and Monitoring System), By Type (Endoscopy, Laparoscopy, Robotics), By Application (Gynecology, Orthopedic Surgery, Respiratory, Oncology, Gastrointestinal, Urology, Cardiology, Others), By End-User (Hospitals, Surgical Centers, Others), By Region, Forecast & Opportunities, 2025” has evaluated the future growth potential of global minimally invasive surgical devices market and provides statistics & information on market size, structure and future market growth. The report intends to provide cutting-edge market intelligence and help decision makers take sound investment decisions. Besides, the report also identifies and analyzes the emerging trends along with essential drivers, challenges and opportunities in global minimally invasive surgical devices market.

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#minimally invasive surgical devices market #minimally invasive surgical devices market size #minimally invasive surgical devices market share

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smartphone-science · 5 years

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The life of Galen is a unique opportunity to look at Roman history from the perspective of a prestigious doctor who became the most influential voice in medicine for a millennium.

People fight for a variety of reasons. We’re intrigued by it when we’re on the receiving end of the news and not of a nearby fist. It fuels our desire for daily drama. In Dostoevsky’s masterpiece, The Brothers Karamazov, a beautiful tension blossoms within the family when the patriarch Fyodor and his son Dmitri fight over the affection of a lady named Grushenka. Conflict ensues. Sometimes people fight not to break hearts but inertia. When Melkor got bored of the song they were playing in the Silmarillion, he fought against the wishes of Elu Iluvatar and played a wicked out of key guitar solo that drastically altered the music of creation, paving the way for a bunch of small folk to save the world. We can survey the annals of literature all day to look for more examples, but we might never find samples as rich as those found in reality, and perhaps there’s no better place to look for conflicts than in one of the most martial cities in history, Rome.

Most interesting for a historian of ideas is when people fight over convictions, be it philosophical, economic, scientific, religious, political, and to the interest of this blog, medical. Rome had plenty of medical fights, some having great importance to the history of medicine. Reasons varied: people fought over correct interpretations of medical (usually Hippocratic) texts, the existence of a particular bone, the cleanest surgical stroke, the best possible cure for a certain disease, or whose teacher was the best. To drive home their points, the contestants used orations and blades, not swords, but their miniature cousins, scalpels. Soldiers and gladiators didn’t have a monopoly on combat in Rome, doctors had their fair share of battles as well.

No need to go to the battlefield for a bloodbath.

The medical culture of Rome was a microcosm of the empire: it was simultaneously brutal and beautiful, like Madame Guillotine dressed as Sailor Moon — beheading monarchs by moonlight, winning revolutions by daylight. Roman doctors lived in a highly-competitive society where success wasn’t simply the result of medical talent. Fixing Flavius’ fractured femur wasn’t gonna cut it: you had to tell others that you were the best at fixing broken thigh bones. An amazing ability to announce your achievements was a must. Mastery in the arts of oration, debate, and, sometimes, pugilism were important implements in a doctor’s medical kit. But aside from having the right tools, developing a committed character was also important. Arriviste physicians needed to be charismatic and convincing in speech, have sound philosophical minds, and possess tenacious spirits to survive and prosper. And in the pages of history, no other doctor in the Roman empire embodied all three than the Greek doctor from Pergamon, Galen.

For being so, Galen rightly deserves his own segment in this series. It is even important to do so. Partly because the life of Galen is very interesting as it is. But most important is its exemplary typification of Roman medical culture. Galen best exhibits the values of Greek intellect and Roman vitality, thus giving us the best possible example of what this partnership looked like when wed. That is to say, he was the living embodiment of the central idea developed in the previous essay, Roman Medicine Was Nurtured by Greek Doctors.

But we can get more from him than just the flavour of medicine in his time.

The life of Galen is an excellent study for the student of Roman history. It is an open window with a wide panoramic view of the empire, starting from the exotic luxuries of Asia minor, to the teeming markets of the Levant, to the busy ports of Egypt, and to the cobbled streets of Rome. To study the life of Galen is to illuminate Roman history from within and without, to make visible Rome’s complexities and confusions (why did the conspirators kill Julius Caesar in their bid to protect the republic when all it did was endanger it more?). Scenes, voices, faces, colours, scents, and diseases from the empire are again animated by the power of his words, for he was not only a tireless doctor, but he was also an incessant writer. Galen wielded a philosophical pen that was as sharp as his medical blade, able to cut through the thick epidermis of everyday Roman life. Every page of Galen’s texts is a dissection of the empire’s political underbelly; an investigation of the invisible social veins that channelled life and energy throughout the empire. Like a master surgeon to anxious juniors, Galen makes the initial incision to start the laparotomy, he then reaches out and hands us his tools: he tasks us to complete the investigation.

Before doctors make a diagnosis, they first need to analyse a patient’s case history. A case or medical history is basically a rundown of things that have happened to a patient that might have led to or caused the complaint. Last Tuesday’s accidental Lego up the rectum explains Friday’s severe gastrointestinal bleeding. So in order for us to really know what Galen was all about we first need to know his history, otherwise we might falsely identify our headaches as casual brain throbbing caused by intense knowledge acquisition.

The story starts in the city of Pergamon, in what was then a Roman colony found on the western lip of modern-day Turkey kissing the Aegean. Long before the Romans held the city’s reigns, Pergamon was home to its own homegrown kingdom. Its monarchs had the bright idea of turning the city into a centre of learning, so they built a large library. Indeed, it was large. It was also excellent. So large and excellent in fact that neighbouring kingdoms wanted one for themselves. In On Architecture, the Roman engineer Vitruvius says that the fifth instalment of the Ptolemaic dynasty, Ptolemy V Epiphanes, “actuated by zeal and great desire for the furtherance of learning” decided to make “a similar one for the same purpose at Alexandria, about the same period.” That later turned out to be the famous and much bigger Library of Alexandria, which was loved by both scholars and arsonists. Though Pergamon’s library was upstaged by its Egyptian counterpart, the city nonetheless maintained its prominence and prestige. Pergamon was “by far the most famous city in Asia” says Pliny the Elder in Natural History. This is the affluence and influence that Galen was born into.

The privilege of Pergamene upbringing didn’t stop there.

Subjugation under Roman command didn’t diminish the Hellenistic tastes of the Pergamene aristocracy and bureaucracy. They carefully cradled it like overprotective parents. Pergamenes were proud of their Greek lineage and tongue. Galen exclusively wrote in Greek despite making his fortune in the Roman empire. Not once did he quote any Latin passage or author. It’s tempting to accuse him of the good ole xenophobia, but proper historical context says that Galen was standing on reasonable ground because Greek was the intellectual language of the empire. In this regard, Pergamon wasn’t unique since widespread Hellenism was felt across the empire. But the privilege Pergamon bestowed upon young Galen wasn’t its uniqueness, but the collection of favourable circumstances that it had developed which altogether conspired to shape the destiny of Galen.

One favourite pastime of the Greeks was to glorify gods. And the Pergamenes, true to their Hellenistic heritage, loved worshipping. Among the gods that they chose to venerate was Asclepius, who, from earlier essays we’ve learned to be the Greek god of healing. They also built him a temple to house his attendants and the sick seeking to be cured by him. Though there is no direct evidence, leaving us to solely rely on speculation, we can suspect Asclepius as the divinity that designed Nicon’s dream.

And dreams were serious business in the ancient world.

Galen’s father, a Greek architect known to posterity by his Romanised name Aelius Nicon, supervised Galen’s education, starting when the boy was very young. When his son reached the age of 14, Nicon hired the best minds around to tutor young Galen in philosophy. His teachers came from various philosophical schools: of those present were a Stoic, a Platonist, a Peripatetic, and an Epicurean. This early introduction to the many branches of philosophy played a pivotal role in the formation of Galen’s unique mind. He would later write in On Anatomical Procedures that this exposure moulded in him an attitude of “never professing myself an adherent of any sect, making rigorous investigation of them with all diligence”.

One night, when Nicon was sleeping soundly, the god Asclepius paid him a visit. The sleep was deep, so there was no resistance on Nicon’s part. To thank him for the easy welcome, Asclepius made Nicon dream of his son: Galen will soon become a successful and popular doctor, if only you’d let him. Nicon woke up, flustered. In the ancient world, gods communicated with mortals through dreams. To discard dreams as rubbish was to deny the gods their will. Nicon wasted no time and told his son about it the following morning. Sweet dreams of expertise. Galen approved, himself now driven to become a medical expert. Who were they to disagree? Nicon was set to make his son a doctor, and he had all the finances to fund Galen’s education.

Galen didn’t choose the medical life, the medical life chose him.

His first foray into medicine happened under the tutelage of Satyrus, a student of the popular Roman doctor Quintus. It was also around this time when Galen first saw the devastating power of disease in wrecking human life, something that he would again, to an even greater extent, face when under the payroll of the Roman royalty. Between 146-148 CE, Galen beheld the spread of what he called “anthrax”. But instead of being deterred, Galen showed early signs of his rash and dauntless character: he faced the disease headlong and recorded everything that he observed. Risque, yes. But it was driven by a desire to know, risks notwithstanding. The outbreak was not a pretty sight, for “many patients were stripped of skin, and some also of the very flesh” (ibid). This was just the first of many unpleasant experiences Galen endured for the sake of knowledge.

A sudden segue to via tristitia happened in the life of Galen when his father died in 148 CE. Galen was just 19 years young and by all accounts had all the rights to sulk and abandon his father’s augury. But giving up was not his wont nor want. Throughout his life — if we’re to base his feelings on the mood of his texts — Galen rarely revealed his emotional state, consistently maintaining a calm and almost detached demeanour, even in the middle of severe situations (like when he first observed anthrax). This is not to say that he felt indifferent to his father’s death. On the contrary, he always held his father’s memory adoringly, peppering his texts here and there with praises for his father’s determined efforts to educate him (he only mentions his mother once in a scathing passage).

With his bag on one shoulder and his father’s dream on the other, Galen headed to Smyrna in 150 CE to start his education abroad. His first stop was the doorstep of the physician Pelops. From him Galen would learn a lot about making drugs (he would cite him as one of his primary sources). However, Galen felt Pelops was keeping away a lot from him, especially the notes and findings of Numisianus, Pelop’s teacher (who was also a student of Quintus, the mentor of Galen’s former teacher Satyrus). Pelops hid Numisianus’ documents from prying eyes, because, according to Galen (ibid), Pelops “preferred that certain theories, as yet unknown, should be attributed to him”. To put it simply, Galen accuses Pelops of plagiarising Numisianus’ works. Needless to say this relationship was in dire need of an immediate amputation.

So Galen removed himself from Smyrna to look for the lost master. He gives a detailed rundown of what happened thereafter (ibid): “Next, I was in Corinth on account of Numisianus, who was himself the most famous of the students of Quintus, and in Alexandria and some other places in which I learned that Numisianus . . . was living”. But despite the many steps taken, Galen never found Numisianus. Perhaps he had died without Galen knowing of it. A huge opportunity missed.

The loss of Numisianus presented chance gains for Galen as it allowed him to mingle with the other medical minds in Alexandria. In his time, Alexandria was the centre for anatomical studies, as it was one of the few (if not the only) cities in the ancient world where human dissection was not considered taboo, (sources say vivisection of criminals were also carried out). The Egyptian practice of mummification made the opening of cadavers a routine operation, devoid of the unnecessary spiritual baggage attached to it by other cultures. This openness to human anatomical explorations was probably what convinced the Greek anatomists Erasistratus and Herophilos to settle in the city and establish their famous anatomical school. So it is not surprising that it was in Alexandria where Galen learned to better his knowledge of anatomy and skills in surgery. “When I first returned from Alexandria”, writes Galen in Compounding Drugs by Kind, “I really and truly learned the treatment of those who were wounded in the tendons.”

When one door closes, don’t fret, look for open bodies instead.

Galen’s adamant search for the best medical education from the best teachers around, even at an early age, shows the strong and lasting influence Nicon had on him, and it is something that would guide Galen all throughout his life. This lifelong dedication to study has its roots planted in Greek intellectual culture, where men of learning devoted their whole lives to the study of philosophy and even natural history, as was the case with Aristotle. Through Nicon’s nurture, Galen was able to pick up the torch of Greek intellectual fire and lit the dark crevices of medical knowledge. What he revealed wasn’t always very nice though, and Galen was at times burned by his own fire as we shall see later.

The study of medicine necessitates actual practice to measure how well a student carries out the instructions and theories learned in the years of study. It was the same for Galen. After years of study in Alexandria, Galen went back home to Pergamon in 157 CE, probably in the hopes of practising there. Did he actively apply for medical positions or endorse himself to the public, there is no telling, for no evidence surfaces. But in 158 CE, Galen tells us of a remarkable development. He says (ibid) that the city’s archierus, or high priest, “decided to entrust to me alone the care of the gladiators, although I was still young as to stage of life.” What prompted the high priest to hire him, even Galen “does not know”. Perhaps he had already cultivated a reputation as a medical prodigy while he was still studying. Or maybe he had found success when he practised in Pergamon. Most likely both.

The high priest made the right choice. Almost immediately, Galen reversed the rather terrible outcomes of his predecessors. The doctors before Galen recorded an impressive sixty gladiator deaths under their care. In Galen’s five year tenure as doctor to the gladiators, he only had an underwhelming two deaths to his name. All the more impressive was the fact that Galen worked alone at a relatively young age for a doctor. “Although, at that time, I had not yet completed thirty years of my age”, recounts Galen in On the Examinations by which the Best Physicians are Recognised, he was already handed the responsibility of treating “all the wounded men who had fought duels in combat.” This was in stark contrast with the medical organisation before his arrival. He continues: “Before my time, two or three of the Elders were in charge.” The confidence and trust bestowed upon him by the authorities is highly indicative of how his skills were appreciated and admired by the Pergamene elite.

Gladiatorial games were mainly conducted to entertain. Fights were carefully choreographed to ensure that no real harm was done to the gladiators. They were what athletes are now, expensive to keep and beloved by the public. Accidents, however, were inevitable. So was grudge and the avante-garde attitude of not sticking to the script. With the arrival of Galen, the realm of entertainment was further stretched to include the operating table. He used his privileged position as a platform to publicly demonstrate surgical techniques learned and innovated by himself. One such demonstration was the case of a wounded “horseman” with a very long laceration “going very deep into the frontal and lower sections of the thigh” and a wide gape “one edge torn upward, the other pulled downwards toward the kneecap”. Galen “attempted to proceed from the so-called lateral joint, and bring together little by little the sundered parts of the muscle with stitches” (Compounding Drugs by Kind). The wound was closed without any complications and infections. Another successful operation added to his fast growing résumé. But like his combative patients, he also dealt with non-human subjects.

Public demonstrations of surgical and medical skills on animals were a common spectacle in the empire. Physicians readily carried out these performances to showcase their skills, dazzling the crowd with precision cuts, popped veins spraying blood in every direction, eviscerated innards, and erudite speech, just like a regular TED Talk but with an extra element of gore. A sanguine theatre where doctors enjoyed prominent roles and elaborate lines while colouring the town red. Who needs gladiators when you have doctors to satisfy your blood lust? It was admittedly lopsided against the animals, as they couldn’t fight back, but the crowd was still captivated. They either cheered or jeered. Despite the obvious disregard for the ethical promise of primum non nocere, Roman physicians were eager to conduct these exhibitions for these had the positive effect of hauling in curious students to study under their influence, thus increasing their sphere of influence and popularity. It also served as a powerful stage to silence your critics in public. This was the case when Galen, on his free time as a doctor to the gladiators, vivisected a monkey. Galen started by disembowelling the monkey, then challenged “the other physicians who were present” to safely return its viscera inside its body before the poor screaming creature lost its life. When none would dare take up the task, Galen, ever the showman, showed them how and easily succeeded in doing so, “making it clear to the intellectuals who were present that” whosoever had abilities like his “should be in charge of the wounded” (On the Examinations by which the Best Physicians are Recognised).

This was Galen’s favoured tactic in proving that he was right: aggressively prove that others were mistaken. Galen garnered a reputation for being stringent and arrogant, always believing himself to be the paramount authority in medicine, second only to Hippocrates. But who could blame him? He had a great education and was able to prove himself correct time and time again without anybody able to prove otherwise. With today’s sensibilities, this may display a lack of class, but Galen’s attitude was perfectly in sync with the class he belonged to. Arrogance, vigour, and a relentless drive for argumentation were currencies flaunted by the intellectual elites of his time. And he was unabashedly one of them.

Having spent the better of five years as the premiere physician in Pergamon, Galen then moved to the biggest ward of them all, the eternal city of Rome. There is no telling what prompted him to do so, and he also doesn’t tell us whether the high priests terminated his contract. Perhaps it was his lust for challenges that drove him to Rome. After all, it was in the notorious streets of Rome where Quintus, the teacher of his own mentor, Satyrus, plied his trade. He may have wanted to get a feel of what it was like to be a doctor in the most famous city in the ancient world. There were also no reasons to stay in Pergamon. All the signs pointed to Rome. His years of education and training had prepared him for the spotlight, and he had everything going well in his favour: he was wealthy, popular, intelligent, and so far, had been mostly lucky.

Galen made many brief stopovers along the way to stock his supplies of drug ingredients. Some of the materials he gathered have been clinically found to immediately raise modern eyebrows, like “black crustaceous rocks and rocks which, when exposed to fire, emit a meagre flame,” (On the Mixtures and Powers of Simple Drugs) which he collected in what is now Palestine. His search for medicament also exposed him to the working and living conditions of rural peasants, an experience that he was proud to recall in his books. Whether he was inside ore mines, sharing tables with farmers, having fortunate encounters — since it was an invitation to study human anatomy — with unfortunate carcasses on the road, or enduring long sea travels, Galen always recorded every bit of information that he accrued, increasing the riches of his mental medical treasury.

Finally, in his 32nd year of his life, Galen arrived on Rome in the spring of 162 CE.

Roman interest in the medical arts slowly snowballed after Julius Caesar set the motions for the republic’s collapse. Greek doctors, who were mostly slaves, comprised the majority of healthcare providers in Rome. Caesar, before being murdered and subsequently turned into a vegetarian option, was the first to inject some sense of healthcare professionalism in Rome with an important edict: Caesar granted Greek doctors Roman citizenship in 46 BCE. Not to be outdone by his adoptive father, Augustus, Rome’s first emperor, blessed doctors with certain tax exemptions and gave them special privileges. Vespasian further enhanced their station by allocating state money for the salary of doctors who were in the business of teaching future physicians. The state and public support enjoyed by doctors in Rome made the city an enticing venue for medical practice. By the time he arrived in Rome, Galen was just another name in the long list of doctors testing the limits of their luck. All roads lead to Rome, indeed.

However, while recent developments improved life prospects for doctors, the local populace lived in constant peril from diseases, infectious or otherwise, thanks to imperial priorities. Augustus and Agrippa may have turned brick to marble, but later emperors spent much of the empire’s energy and fortunes on wars abroad, largely neglecting the marble-lous grandeur of Augustan Rome. As the military was expensive to keep, funding for better public housing and sanitation measures were kept to a low. So people had to make do with what little the state provided them with. They were cramped in very tight horizontal and vertical spaces. Dense was the city, which made pathogens and vectors very happy. There were so many people and so little space that even proximal contact with neighbours was blurred. “One peculiarity of Rome, which is not shared by other cities”, writes Galen in On the Examinations by which the Best Physicians are Recognised, “is that not even neighbours, let alone other inhabitants, know how a patient has died, or by whom he has been treated. This is because the city is great and populous.” It was so crowded that deaths hardly mattered. Dead tenants were easily replaced by other warm bodies looking for homes.

This was the Rome Galen found himself in. It was definitely wealthy but hardly healthy.

To be new in this highly competitive medical environment was difficult. Lonely neophytes were set up against a drove of desperate elder doctors. Luckily for Galen, some Pergamenes preceded him in Rome, so he was not without welcome and support. A compatriot named Teuthras helped butter the way for Galen’s smooth entry into Rome’s medical throng. He was Galen’s first level of support that allowed Galen to build an initial following. Teuthras also served as a wellspring of good advice, which came in handy almost immediately.

Galen was aching to get his career up in running in Rome, so shortly after arriving, he found himself in the middle of a medical snafu. Treatments in Rome were usually a public event, as it was an outgrowth of the Greek practice of conducting lectures out in the open. One day when he was roaming the streets, Galen saw a gathering of people and heard that they were discussing phlebotomy (drawing blood). It was one of his favoured treatments so he joined the fray eager to know what others had to say about it. Conducting the discussion was a sect called (by Galen) the Erasistrateans, who boasted a record of avoiding phlebotomy in their repertoire. Upon hearing the offending group express their reluctance to bleed their patients, Galen immediately engaged them with his preferred mode of dissent: direct confrontation. With obvious disdain and intensity in volume, Galen politely reminded them that they were wrong for omitting phlebotomy from their services. But his was an unfamiliar voice in an unwelcoming environment, and he failed to convince the participants of his gospel. Unable to sway attending opinion to his side, Galen quickly got riled up. But Teuthras was with him and pulled him away from the crowd. Now in safe distance from the more established and well connected rogues, Teuthras offered Galen a sound advice: “You will never influence these men; they are too stupid to remember the patients who were killed by Erasistratus. For what other reason did the patients they are citing now come to die, if not that the remedy of phlebotomy was omitted” (On Venesection against the Erasistrateans at Rome).

Teuthras’ words had an immediate and profound effect, for Galen changed his rather tactless urgency into a well structured (and probably choreographed) demolition. When the second occasion for a showdown occurred, Galen produced a very articulate refutation of the Erasistratean method which won him the reinforced ire of his newfound enemies as well as some fresh followers.

But it would be a mistake to think of Galen as someone like today’s internet trolls. Galen didn’t poke his head around every discussion ready with ornate obloquy and belligerent burns. Despite his rashness, Galen only reserved his contempt for corrections. To right wrongs – the very essence of medicine. Being doctors meant being intellectually responsible for pointing out the medical errors of others, which also required a willingness to wear a bulls eye for the scorn of wrongdoers — Galen wore that to the best of his abilities, for he was duly recognised as the best. He expressed unwavering allegiance to accuracy, but hated the consequences that came with it. In fact, he disdained the benefits of having enemies as it gave him unwanted press and attention. Gossip and defamatory hearsay against him spread like pestilence, forcing his early exit from Rome: “I wanted to escape the slanderous tongues,” Galen writes in On My Own Books, adding that he also planned to refrain from “[saying] anything beyond what was necessary among the patients” and “teaching in public, as before, nor performing demonstrations.” Rome had a sickness unto itself that sucked the life out of its doctors, and not even the great medical mind of Galen could deal with it.

But perhaps it wasn’t a social ill that he ran away from. There is reason to believe that he was only trying to escape the wrath of a virulent disease that had set afoot in the far reaches of the empire. Galen recounts in On My Own Books, “When the great plague began, I immediately left the city and travelled to my homeland.”

Wait a minute, if he was such a good doctor then why did he run away from duty? That’s something salacious journalists might munch for dinner — saucy and trite yet containing no gram of truth. Historian Susan Mattern argues that Galen had no intention to distance himself from the plague, but his motivation to leave Rome was driven by a desire to confront it as per his responsibility as a doctor. She writes in The Prince of Medicine (an excellent biography of Galen from where many of the quotes here are taken from), “Galen fled not from the plague, but toward it —motivated, perhaps, by worry about his hometown and a desire to be there for his people.”

There is no telling what Galen’s true intentions were but he did leave Rome in 166 CE and went back to Pergamon. Retreat from Rome didn’t mean resignation from medicine. It was business as usual in Pergamon: Galen admitted patients, argued here and there, conducted anatomical experiments, and edited some of his books. Life was going well, so Galen thought, until a letter arrived in 168 CE. It was an imperial summon. Apparently, it wasn’t just slander and malice around his name that circulated in Rome, but news of his talents also went viral. The message was simple: the royal household wants you back in the capital. To this there was only one possible reply: compliance. Galen soon found himself taking the trip back to the place he dreaded.

All roads led to Rome, yet again.

In the second season of The Life of Galen in Rome, the drama continues and heats up as even more poisonous tongues lash their malice at Galen’s enviable position. Galen achieved what only a few doctors have and would ever reach: the coveted title of archiatros, physician to the emperor. Along with the honour came financial security as well as the insecurity of others. It was a trade off that was unavoidable, but was Galen now more capable and mature to deal with it.

His appointment came in a unique time in the empire when the first co-emperors sat on the throne of power. However, Lucius Verus died of the plague in 169 CE on his way back to Rome. At that time, Galen was still in Aquileia, tending the sick and infected Roman soldiers, which meant two things: first, Galen couldn’t supervise the treatment of Lucius Verus which could’ve saved the co-emperor’s life; and second, he only served the other co-emperor Marcus Aurelius.

Galen’s sophomore spell turned out to be a period of prolific productivity and mastery. Marcus Aurelius was often abroad fighting on the German front, leaving Galen with enough time to write more books and seek more enemies. His one great task as archiatros was the care of the sickly Commodus, son and heir of Marcus Aurelius. This proved to be a wise decision on the emperor’s part, but a generally frowned upon move by the Romans and later historians: Wise because when young Commodus suffered an intense fever, the best doctor Galen was there to the rescue; damned because Galen cured him and put him back to good health. A positive medical outcome seen by many as a net negative for the empire because Commodus turned out to be a fine emperor of bad taste and abandon.

When Marcus Aurelius did return to Rome in 176 CE, Galen was there to meet him. Included in the arriving imperial entourage were three other doctors who were presumably military medics or personal physicians. Galen met them too. And they were immediately set against each other in a battle of medical alacrity and wisdom.

The emperor brought back with him a medical complaint as a souvenir for all his troubles. He felt ill and convulsive, so he summoned the three doctors and Galen to check up on him. The first to do their examinations were the three, leaving Galen the unenviable task of being last. When it was Galen’s turn to inspect the pained emperor, he didn’t. In On Prognosis, Galen describes the event in full:

“Three doctors had already examined him at dawn and at the eighth hour; they had taken his pulse; and they agreed that this was apparently the opening of an attack of an illness. When I stood by in silence, the emperor looked at me and asked why, when the others had taken his pulse, I alone had not done so. I replied that since they had already done so twice and the peculiarities of his pulse were probably known to them through their experiences on their travels abroad with him, I expected that they could obtain a better diagnosis of his present condition than I. On hearing this, he commanded me to take his pulse. It seemed to me that his pulse, compared with the general norm for each age and constitution, was far from showing the onset of an attack of an illness, and so I said that there was no attack of fever, but his stomach was overloaded with the food he had taken, which had turned to phlegm before excretion, and that this was now quite clear.”

At this point, it’s safe to say that we’ve already established Galen’s superior dexterity and guile over his competitors, so it’s predictable what happened: he was right once again. The emperor ecstatically received his diagnosis, remembering that, indeed, his stomach was a bit upset from all the meals that he had taken. Galen’s accurate medical judgement instantly set him apart from the three doctors, leading the emperor to claim “we have one physician only”, which of course meant Galen.

From this story, two major medical themes arise to serve as important reminders to posterity on how to properly conduct medicine and science.

Opinions always vary: some are patently false without any hope of redemption, while others are true yet incomplete. The task of science is to collect the bits of scattered truth and use it to build structures of knowledge supported by verifiable reality. But to know which fragments are genuine, a rigorous process of sieving the grains of truth is and should always be observed. Nowadays we call this peer review. In medical consultation, this can also mean seeking second opinions. Aurelius asking Galen his opinion on the matter is evocative of this ideal design. To ask for a consensus regardless if ideas and opinions clash with each other, for what matters is that the best ideas from the best minds are canvassed. But what truly stands out in this story is something of the heroic: this episode would have waned in poignancy had Galen been unwilling to challenge his seniors. Reviewing and revising means to test ideas and concepts against extremely high standards — this requires a disposition of strength and fortitude able to withstand the might of authority. Did not Galen exhibit this early on when he challenged the Erasistrateans? And this aforementioned episode is just one of the many fracas where Galen stood up against authority to wave the banner of truth. Galen’s argumentative flair wasn’t indicative of a rebellious tendency nor vagrancy, it was all part of the Hippocratic spirit that Galen passionately embodied in his public and academic life. Thus, while it wasn’t unusual for Galen, his boldness to declare the truth against the more established elders in front of the emperor, in the biggest stage at that time, serves as an example of correct scientific virtue and consequently a crucial lesson to today’s doctors and medical students.

The second and most important tenor in Galen’s diagnosis of Marcus Aurelius was his high valuation of case histories. Galen’s reluctance to examine the emperor after the three doctors have done so exemplifies the Hippocratic demand to view health as the total outcome of a person’s unique history. That is to say, health concerns vary from one person to another as per their life experiences. Galen knew well that he was unfamiliar with the emperor’s day to day life as he was practising in Rome while the emperor was off fighting on foreign soil. He had no insight to the daily regimen of the emperor, leaving him with little to no information about the factors that led to Marcus Aurelius’ complaint. Now, this leaves us with the question: if Galen didn’t have the emperor’s case history as a reference to base his judgement, then how was he able to diagnose Marcus Aurelius correctly and save the emperor’s life? The brilliance of Galen shines through when he read the emperor’s pulse, only after being urged, and matched it with what he had observed from other people of the same age (the case histories of others), which led him to conclude correctly that there was nothing inherently wrong with the emperor. By comparing Marcus Aurelius’ pulse with that of others, Galen ensured that his judgement was informed by research – research that could only have been possible with the study of case histories. This strategy allowed him to prove that the methods of the three doctors were wrong, leading him to devise another stratagem: to look at the events that transpired before the complaint, that is to say, analysing Marcus Aurelius’ case history. The emperor had a lot to eat. His stomach was complaining. Galen said that was causing the pain. Marcus Aurelius agreed. Job done.

It may be tempting to abuse the character and name of Galen for intellectual anarchy. True, there is an element of romance in Galen’s struggles against the doctors of his time that is tempting to emulate, a delectable tale of the underdog succeeding against the odds by virtue of wit, wisdom, and intelligence. But to believe this genre is to remove Galen from the reality of Roman life. The whole truth is hard to know, since we can only dissect the texts left by Galen himself. But it is thanks to his extensive corpus that we are provided with an opportunity to travel back in time and have a closer look at the dynamics of Roman medical life, an institution that Galen dominated and developed so effectively that his importance and impact lasted for a millennium. The life of Galen is a genre of its own – a medical and philosophical odyssey along the august steps of Roman history. But in whatever mode you might read it in, what stands out are his fights, for Galen fought them to bring medicine to the forefront of intellectual life. And, despite all the drama that comes with it, that was and is a fight worth fighting for.

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Sports Medicine Market Analysis, Application, Consumption ratio and Forecast to 2023 | key players – CONMED (US), DePuy Synthes (US), Stryker (US), Zimmer Biomet. (US), Smith & Nephew (UK), Mueller Sports(US).

Sports Medicine Market

Sports medicine pertains to the treatment and prevention of injuries resulting from sports and athletic activities. Sports injuries involve both bone and soft tissue injuries. The sports medicine market includes devices that are used for the prevention of sports injuries as well as for the cure, recovery, and rehabilitation of such injuries.

One of the primary drivers for this market is the growing demand for minimally invasive (MI) surgeries. These are the most preferred procedures as they use power tools to carry out surgeries with small cuts, shortens the hospital stay post-surgery, reduces bleeding and recovery time, and enables a faster return to normal activities. There is an increased demand for these surgeries to treat sports complications related to knee, hip, shoulder, elbow, and spine. The rise in the adoption of computer-assisted robotic surgeries and regenerative medicines for lesser recovery time are also propelling the growth of this market.

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Major Players in Sports Medicine market are:

Medtronic (Ireland), CONMED (US), DePuy Synthes (US), Performance Health International (US), Stryker (US), Zimmer Biomet. (US), Smith & Nephew (UK), Mueller Sports(US), Arthrex (US), Wright Medical Group (US), DJO Global (US), Breg (US), RTI Surgical (US).

Most important types of Sports Medicine products covered in this report are:

Body Reconstruction, Body Support & Recovery, Body Monitoring.

Most widely used downstream fields of Sports Medicine market covered in this report are:

Knees, Shoulders, Ankle & Foot, Back & Spine, Elbow & Wrist, Hip.

Major Regions play vital role in Sports Medicine market are:

North America, Europe, China, Japan, Middle East & Africa, India, South America, Others.

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Competitive Landscape: Global Sports Medicine Market

The Global Sports Medicine Market is highly fragmented and is based on new product launches, product advances, and clinical results of products. Therefore, the leading competitors have made use of different strategies, including new product launches, product advances, clinical trials, assumptions and methodologies, high investments on R&D, market initiatives, joint ventures, mergers & acquisitions, agreements, partnerships, and collaborations, to increase their presence in the market.

What the report offers:

Market Definition, including the product definition and the identification of key drivers and restraints for the market.

Market analysis for the Global Sports Medicine Market, with region-specific assessment and competitive landscape on a global and regional basis.

Different factors that are instrumental in changing the market situations, emerging growth opportunities, and identification of key companies, which can affect the market on a global and regional scale.

Thoroughly researched competitive scenario with the profiles of leading competitors along with their strategic initiatives and market shares.

Identification and analysis of the macro and micro factors that affect the Global Sports Medicine Market on both global and regional scale.

A complete list of major market participants, including the analysis of their present strategies, investments, and key financial data.

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Neurosurgery Surgical Power Tools Market will Register a CAGR of 3.4% through 2028

The global burden of neurological disorders as a leading cause of death and disability has doubled in the recent years given the increasing number of older people, with potential contribution from longer disease duration. Environmental factors apart from demographic factors could further aggravate the future burden of neurological disorders, globally. Given the operative complexities associated with neurosurgeries, apart from orthopedic, cardiovascular, spine, and ENT surgeries, power tools are the current key advanced product in the medical devices industry, showing promising results due to its applicability in a number of procedures ranging from wound management to cutting/incision, drilling, removal and sawing of both hard and soft tissues and bone.

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According to a recently released intelligence study by Future Market Insights (FMI), the neurosurgery surgical power tools market currently sits in a slow-moving growth-low value quadrant. As per the market assessment for a period of 2018-2028, the valuation of neurosurgery surgical power tools market will be over a billion dollar in 2023 and is likely to expand at a relatively moderate growth rate over the next three years.

The top two companies in the global neurosurgery surgical power tools market hold over 56 percent share of the current market revenue and the remaining market share is controlled by tier-2 and tier-3 companies. The neurosurgery surgical power tools market showcases a highly consolidated landscape, leading to a high pricing premium of neurosurgery surgical power tools.

A majority players in neurosurgery surgical power tools market are focusing on launching technologically advanced products expanded product portfolio.

In addition, capacity expansion and emphasis on building strong distribution networkwill also be adopted as further growth strategies by the key players, according to FMI research.

The companies are also focusing on introducing new products to strengthen the product portfolio in the developing markets of Asia Pacific to expand their clientele and grab maximum market share in the emerging economies.

“As per FMI analysis, the manufacturers of neurosurgery surgical power tools are also expected to gain from increasing regulatory approvals. Over the last few years, leading players have received regulatory approvals across major geographic markets, which has enabled them to launch various products in the market”, Senior Analyst, FMI.

Geographically, North America Reigns Supreme in Global Neurosurgery Surgical Power Tools Landscape

North America and Europe represent a significant market share owing to higher install base, with an accumulative market share of approximately 64 percent.

Asia Pacific, on the other hand is anticipated to presentlucrative growth opportunities to neurosurgery surgical power tools manufacturers. The demand for neurosurgery surgical power tools in APAC is expected to grow at a moderate CAGR of 4.1 percent, through 2028.

Rapid sophistication of the healthcare and medical sector in gulf economies is identified to be the key factor driving growth of MEA market.

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FMI Identifies Key Trends Influencing Neurosurgery Surgical Power Tools Global Demand

Paradigm shift from invasive to minimally-invasive surgeries considering lesser side effects compared to conventional surgeries. Reduced post-operative pain and hospital stay and faster recovery are few of the factors supplementing to the growth of minimally-invasive surgeries, particularly neurosurgical procedures.

Another key trend identified is the automation of neurosurgery surgical power tools. The automated neurosurgical power tools are expected to increase the speed of cranial surgeries by almost 50 times compared to traditional techniques. Apart from reducing the procedure time from hours to minutes, such tools would also create lower risks of infection and damaging sensitive tissues.

Demand for smaller sized and light weight power tools will dominate all the branches of neurosurgery, considering its ability to produce high speed and penetrate into deeper regions of brain.

“With the anatomical complexities associated with brain comes numerous risks associated with neurosurgery—a major growth deterrent. In addition, lack of neurosurgeons also pose a threat to the neurosurgery surgical power tools demand. According to most recent survey by the U.S. government, currently there is one neurosurgeon per 61,000 U.S. population—a ratio still inadequate to meet the current healthcare demands in the region. In developing markets like India, there are approximately 1,800 neurosurgeons (including about 25 women) for 1.27 billion people”, Senior Analyst, Future Market Insights

#Neurosurgery Surgical Power Tools Market

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lilywhiteflower-blog · 6 years

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General Surgery Devices Market : Dynamics and current industry drivers 2017 - 2025

Global General Surgery Devices Market: Snapshot

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Global General Surgery Devices Market: Overview

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Global General Surgery Devices Market: Trends and Opportunities