#Dogri

[chatgpt-4]

चैटजीपीटी दा इस्तेमाल किस चाल्ली करना ऐ (Dogri)

सवालां दे जवाबां विच गहराई नाल खोदना। ChatGPT दी चैट-आधारत मेमोरी तुसेंगी अपने शुरूआती सवाल दे जवाब गी होर विस्तार कन्नै खोह् लने दी अनुमति दिंदी ऐ। जेह् ड़ा जवाब तुस खोह्जदे ओ उसदे नेड़े औने आस्तै अतिरिक्त सवाल पुच्छने च सक्रिय रौह्ओ; एआई च कोई जज्बात नेईं ऐ, इस करी लगातार सवाल पुच्छने च कोई दिक्कत नेईं ऐ।

अपने सवालें च विशिष्ट रौह्ना। चैटजीपीटी अस्पष्ट सवालें दे अस्पष्ट जवाब देई सकदा ऐ। अपने सवालें गी जितना होई सकै उतना विशिष्ट बनाने कन्नै तुंदे जवाबें दी सटीकता च सुधार होग। मसाल. मौसम केह् ऐ ? इस हफ्ते कैलिफोर्निया दा मौसम केह् ऐ? तुस किस खाने दी सलाह दिंदे ओ? 10, 000 येन कोला घट्ट कीमतें च तुस कुन कुन लोकल इटैलियन रेस्तरां दी सिफारिश करदे ओ? उत्तम फिल्म कुस कुन ऐ? स्टीवन स्पीलबर्ग दी रोमांच फिल्म? अच्छे खाने दे बारे च दस्सो।" "चिकन ते सोया सॉस दा इस्तेमाल करदे होई इक अच्छा नुस्खा देओ।

विद्यार्थियें गी रोल निभाओ ते सवालें दे जवाब देओ। मसाल आस्तै, "कृपया अपने आप गी इक एलिमेंटरी स्कूल दे अध्यापक दे तौर पर समझाओ, " एह् सवाल पुच्छने कन्नै इक ऐसी भाशा च जवाब मिलग जेह् ड़ी बच्चे समझी सकन। बक्ख-बक्ख दृष्टिकोण कन्नै सवाल पुच्छने कन्नै तुसेंगी होर मती उचित जानकारी मिलग।

वर्णें दी गिनतरी निर्दिष्ट करो। "कृपया 300 अक्षरें दे अंदर जवाब देओ, " निर्दिश्ट करने कन्नै तुसेंगी इक संक्षिप्त ते समझने च आसान जवाब मिलग. दूई बक्खी, जेकर तुस इक विस्तृत व्याख्या चांह् दे ओ तां इक लम्मी वर्ण गिनती निर्दिश्ट करो. पर, मता लम्मा वाक्य बिच्चो-बिच्च रुकी सकदा ऐ, इस करी निम्नलिखित तकनीक मदद करी सकदी ऐ।

सवाल गी खंडें च बंडो। मसाल आस्तै, जेकर तुस चाह्न्दे ओ जे तुंदे उत्तरदाता "इंजीनियरें आस्तै सिफारिश कीती गेदी दफ्तर दी कुर्सियां " पर इक लेख लिखन, तां उ'नेंगी इक पूरा लेख लिखने लेई आखने दे बजाय, सवालें गी उपशीर्षक जां खंडें च बंडो, ते तुंदे कोल इक पूरा लेख होग .

गल्लबात दी शैली च सिक्खो। तुस गल्लबात ते मजेदार तरीके कन्नै सिखाने लेई चैटजीपीटी दा इस्तेमाल करी सकदे ओ। चैटजीपीटी तुरत गल्लबात दे प्रारूपें गी संभाली सकदा ऐ जेह् ड़े मनुक्खें आस्तै बोझिल होङन। इसदा इस्तेमाल यूट्यूब, किताबें बगैरा आस्तै दिलचस्प सामग्री बनाने लेई कीता जाई सकदा ऐ।

सारे सवाल इक बारी च नेईं पुच्छो। होर सटीक जवाब हासल करने लेई चरणबद्ध तरीके कन्नै सवाल पुच्छो। मसाल आस्तै, "एकेरेसिंग दे बारे च इक लेख लिखो, " ते फ्ही फौरन पुच्छने दे बजाय, "तुस एकेरेसिंग दे बारे च केह् जानदे ओ?" ते फिर पुच्छो, "एकेरेसिंग दे बारे च इक लेख लिखो।"

सवाल अंग्रेजी च पुच्छो। चूंकि चैटजीपीटी ने कुसै बी भाशा दे मुकाबले अंग्रेजी च मता डेटा सिक्खेआ ऐ, इसलेई अंग्रेजी च सवाल पुच्छने कन्नै तुंदे जवाबें दी सटीकता च सुधार होग। सवाल दी सामग्री दे आधार उप्पर, सवाल गी अंग्रेजी च पुच्छना ते फिरी जापानी च अनुवाद करना असरदार होई सकदा ऐ।

सवाल उल्टा करो। जेकर सवाल अस्पष्ट ऐ तां चैटजीपीटी अपर्याप्त जवाब देई सकदा ऐ। जेकर तुस कोई खास सवाल नेईं आई सकदे तां तुस एह् आक्खी सकदे ओ जे "कृपया मिगी पुच्छो जेकर मेरे कोल तुंदे सवाल दा बेहतर जवाब देने लेई कोई सुआल ऐ तां " ते चैटजीपीटी तुसेंगी उचित जानकारी आस्तै सवाल गी उल्टा करने लेई आक्खी सकदा ऐ।

चैटजीपीटी गी छवि भेजने दा तरीका। ChatGPT अपने आप छवियां नेईं भेजी सकदा, पर तुस इसगी मार्कडाउन संकेतन दा इस्तेमाल करियै छवि पैदा करने लेई आक्खी सकदे ओ। मसाल आस्तै, "अनस्प्लैश एपीआई दा इस्तेमाल करदे होई, अंग्रेजी कीवर्ड (https://source.unsplash.com/960x640/? <कीवर्ड>) आह् ले URL दा इस्तेमाल करियै इक छवि भेजो, " ChatGPT छवि पैदा करग ते भेजग.

dogri #-4 #4

[mysterioushimachal]

Malling Village, Hangrang: A Hidden Gem in Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh

Malling Dogri Village, situated in the Hangrang tehsil of Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh, is a pristine hamlet that offers a unique blend of natural splendor and cultural richness. Located 107 kilometers from the district headquarters, Reckongpeo, and under the jurisdiction of the sub-district headquarter, Yangthang, Malling Dogri is a hidden gem waiting to be explored. This village, nestled…

[harepare]

ya annem aslinda cok iyi virisi babamda oyle ama bana karsi heo sey modundalar cok sinirlisin cahilsin insanlar sana ne dese sinirlenip laf sokuyosun🦍 HAYİR hayir oyle degil tamam mi gayet sakin ve kibarim ama sizin tavirlariniz beni geriyor cunku hep geri plandaymisim gibi hissettiriyosunuz

[fordito2022]

Ingyenes online magyar dogri fordító webhely az angol szöveg egyszerű lefordításához hindi nyelvre. Egyszerűen és gyorsan lefordíthatja a szavakat, mondatokat és bekezdéseket angolról hindi nyelvre!

[michaelmyersbignaturals]

practicing photography by going outside since you to specialize in wildlife landscapes etc: ❌❌❌

practicing photography by terrorizing your dog: ✅✅✅

[tlumacz2022]

Darmowa strona tłumacz Dogri Polski, aby łatwo przetłumaczyć tekst z języka Dogri na język Polski. Możesz łatwo i szybko tłumaczyć słowa, zdania i akapity z języka Dogri na Polski!

[saliha-biri]

Gülbeyaz nenem dogri dıyir...

[allaazz2024]

Bu gije size iberjek başga zat hakda pikir edip bilmedim, ýöne meniň älemdigimi, galaktikamdaky ýyldyzlaryň, ýer ýüzüne Aýyň, meniň üçin hemme zady aňladýandygyňyzy bilmegiňizi isleýärin. Sensiz hiç zat bolmazdym. Youanyňyzda bolanymda, hemme zat dogry gidýän ýaly duýýaryn, seni nädip söýýändigimi nädip düşündirjegimi bilemok, ýöne seni gaty gowy görýärin, dynç alyşa garaşyp bilemok. Men seni aňymdan çykaryp bilemok. Irden ýylgyryp, oýanmagymyň sebäbi sen, menem saňa şeýle ederin diýip umyt edýärin. Sen meniň bilen bolup geçen iň uly zat.

Balam men seni gaty söyyarin

[rx-aysgl]

choose your anadolu çocuğu

objektif olarak dogri türkopark headcanonları olur gibi

[luna-3-clips]

How to say "I love you" in every language

Ek het jou lief (Afrikaans)

medɔ wo (Akan)

Unë të dua (Albanian)

አፈቅርሃለሁ (āfek’irihalehu) (Amharic)

 أحبك  ('uhibuk) (Arabic)

Ես սիրում եմ քեզ (Yes sirum yem k’ez) (Armenian)

মই আপোনাক ভাল পাওঁ (Assamese)

munsmawa (Aymara)

Mən səni sevirəm (Azerbaijani)

n b'i fɛ (Bambara)

আমি তোমাকে ভালোবাসি (Āmi tōmākē bhālōbāsi) (Bangla)

maite zaitut (Basque)

я цябе кахаю (ja ciabie kachaju) (Belarusian)

हम तोहसे प्यार करेलीं (Bhojpuri)

volim te (Bosnian)

Обичам те (Obicham te) (Bulgarian)

မင်းကိုချစ်တယ် (Burmese)

T'estimo (Catalan)

gihigugma tika (Cebuano)

تۆم خۆش دەوێت (Central Kurdish)

我爱你 (Wǒ ài nǐ) (Chinese (Simplified))

我愛你 (Wǒ ài nǐ) (Chinese (Traditional))

Ti tengu caru (Corsican)

Volim te (Croatian)

Miluji tě (Czech)

Jeg elsker dig (Danish)

އަހަރެން ތިބާ ދެކެ ލޯބިވަން (aharen thibaa dheke loabivan) (Divehi)

में तुगी हिरख करना (Dogri)

Ik houd van jou (Dutch)

I love you (English)

mi amas vin (Esperanto)

Ma armastan sind (Estonian)

Melɔ̃ wò (Ewe)

Mahal kita (Filipino)

Minä rakastan sinua (Finnish)

Je t'aime (French)

Quérote (Galician)

Nkwagala (Ganda)

მიყვარხარ (miq’varkhar) (Georgian)

Ich liebe dich (German)

हांव तुजेर मोग करता (Goan Konkani)

Σ'αγαπώ (S'agapó) (Greek)

Rohayhu (Guarani)

હું તને પ્રેમ કરું છુ (Huṁ tanē prēma karuṁ chu) (Gujarati)

Mwen renmen ou (Haitian Creole)

Ina son ka (Hausa)

Aloha wau iā ʻoe (Hawaiian)

אני אוהב אותך (Hebrew)

मुझे तुमसे प्यार है (mujhe tumase pyaar hai) (Hindi)

kuv hlub koj (Hmong)

Szeretlek (Hungarian)

ég elska þig (Icelandic)

a hụrụ m gị n'anya (Igbo)

Ay-ayaten ka (Iloko)

Aku mencintaimu (Indonesian)

Is breá liom tú (Irish)

Ti amo (Italian)

愛してます (Aishitemasu) (Japanese)

Aku tresna sampeyan (Javanese)

ನಾನು ನಿನ್ನನ್ನು ಪ್ರೀತಿಸುತ್ತೇನೆ (Nānu ninnannu prītisuttēne) (Kannada)

Мен сені жақсы көремін (Men seni jaqsı köremin) (Kazakh)

ខ្ញុំ​ស្រលាញ់​អ្នក (khnhom​ sralanh​ anak) (Khmer)

Ndagukunda (Kinyarwanda)

사랑해요 (salanghaeyo) (Korean)

A lɛk yu (Krio)

Ez hej te dikim (Kurgish)

Мен сени сүйөм (Men seni süyöm) (Kyrgyz)

��້ອຍ​ຮ���ກ​ເຈົ້າ (khony hak chao) (Lao)

Te amo (Latin)

Es mīlu Tevi (Latvian)

Nalingaka yo (Lingala)

Aš tave myliu (Lithuanian)

Ech hunn dech gär (Luxembourgish)

Те сакам (Te sakam) (Macedonian)

हम अहां सँ प्रेम करैत छी (Maithili)

tiako ianao (Malagasy)

saya sayang awak (Malay)

ഞാൻ നിന്നെ സ്നേഹിക്കുന്നു (njaan ninne snehikkunnu) (Malayalam)

inħobbok (Maltese)

ꯑꯩꯅ ꯅꯪꯕꯨ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤ (Manipuri (Meitei Mayek))

Aroha ana ahau ki a koe (Maori)

मी तुझ्यावर प्रेम करतो (Mī tujhyāvara prēma karatō) (Marathi)

Ka hmangaih che (Mizo)

Би чамд хайртай (Bi chamd khairtai) (Mongolian)

म तिमीलाई माया गर्छु (Ma timīlā'ī māyā garchu) (Nepali)

Ke a go rata (Northern Sotho)

Jeg elsker deg (Norwegian)

ndimakukondani (Nyanja)

ମୁଁ ତୁମକୁ ଭଲପାଏ (Odia)

sin jaalladha (Oromo)

زه تا سره مینه لرم (Pashto)

دوستت دارم (Persian)

Kocham cię (Polish)

Eu te amo (Portugese)

ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਪਿਆਰ ਕਰਦਾ ਹਾਂ (Maiṁ tuhānū pi'āra karadā hāṁ) (Punjabi)

Kuyaykim (Quechua)

Te iubesc (Romanian)

Я тебя люблю (YA tebya lyublyu) (Russian)

Oute alofa ia oe (Samoan)

त्वां कामयामि (Sanskrit)

Tha gaol agam ort (Scottish Gaelic)

Волим те (Volim te) (Serbian)

Ndinokuda (Shona)

مان توهان سان پيار ٿو ڪيان (Sindhi)

මම ඔයාට ආදරෙයි (mama oyāṭa ādareyi) (Sinhala)

Ľúbim ťa (Slovak)

Ljubim te (Slovenian)

waan ku jeclahay (Somali)

kea u rata (Southern Sotho)

Te amo (Spanish)

abdi bogoh ka anjeun (Sundanese)

nakupenda (Swahili)

jag älskar dig (Swedish)

Ман туро дӯст медорам (Man turo dūst medoram) (Tajik)

நான் உன்னை காதலிக்கிறேன் (Nāṉ uṉṉai kātalikkiṟēṉ) (Tamil)

мин сине яратам (Tatar)

నేను నిన్ను ప్రేమిస్తున్నాను (Nēnu ninnu prēmistunnānu) (Telugu)

ฉันรักคุณ (C̄hạn rạk khuṇ) (Thai)

የፍቅረኪ እየ (Tigrinya)

Ndza ku rhandza (Tsonga)

Seni seviyorum (Turkish)

men seni söýýärin (Turkmen)

я тебе люблю (ya tebe lyublyu) (Ukrainian)

میں تم سے پیار کرتا ہوں (Urdu)

مەن سىزنى ياخشى كۆرىمەن (Uyghur)

Men sizni sevaman (Uzbek)

Anh Yêu Em (Viatnamese)

Rwy'n dy garu di (Welsh)

Ik hâld fan dy (Western Frisian)

Ndiyakuthanda (Xhosa)

איך האב דיר ליב (ikh hab dir lib) (Yiddish)

mo nifẹ rẹ (Yoruba)

Ngiyakuthanda (Zulu)

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That's 133 different languages to say 'I love you' in. All translations were by Google Translate

That's all, have a good day/night!

[aubreyxd]

hello in every language

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Countries that are no more: Sikh Empire (1799-1849)

Though short lived, this empire was notable for a few reasons. First, it was the last major bastion of native rule on the Indian Subcontinent before a century of unchecked British rule which had already been gradually expanding over the preceding century. Secondly, it was diverse & tolerant in its ethnic and religious composition, not just in the general populace but more uniquely in its administration. Finally, it was notable for the religion of its leaders, perhaps the only time in history where Sikhs reigned atop an empire. This is the Sikh Empire.

Name: In English, the empire is known as the Sikh Empire. In Persian this was translated as Sarkār-i-Khālsa or the Khālasā Rāj in Punjabi. These languages were important administratively within the empire. Essentially to mean empire or kingdom of the Sikhs. Khalsa is a Punjabi term for the Sikh community more broadly and specifically means "pure" as in one professes to follow the Sikh faith and has undergone the Amrit ritual ceremony of initiation, specifically baptism.

Language: The Sikh Empire was notable for its many languages. Persian was its administrative language at court. Persian had been the language of diplomacy, administrative and the high arts from the Middle East to the Indian Subcontinent for centuries in part due to the spread of Islam to India. It was the court language of the greatest Islamic polity in the history of India, the Mughal Empire (1526-1857). Other languages which in the empire included Indo-Aryan languages such as Punjabi which was the dynastic native tongue of the ruling family and various Punjabi dialects which made up the lingua franca of the core territory of the empire. Kashmiri and Dogri were spoken in some parts as well, also Pashto (Pashtun) also known as Afghani. There were numerous others which also took place in its territory in modern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Territory: At its peak, the empire held roughly 200,000 sq miles of territory. The territory was centered in the Punjab region of modern Northwestern India and Eastern Pakistan. It covered territory in the modern states of India, Pakistan, the Afghanistan & Pakistan border and even small parts of Western Tibet in modern China.

Symbols & Mottos: The motto of the empire was ਅਕਾਲ ਸਹਾਇ Akāl Sahāi which is Punjabi for "With God's Grace" and its anthem was ਦੇਗ ਤੇਗ ਫ਼ਤਿਹ Dēġ Tēġ Fatih Punjabi for "Victory to Charity and Arms." The also used a triangled flag called the Nishan Sahib. This flag was used by Sikhs prior to the 1799 establishment of the empire and continued to have use after its 1849 disestablishment. It is usually depicted as an orange inner field with a green outer field with golden trim and patterns both on the green outer field and orange inner field. There were also individual flags for various Sikh, Hindu and Muslim regiments within the army as well. The Muslim ones often sharing similarity with the modern Pakistan flag.

Religion: Sikhism was the dynastic religion and religion of roughly 6-12 percent of the overall population. 50-80 percent of the populace was Muslim and 10-40 percent Hindu. There were also smaller populations of Christians and Jews as well. Religious tolerance was practiced as a matter of policy throughout the empire. Sikhs certainly benefitted from a ruling dynasty that was of their community however with larger populations of Muslims and Hindus among their territory, policies of accommodation and tolerance were practiced to other faiths as well. Likewise Indian and European Christians could practice their faith and rise to important military and government positions and even some Jews featured in the military as well. Promotion within the military and government more broadly had less to do with religion, ethnicity or geographic origin than with merit and personal loyalty.

Currency: The currency of the empire was called Nanak Shahi Sikee, these were metal coins usually of silver composition.

Population: The population was estimated to be roughly 12 million people at its peak in in the late 1830s and early 1840s.

Government: The government could be characterized as a federal monarchy with a later adoption of elements of absolute monarchy. Its origins lie in the Sikh community which started in the Punjab region of the Indian Subcontinent. This region consists of modern Pakistan (mostly) and some of India (remaining portion). It spans the five major rivers west to east (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi & Sutlej). Sikhism had its origins and greatest core in the Punjab region among Punjabis. Though it is a relatively young religion by comparison to Hinduism and Islam, elements of overlap and interaction with both of these older faiths have influenced it. Nonetheless, Sikhs faced alternating periods of tolerance and persecution throughout the Mughal Empire and many Sikhs hid in jungles near the Himalayan foothills as refuge from the Muslim Mughals and various local Hindu hill tribal chiefs who persecuted them.

In response to this persecution from their neighbors, Sikhs formed militias to protect their religion community, these militias were called jathas and in turn these formed into a larger Dal Khalsa (Sikh army) circa 1735-1738. in 1748 at Amritsar, India, the most holy city for Sikhs in 1748 these militias were reorganized into a misl which is an Arabic term for equal. These misls became known as the Sikh Confederacy or Misl period (1748-1799). There were twelve sovereign Sikh misls formed and later a Muslim ruled misl which created a federation or confederacy united by Sikhism to preserve and protect their religious faith. There was uneven strength between the misls and some tried to expand at the expense of others, but they still formed a common defense of their community and even held biannual legislative meetings in Amritsar to address matters of the community.

The Mughal Empire suffered major decline in the 18th century following the death of its emperor Aurangzeb in 1707. The combination of a ruined economy from expensive wars, decentralization of power and the expanse of the Hindu oriented Maratha Empire (1674-1818) from the Western Deccan Plateau all contributed to its decline and creation of a power vacuum in parts of India, including the Punjab. To make matters worse, Nader Shah, the Shah of Persia invaded the Mughal Empire in 1739 and sacked the Mughal capital at Delhi. The plundering of riches from the Mughal capital was so great that Persia experienced three years exempt from all internal taxes. In this context the already persecuted Sikhs sought greater mutual defense, though their political autonomy remained relative to their respective misl. Despite the occasion inter-fighting with each other. Other problems came from the Afghan Durrani Empire which grew in the wake of Nader Shah's passing in Iran. The Durrani Empire would expand into Northern India including the Punjab and make the Mughals their vassals especially after defeating the Maratha Empire in 1761 at the Third Battle of Panipat. The Afghans would battle the Sikh Misls many times which aimed to defend themselves in the power vacuum from the Mughal decline.

The founder of the Sikh Empire proper, who united all the thirteen misls was a man named Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) who was of Jat-Punjabi ethnic origin and specifically Jat Sikh ethnoreligious families. His father Maja Singh and grandfather Charat Singh were the founders and chiefs of the Sukerchakia Misl. Ranjit was afflicted with smallpox as a child and left him blind in his left eye and scarred on his body, features which were noted by observers from Europe later in life.

Ranjit's father died when he was 12 and he took over chiefdom of the Sukerchakia Misl which was among the five most power Sikh misls. Through marriage Ranjit had alliances with two of the other top five misls. The Kasur misl near the major city and traditional capital of the Punjab of Lahore was controlled by a Muslim who assisted the Afghans in their invasions of India. Ranjit Singh defeated an Afghan invasion in 1797 in battle. In 1798 another Afghan army was checked by Ranjit Singh through scorched earth tactics.

in 1799 Ranjit Singh took Lahore using a combined 50,000 strong army made from his misl and that of his mother-in-law. This was traditionally dated as the founding of the Sikh Empire as Lahore would serve as its capital but Ranjit Singh would be formally vested as the Maharaja (King) of the Punjab in 1801.

Ranjit Singh held many titles, but the principal ones were Maharaja of the Punjab and Sarkar Khalsaji (Head of the Khalsa) which showed his titular leader status over the Sikh army and other misls. His authority was both geographic in nature and communal-religious in nature (to a degree).

Ranjit Singh would rule and expand the Sikh Empire until his death in 1839. The empire would survive roughly a decade after his demise.

Ranjit Singh was tolerant towards background in his governance and believed in merit and loyalty above all else. He hired Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus and Christians into his military and civil administration. These could also be Indians and Europeans with some French, Italian, Spanish, Russian & German officers taking leadership within his military. Even a few American adventurers such as Josiah Harlan and Alexander Gardner found work within Ranjit Singh's empire. The former Harlan (born to Quakers in Pennsylvania) taking on a governorship and the latter Gardner who was said to be born to a Scottish or Irish (possibly Scots-Irish) fur trader in modern day Wisconsin and had travelled to Central Asia dressed in a turban decked in Scottish tartan pattern joined the Sikh Empire's military where he served as a colonel and commanded the artillery. Ranjit refrained from hiring British officers joining his ranks but still communicated with the British East India Company which was Britain's state sponsored corporation bent on controlling India for its geostrategic and economic benefits. He relented slightly after 1835 and hired some British into his ranks.

Ranjit was secular and tolerant in his rule overall but personally followed Sikhism, he restored Sikh Gurdwaras (temples) and also prayed with Hindus in their own temples and upheld the Hindu sacred protection of cows and prevented their slaughter under punishment by death. Likewise, he had standing orders that his army was never to loot or molest civilians especially when conquering new territory and to not destroy houses of worship. All discipline was to be strictly enforced under his order. Observers noted that Ranjit would increase the salary of those who didn't engage in corruption and slice the nose off of those who were said to misbehave or act corruptly in his administration of state affairs. The mutilation was not only physical discipline but a psychological scar to deter bad behavior and forever mark one as untrustworthy.

The above is the consensus of most accounts, there are some Muslim accounts from the mid-19th century which portray Ranjit's reign as despotic and biased towards Kashmiri Muslims. The overall picture is one of a complex individual but generally agreed upon to be tough and strict at times but also overall pragmatic and not willing to let religious or national background create a personal bias towards their utilization in his administration.

After Ranjit's death the rules of succession weren't clearly established and in quick succession his son, grandson and subsequently two other sons ruled in his wake with his son Duleep Singh reigning the longest from 1843-1849. Duleep would later live in exile in Europe following defeat his by the British.

Military: The Sikh Khalsa Army at its peak in 1839 was roughly 125,000 men strong and it had infantry, cavalry and artillery components. Its origins lied in the Sikh jathas of the late 17th and early 18th centuries which passed onto the Sikh Misl (Confederacy) period of the later 18th century. These were typically cavalry based and engaged in hit and run tactics against the Mughals, Maratha and Afghans. Later Ranjit would modernize the Sikh army along European principles utilizing European and American recruited officers and by purchasing and developing modern weapons.

The military were given performance standards for logistics of troop deployment, maneuver and marksmanship. Likewise, the army was divided into three segments of elite troops, regulars and irregulars. Each with its own infantry, cavalry and artillery component. Even European style medals and awards for merit could be issued, including the Order of Merit with Ranjit's portrait featured on the medal.

Ultimately, the empire's military was a synthesis of modern (19th century) Western organization, discipline and technology with the original Indian cavalry hit and tactics and methods of its Sikh jatha forebearers.

Its infantry composition was not just Western officers and Sikhs of the Punjab for originally Sikhs looked down upon the infantry and so Afghans, Dogras and Nepali Gurkhas among others filled the infantry ranks. In time Punjabi Sikhs joined its ranks too. It reached over 50,000 in strength.

The cavalry reached a strength of 10,000 strong and consisted of Sikhs mainly, given their traditional use of cavalry dating back to jatha and misl eras preceding the 19th century.

The artillery was made up of 5,000 gunners at its peak with heavy cannons pulled by elephants, medium cannon pulled by oxen, light cannon pulled by horses and some mixed guns pulled by camels.

The traditional enemies of the empire in war consisted of the Afghans who presented its greatest threat from the West, the Sikhs pushed the Afghans from the Punjab and pressed into Afghanistan itself before being checked at the border, this demarcated the empire's western limit.

Other enemies included the Kingdom of Nepal which the Sikhs defeated. The Sikh Empire and its vassal the Dogra Rajput also fought against the Chinese Qing Empire and its vassal Tibet which resulted into a military stalemate but saw brief occupation of parts of Western Tibet in the early 1840s.

Its terminal enemy was the British East India Company which would face and defeat the Sikh Empire in two wars (1845-1846 and 1848-1849). The second war would lead to the British annexation of the Punjab and formal cessation of the Sikh Empire.

Lifespan: The empire's origins date back to the 18th century formation of the Sikh Misls within the Punjab and its gradual union under Ranjit Singh. Formally dated to start his 1799 capture of Lahore. In 1801 Ranjit was formally coronated as Maharaja of the Punjab.

Over the next several decades the empire would expand in several directions with the gradual defeat of the Afghans and Marathas who warred in the vicinity of the Punjab.

1809 saw Ranjit Singh sign a treaty of friendship with the British East India Company (EIC). This treaty requested Sikh help against the French should they attack EIC possessions elsewhere in India. Also, the Sikhs were not to pursue conquest south of the Sutlej River which acted as a border between Sikh and British spheres of influence. In reality this bought Ranjit time to focus on expanding against the Afghans in Punjab and Kashmir.

The empire expanded well into the fall reaches beyond Kashmir and Jammu and gained vassals in the Ladakh region. Likewise, the Sikhs would go onto fight the Nepalese (Gurkhas) and check their advance towards Kashmir.

The empire's lifespan very much mirrored with its founder Ranjit Singh's. Ranjit Singh had unified the Sikh Misls of the Punjab through alliance and conquest, and he driven out the Afghan invaders and expanded the Sikh polity he created to vast territories with tributary states of its own. He also gained riches from conquest, meritorious tax collections and trade agreements. Financed religious temple constructions of various faiths and modernized the military. Yet while his empire was on the surface strong, it was to peak with his demise in 1839. His health had declined in the 1830s due to a stroke and alcoholism as noted by many observers. He was said to treat his chronic pain with alcohol and opium though conversely, he refused to eat beef or smoke and was somewhat health conscious. Ultimately it was said he died of a combination of stroke and his failing liver due to his excessive alcohol consumption. He was cremated and four of his Hindu wives are said to have committed sati (ritualistic devotional suicide of widows by casting oneself onto the husband's burning funeral pyre) in a final act of martial devotion to their departed spouse.

In Ranjit Singh's wake, his sons and grandsons found themselves competing for succession, their were deep internal divisions and who to support and in quick order a son, grandson and two more sons of Ranjit took control with the youngest son Duleep Singh taking "control" at age five in 1843 and he would nominally reign for six years. He had a regency under his mother Jind Kaur for the years of his rule.

Following Ranjit's death, the internal division over support of his successors along with the ruling elite of the army which saw itself as the true extension of state and religion was convinced to go to war with the British in 1845-46. The Sikh administrators were said by the British to undermine the plurality and tolerance under Ranjit Singh towards other religions pushing for a Sikh supremacy in all matters. In response, the British began building a military presence along the Sutlej River, viewed as a provocation by the Sikhs. The British stated it was defensive in nature given what they saw as increasing chaos in the Sikh Empire. However, the Sikhs contend it was intended as offensive in nature to goad the empire into war. Whatever the varied causes war began in late 1845 and concluded with British victory in 1846. The result was the partial subjugation of the Sikh Empire with some territory and monies being ceded to the British. Also, separately Kashmir would be sold the to the princely state of Jammu (under British sponsorship).

Tensions between both the Sikhs and British remained which culminated in a second war in 1848-49 and saw the Sikhs fight valiantly but once more defeated. In April 1849 at Lahore, the British annexed the Punjab up to the fortress of Peshawar, gateway to the Khyber Pass towards Afghanistan. The British East India Company turned the Sikh Empire into the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province regions in modern Pakistan and India.

The British were impressed with the military prowess of the Sikhs, in part due to the religious devotion of its troops and in part due to the modernization efforts of Ranjit Singh and his able commanders. The conquest of the Sikh Empire served as the removal of last major obstacle to British rule over the whole of India. Recognizing the prowess of Sikh troops, the British were quick to incorporate them into the British Indian Army. A role they would play from the 1850s including during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 until World War II and the eventual granting of independence to India and Pakistan.

Duleep Singh was brought up in exile in Europe following the British annexation of the Sikh Empire, his teenage years spent in Scotland. He would go onto have family there and the Crown Jewels of the UK now in possession of the British Royal Family would incorporate some of its jewels taken from the Sikh Empire's Duleep Singh. Queen Victoria received the Koh-i-noor diamond which is set in the Queen Mother's crown to this day. The diamond dates back to the Mughal Empire and changed hands with the Persian looting of Delhi to Nader Shah before ending up in the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan and then the Sikh Empire under Ranjit Singh and finally with the British as a gift to Queen Victoria as it was formally surrendered to the EIC and then gifted to the queen. The modern governments of India, Pakistan Afghanistan (including the Taliban) and Iran have all demanded its return to them respectively, a demand which Britain's government has rejected. In 2018, India's Supreme Court & the Archeological Survey of India supported Britain's legal claim, stating the Treaty of Lahore in 1849 secured it through voluntary surrender, stating it was neither stolen nor taken by force, so it remains with the British Crown despite ongoing controversy.

Though the Sikh Empire lasted only half a century for the reasons outlined above, it is a polity worthy of study. First and foremost, its historical place in India as the last major bastion of independent native resistance before total British rule has endeared it to some Indian and Pakistani nationalists and international anticolonial narratives. The British recognized through its occasional defeats in battle at the hands of the Sikhs that they were a force to be reckoned with. Both sides earned a begrudging martial respect for the other following the two wars they fought. The British were keen to utilize the Sikhs for their own military, for which they served over the next century in many campaigns worldwide. Outside from its place in narratives of native resistance to colonial rule and its well-founded military prowess. The empire is relatively unique for its synthesis of administrative help from both within India and the West. Much of this can be chalked up to Ranjit Singh's personally pragmatic and disciplined approach to governance. Quite simply put Ranjit Singh wanted what he thought were the most qualified leaders regardless of ethnic or cultural background. Their merit as modernizers and reformers coupled with personal loyalty were prized above religious or ethnic affinity. Finally, the Sikh Empire is noteworthy simply for being to date the only Sikh run imperial polity in world history. Though it was the successor of the Sikh Misls which had a unified common defense, these misls were essentially politically independent in their own right rather than a singular polity. The Sikh Empire is the only time in history that a ruling dynasty over a vast territorial expanse came from practitioners of that religion and it was supported by an army and administration centered around that faith as well.

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