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greatworldwar2 · 5 years ago

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• Panzer 38(t)

The Panzerkampfwagen 38(t), originally known as the ČKD LT vz. 38 was a tank designed during the 1930s, and developed in Czechoslovakia. It saw extensive use in World War 2.

The Panzer 38(t) was a conventional inter-war tank design, with riveted armour. The armour varied in thickness from 10 mm to 25 mm in most versions. Later models (Ausf. E on) increased this to 50 mm by bolting on an additional 25 mm armour plate to the front portion of the hull. The sides received an additional 15 mm increase of armour from Ausf. E production runs onward. The two-man turret was centrally located, and housed the tank's main armament, a 37 mm Skoda A7 gun with 90 rounds of ammunition. In addition, a 7.92 mm machine gun was in a ball mount to the right of the main gun. This machine gun could be trained on targets independently of the main gun, or coupled to the main gun for use as a conventional coaxial machine gun. The driver was in the front right of the hull, with the radio operator seated to the driver's left. The radio operator manned the hull-mounted 7.92 mm machine gun in front. Minor adjustments, such as adjustable seats for the driver and firmer footing for the commander/gunner and loader, were provided in German service. A total of 2,550 rounds were carried for the bow and turret machine guns. The driver could also fire the hull machine gun with a trigger fitted on the left tiller bar. In German service, a loader position was added to the turret by reducing the ammunition capacity by 18 rounds. All future Panzer 38(t) tanks were rebuilt according to this specification and those already in service were modified accordingly. The engine was mounted in the rear of the hull and powered the tank through a transmission at the front of the hull with five forward gears and one reverse gear. The track ran under four rubber-tired road wheels and back over a rear idler and two track return rollers. The wheels were mounted on a leaf-spring double-bogie mounted on two axles.

In 1935, the Czechoslovak tank manufacturer ČKD was looking for a replacement for the LT-35 tank they were jointly producing with Škoda Works. The LT-35 was complex and had shortcomings, and ČKD felt there would be orders both from the expanding Czechoslovak army and for export. ČKD decided to use a leaf-spring suspension with four large wheels for their new tank with an export success under the name "TNH". With small variations for each customer, 50 were exported to Iran, 24 each to Peru and Switzerland, Lithuania also ordered some. The British Royal Armoured Corps (RAC) had one trial model delivered on March 23rd, 1939 to Gunnery School at Lulworth. A report stated that "the (bow) gunner could not sit back comfortably as the wireless set was in the way of his left shoulder". The report also stated that, due to the shudder while the vehicle was on the move, it was impossible to lay the gun. As a result, the British did not purchase the LT-35 and the trial model was returned.

In the fall of 1937, the Czechoslovak Armed Forces launched a contest for a new medium tank; Škoda, ČKD and Tatra competed. Škoda Praga submitted the existing joint production export model mentioned above. ČKD also entered a prototype separate from the above, the interesting V-8-H (later called the ST vz. 39), which proved to have numerous mechanical problems. Tatra, known mostly for its smaller, wheeled armoured cars, submitted a paper entry that was a very novel concept that completely changed the layout of a tank, which concept they patented in 1938. On July 1st, 1938, Czechoslovakia ordered 150 of the TNHPS model, although none had entered service by the time of the German occupation. After the takeover of Czechoslovakia, Germany ordered continued production of the model as it was considered an excellent tank, especially compared to the Panzer I and Panzer II that were the Panzerwaffe's main tanks during the outset of WWII. It was first introduced into German service under the name LTM 38; this was changed in January 1940 to Panzerkampfwagen 38(t). The relatively small turret of the Panzer 38(t) was incapable of mounting a cannon powerful enough to defeat more heavily armoured tanks such as the T-34, so production of the Pz. 38(t) halted in June 1942 when more than 1,400 had been built. Other examples of the Pz. 38(t) were also sold to a number of other Axis nations, including Hungary (102), Slovakia (69), Romania (50), and Bulgaria (10).

The main advantages of the Panzer 38(t), compared to other tanks of the day, were a high reliability and sustained mobility. In one documented case, a regiment was supplied with tanks driven straight from the factory in 2.5 days instead of the anticipated week, without any mechanical breakdowns. In the opinion of the crews, the drive components of the Pz. 38(t) - engine, gear, steering, suspension, wheels and tracks - were perfectly in tune with each other. The Pz. 38(t) was also considered to be very easy to maintain and repair. After production of the Pz. 38(t) ceased, the chassis was used for tank destroyer designs, which were produced in greater numbers than the original Pz. 38(t). From 1942–1944, about 1,500 examples of the Marder III model were produced. It was replaced by the Jagdpanzer 38(t), based on a modified Panzer 38(t) chassis, of which approximately 2,800 were produced. The Panzer 38(t) chassis was also the basis for an anti-aircraft gun carrier, the Flakpanzer 38(t), of which about 140 were produced.

The Panzer 38(t) performed well in the invasion of Poland in 1939 and the Battle of France in 1940. It was better armed than the Panzer I and Panzer II tanks. It was on a par with most light tank designs of the era, although it was unable to effectively engage the frontal armour of medium, heavy and infantry tank designs. It was also used in the German invasion of the Soviet Union from 1941 onwards in German and Hungarian units, but was outclassed by Soviet tanks such as the T-34. Some ex-German units were issued to the Romanians in 1943, after the loss of many of the Romanian R-2 tanks. By then, it had become largely obsolete, though the chassis was adapted to a variety of different roles with success. Notable variations include the Sd.Kfz. 138 Marder III mobile anti-tank gun, the Sd.Kfz. 138/1 Grille mobile howitzer, Flakpanzer 38(t) and the Jagdpanzer 38(t) "Hetzer" tank destroyer. The German tank commander Otto Carius, who was credited with over 150 'kills', described an action in a 38(t) in July 8th, 1941: "It happened like greased lightning. A hit against our tank, a metallic crack, the scream of a comrade, and that was all there was! A large piece of armour plating had been penetrated next to the radio operator's seat. No one had to tell us to get out. Not until I had run my hand across my face while crawling in the ditch next to the road did I discover that they had also got me. Our radio operator had lost his left arm. We cursed the brittle and inelastic Czech steel that gave the Russian 47mm anti-tank gun so little trouble. The pieces of our own armour plating and assembly bolts caused considerably more damage than the shrapnel of the round itself."

The above report highlights the reason why the 38(t) was pulled out of front lines in favour of heavier Panzer III, IV and StuG IIIs. Panzer 38(t) continued to serve after 1941 as a reconnaissance vehicle and in anti-partisan units for some time. Several captured examples were refitted with Soviet DTM machineguns and employed by the Red Army. At the start of Operation Barbarossa, the Germans found Soviet T-34 tanks to be superior, as the German 37 mm Pak36 anti-tank gun proved incapable of penetrating the T-34's armour. To neutralize the T-34, the Germans mounted a captured Soviet 76.2mm gun on the chassis of the 38(t) model as a stop-gap measure and called it the "Marder III". Crews of early Marder III models fought exposed on top of the engine deck. Efforts to provide Marder III crews with more protection eventually lead to the Hetzer design.

The T-38 was the local designation for the wartime deliveries of Panzer 38(t)s from Germany to Romania in 1943. T-38 served with the forces operating in Kuban. within 2nd Tank Regiment and later the 54th Company attached to the HQ and the cavalry corps in Kuban and Crimea. T-38 tanks were still in action with the 10th Infantry Division and Cavalry Divisions in 1944. In the Slovak Army, this tank received designation LT-38. Because of the first series of the LT-38 was not finished in March 1939 and as it was seized by Nazi Germany, the army of the Slovak State, a German ally in the Polish and Soviet campaigns, initially had only LT-35 tanks. In 1940 Slovak Army ordered 10 tanks, which were used in Operation Barbarossa. Two tanks were destroyed, other 8 tanks later returned to Slovakia. After that, Slovak Army ordered another 27 tanks, and when Germans started withdrawing Panzer 38(t) tanks, Slovak Army received another 37 tanks from Germany. 13 tanks of this type were used by slovak insurgents during the Slovak National Uprising in 1944.

#second world war #world war ii #world war 2 #military history #wwii #history #german history #czechoslovakia #tank warfare #tanks #military equipment #panzer 38

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trailersprings · 4 years ago

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A Brief Guide on Caring For Trailer Leaf Springs

The constant jarring, turning, and rattling happening to a trailer puts the owners to worry about its suspension performance. When the suspension installations fail to work properly, the trailer is bound to experience every bump on the road. The best installation for such kind of vehicle is trailer leaf springs that ensure a smooth and comfortable ride on road.

The Importance of Trailer Leaf Springs

Even if you don’t feel bump, the cargo in your trailer will definitely get affected by the rough road if your suspension system is inefficient. Especially, the brittle cargo with pottery or glass products that require careful handling and transport would be damaged if the transporting trailer lacks an efficient suspension set-up.

When the suspension system gets damaged, it can cause a problem to the trailer’s driving efficiency. When the wheels fail to function smoothly, the vehicle has to drag with more effort on the road which affects its fuel mileage.

Taking Care of Trailer Leaf Springs

Trailer springs, wear out similarly to regular vehicle leaf springs; therefore their servicing and maintenance would be the same too. Regular cleaning from the ground level will give a clear glimpse of weak or damaged portion of the leaf spring.

Next, wash out all the grimes and dirt from the spring set after dismantling it so that the trailer does not have difficulty in smooth travelling on any roads.

Leaves can become loose, get cracked, rusty, or eroded, especially in the places where they have contact with other parts of the vehicle and chassis. Whenever you see any occurrences of the aforementioned conditions, get professional servicing done immediately.

To avoid rusting, waterproof coating can be used in trailer leaf-spring which will eliminate the chances of its oxidation. Regular oiling and frequent cleaning too can help you to keep the trailer leaf springs in good condition.

Choose Sonico Trailer Leaf Springs

Sonico is India’s one of the leading leaf spring manufacturers and exporters. With more than two decades of expertise in making parabolic and conventional leaf springs, they have garnered the goodwill of many companies as well as vehicle owners from across the country. Explore their wide range of products today.

#Trailer Springs #Leaf spring #Conventional Leaf Spring

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bogiesprings · 5 years ago

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Significance of Leaf Springs

Leaf springs are a basic part of the vehicle's suspension framework. They are introduced to support the tension caused by the entire weight of the vehicle or truck. Leaf springs likewise help to keep proper grip of the tires and manage the wheelbase lengths when it is accelerating or slowing down. To control the stature of the ride, leaf springs are very important.

The leaf spring comprises a curve molded, thin piece of steel - stacked with similar material in small sizes and bolted together, making a strengthened bow-like thing. When the endpoints of the springs are connected to the back pivot and the chassis, it can then withstand a large amount of pressure & weight of vehicle and evenly distribute it.

In simpler terms, a leaf spring refers to a spring with numerous layers of metal organized together. They're basic to the suspension frameworks of vehicles. The general motivation behind a leaf spring is to offer help for a vehicle. It additionally makes a smoother ride by retaining any knocks or potholes in the street. Also, leaf springs find the axle and control the stature at which the vehicle rides, while keeping the tires adjusted and aligned.

On account of these advantages, leaf springs are very much sought after. Smooth and easy transportation is one of the contributions of Leaf Springs which have enhanced the automobile industry. Nowadays, leaf springs are more famous with Heavy Commercial vehicles like trucks, SUVs and vans.

Sonico is a leading and complete solution provider in the domain of Leaf Springs. The manufacturing facilities of Sonico are equipped with Automatic Parabolic Rolling Line, Robotic Heat Treatment Line, Stress Shot Peening Line, Automatic Paint Line and Automatic Assembly Line with on-line CNC Scragging machine. Major types of Trailer Spring manufactured and exported by Sonico are — Parabolic Leaf Springs; Air Links; Conventional Leaf Springs, Bogie Springs, Trailer Springs and Spring Assembly For E Rickshaw.

=======================================================

Company Name :Soni Auto & Allied Industries Ltd

Address: 467 & 468, Marshall House (4th Floor) 25 Strand Road, Kolkata-700001

Email : [email protected]

Phone :033-3028 4828

Fax: 033-2230 7828

Url : https://www.sonicoleafsprings.com/

#Bogie Springs #Leaf spring

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amansi1502-blog · 6 years ago

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Global Automotive Suspension Market is estimated to reach USD 128078.6 million by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 4.1 % between 2019 and 2027

Overview

Electric vehicles need a driveline system in order to convert and control the power supply from the battery of the electric vehicle. An electric propulsion engine utilizes an on-board rechargeable energy storage system for its operation. Increasing adoption of electric vehicles is projected to boost the driveline market during the forecast period. Rigorous norms imposed globally by regulatory bodies on carbon emissions of automobiles are also anticipated to propel the adoption of driveline in electric vehicles, as they are expected to eliminate the burning of fossil fuel and generated emission in gasoline vehicles, as there is no emission from electric vehicles.

Rapid usage of renewable sources of energy is a key driving factor that is boosting the driveline market. Manufacturing of a driveline is highly expensive and time-consuming; thus, posing a restraint to the global Driveline market. The major factors hampering the growth of the driveline market for automotive vehicle are the high cost of technology as compared to conventional IC engine-powered driveline and the lack of infrastructure development for charging in developing countries.

The global driveline market can be segmented into Series Driveline, Parallel Driveline and Power Split Driveline. The parallel Driveline for automotive hybrid vehicle was estimated to grow at the fastest rate during the forecast period owing to its benefits such as better efficiency and less complexity. Series driveline is linked in the series combination to transmit the motion. The power split device is a universal gear set. The electric motor is attached to the ring gear of the gear set. It is also directly attached to the differential, which drives the wheels. So, whatever speed the electric motor and ring gear spin at determines the speed of the car.

On application side, the global automotive driveline market is categorized into 45-100, 101-250, and >250kW. The performance of a motor is measured by its output, which is known as the traction output. The motor output differs from 12 kW to >250 kW and depends on the vehicle specification. The 45 to 100 kW market is projected to showcase the largest market volume over the forecast period due to high adoption in the Asian region. In terms of value, the >250 kW segment is expected to be the fastest growing segment during the forecast period.

Geographically, the global automotive driveline market has been divided into four major regions such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and The Rest of the World. Asia Pacific is expected to be the largest and the fastest growing market. The major reason for the fastest growth is heavy production and sales of hybrid and electric vehicles in the region, especially in China and India. Also, the rising per capita income of the region’s widespread consumer base has created a favourable environment for the growth of the electric and hybrid vehicle market in Asia Pacific. China is one of the leading player in auto component exports. North America is a rapidly expanding market for driveline for electric vehicles. Europe is expected to present growth opportunities to the driveline market for electric vehicle.

Driveline manufacturers have implemented the strategies of new product development and geographical expansion to gain grip in the driveline market for automotive. The key market players are ZF (Germany), Schaeffler (Germany), GKN (UK), BorgWarner (US), Robert Bosch (Germany), Volkswagen (Germany), Ford Motors (US), Toyota Motors (Japan), and Mahindra & Mahindra (India).

Major players in the Market are identified through secondary research and their Market revenues determined through primary and secondary research. Secondary research included the research of the annual and financial reports of the top manufacturers; whereas, primary research included extensive interviews of key opinion leaders and industry experts such as experienced front-line staff, directors, CEOs and Marketing executives. The percentage splits, Market shares, growth rate and breakdowns of the product Markets are determined through using secondary sources and verified through the primary sources.

Inquiry about report OR ask for Sample Report @

https://www.profsharemarketresearch.com/inquiry/automotive-suspension-market-report-inquiry/

Global Automotive Suspension Market: Component

· Coil Spring

· Leaf Spring

· Air Spring

· Shock Absorber

· Control Arm

· Rubber Bushing

· Link Stabilizer/Sway Bar

· Ball Joint

· Strut

Global Automotive Suspension Market: Application

· Passenger Vehicle

· Light Commercial Vehicle

· Heavy Commercial Vehicle

Global Automotive Suspension Market: Competitive Analysis

· ZF TRW

· Continental

· Benteler International

· ThyssenKrupp Automotive Systems

· Tenneco

· Magneti Marelli

· Wabco Vehicle

· Mando Corp

· BWI Group

· NHK Spring

· Rassini

· Sogefi

· KYB

· Multimatic

· TrelleborgVibracoustic

Automotive Suspension Market: Regional Analysis

· North America

· U.S.A

· Canada

· Europe

· France

· Germany

· Spain

· UK

· Rest of Europe

· Asia Pacific

· China

· Japan

· India

· South East Asia

· Latin America

· Brazil

· Middle East and Africa

Access Full Report @

https://www.profsharemarketresearch.com/automotive-suspension-market/

Automotive Suspension Market Report delivers comprehensive analysis of :

· Market Forecast for 2019-27

· Market growth drivers

· Challenges and Opportunities

· Emerging and Current market trends

· Market player Capacity, Production, Revenue (Value)

· Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import analysis

· End user/application Analysis

About Profshare

Profshare Market Research is a full service market research company that delivers in depth market research globally. We operate within consumer and business to business markets offering both qualitative and quantitative research services. We work for private sector clients, along with public sector and voluntary organisations. Profshare Market Research publishes high quality, in-depth market research studies, to help clients obtain granular level clarity on current business trends and expected future developments. We are committed to our client’s needs, providing custom solutions best fit for strategy development and implementation to extract tangible results.

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[email protected]

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trailersprings · 5 years ago

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Significance of Leaf Springs

#leaf spring #Trailer Spring

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