#Cowpots

[clairehoneybee]

Seed Starting Made Easy

Varieties of seeds greatly exceed transplant varieties that you can buy in the spring Everybody is into seed starting this spring because of renewed interest in gardening and there are lots of  tips and tricks to this great money saving hobby that I have gathered over the years. New gardeners frequently think that you just throw some seeds from a seed packet into potting soil and place them in a…

[444names]

sri lankan forenames + deceases

Abscition Admints Ageepth Ajana Alindic Amana Amanusana Aminda Amumons Amuthydia Andranu Angam Anirls' Anthanth Anthes Apala Apatis Appekshma Apraw Araju Arama Aranjani Aranthiya Ariosan Armanam Armani Armatis Armenpox Armethys' Armitis Aropox Arshan Arubuni Arumalina Aruwa Asara Aseptia Astiomi Asunte Athypox Atilvaka Atkira Babersh Babie Babise Bablera Bablita Babscrano Basid Bayes Bermity Betonika Bookanth Botil Botomoni Broia Brula Brunam Bubishili Bubuna Budessara Cababa Cabelvan Canjitra Chala Chalgia Chana Chanania Chani Chanka Chanth Chantham Chanthan Chants Chanus Chara Chari Charichan Chariya Charts Charu Charuces Charumal Charus Chavo Chicke Chila Chindi Chindidi Chinnan Chino Chlaka Choba Chorika Choriman Coccitis Colessi Condravik Conica Conimpati Conomi Consis Cosha Cosis Cosism Cosiss Cospia Cowpot Damusi Damydi Dasis Deeptiss Dehano Dehatish Demity Denel Dermana Derophy Derwil Dhalaka Dhandris Dhanie Dishala Dylkanika Ediyanthi Emaran Encenirts Enirasama Epton Ermeni Fibetis Fibets Ficepsi Fickea Galis Gayes Gemindris Gemini Gineop Giranka Hamiti Handu Hasania Heets Hehani Hepalabie Herodeeta Herop Heted Hetosis Hitis Hitithri Hydia Hypoth Hypox Hyrimal Hyrosis Hyrosisha Ilicte Iloit Indamia Inferosis Influe Inginot Inika Inilan Iniriya Inobass Insirtis Iriber Irivai Jacold Jatulass Jayadaka Jebangan Jebies Jebooka Jeets Jegathi Jehydion Jeyara Junloada Kamadma Kamal Kandraxia Kanjithan Kibaba Kirithric Kithulot Kosiree Kosis Kulandis Kulpolion Kulpriya Kumahi Kumasis Kumen Kumenuri Kumon‎ Kusha Kusiran Kuwan Kuwari Lakumphu Lalago Lallokuka Lancha Lankameni Larasee Larayea Larsishi Lasiria Lasis Leitinima Leryno Lesirinia Lindulani Litha Loitis Loksh Lomage Losilia Losina Losis Loys' Lyasila Lymonsis Malak Malinika Malism Maneflu Manth Mapri Mariya Matis Matitiss Mavai Mayasa Menis Menthi Ments Menuwa Menza Miastigo Minala Monthyris Muguengia Mumen Muttis Myapie Myarus Mycold Myelihi Myella Myoccith Myxeditia Nakuwatha Nalictis Namus Nessal Neumor Niaswis Niremugue Nosism Obabi Osilika Osisedaka Othes Otosi Padayadma Pasis Pathal Patharat Pedima Penza Perath Percula Perinoman Periya Pertha Pirosis Piyama Plabis Plaka Preks Priah Pricali Prika Primatha Prittitis Priyan Proidi Prosi Prosis Prosism Psity Psomittat Pubudee Radma Ramars Randass Ranjity Rathi Rathri Ratis Repalis Rhemini Rhetone Rodeshi Rohindra Rohithan Rosis Saenika Saenil Saenza Salegitha Samana Sangamma Sanis Sanka Sanoba Santedis Sarnala Sarula Scala Scelli Schani Schanus Schathi Sclepia Scloidenu Sculareni Seephi Seewarvy Sellinda Senguni Senpox Senuce Senza Sepasis Sepiyasm Septhani Septhity Shalani Shanada Shanala Shandia Shanjeha Shant Sharju Shathige Shmavo Sholi Silis Sirani Sirinika Siriti Siriya Siriyasis Sisharism Sistions Sokshan Srimpeni Srity Sriyan Sriyant Sriyast Stedicity Sthala Sujan Sujayan Sumago Sumah Sumala Sumpia Sungia Suniricem Sunyloy Susan Sushomy Susiriya Susivaj Tetris Thilitis Threka Thula Tiaswika Tickbothi Tilini Tionis Tiosis Tishma Tithris Tonilika Trasta Trearmai Treka Tremili Triya Troity Tuharsis Tulprem Tumania Turan Tushan Tuwarsh Uddasama Udilinia Uduli Ukani Ukkuka Ukkus Ukkuwatis Unarax Upeka Upetus Upubes Upubi Upula Urasalka Uruwa Ushomyani Usilan Uvatha Uveithri Vajitis Vajuni Vanalaka Varshali Vidanari Videnies Viniasis Vithi Vitreni Wasani Wasis Wilith Winflune Winthrima Wrinna Yania Yasiria Yellage Yuveish

[zen-garden-gnome]

Vertical pallet garden, v1

This vertical garden has been in progress since Summer 2019, and in my opinion is finally “done” now in mid-December. Why did it take me so long???

Expanding from my (sad) attempt to grow tomatoes necessitated increased growing space, without pissing off the HOA or property manager. Researching vertical gardening options yielded some interesting results (Self Sufficient Me was a particularly helpful resource), but accessibility is often the deciding element, so I took this as an opportunity to try to actually, like, build something.

Got my hands on a used pallet courtesy of my sweet sweet mom, some excess shade cloth from a landscaper friend, and finally purchased some basic tools. Sawed the pallet in half so each half would be easier to move when bad weather rolls through improve support along the back of the pallet-halves, and then transplanted some of the boards from the front to the back for improved enclosure. Several of them split, but a staple gun took care of that.

Then I cut huge pieces of shade cloth and folded in half lengthwise (double thickness) to be used as an interior sack. Laying the pallet face-down, I slid the shade cloth down the interior, stapled it thoroughly down the interior sides and across each interior board, scooped it out of the bottom, and drew it up along the exterior-back for a bunch more staples. Most importantly, the shade cloth bottoms-out at the floor of the upright pallet, where I nailed an extra piece of wood to support the cloth and its heavy soil contents.

For the record, figuring out how to do this without accidentally sealing myself away from my end goal partway through was legitimately challenging. My partner helped me to visualize it. <3

Remember that old episode of Dirty Jobs when Mike Rowe (click it) visited a farm that used its own cow manure to make planters that self-fertilize and can be planted right into the soil? Those are Cowpots, and they’re great. Got some sage, cilantro, broccoli, bok choy, carrot, and sweet pepper seeds from Johnny’s Seeds, used some of the hot pepper seeds I got from Rob Greenfield, and buried some garlic gloves. It’s not really a proper nursery, and that wound up mattering a lot. That shelving unit didn’t get enough sunlight, the pot material was prone to water loss, and the shelf level left the delicate seedlings prone to damage. I wound up replacing several seedlings over the course of those 7 or so weeks and lost most of my carrots and cilantro. To make up for it, more tomatoes.

Between damages and slow-growing seedlings, I decided to bury the cowpots in some larger pots on ground level for improved sunlight and wind protection (with soil level several inches below the top of the pots). Within a month, I was ready to dig up those (wet, disintegrating) Cowpots and move them into a pallet.

Cutting X-shaped openings in the shade cloth turned out to be harder than I expected, and I wound up with a bunch of gaping holes that were still too small for these Cowpots. This was around the time I recognized my biggest mistakes:

the unnecessary quadruple shade cloth layering

shoulda used scissors on the shade cloth, not a box cutter

shoulda planted the seeds in clusters, not one per pot. Stand-alone seedlings are so vulnerable...

switching from solutions-based thinking to failure-based thinking when transplanting started to become destructive

But still, success! Despite how ragged and weak the carrots (top), herbs (2nd), choy & broccoli (3rd) and tomatoes (bottom) all looked for the first week, everything’s bounced back pretty well. The pallet stands on a cinder block to reduce pest and disease access, is strapped the the column behind it for stability, and is framed by a wire stand to support the tomato plants. The damage to the shade cloth was more severe at the bottom level, too, and considering the weight of the tomatoes, I decided to wrap some yarn around the pallet to hold back the cloth and reduce soil spillage. (The pepper plants and one surviving garlic plant are doing nicely in the large pot to the left.)

But now, the choys have started splitting. No bugs, no bites, just splits. A little research revealed that excessive wetness (24 hours of rain after weeks of dry weather) can lead to leaf oedema. They’re still green and seem to be growing, but now they lack structure and remain limp and vulnerable. Maybe I should eat them now?

Still have one unused pallet. Next time, so much cilantro.

[peacelovechefv]

Memorial Day Weekend

This Saturday 5/27, (also known as Caturday to the Cat lovers of the world!) PeaceLoveV, aka The Purple Truck, will be at the North Guilford Nurseries and Farmstand for Project sustainability.  Come see us and join GVH,  North Guilford Nurseries and Cowpots in supporting the Guilford Food Bank!

[stabbingandtacos]

It's a lovely day for a ride and some ice cream! #honda #motorcycle #icecream #cowpots

[gardeningknowhow]

Cowpots - #mustknowmonday - did you know these biodegradable #pots are made from #cow #manure? Using #cowpots for #seedlings makes transplanting to #garden beds easy. Once #roots begin to show, they're ready for planting, and once planted, they will slowly break down in the #soil.

[thebeakerblog]

You can think of an anaerobic digester (pictured above) as a big metal stomach. Biodegradables go in, get composted, and turned into energy. And now, the hope is that the waste turns into a profit.

Matthew Freund, president of Freund’s Farm in East Canaan, Conn., said that anaerobic digestion technology let him diversify his business. A unit built in 1997 took in cow manure and allowed him to create a new product: biodegradable seed planters called “CowPots.”

“We’ve got a flow chart of the cow,” Freund said. “She backs up to an anaerobic digester, does her business. We digest it and make energy. Then we create the fibers, making the ‘CowPots.’ So it’s full circle, the cow gives us everything.”

The planters were popular with gardners. And now, Freund’s farm is hoping to take that business to the next level. They’ve partnered with with Vanguard Renewables to build a new anaerobic digestion unit, which could also take in food waste from surrounding towns.

It’s all in response to a new RFP in Connecticut for clean energy. Vanguard would lease the land from Freund and sell the electricity back into the grid.

John Hanselman is Vanguard’s CEO. He said the untapped quantities of food waste sitting in Connecticut right now could mean big profits.

“The potential -- I think -- for renewable energy generation from anaerobics, is enormous,” he said.

It also means an easy place for farmers like Freund to put their cow manure, which helps cut harmful greenhouse gas emissions.

“A real hope was to be able to produce renewable energy from farm waste, in combination with food waste,” Hanselman said, “as well as reducing their carbon impact, their greenhouse gas emissions, and their odors.”

Vanguard is working on another anaerobic digestion proposal with Oak Ridge Dairy in Ellington. And the company currently operates three anaerobic digestion units in Massachusetts with another two in development.

Connecticut is expected to announce if it’s selected the two farm digestion projects -- and two other non-agriculturally sited anaerobic ventures -- in the coming months.

Matthew Freund said he hopes the state RFP process works out, but no matter what, he’ll continue working with anaerobic digesters.

“We really feel strongly that it’s a good technology that pays dividends,” Freund said.

[nuoigadacuasat]

Thử thách đổi mới phân bón cuối cùng tại Hội nghị thượng đỉnh đổi mới động vật ở San Francisco

Tám công ty khởi nghiệp từ khắp nơi trên thế giới đã được công bố là người vào chung kết để cạnh tranh trong Thử thách đổi mới phân bón tại một phiên họp Bữa sáng trước hội nghị thượng đỉnh đặc biệt ở San Francisco vào ngày 16 tháng 3. Tất cả các đại biểu của hội nghị thượng đỉnh sẽ được chào đón tham gia.

Một hội đồng thẩm phán bao gồm Aidan Connolly (Cainthus / AgriTech Capital), Aaron Magenheim (AgTech Insight), Joost Matthijssen (Nutreco), William Goure (Đổi mới mô hình kinh doanh), Evan Fraser (Viện thực phẩm Arrell) và Paul Duncan sẽ phê bình những người khởi nghiệp. Người chiến thắng sẽ được công bố vào buổi chiều của Hội nghị thượng đỉnh đổi mới Animal AgTech cho hơn 350 nhà sản xuất chăn nuôi, nhà cung cấp sức khỏe động vật, công ty thức ăn, nhà sản xuất nguyên liệu và nhà đầu tư.

Nhận xét về các công ty khởi nghiệp, Brandon Day, Giám đốc điều hành của Viện Yield Lab, cho biết: Hiện tại là thời điểm thú vị để các nhà đổi mới agTech đẩy nhanh tương lai của quản lý phân bón và canh tác bền vững và chúng tôi rất vui mừng được hỗ trợ con đường của họ thị trường với nền tảng này để giới thiệu các giải pháp của họ và hưởng lợi từ cố vấn của chúng tôi. Chúng tôi rất mong chờ các sân và hỗ trợ các doanh nghiệp khởi nghiệp tham gia và người chiến thắng.

Tất cả những người vào chung kết sẽ được hưởng lợi từ việc thương mại hóa sản phẩm của họ thông qua hướng dẫn và hướng dẫn của Viện Yield Lab.

Tám người vào chung kết:

BioFiltro (Mỹ): là hệ thống nước thải xúc tác sức mạnh tiêu hóa của giun và vi khuẩn để chuyển dòng chất thải thành dòng thu nhập có lợi. Nó cung cấp các giải pháp nước thải được cấp bằng sáng chế giúp cải thiện không chỉ các công ty về tác động môi trường, mà còn cả lợi nhuận của họ.

Kiểm soát sinh khối (Mỹ): là một tập đoàn phúc lợi công cộng Del biết được thành lập năm 2015 tại Connecticut như một phần của Thử thách nhà vệ sinh tái phát minh của Quỹ Bill & Melinda Gates. Sinh khối Kiểm soát 22 bằng sáng chế bảo vệ môi trường và trả lại chất dinh dưỡng cho đất. Nhà máy lọc sinh học của nó cung cấp xử lý nhiệt hóa học của các vật liệu độ ẩm cao như phân, chất bài tiết, dư lượng nông nghiệp và chất thải thực phẩm.

Chonex (Mỹ): là công ty tái chế chất dinh dưỡng đã phát triển quy trình sinh học để chuyển đổi 100% phân gia cầm thành phân bón hữu cơ và thức ăn chăn nuôi có giá trị cao.

Bò (Mỹ) cung cấp các chậu cây có thể phân hủy sinh học được sản xuất tại Connecticut sử dụng sản phẩm phụ từ trang trại bò sữa của mình. Được phát minh như một giải pháp bền vững để quản lý phân bò, CowPots cung cấp cho người trồng một sự thay thế tái tạo và tái chế cho các thùng chứa nhựa và than bùn. Sử dụng quy trình tương tự, bao bì CowPots gần đây đã được giới thiệu như một sự thay thế bền vững cho ngành bao bì.

Tiêu hóa hữu cơ (Mỹ): sản xuất các giải pháp lọc tiên tiến để giúp khách hàng giảm chi phí xử lý nước thải, thu hồi nước sạch để tái sử dụng và sản xuất các sản phẩm đồng có giá trị. Nó chuyên giúp các trang trại cải thiện quản lý phân để giảm chi phí lây lan và vận chuyển, giảm thiểu dòng chảy dinh dưỡng, tái sử dụng nước và tạo ra các sản phẩm phân bón mới.

N2 Áp dụng (Na Uy) là công ty phát triển công nghệ Na Uy nhằm cải thiện cơ bản sản xuất lương thực toàn cầu bằng cách tăng năng suất và giảm khí thải. N2 đã phát triển một công nghệ được cấp bằng sáng chế cho phép nông dân sản xuất phân bón thân thiện với môi trường tại trang trại, chỉ bằng cách sử dụng phân chuồng, không khí và năng lượng tái tạo. Kết quả là một loại phân bón được sản xuất với lượng khí thải nhà kính thấp hơn, hiệu quả tài nguyên được cải thiện với chi phí cạnh tranh.

Vô hạn (Mỹ): đang xây dựng các mỏ phân bón tái tạo trong tương lai, bằng cách tái chế phân động vật thành phân bón tái tạo số lượng lớn.

SoMax BioEnergy(Mỹ) sử dụng chất thải hữu cơ làm nguồn lực cho phát triển bền vững và quản lý chất thải đàn hồi trong các ngành nông nghiệp, sản xuất và vệ sinh. Công ty cho phép các đối tác của mình giảm lượng khí thải carbon trong khi tạo ra các khoản tiết kiệm hoặc doanh thu bổ sung bằng cách chuyển chất thải nông nghiệp, thực phẩm, tự hoại, xanh và các chất thải hữu cơ khác từ các bãi chôn lấp và nhà máy xử lý nước thải.

Xem thêm tất cả chuyên mục tại https://nuoigadacuasat.com/category/tin-moi/gia-cam/

Bài viết Thử thách đổi mới phân bón cuối cùng tại Hội nghị thượng đỉnh đổi mới động vật ở San Francisco đã xuất hiện đầu tiên vào ngày Nuôi Gà Đá Gà Cựa Sắt.

source https://nuoigadacuasat.com/thu-thach-doi-moi-phan-bon-cuoi-cung-tai-hoi-nghi-thuong-dinh-doi-moi-dong-vat-o-san-francisco/

[clairehoneybee]

New Plants and Garden Trends at Mid-Atlantic Nursery Trade Show

New Plants and Garden Trends at Mid-Atlantic Nursery Trade Show

Fresh off the MANTS (Mid-Atlantic Nursery Trade Show) floor in Baltimore, I made lots of fresh contacts and found many exciting plant introductions that I want to use in my future landscaping projects. I am stoked for the 2023 gardening year and the new plants and ideas that are hitting the nursery and garden center shelves. In this post, I will review the plants and products that interested me,…

[wallersahin84-blog]

cannabis seeds

Here is a method of germinating seeds that does not resort to newspaper towels or plastic bags, and the risk of rot these methods bring. Changes in a light pattern not necessary - Autoflowering cannabis will blossom automatically with no dependence on the light circuit that they are receiving. Find out how to apply VAT zero rating for the supply of those crops and seed products that are being used to develop food for individual consumption. Furthermore, Cannabis Gain access to Clinics welcomes recommendations from Gps device or specialists who feel their patients may benefit from medical cannabis treatments and works together with clinicians to provide ongoing monitoring and confirming on the patient's improvement. Regarding to Dr Alvin Lee and Danniella McGowen from Deakin College or university, ‘Many are unaware that therapeutic marijuana has been lawfully available in Australia for a few years. cannabis seeds edmonton eliminate transplant great shock and they are super-easy to place because the crops need not be removed from the pot. Ashley Sparks says the seedlings should be grown in a room where the temp is reliable, so not really a basement or storage room that is apt to get cold. Additionally, dog studies show that hemp seed products or hemp seed essential oil may reduce blood pressure, decrease the risk of blood clot creation and help the heart recover after having a heart attack ( 10 , 11 , 12 ). Although the public has mainly accepted medicinal cannabis therapy as having an advantage when used under a provider's supervision, the implications of the utilization of this product when patients changeover into the acute care setting are additionally complicated and multifaceted. A study conducted by the National Middle for Education and Training on Addiction, using information compiled from the 2013 Country wide Drug Strategy Household Survey, discovered that nearly all Australians recognized the legalization of cannabis for medicinal purposes. Autoflowering seeds are extremely appropriate for the outdoor growing season in North Europe as a result of relatively brief summers. About seven people a day are being qualified for medicinal cannabis as new research advises the $18 million industry could be well worth billions within ten years. Especially due to Colorado's constraints on outdoor cannabis cultivation, it's hard to dispute for any indoor grow solution outside of a covered, managed greenhouse facility. CowPots are produced from 100% composted cow manure, which offers some natural fertilizer to the dirt as it breaks down after transplanting, and stimulates root growth. Be sure your lighting is sufficient at this time as the majority of your plants progress will be based upon it. Growing weed outside is not just natural; it's less expensive than indoor growing. Greentown hopes to sell seeds in the foreseeable future, but Alberta Cannabis, the province's only legal recreational online cannabis store, is once more seedless.

[davespestdefense-blog]

SIXCELL COWPOTS 3POTS/PACK - 3 INCH

https://davespestdefense.com/?p=30832

SIXCELL COWPOTS 3POTS/PACK - SIXCELL COWPOTS 3PK 3IN 12

COWPOTS LLC - #3 SIXCELL 3PK

...

[memoriesfromwashington]

Day 7

(all caught up! i’m going to post my entire journal from today because i’m very very proud of it. also very drenched. it rained a lot today.)

Truth be told, I am not quite sure how to feel about today’s first speaker. On one hand, everyone at the seminar seems to be raving about his speech and his points on certain topics, but on the other hand, I had too many contentions with some parts of his speech to be fully comfortable. As Jacqueline mentioned this morning, there were some facts that he spouted that were just completely wrong. For me, however, the most disturbing part of his speech was his immediate dismissal of environmental solutions to the methane problem that comes with the beef and dairy industries, deferring instead to a completely ineffective form of protest. Mr. Deans stated that the majority of the methane that enters our atmosphere comes from the beef industry, which is true (but also includes the dairy industry). When asked how he would deal with the problem, he suggested a personal protest by choosing vegetarian options. Not only would this not do a single thing for the atmosphere, it also would likely never grow to a size that would cause farmers to slow or cease production, and if it did, all the protest would do would be to hurt people who already have a very low income. It really surprised me that Deans suggested this dismissive version of protest rather than methods that increase sustainability like a methane digester. Pine Island Farm in Sheffield, MA, and Freund’s Farm in East Canaan, CT, both commercial family-owned dairy farms, both have sustainability programs involving anaerobic methane digesters, which take methane gas from manure and turn it into biogas, a fuel that can be used for heat and electricity in place of fossil fuels. Pine Island, owned by the Aragi family, also uses the byproducts of the process in their daily functions. The dry solids, which no longer smell and are relatively soft, are used for animal bedding, and the liquids, which also no longer have an odor and no longer burn crops, are used for year-round fertilization that does not bother their neighbors. They use the biogas to heat their home and farm facilities, as well as it for electricity. They are also able to supply electricity to part of the town of Sheffield. Freund’s Farm also uses the solid byproducts in a biodegradable planting pot known as the CowPot. Invented by owners Matt and Ben Freund, the CowPot takes the dry, solid, odorless waste from the digester, along with recycled cardboard provided by Freund’s Farm Market and Bakery, an attached business run by farm matriarch Theresa Freund (Matt’s wife), and create pots that are 100% biodegradable and provide their own fertilization. The Freund family also promotes sustainability by powering their facilities off of a field of 535 solar panels and using a greenhouse structure both in the growing of their own plants and vegetables and in their milking parlor, which allows heat to escape and keep the cows cool. Laurelbrook Farm, also in East Canaan, CT, just a mile east of Freund’s Farm and owned by the prolific Jacquier family, is also known for their use of manure in sustainable resources. While they do not have a digester of their own, they do use manure in the production of compost. Since the manure is turned and the solids and liquids are separated, it breaks down aerobically, which eliminates the production of methane gas. This is different from the Aragi and Freund families, who do not separate the solids and liquids and instead allow the manure to break down anaerobically in a contained space and create the methane that they then repurpose into a liquid for heating and electricity. Both methods prevent methane from reaching the atmosphere and causing damage. Laurelbrook Natural Resources, a subsidy of Laurelbrook Farm, mixes the broken down manure with wood chips and sells it commercially in the area as compost. In addition, they are also able to use some of the plain dried solids as bedding for their cows. Laurelbrook, which boasts roughly twice the head of Pine Island, sends manure to Sheffield every week to introduce different bacteria into the mixture, which leads to better liquid fertilizer and helps keep their own manure levels from overflowing before they are able to utilize it. Having known this information beforehand (all three farms are in my area, I have worked at Freund’s Farm Market, and my father has worked at Laurelbrook), it left me very surprised that Mr. Deans was able to dismiss what should have been a very good in for programs like this, which are unfortunately very new and not very popularized. Obviously, methane digesters and manure-based compost are both excellent ways of promoting sustainability while keeping the amount of methane entering the atmosphere relatively low. I cannot speak for beef farms, but these dairy farms are doing it right and it makes me angry that Washington is not acknowledging that as they should be. http://www.pineislandfarmdigester.com http://www.nativeenergy.com/laurelbrook-farm-compost-project.html#jumb http://www.registercitizen.com/general-news/20150512/freunds-farm-awarded-for-sustainability-efforts

(if anyone is more educated on this topic than i, feel free to comment. my info comes from the three links at the bottom.)