#Contract Formulation Development

[renejix58]

CDMO contract Manufacturing Service Provider in the USA

Renejix Pharma Solutions is a CDMO contract manufacturing service provider in the USA, offering reliable and innovative contract manufacturing excellence. Feel free to contact us; we are here for you 24/7. Call us at +1 (631) 210-5235.

For more information, visit https://renejix.com/

[youthxtract]

Private Label vs Contract Manufacturing: Which Model Fits Your Brand Better?

If you're planning to enter the personal care or cosmetic industry, one of the first decisions you'll face is choosing between private label and contract manufacturing.

Both models come with unique advantages:

Private Label Manufacturing

Ready-to-market products with existing formulations

Faster turnaround time

Lower minimum order quantity

Ideal for startups or brands testing the market

Contract Manufacturing

Custom formulations tailored to your brand vision

Full control over ingredients and product specifications

Higher flexibility in product design and packaging

Best suited for established brands with specific product ideas

At YouthXtract Organics, we offer both models with end-to-end support — from formulation to packaging — to help you build a brand that reflects your goals.

Looking to understand the difference in depth?

Read our full blog

[colinwilson11]

Ophthalmic Drugs Contract Manufacturing: An Overview Of The Rapidly Evolving

Regulatory compliances play a pivotal role in ophthalmic drugs manufacturing due to stringent norms and quality standards set by regulatory bodies like US FDA, EMA, etc. Ophthalmic products manufacturing needs to adhere to Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP) to ensure product safety, efficacy, and quality. Ophthalmic drugs contract manufacturers invest heavily in approvals, certifications, and manufacturing facilities upgradation to meet evolving regulatory guidelines. They focus on establishing robust quality management systems, validation protocols, change control systems, and document controls. Regular product quality reviews and internal audits also help contract manufacturers deliver regulatory compliance.

Leading Technology And Specialized Equipment

Ophthalmic drugs require highly sophisticated and precise manufacturing technologies and equipment due to small volumes and concentrations. Contract manufacturers leverage leading technologies like microprocessing, microfluidics, micro-molding, and precision coating to produce a diverse range of ophthalmic products. They invest in specialized, high-end equipment like micronizing mills, soft-gel encapsulation systems, and laser-marking machines. Automation and digitization using IoT, AI, and analytics also help boost production efficiency and quality. The technologies and equipment enable contract manufacturers to cater to customized packaging and dosing requirements of ophthalmic drugs.

Specialized Facilities And Cleanrooms 

Ophthalmic products demand stringent environmental control and hygiene standards owing to small dosage forms and direct exposure to eyes. Contract manufacturers operate highly specialized facilities with ISO classified cleanrooms to minimize microbial and particulate contaminations. Features like laminar air flow, differential air pressures, high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration help maintain critical environmental conditions. Periodic qualification and calibration of facilities and utility systems also ensure process validation. Designated areas for raw material receipts, products manufacturing, quality testing, packaging, and warehousing follow zoning principles. These specialized facilities enable contract manufacturers to ensure sterility, stability, and preserved efficacy of Ophthalmic Drugs Contract Manufacturing and storage.

Capabilities In Sterile Fill/Finish

A major portion of ophthalmic drugs require sterile fill/finish due to direct administration into eyes. Contract manufacturers have dedicated sterile suites equipped with barrier isolators, aseptic processing equipment, and self-contained environmental control systems. Technologies like lyophilization and terminal sterilization aid microbial decontamination. Stringent personnel training on garbing and cross-transfer procedures helps avoid contamination risks. Regular media fills and endotoxin challenge simulations validate sterilization process efficacy. Quality control testing through rapid microbiological methods, particulate testing and endotoxin assays ensure sterility assurance of aseptically filled ophthalmic products. These capabilities enable outsourcing of sterile fill/finish operations for preservative-free ophthalmic drugs.

Specialized Analytical Testing 

Ophthalmic drugs require meticulous analytical characterization and quality testing due to small amounts administered near eye region. Contract manufacturers invest in -leading analytical instruments like HPLC, GC, dissolution testing equipment, and particle size analyzers. Methods involve testing of identity, purity, content uniformity, particulate matters, pH, osmolarity, sterility, bacterial endotoxin, and preservative content. Stability indicating methods help real-time product monitoring on storage. Various ophthalmic dosage forms like ointments, gels, suspensions etc. also require formulations development and evaluation of rheological properties, spreadability and bioavailability. Contract testing laboratories employ highly trained analytical experts, validated methods and computerized data integrity systems. These specialized testing capabilities help ensure efficacy and safety of outsourced ophthalmic products.

Case Studies And Fill-Finish Agreement 

A leading UK-based ophthalmic drug firm outsourced development and fill-finish operations of its novel anti-inflammatory eye drop to a US-based contract manufacturer. Impressed by proven sterile fill/finish capabilities, quality systems, and regulatory compliance track record, six-month technology transfer was completed on schedule. Further, a 1-year commercial supply agreement was signed with production scale-up clauses. Another Ophthalmic Drugs Contract Manufacturing giant outsourced manufacturing of its portable multi-dose ophthalmic dispensers to a reputed Japanese contract manufacturer specializing in medical-device moulding. Leveraging expertise in micro-molding and precision assembly, the firm ensured precise dosing and improved patients' compliance. These cases illustrate effective collaborations aiding faster access of critical ophthalmic therapies. 

Get more insights on this topic: https://www.trendingwebwire.com/ophthalmic-drugs-contract-manufacturing-meeting-global-ophthalmic-medications-demands-through-specialized-services/

About Author:

Priya Pandey is a dynamic and passionate editor with over three years of expertise in content editing and proofreading. Holding a bachelor's degree in biotechnology, Priya has a knack for making the content engaging. Her diverse portfolio includes editing documents across different industries, including food and beverages, information and technology, healthcare, chemical and materials, etc. Priya's meticulous attention to detail and commitment to excellence make her an invaluable asset in the world of content creation and refinement. (LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-pandey-8417a8173/)

*Note: 1. Source: Coherent Market Insights, Public sources, Desk research 2. We have leveraged AI tools to mine information and compile it

[sentisspharma]

A niche pharmaceutical company committed to provide the best quality Ophthalmic, Inhalation (for nebulization), Otic and Nasal drops since its inception in 1990. Sentiss is recognized as a Great Place to Work in India for 7 years* in a row. Sentiss is committed to serve and build a stronger society through its social responsibility “SEVA” initiatives with main focus on health, education and environment.

https://sentisspharma.com/

[saywhat-politics]

An estimated 300,000 children globally are expected to lose access to a nutrient-dense peanut butter that’s specially formulated to treat severe acute malnutrition.

A Georgia nonprofit that produces emergency aid for starving children globally is one of the latest victims of the Trump administration’s spending cuts after it says contracts with the U.S. Agency for International Development were abruptly canceled, reportedly because its work is “not in the national interest.”

Food producer Mana, which manufactures nutrient-dense peanut butter that’s specially formulated to treat severe acute malnutrition, said 35% of its orders, or $12 million, were slashed after years of work with USAID.

[covid-safer-hotties]

Also preserved on our archive (Check out the site for full daily updates!)

By Dave Fornell

New research supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health revealed a history of COVID-19 can double a patient's risk of heart attack, stroke or death.[1] The study, published in Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, found that the heightened risks can sometimes last for years after a COVID diagnosis.

The research was led by Cleveland Clinic and the University of Southern California. Anyone who had a COVID-19 infection, regardless of severity, was twice as likely to have a major cardiac event, such as heart attack, stroke or even death, for up to three years after diagnosis, the group found. The risk was significantly higher for patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and more of a determinant than a previous history of heart disease.

The researchers also found that patients with a blood type other an O (such as A, B or AB) were twice as likely to experience an adverse cardiovascular event after COVID-19 than those with an O blood type.

These findings show that the long-term risk associated with COVID-19 “continues to pose a significant public health burden” and the findings warrant further investigation, according to the authors.

Cardiology may see increasing numbers of former COVID patients in the years to come During the pandemic, there were serious concerns that the SARS-CoV-2 virus may cause an increase in future cardiovascular issues in COVID patients. This was based on the larger than expected vascular and myocardial involvement seen in many cases. What was originally thought to be long-term damage subsided in patients overtime. While concerns about heart damage and increased numbers of heart failure patients did not come to pass, this study shows evidence that cardiologists may still see increasing numbers of patients in the years to come.

“Worldwide over a billion people have already experienced COVID-19. The findings reported are not a small effect in a small subgroup,” co-senior study author Stanley Hazen, MD, PhD, chair of cardiovascular and metabolic sciences in Cleveland Clinic’s Lerner Research Institute and co-section head of preventive cardiology, said in a statement. “The results included nearly a quarter million people and point to a finding of global healthcare importance that promises to translate into a rise in cardiovascular disease globally.”

Why do COVID patients have elevated cardiovascular risks? Researchers used U.K. Biobank data from 10,005 people who had COVID-19 and 217,730 people who did not between February and December 2020. Certain genetic variants are already linked to coronary artery disease, heart attack and COVID-19 infection, so researchers completed a genetic analysis to see if any of these known genetic variants contribute to elevated coronary artery disease risk after COVID-19. They found none of the known genetic variants were drivers of the enhanced cardiovascular events observed post COVID-19 infection. Instead, the data highlighted an association between elevated risk and blood type.

Previous research has shown that people who have A, B or AB blood types were also more susceptible to contracting COVID-19, the researchers said.

“These findings reveal while it’s an upper respiratory tract infection, COVID-19 has a variety of health implications and underscores that we should consider history of prior COVID-19 infection when formulating cardiovascular disease preventive plans and goals,” Hazen said. “The association uncovered by our research indicates a potential interaction between the virus and the piece of our genetic code that determines blood type and signals the need for further investigation.”

“Given our collective observations and that 60% of the world's population have these non-O blood types, our study raises important questions about whether more aggressive cardiovascular risk reduction efforts should be considered, possibly by taking into consideration an individual's genetic makeup," explained Hooman Allayee, PhD, of USC’s Keck School of Medicine, who was co-senior author of the paper.

Study link: www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/ATVBAHA.124.321001

[usafphantom2]

Paint it Black! Making one of the first titanium airplanes was difficult .

Titanium was corrugated to make room for expansion when the titanium heated up at top speed of 2200+ mph. The skin panels were fastened to the underlying structure with oblong holes which would allow the skin to expand and contract without the fasteners causing buckling. And the skin over the wing was also corrugated to prevent warping during expansion, this is actually quite noticeable, you can see the sections that are corrugated quite clearly here in this artistic photo.

Titanium makes up 93% of the SR 71 structure. It’s strength to weight ratio, or specific strength, is better than Aluminium. Yet today very little titanium is used in everyday objects. Planes primarily use aluminum, not titanium.. why is it not used?

The development of the A-12 the Skunk Works, a small division of Lockheed discovered that making the blackbird out of titanium was going to be anything but easy

Titanium is expensive because its refinement process is a nightmare. To make Titanium, we start with a feedstock in the form of Titanium Dioxide, with this chemical formula. This oxide ore called rutile can be found in high concentrations in dark sandy soils.

Build the SR-71 the US needed to buy vast quantities of the mineral from the Soviets. To do this they purchased the material through ghost organizations to hide the final destination of the material. One of the companies that were made up was a company to make pizza ovens supposedly… the Russians believed this story!

Had the Soviets known what they were helping build, they would not have sold the material. However, the US likely could have just purchased the material from mines in Australia. This is a relatively common raw material and is primarily used as a white pigment for paints and is even found in sunscreen lotion as ultraviolet radiation blocking pigment.

The primary titanium alloy used in the SR-71 was thirteen percent vanadium, eleven percent chromium, and three percent aluminum. Both Chromium and Aluminium form thermally stable oxide layers on the outer skin of the metal. Which prevents oxygen from diffusing further into the metal and causing it to become more brittle.

Which raises the max operating temperature of the metal!

Vanadium acts as a stabilizer for a crystal structure referred to as the beta phase. This leads to a material with higher tensile strength and better formability. Through trial and error and problems that were solved by the geniuses that worked at the Skunk Works. They discovered that their cadmium plated tools were leaving trace amounts of cadmium on bolts, which would cause galvanic corrosion and cause the bolts to fail. This discovery led to all cadmium tools to be removed from the workshop.

This article just proves what we already know today when people work together and work hard to solve problems. New ground was broken with the formulation of titanium that led to the success of the SR 71 and the tremendous heat and strength that this magnificent airplane needed.

As Ben Rich head engineer and later, he replaced Kelly Johnson as the head skunk said in his book called the Skunk Works. ‘’I volunteered some unsolicited advice about how we could use a softer titanium that began to lose its strength at 550° to paint the airplane black

From my college things I remember that good heat absorber was also a good heat emitter it would actually radiate away more heat then it would absorb through thick friction. I calculated the black paint would lowered the wing temperature 35° by radiation think of how much easier it will be to build an airplane using softer titanium.

It was my father Butch Sheffield’s boss Ben Rich, who saved the Blackbird program time and money, with his idea of painting it black.

wisconsinmetaltech.com/titanium-and-t… is my Source and SkunkWorks by Ben Rich

Linda Sheffield

@Habubrats71 via X

[lonestarflight]

"The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the Johnson Space Center (JSC) were each awarded 16-month contracts in April 1976 for the Space Station Systems Analysis Study (SSSAS). Grumman Aerospace Corporation was MSFC's contractor and McDornell Douglas Aerospace Company was JSC's contractor. The goal of this study was to formulate plans for a permanent operational base and laboratory facility in Earth orbit in addition to developing a space construction base design for implementing the program. An expended Space Shuttle external tank was to be the central core platform of the base, and additional pressurized modules could be added to provide laboratory facilities. This artist's concept depicts a space construction base design for implementing the SSSAS."

Date: 1977

NASA ID: MSFC-0102171

[ant1quar1an]

*bap* if I drag a chair in here will you tell me a story? (Feed me information on the AU most beloved to yourself currently)

Cracks fingers /silly

Hell yeah I can.

Currently? It's Collectortale!

( Beware: Big rant )

Also! CW: Horror does have an eating disorder

Collectortale is more of a utmv at this point, as it's beginning to include all of the Sanses I can think of lmao.

It originated from a thought way back when- likely a solid year ago now, which I'm beginning to develop further currently.

The "Main Sans" of the Universe is named Dev, short for "The Devil"- a stage name that was given to him. He runs a well-known casino in a horrible debt-filled society where those that are desperate enough crawl over to bet what little they own in order for a big reward.

But as life seems to work: Big rewards also have big costs.

Collectortale Dust is a well-known gambler himself, working with but not under Dev. He's most commonly found in the corner of the room, keeping an eye out for any people who think they're slick enough to get away with cheating. The cost of being caught is, almost always, your life.

He's also available to gamble with- but committing to a game with him is tossing your SOUL on the table.

All around, he's actually quite a chill guy. Pretty aloof and closer to nonverbal, but pretty alright to just hang out with- assuming he allows you to be around him without just leaving, and you're not in Dev's Casino.

Dev and Dust have a... sort of like cat-and-owner-coded relationship? Dust is the cat- aloof, quiet, mischievous, prone to getting LV highs suddenly and randomly which causes bouts of extreme violence- and Dev is the owner- laid-back, amused, and willing to deal with Dust's shenanigans for the moments of peace where they vibe together in Dev's library.

Collectortale Killer is a gremlin by almost every sense of the word. He's a little shit, incredibly mischievous, but also insanely loyal and devoted to those he cares about. Similar to a Husky in a way, considering just how stubborn he can get as well. His role in the Casino is, quite literally, Dev's underling. Right-hand-man, some would refer to him as.

He met Dev by not being able to meet demand and- like so many before- placed on his target list. When Dev attacked Killer, however, he froze at the sound of Killer weakly chuckling and asking Dev to take care of his cats when he was gone. Dev slowly blinked at the feline winding around his legs before sighing, deciding to essentially enter Killer into a SOUL-contract. So Killer is obligated, by his SOUL, to do whatever Dev asks him to.

... Not that he usually asks much.

Despite all of his amusing qualities, Killer also struggles with hypervigilance. This often causes bouts of extreme exhaustion where Dev finds him half-slumped over the counter, eyelight blurry and flickering in his visible socket. It's also common for Killer to get too distracted by the thrill of the chase, despite being highly intelligent and strategic.

They have a retriever-and-owner partnership, where Killer is thoughtlessly loyal, and Dev forces the shit to take time off and rest, as well as "taking him for walks" (on killing sprees) when he sees fit.

Collectortale Horror is the casino bouncer... and funnily enough, runs a volunteer service to the side which feeds those that can't afford to feed themselves, as well as helping to get them back on their feet in this money-run society. It's also common for him to take in pets- which Dev finds in his room more often than not.

Horror struggles with formulating his speech (though is still incredibly quick-minded and intelligent)- as well as having issues with certain tasks and also has an eating disorder called "Bulimia nervosa" (which, in its incredibly and slightly-not-accurate simplified version, is "Binge Eating and ridding yourself of the discomfort afterwards."). Dev is... surprisingly attentive to Horror's needs, helping where he can- even though he has to read up on a lot of these things in order to be able to.

Their relationship is... actually pretty cozy. Sure it has a lot of mishaps and both struggling to learn about each other, but it works out eventually. They've got a pretty strong bond, now.

Thank you for listening to this rant lmao! 'Tis very muchly appreciated- and also thank you for giving me the opportunity.

If you want to know about any other Sans, feel free to ask! :D

[pseudowho]

Hihiii Haitch!

Okay, first of all, I would like to say that I’m absolutely in love with your writing. The way you write Nanami is just✨✨

And I was on the fence about watching jjk because of the numerous spoilers I had encountered. But all your fics and my lil (read major) crush on nanami finally made me come around to watch it, I’m on s1e6 rn (I’ll just blissfully ignore the teensy detail I know about what happens to nanami and my other fav characters while watching it…hehe😭)

So onwards to my questions :

1) How does writing come to you? Does it feel like that urgent spidey senses tingling moment and the next thing you know your fingers are flying across the keyboard like a woman possessed…or does it feel like this distant feeling, that slowly grows and you let it simmer fully before you formulate it into words?

2) what song or word do you think immaculately describes Mr haitch?

3) Do you derive your real feelings while writing? Like the feelings that you feel in that particular moment, does it affect it somehow? Have you ever written something that has made you feel very exposed in an emotional way?

4) lastly I’ll add a fun fact : Did you know that in India, marriages are taken so seriously and especially arranged marriages, that there is a very well developed legit business solely centered around finding perfect matches for you. So your family essentially contracts an agency that finds matches for you , based on your requirements and it has levels to it.

The families of the to be bride and groom, use the agency as a mediator to contact each other. The agency also runs background checks. You have to pay a yearly subscription fee for it. And if you want to marry your child outside your tax bracket (into a wealthier family to put it bluntly) you can join the premium membership, where you pay double, only to get a chance to get meetings with their high profile clients. (Yes I know how shallow this is…)

Hellooooo! I am so sorry for the pain you will soon endure. Please know that if I could hold your hand through it, I would.

I'm so glad they made a TV series about that weird JJK Bad Timeline AU. It was a great way to explore all of the things that could have happened to the characters we love, but didn't. Really creative. 10/10. So glad they got the Good Timeline in reality.

Both of those actually! My drabbles, especially my husband!Nanami and Papamin drabbles are very much the former. My longer fics that I header, gently form in my head over a number of days, maturing slowly.

Melancholy Hill by Gorillaz: Up on Melancholy Hill/ Sits a manatee/ Just looking out for the day/ When you're close to me/ When you're close to meWell you can't get what you want/ But you can get me/ So let's set out to sea, love/ 'Cause you are my medicine/ When you're close to me/ When you're close to me

AND... Absent by Sylosis:

I'm no saint I've no virtue I wish I could feel that you hurt too But it's so dark I can't tell god from the devil I'm just absent More than ever

I surrender I'm incomplete I've had all I can take So take me in pieces

3. I'm very good at making myself feel exactly how I need to feel, for the purpose of writing. I'm also very good at making other people feel how I need them to feel, good and bad. So I find it easy to recreate emotions in fics. It's freaky and I'm sorry. I also separate myself from that very well, sort of hovering above it as I write it. Nothing that makes me feel exposed would ever be written down on my blog, because that's purely for a couple of select people to witness.

4. I did know this! I've cared for lots of Indian couples having babies, and as such I'm rather well-versed in cultural traditions. I'm always fascinated by peoples' love and marriage stories, so listen with great interest when they share things like this. Thank you for also sharing the information. It sounds cut-throat!

Thank you so much for the wonderful Inbox. I really enjoyed answering it!

Love as always,

-- Haitch xxx

[probablyasocialecologist]

To achieve sustainability, so-called developed countries need to abandon the objective of GDP growth and scale down less necessary and destructive forms of production to reduce energy and material use. We need a planned and selective contraction of economic activity aimed at increasing well-being and equality. Or, as recently argued in this journal, we need “ecosocialist degrowth.” Degrowth is founded on and justified by a solid critique of market instruments, the optimistic reliance on price mechanisms and private-sector solutions, which are central to so-called “green economy” approaches. Indeed, the lack of social-ecological planning and the reliance on socially unjust and often ineffective market instruments is precisely what has led us into this mess in the first place. Degrowth formulates an alternative to the capitalist market that seeks to escape the capitalist growth imperative, which continuously impedes mitigation efforts by driving rising energy demand. Degrowth is built around a fundamental democratization of the economy and collective “self-limitation” (per André Gorz), or the setting of collectively defined societal boundaries and entitlements that define the conditions for a good life for all. All of this is going to require democratic planning. In fact, collective self-limitation can be understood as the strongest expression of democratic, societal autonomy, manifested in social liberation from the pervasive “heteronomous” logic of accumulation. It is the drive to accumulation that compels capitalist societies to pursue continuous expansion and that prevents adherence to democratically determined collective rules. Degrowth is an expression of societal freedom or autonomy, in the sense of an act of collective self-government, thus resisting “the functional regulation of conduct according to given principles, such as the so-called law of the market or the mantra of austerity and growth.” So, how might planning beyond growth look?

[pilawturkey]

Establishment of Direct Sale Mechanism in Turkey

Establishment of Direct Sale Mechanism in Turkey

Leave a Comment / Corporate Governance, Law, News / By pi_legal_consultancy

Establishment of direct sale mechanism in Turkey 2024 needs to be reviewed. Indeed, legal amendments to the Law on Consumer Protection needs to be comprehensively analyzed by all practitioners including Turkish business lawyers. The Law Numbered 7529 was passed through the Turkish Grand National Assembly by bringing a direct selling system as Article 47 (A) of the Law on Consumer Protection Numbered 6502.

Table of Contents

Introduction

What is the meaning of direct sale?

Understanding direct sale mechanism in Turkey?

What is meant by the direct sale mechanism in Turkey ?

What is the key revision through the Law Numbered 7529 on The Law on Consumer Protection Numbered 6502 for direct sale mechanism in Turkey?

What are key obligations for direct sale companies in Turkey?

Definition and Scope of Establishment of Direct Sale Mechanism in Turkey:

Corporate Structure Requirements of Establishment of Direct Sale Mechanism in Turkey:

Consumer Rights

Conclusion

Introduction

2024 legal amendments to the Law on Consumer Protection for the establishment of a direct sale mechanism will be examined in this article. In October 2024, Turkey enacted significant amendments to its consumer protection framework with the new article by the Law No. 7529, introducing a formal structure for direct selling within the existing Consumer Protection Law No. 6502. This development holds substantial implications for businesses, legal professionals, and consumers engaged in direct sales.

The available work will present embracing conclusions for the benefit of all practitioners in the field.

What is the meaning of direct sale?

In summary, direct sales are described as sales happening between a trademark and the end-user without any distributor or intermediary services. Sales from seller to customer can occur in person or online. Direct sale plays a vital role upon accelerating trade globally.

Understanding direct sale mechanism in Turkey?

Direct selling refers to the marketing and sale of products directly to consumers, typically outside of a fixed retail environment. This model often involves independent representatives who sell goods or services directly to end-users, leveraging personal networks and direct communication.

When a shirt trademark sells its products through its own websites, it is a good sample of direct sales, mainly known as direct to consumer (D-2-C). It means that there is no intermediary, no agency, no distributor, no other company or individual between consumer and seller.

What is meant by the direct sale mechanism in Turkey ?

Direct sale mechanism refers to a marketing system in which goods or services are on sale for consumers regardless of place. It means that consumers can buy any goods or services while working and or staying at home. It is significant to indicate that the Law Numbered 7529 introduces a direct sale mechanism by formulating 47 (A) to the Law on Consumer Protection Numbered 7529. It will have a direct impact upon corporate governance and individual suppliers.

For our work and all legal services on the matter of investment, please click our “Practice Areas”, titled “Investment Advice”.

What is the key revision through the Law Numbered 7529 on The Law on Consumer Protection Numbered 6502 for direct sale mechanism in Turkey?

The revision came into force after the circuit of Official Gazette dated October 30, 2024 and numbered 32707.

New Article 47(A) of the Law on Consumer Protection describes the meaning of direct sale mechanism in Turkey as a mechanism in which direct sellers, who are established by a direct sales company and are not employed under an employment contract, but operate as independent representatives, distributors, consultants and similar names in return for benefits such as commissions, bonuses, incentives and rewards by marketing goods or services to consumers.

For a comprehensive analysis of the company establishment in Turkey take a look at our articles on :

Establishment of A Company in Turkey

Limited Liability Company Formation

2024 Minimum Capital Amounts for Joint-Stock and Limited Liability Companies in Turkey

What are key obligations for direct sale companies in Turkey?

We should bear in mind core responsibilities for the direct sale companies in Turkey. First of all, the direct sales company is obliged to establish a system enabling the consumer to be informed properly and to submit their requests and notifications. Secondly, under paragraph 2 of the same article, a direct sale company should be a capital company.

The introduction of Article 47(A) into the Consumer Protection Law No. 6502 establishes a clear legal framework for direct selling practices in Turkey. Notable aspects of this amendment include particularly

Definition and Scope of Establishment of Direct Sale Mechanism in Turkey:

The law defines direct selling as a system where independent representatives, not bound by employment contracts, market goods or services to consumers in exchange for benefits such as commissions, bonuses, incentives, and rewards.

Corporate Structure Requirements of Establishment of Direct Sale Mechanism in Turkey:

Direct selling companies are now required to operate as capital companies and must meet additional criteria specified in forthcoming regulations.

Consumer Rights

Consumers purchasing products through direct sales are granted a 30-day unconditional right of withdrawal, enhancing consumer protection in these transactions.

The enactment of Law No. 7529 marks a pivotal step in regulating direct selling in Turkey, aligning the industry with international standards and safeguarding consumer interests. It is imperative for all stakeholders to thoroughly understand and adapt to these changes to ensure compliance and to foster a fair and transparent marketplace.

Conclusion

Taking into account the increasing market size of the direct selling industry in Turkey, Turkish policy makers intervene in such an increase by taking legal measures through a new legal amendment. This article is intended to investigate the nature of the establishment of a direct selling mechanism by the Turkish legal framework. Considering all aforementioned analysis, it is right to argue that establishment of a direct sale mechanism will have a crucial impact upon Turkish trade market in the future. Turkish business lawyers and legal advisors need to familiarize themselves with these amendments to effectively counsel clients involved in direct selling, ensuring adherence to the updated legal standards.The amendments aim to bolster consumer confidence by providing clearer rights and protections within the direct selling framework.

[darkmaga-returns]

When I was born, my maternal great grandmother gave me a generous gift of Pfizer stock. She had been impressed by Pfizer’s key role in discovering how to mass produce penicillin during World War II (in which her son was killed in action). Eighteen years later her gift paid for my university education. And then, in 1998, Pfizer received FDA approval to sell Viagra.

Pfizer initially developed the drug to treat high blood pressure and angina pectoris. However, as Pfizer’s researchers discovered in clinical trials, the drug was better at inducing erections than managing angina. And so, the company repurposed the drug for erectile dysfunction and launched a massive, global PR and marketing campaign—including seeking moral approval from Pope John Paul II and contracting the war hero and 1996 presidential candidate Bob Dole to be the brand’s poster gentleman—that succeeded in making Viagra a blockbuster.

So, I learned why pharmaceutical companies seek to develop blockbuster drugs with fanatical zeal. Formulating a safe and effective new medicine to address a large, unmet need is very difficult and expensive. Performing clinical trials and obtaining FDA-approval is an arduous process that normally takes several years. Thus, if an opportunity for a new blockbuster presents itself, a big drug company like Pfizer will go to extreme lengths to seize it.

Three years after the release of Viagra, I learned that Pfizer was not the respectable company my great grandmother had believed it to be. I arrived at this realization through my interest in British spy novels. In 2001 I lived in Vienna, around the corner from the Burgkino (Burg Cinema) which still played the 1949 film noir classic The Third Man on its big screen every weekend. I spent many a dreary winter Sunday afternoon watching the film. Based on the novella and screenplay by Graham Greene, The Third Man is a crime story about Harry Lime—an American running a medical charity in Vienna, who makes a killing selling penicillin on the bombed out, impoverished city’s black market. To increase his profits, he cuts the drug with other substances, thereby destroying its efficacy and causing the patients (including children) to die horribly from their infections.

[colinwilson11]

The global ophthalmic drugs has seen steady growth in recent years due to rising prevalence of eye diseases and an aging population. Key drivers behind this trend include growing incidence of chronic diseases like diabetes that can damage vision over time. Advancements in diagnosis and treatment have also improved health outcomes and boosted demand for specialized medications. However, drug development and manufacturing requires significant financial investments and dedicated facilities to adhere to stringent cGMP and regulatory compliance standards for products intended for ocular delivery. This is where contract service providers play a vital role in supporting drug companies through their expertise and scalable manufacturing capacity.

[wonder-worker]

"The rise of royal bureaucracy and organized jurisprudence from the eleventh century was transforming formal government operations into a male preserve. At the same time, the Policraticus by […] John of Salisbury gave the body politic its classic medieval formulation as patterned on the human body. Morphological analogy exemplified an ideal cooperation among that body's members, but no function John detailed administrative, military, conciliar, or ecclesiastical-nor any bodily member to which these functions corresponded, implied a female body. A king's male frame, especially, embodied his realm and betokened its strength and vigor; its impermeability figured the security of the realm's boundaries from intrusion or invasion. To a body politic so imagined, women in general, queens in particular, were outsiders, their pervious bodies perilous openings that could threaten the realm. Subjected by royal ritual to the king's body as the site of supreme authority, the queen's body could not serve as the seat of power.

These developments did not bar kings' wives from all access to power, but they did critically affect representations of a queen's position and the methods open to her. The rise of bureaucracy meant that, as reflected in the disappearance of queens' names from witness lists to twelfth-century English and French royal charters, the advisory role of a king's wife was no longer officially publicized. [...] Of course, charters and other records that witness such changes were written from a male perspective, and do not prove that queens' power was contracting. But the way they were seen to perform their roles changed significantly. It was no longer visibly, in the council chamber, that a queen fulfilled the duties the coronation ordo urged upon her as a counsellor, mediator, or intercessor with the king. Given her primary function as the mother of his children, the focus of her activities was now the bedchamber, in which at least one thirteenth-century queen chose to receive petitioners as a means to advertise her intimate relationship to the king as the real base of her power. [...] But if queens no longer shared openly in formal consultation, medieval royal government was always personal and [...] directed from the royal household, whose domestic model gave that household's women effective if informal means to persuade royal business. [...] As this intimate, wifely access to the king was not rightly subject to (male) official restraint, any formal limits on her voice implied by her advertised presence in the council chamber fell away. Whatever other parts of the regal anatomy she did or did not command, she was always assumed to have the king's ear. But any wife, queen or subject, who was seen to abuse an ecclesiastically sanctioned access to her husband menaced the right order of society. Thus a queen's persuasive influence, inextricably tied to her sexual and domestic role as bedfellow, could seem to threaten the order idealized and represented by evolving male officialdom in ways not understood to exist when her place was affirmed in written acts that announced the king's decisions. The queen was left uneasily poised between the official and the domestic, a position that heightened fears about her ability to sway the king and her potential role in court intrigue. Chroniclers witnessed these anxieties about queenly influence by focusing on the approved performance, or the perceived corruption, of a queen's domestic roles as wife or mother. If later medieval portrayals thus make it seem that queens' power had declined, they none the less witness, by criticizing behavior as inappropriate or by praising compliant and selfless deeds, consorts' continued eminence as exemplary figures to society, as potential participants in court intrigues, or as fomenters of confllict, especially in the familial contexts that remained central to dynastic politics. Significantly, Peggy McCracken sets within this same changing political terrain her study of the increasingly prominent image of the adulterous queen in Old French romance."

— John Carmi Parsons, "Damned If She Didn't and Damned When She Did: Bodies, Babies, and Bastards in the Lives of Two Queens of France", Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady (Edited by Bonnie Wheeler and John Carmi Parsons)

[dayshnb]

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