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dorleco · 11 months ago

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Understanding Automotive E/E Systems

August 6, 2024

by dorleco

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Control Systems

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Introduction

Car E/E (Electrical/Electronic) systems are important for everyone interested in the modern car industry to comprehend. Modern cars cannot work well without Understanding Automotive E/E Systems, which offer functionality, safety, and comfort. Below is a summary of these systems’ primary components:

1. Automotive E/E Systems Definition:

Automotive E/E systems are complex systems of electrical and electronic components that control various functions within a car. These systems consist of wires, sensors, controllers, and communication protocols.

2. Components of Automotive E/E Systems:

Sensors: These devices collect data from numerous car parts, such as temperature, pressure, and speed, among many others.

Vehicle control units (VCUs), commonly referred to as controllers, are devices that process sensor data and regulate various vehicle systems, such as the brakes, engine, gearbox, and others.

Wiring and Harnesses: The various parts of the E/E system are connected by wiring. Wiring harnesses are arranged bundles of wires that facilitate more efficient power distribution and data transmission.

Protocols for Communication: Various ECUs must be able to communicate with one another. Numerous communication protocols, including Flex Ray, LIN, and CAN (Controller Area Network), are used to achieve this.

3. Automotive E/E Systems’ Functions:

Power Distribution: Electrical and electronic systems ensure that power is allocated to every part of the car efficiently.

Safety Systems: Several modern automobile safety features are E/E-controlled, including airbags, stability control, and ABS (Anti-lock Braking System).

Infotainment: Standard information and entertainment systems are installed in most modern cars.

Engine Management: E/E systems control engine performance and emissions.

Climate Control: Systems for controlling temperature and climate are managed by E/E components. GPS and other navigation-related technologies are part of the E/E network. Headlights, taillights, and turn signals are all operated by electronic controls.

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS): Like adaptive cruise control and lane-keeping assist, ADAS primarily rely on electrical and electronic components.

4. Difficulties with Automobile E/E Systems

Complexity: Because of their vast network of sensors and ECUs, modern cars are difficult to design and troubleshoot.

Safety and Reliability: To prevent accidents, automotive E/E systems need to be extremely reliable and safe.

Integration: Ensuring that each component works together as a whole can be challenging.

Cyber security: To stop hackers and unauthorized access, cyber security is crucial as cars grow more networked.

5. Trends and Upcoming Events:

Electrification: Major modifications to E/E design will be required when the automotive industry transitions to electric vehicles.

Advanced electrical and electronic technologies are necessary for the development of autonomous vehicles.

Connectedness: Features like over-the-air upgrades and remote diagnostics are now feasible due to growing car connectedness to the internet and other vehicles.

AI and Machine Learning: To carry out functions like ADAS object detection, E/E systems are using AI and machine learning more and more.

Understanding Automotive E/E Systems Has Its Advantages

A deep comprehension of the electrical and electronic systems in cars is crucial for a variety of automotive industry players, such as mechanics, engineers, and hobbyists. The following are some of the main benefits:

1. Improved Troubleshooting and Problem-Solving:

A deep understanding of E/E systems makes engineers and technicians better able to recognize issues and offer solutions. They can locate the root causes of problems, which leads to speedier repairs and less downtime for vehicles.

2. Enhanced dependability and safety:

Expertise in E/E systems enables the design and maintenance of safer and more reliable cars. Understanding safety-critical components and their operation is essential to preventing accidents and ensuring the dependability of safety systems like airbags and ABS.

3. Enhanced Fuel Efficiency and Performance:

Engineers with a solid understanding of engine management and electrical control systems can optimize vehicle performance and increase fuel efficiency. This will not only help you meet environmental limits but also improve your entire driving pleasure.

4. Permitting Customization of Vehicles:

Car enthusiasts who are familiar with E/E systems can add or modify electronic components. This allows for enhanced performance and personalized features.

5. Troubleshooting Contemporary Automobiles:

As cars become more and more dependent on electronic control, troubleshooting and correcting issues with sensors, software, and communication protocols require an understanding of electrical and electronic systems.

6. Flexibility in Response to Technological Developments:

With the introduction of new features and technologies into cars, the automotive industry is continually evolving. If someone has a solid understanding of E/E systems, they can adapt to these changes and continue to be productive in their area.

7. Enhanced Fuel Efficiency and Performance:

Engineers with knowledge of engine management and electrical control systems can optimize fuel efficiency and modify vehicle performance. This will not only help you meet environmental limits but also improve your entire driving pleasure.

8. Development and Innovation:

9. Rules and Compliance:

The most recent regulations and norms about E/E systems must be kept up to date by suppliers and automakers. Complying with safety and pollution regulations is made easier with a firm understanding of the underlying technologies.

Disadvantages of Knowing Automotive E/E Systems

While understanding Automotive Electrical/Electronic (E/E) Systems has various benefits, depending on your role and perspective, it’s also critical to be aware of any potential drawbacks or challenges. Some disadvantages or challenges associated with understanding automotive E/E systems are as follows:

1. Intricacy:

Automotive E/E systems are becoming increasingly complex due to the integration of advanced technologies like as electric powertrains, ADAS, and connectivity features. These complex systems can be hard to grasp, and it may require extensive training and knowledge.

2. Ongoing Education:

3. Technical Knowledge and Proficiency Needed:

Generally speaking, a full understanding of E/E systems requires a certain level of technical expertise. This could be a hurdle for people who don’t have a background in electronics or engineering.

4. Misuse Potential:

When misused, E/E system knowledge can be exploited to hack or tamper with automobile electronics, endangering driving safety and resulting in legal issues.

5. Reliance on specialized instruments:

It is usually necessary to use specialist diagnostic tools and equipment for accurate E/E system diagnosis and repair. Because these materials and equipment are expensive, not all professionals or car owners may have easy access to them.

6. Restricted Ability to Transfer Skills:

Due to variations in system architecture and software, knowledge of E/E systems in one automotive model or brand may not transfer straight to other models or brands.

7. Overwhelming Diagnostics:

The abundance of error codes and system diagnostics found in modern cars can occasionally lead to information overload and make it challenging to pinpoint the exact source of an issue.

Conclusion:

In the contemporary automotive business, comprehending automotive electrical/electronic (E/E) systems is essential and fundamental. Engineers, technicians, enthusiasts, and consumers can benefit from a multitude of benefits, including efficient diagnostics, customization, and access to cutting-edge technologies, in addition to greater safety, improved fuel efficiency, and upgraded driving experiences. These benefits contribute to the overall growth and progress of the automotive sector.

Understanding E/E systems might present certain difficulties and drawbacks, such as complexity, the need for lifelong learning, and cyber security issues, but they can frequently be resolved with the right instruction, ethical thinking, and continued professional growth.

To sum up, electronic and electrical systems have evolved into the core of modern automobiles, influencing how we travel, drive, and engage with our vehicles. Maintaining a leading position in the automotive industry, guaranteeing the dependability and safety of cars, and opening up new avenues for the development of mobility in the future all depend on having a firm grasp of E/E systems. Your understanding of E/E systems is an invaluable skill that can result in safer, more effective, and more pleasurable driving experiences, regardless of your level of expertise with automobiles.

#autonomousvehicle #E/ESystem #vcu #EVSoftware #evCODE #ADASCode #VCUSupplier #VCUManufacturer

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babyawacs · 4 years ago

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lumendaylight · 5 years ago

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Frågor om xenon

KörljusBilen måste ha två lyktor framför som ger vitt eller gult körljus. Följande kan användas som körljus: Halvljus, halvljus med reducerad spänning, speciellt godkända lampor eller lampor för kurv-/dimljus. I den här artikeln kommer vi att titta närmare på xenon och vanliga frågor om xenon och svara på dessa frågor och osäkerheter som många ofta har när det gäller detta.

Funderingar och frågor om xenon:

Varför uppgradera helljuset till xenon?

Att uppgradera helljuset till xenon vill ge dig mer ljus än två stora halogen extraljus. Att uppgradera extraljus till xenon, till ex. 75w vill ge dig en otrolig bra uppgradering av dina extraljus.

4300k, 6000k och 8000k vad betyder detta?

Detta indikerar färgen på ljuset från lamporna. 4300k är krämvit och är också färgen som levereras på alla bilar originalt, den är väldigt anonym i trafiken och kan ibland förväxlas med halogen på färgen. 6000k är vitt ljus med lite blå färg, det är den färg de flesta väljer och som ger det bästa resultat. 8000k är väldigt blåaktig och är bra för showbilar och dig som verkligen vill ha xenon look, nackdelen med 8000k är att den ger ca 20% svagare ljus än 6000k. Läs mer om detta och se en demonstration i vår Kelvinguide.

Vilket xenonsystem ska jag välja?

ProSystem vs ESystem.Lumen ProSystem är vår toppmodell, här får du överlägsen kvalitet med digitala ballaster som fungerar på nyare bilar med canbus. ProSystem har längre livslängd än vanliga xenonkit. Välj ProSystem om du behöver kvalitet av produktet du handlar eller har en nyare bil med lampkontroll. Vi garanterar för feilfri canbus funktion på ProSystem. ESystem är en prisvärt variant av xenon utan digitala ballaster och kommer inte fungera på några nyare bilar även med wirefiks eller annan medicin. Detta är ett bra xenonsystem om du har en gammal bil du vill ha xenon på.

Vad är E-märkning?

För att kiten ska vara lagliga på den norska marknaden måste kiten vara E-märkta. Många xenonkit är inte E-märkta eller lagliga att montera. E-märkning är viktigt för att skydda mot billig elektronik och brandrisk. Våra kit är naturligtvis E-märkta.

Vilken typ av garantier ingår?

Kiten har 1 års garanti eller 2 års utökad garanti. Skulle du till exempel ha otur och en glödlampa pajar innan det har gått ett år, får du en ny glödlampa omedelbart. ProSystem garanterar också att xenonkitet fungerar korrekt på din bil. Pengarna ska återbetalas om tekniska problem uppstår under eller omedelbart efter montering.

Hur lång tid tar monteringen?

Det beror lite på biltypen. Om lamporna är lätta att komma åt tar installationen cirka 20 minuter.

Kan jag installera kitet själv?

Våra kit är "plug-and-play" på de flesta bilar. Endast ett fåtal bilar behöver små ändringar som du enkelt kan göra själv. Du får en användarmanual som visar hur du enkelt installerar ett kit.

Kan jag byta till vanliga halogenlampor om det behövs?

Våra kit kan tas bort helt om så önskas utan spår eftersom du inte modifierar det originella ledningsnätet när du installerar. Kitet kan också överföras till en annan bil med samma lampa.

Vad är BiXenon?

Bi kommer av latin och betyder två. Om du har Bixenon har du två xenonsystem, ett på helljus och ett på halvljus. På H4-2 kitet är Bixenon i ett och samma system.

Är dessa eftermonteringskit godkända för användning på väg?

Ja. Men ett krav är lampspolare och automatiska höjdjusterbara reflektorer för att inte blända motgående bilar om din bil är tungt lastad. Lamporna bör också vara godkända för xenon. Men med strålkastarna korrekt justerade kommer du inte att blända någon bara kom ihåg att justera strålkastarna om du är tungt belastad.

Varför kan jag inte bara köpa lampan och montera den?

En vanlig bil har ett 12-voltssystem och en xenonlampa behöver 23 000 V för att kunna fungera. Ballasten du får i kitet ökar spänningen när lamporna tänds till 23000v och stabiliserar vid 85v när lamporna är tända.

Fördelar med xenonLängre liv; En xenonlampa har ett gjennomsnittsliv på 2500 timmar, så 3-5 gånger längre livslängd än den traditionella halogenlampan. Xenonlamporna har inte heller glödtråd som en halogenlampa och tar inte skada av ojämna vägar som halogenlampan gör.

Mer ljus; En 35watt Xenonlampa producerar tre gånger mer lumen jämfört med en 55watt halogenlampa. Tre gånger starkare ljus. Ljuset reflekterar skyltar och vägmarkeringar otroligt mycket bättre än halogen.

Vitare ljus; Halogen producerar ett gulaktigt ljus medan Xenonljus producerar blått-vitt ljus som är närmare naturligt dagsljus.

Mindre värme; Xenonlampor använder mindre elektricitet (35w) än konventionella halogenlampor (55w) och utvecklar också mindre värme.

Bilen kommer inte bara att ha det säkraste och bästa ljuset tillgängligt utan också vara snyggare och se nyare ut än tidigare. Xenonljus är dyrt extrautrustning som ofta bara levereras på de senaste och dyraste bilmodellerna. Låt dig inte luras av xenonlook glödlampan, den är inte xenonljus och kan inte jämföras med den verkliga produkten.

Körljus

Bilen måste ha två lyktor framför som ger vitt eller gult körljus. Följande kan användas som körljus: Halvljus, halvljus med reducerad spänning, speciellt godkända lampor eller lampor för kurv-/dimljus.

Halvljus

Högst 2 halvljus tillåts. Dessa bör inte lysa ljusare än 0,7 lux i en höjd av 1,10 meter, mätt 25 meter framför lyktan.Användning av halvljus i kombination med helljus är tillåtet.Användning av halvljus i kombination med dimljus är inte tillåtet.

Dimljus

Det är inte tillåtet att ha mer än 2 dimljus.Användning av dimljus i kombination med halvljus är inte tillåtet.Det är tillåtet att använda dimljus som körljus i stället för halvljus.I princip är det inte tillåtet att använda dimljus i kombination med helljus. Undantaget är låghastighets kurvkörning (10-20 km / h).

Parkeringsljus

Endast två parkeringsljus är tillåtna på bilen. Därför är det inte tillåtet att använda parkeringsljus i eftermonterade strålkastare om de vanliga parkeringsljusen tänds samtidigt.Parkeringsljus ska alltid tändas i kombination med halvljus, dimljus, helljus och bakljus.

Eftermonterade bromsljus

Bakmonterade bromsbelysning, även av högtsittande typen, bör tändas kontinuerligt vid aktivering. Eftermonterade bromsljus som blinkar eller på annat sätt är lämpliga för att störa andra trafikanter är inte tillåtna.

Godkända lyktor

Kom ihåg att all laglig belysningsutrustning måste vara märkt "E" eller "e", dvs godkänd i enlighet med Art. ECE eller EEG.

#Körljus #Dimljus #BiXenon

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updatedc-blog · 7 years ago

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dorleco · 10 months ago

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(E/E) EV System Integration

September 3, 2024

by dorleco

with no comment

eMOBILITY CONTROLS

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Introduction

The fast adoption of electric cars (EVs) is causing a seismic shift in the global automotive surroundings. Electrification is being embraced by governments and industry globally as a means of reducing transportation’s negative environmental effects and decreasing dependency on fossil fuels. EV System Integration is one of the most important and challenging aspects of this shift as EVs become more common. The performance, credibility, and efficiency of an electric car depend on the seamless integration of its numerous parts, which range from software and charging infrastructure to battery systems and power electronics.

This blog explores the future of this developing field as well as the significance of EV System Integration for electric vehicles and the essential elements that go into it.

EV System Integration is divided into three main Components:

1. High Voltage Components

2. Low Voltage Components

3. Multiple CAN Networks

High Voltage Components

High-voltage components are found in both hybrid and all-electric vehicles. High-voltage components are directly connected to the power battery in pure electric vehicles.

Battery packs or fuel cells, battery management systems (BMS), electric motors, motor control units (MCU), power distribution units (PDU), electric air conditioning compressors, DC/DC converters, on-board chargers (OBC), EV chargers, charging outlets, PTC heaters, and high-voltage wiring harnesses are some of the most common examples of high-voltage component.

Battery Management System (BMS): Also known as the battery controller, the BMS is the essential component of battery management and protection. Its duties include monitoring the charging and draining of battery packs, assuring the safe and dependable usage of EV batteries, and providing the vehicle control unit (VCU) with basic parameter and fault diagnosis data.

Currently, the normal working voltage of electric car battery systems is between 200 and 600 volts. Additionally, its output current is 500A. EV driving range is directly impacted by battery capacity, which also influences charging time and efficiency.

Lithium-ion batteries currently rule the global market. Since lithium-ion battery technology is limited at this time, most electric automobiles employ them. Meanwhile, high-voltage electric vehicle systems use shielding design to lessen electromagnetic radiation produced by high-voltage components.

A motor controller is a device that controls the flow of energy from the battery to the drive motor. Vehicle advance (motor revolving in a forward direction), vehicle reverse (motor rotating in the opposite direction), DC/AC conversion, and other operations are among its primary duties. It achieves effective control to operate the motor by converting high voltage direct current to alternating current and interacting with other modules of the electric car through signals.

3. Power Distribution Unit (PDU): A PDU distributes high-voltage electricity throughout the vehicle in a manner akin to that of an electrical fuse box in a low-voltage circuit system.

High-voltage electrical equipment, including motor controllers, drive motors, electric air conditioner compressors, PTC heaters, and DC-DC converters, are powered by high-voltage battery distribution. A high-voltage charging current is distributed to the battery pack simultaneously from the AC or DC charging connector to charge it.

Certain DC/DCs convert high voltage to high voltage to support three things: 1) fast charging, 2) connection to standard charging stations, 3) BMS dependability.

Modern e-compressor technology is developing at a rapid pace, leading to the development of innovative, highly efficient heat pumps that are used to warm car interiors.

Low Voltage Components:

Low-voltage parts of an electric vehicle (EV) run independently of the high-voltage battery system that powers the electric motor, often on a 12V or 48V electrical system. These low-voltage parts are necessary for the car’s different support systems. The primary low-voltage parts of an EV are as follows:

1. 12V Battery

provides power to low-voltage electronics, such as lighting, control, and entertainment systems. Function: Supplies power to these components even when the high-voltage system is off by acting as a buffer.

2. Lighting System

Headlights, tail lights, and interior lights operate on a 12V electrical system and provide interior comfort and driving illumination.

3. Information Display System

Contains GPS, radios, touchscreens, and other multimedia interfaces for its intended use. Function: It manages user interactions and media entertainment and is powered by low-voltage technology.

4. Controls for HVAC Systems

HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) controls and displays perform this role.

Function: Controls the temperature within the cabin using low-voltage electronics, even if the high-voltage system may still be used to power the compressor.

5. Braking and Power Steering Assistance

Its function is to supply power assistance for braking and steering. Function: To ensure ease of handling, low-voltage electric motors are used to increase the driver’s input effort.

6. Cooling Fans and Pumps

Its purpose is to control the cooling of a few low-power parts, such as auxiliary systems and some electronics. Function: Low voltage power source keeps systems within operating temperature ranges.

7. Power Windows, Wiper Motors, and Additional Comfort Systems

Manage vital car components including the wipers, seats, and windows. Function: Low voltage power supply ensures safe and convenient operation.

8. Instrument Cluster and Dashboard Displays

Function: Offers car data such as range, battery level, speed, and navigation. Function: Provides the driver with real-time data by running on low-voltage electricity.

9. Vehicle Control Unit (VCU):

The Vehicle Control Unit, also known as the “brain” of an electric vehicle (EV), functions as the main controller. It is essential to make sure that the electric powertrain, battery management system (BMS), and power electronics, among other various EV subsystems, all function as a unit. The vehicle’s central processing unit (VCU) gathers, processes, and transmits commands to different actuators to control operations including energy regeneration, braking, acceleration, and battery management.

Multiple CAN Networks

Multiple Controller Area Network (CAN) buses are frequently utilized in contemporary electric cars (EVs) to handle the intricate communication requirements between different Vehicle control units (VCUs) and other components. For dependable, real-time communication between the many systems in the car, CAN networks are essential. CAN networks are designed to handle specific duties for each other, which enables fault isolation and more efficient data delivery. The many CAN networks that are frequently seen in EVs are summarized as follows:

1. Powertrain CAN

Establishes communication between the electric powertrain’s parts. Key Components: Battery Management System (BMS): Keeps an eye on and regulates battery safety, charging, and performance. Motor controllers and inverters: Manage the power supply and regenerative braking of the electric motor. The Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) is in charge of managing the complete powertrain system and guaranteeing peak performance. Provides real-time data interchange for motor control, energy management, torque requirements, and battery status.

2. CAN Chassis

oversees communications regarding vehicle dynamics and safety systems? Key Components: The Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) regulates brakes and keeps track of wheel speed to keep wheels from locking up. Electronic Stability Control (ESC) keeps the car stable by controlling brake force distribution and engine power. The power steering system regulates and provides feedback for electric power steering. Function: By coordinating sensors and actuators connected to the suspension, steering, and braking systems, it preserves the stability and safety of the vehicle.

3. Battery CAN Network

The Battery CAN Network’s mission is to oversee and control batteries. Key Components: Temperature, voltage, and current battery sensors are part of the battery management system (BMS). Functions: The battery pack’s optimal operation is the responsibility of this CAN network. It controls the flow of data about diagnostics, thermal regulation, charging status, battery health, and cell balancing. To avoid overcharging, overheating, or any other problems that can compromise performance or safety, the network continuously checks on the battery.

4. HVAC CAN Network

Controls the temperature in the cabin and operates the HVAC system. Key Components: HVAC Control Unit Temperature sensors for electric compressors and heat pumps Functions: The interior climate control of the car is effectively ensured by this network. It controls how the seat heaters, defrosters, and cabin heating and cooling systems interact. This data is separated on a separate CAN network to avoid interfering with important driving systems.

5. Charging CAN Network

Function: Managing correspondence between the car’s internal charging infrastructure and external charging outlets. Key Components: Port Control Unit for Charging On-Board Charger (OBC) External Charging Station Interface The management of communication between the vehicle and the charging infrastructure is the sole purpose of this network. To provide safe and effective charging, it controls voltage and current, monitors charging status, and organizes the flow of electricity during charging. For instance, it makes sure the battery gets the right amount of power during fast charging so it doesn’t overheat or sustain damage.

Conclusion

An essential component of the shift to electric mobility is the integration of electric vehicle systems. It goes beyond simply putting different parts together; it also involves making sure they function effectively, safely, and sustainably as a whole. The EV System Integration issues will persist in their evolution along with the growth in EV adoption, and the corresponding technologies and processes will also change. The future of EV system integration promises to uncover even greater possibilities for electric vehicles, influencing the development of energy and transportation systems, thanks to advancements in batteries, power electronics, and software.

It is impossible to overestimate the significance of smooth EV system integration as the globe continues to move toward cleaner and more sustainable modes of transportation. It is the foundation of the electric car revolution, making sure that the promise of more intelligent, efficient, and environmentally friendly mobility is realized.

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dorleco · 2 years ago

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Autonomous Vehicle Chassis

November 17, 2023

by dorleco

with no comment

Autonomous Vehicle Technology

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Introduction

The advanced technology needed for autonomous driving is supported and integrated by the chassis of autonomous vehicles, which is a critical component. The following are important factors to take into account when it comes to Autonomous Vehicle Chassis:

1. Integration of Sensors:

Lidar, radar, cameras, and ultrasonic sensors are just a few of the sensors that autonomous cars use to sense their surroundings. The chassis needs to be built with these sensors thoughtfully placed to maximize visibility and reduce interference.

2. Hardware for computers:

The computational hardware, such as strong processors and control units, required to process the enormous volume of data gathered by the sensors is housed in the chassis. It’s common for these parts to need specific mounting and cooling systems.

3. Electrical Architecture:

In order to control the communication between sensors, actuators, and the central processing unit, autonomous cars need sophisticated electrical systems. A strong electrical architecture must be incorporated into the chassis to guarantee dependable connectivity and data transfer.

4. Redundancy Systems:

Since autonomous driving involves many moving parts, redundancy mechanisms are frequently included in chassis designs. This comprises additional sensors, computer systems, and power supply systems to improve the dependability and security of the car.

5. Power Distribution:

6. Automobile Communication:

For cooperative driving and increased safety, autonomous vehicles frequently need to connect with other vehicles and the infrastructure. Antenna and communication module integration should be supported by the chassis.

7. Structural Integrity and Safety:

In the case of an accident, the occupants’ safety depends on the chassis maintaining a high level of structural integrity. The design of an autonomous vehicle must take crashworthiness and impact absorption into account in order to safeguard both the passengers and its delicate equipment.

8. Systems of Adaptive Suspension:

Some autonomous vehicles have adjustable suspension systems to maximize ride comfort and vehicle stability while operating autonomously. Depending on the driving situation and the state of the road, these technologies can modify the suspension settings in real-time.

9. User Experience and Interior Design:

10. Observance of Regulations:

The legal and regulatory standards for self-driving technology are taken into consideration throughout the design of the autonomous vehicle chassis. Autonomous vehicles that adhere to safety standards and regulations are guaranteed to fulfill the prerequisites for being used on public roads.

Drawbacks of Autonomous Vehicle Chassis

Although there is a lot of promise in autonomous vehicle technology, there are a number of difficulties and possible negative aspects related to the chassis of these cars. Here are a few significant negatives:

1. Cost of Technology:

Advanced sensor integration, computational hardware, and redundancy systems can drive up the cost of the autonomous vehicle chassis. This cost might prevent a wider range of consumers from using autonomous technologies.

2. Reliability Complexity:

Complex systems, such as communication modules, computers, and sensors, are integrated into the chassis of autonomous vehicles. These complex components may need specific training and tools for maintenance and repair, which could increase maintenance expenses.

3. Sensory Restrictions:

Existing sensor technologies—such as lidar and radar—have certain limitations, particularly when it comes to bad weather like persistent rain or snow. The reliability of autonomous systems may be hampered by the chassis’s heavy reliance on sensor data for perception and navigation.

4. Problems with cybersecurity:

5. Dependency on Infrastructure:

The effectiveness of autonomous vehicles is contingent on a well-developed and standardized infrastructure, including road markings, signage, and communication networks. In regions with inadequate infrastructure or inconsistent standards, the performance of autonomous vehicle chassis may be compromised.

6. Dilemmas of Ethics:

Autonomous cars are designed to make snap decisions in a variety of situations, such as possible collisions. Determining how to weigh the safety of passengers over that of pedestrians presents ethical conundrums, calling into question the accountability and decision-making algorithms built into the chassis.

7. Public Belief and Acceptance:

One of the biggest challenges in autonomous car technology is gaining public trust. Widespread acceptance may be slowed down by potential consumers’ hesitation and distrust due to worries about cybersecurity, safety, and chassis dependability.

8. Restricted Independence in Complicated Settings:

Complex or unpredictable settings, such as congested urban traffic, construction zones, or uncharted territory, might provide challenges for autonomous cars. When negotiating situations that call for human insight and agility, the chassis may encounter challenges.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the chassis of autonomous vehicles represents a critical component that shapes the future of transportation. While autonomous vehicle chassis design offers numerous benefits, such as advanced sensor integration, computing power, and safety features, it also presents certain challenges and drawbacks.

On the positive side, the autonomous vehicle chassis facilitates the integration of cutting-edge technologies, enabling vehicles to perceive their surroundings, make real-time decisions, and navigate safely without human intervention. The chassis supports the deployment of sensors, computing hardware, and communication systems that form the backbone of autonomous driving capabilities. Additionally, innovations in adaptive suspension systems, interior design, and energy efficiency contribute to a more comfortable and user-friendly experience.

However, challenges persist, including the high cost of technology, maintenance complexity, sensor limitations, cybersecurity concerns, and the need for robust infrastructure and regulatory frameworks. Public acceptance and trust in autonomous vehicles, ethical dilemmas, and environmental considerations further add complexity to the widespread adoption of autonomous vehicle chassis.

As the automotive industry and technology continue to evolve, addressing these challenges will be crucial to realizing the full potential of autonomous vehicles. Ongoing research, collaboration across industries, advancements in sensor technologies, and the development of comprehensive regulatory frameworks are essential for overcoming drawbacks and ensuring the safe, efficient, and responsible integration of autonomous vehicle chassis into our transportation systems. Ultimately, the journey toward fully autonomous vehicles requires a balanced approach that considers not only technological innovation but also societal, ethical, and regulatory dimensions.

#Chassis #SystemsEngineering #E/ESystems #Autonomousvehicles #technology #controlsystems #Transmissioncontrol #Dorleco #computervision #selfdrivingcars #CAN #E/E-controlled

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dorleco · 2 years ago

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An Introduction to Systems Engineering

November 9, 2023

by dorleco

with no comment

eMOBILITY CONTROLS

Introduction

A methodical, all-encompassing approach to planning, creating, and overseeing complex systems at every stage of their existence is systems engineering. This area of study combines project management with a variety of engineering specialties to design, evaluate, and enhance systems that satisfy predetermined specifications. System engineering takes into account a system’s broader factors in addition to its technical features, such as cost, scheduling, safety, and sustainability. An overview of several core concepts in system engineering is provided here:

1. Definition of Systems:

Systems are defined as a group of interconnected parts or components that cooperate to accomplish a particular objective in the field of systems engineering. These elements may be tangible (such as engines or sensors) or intangible (such as software programs or organizational procedures).

2. Key Principles of System Engineering:

Holistic Approach: Rather than looking at individual components, systems engineers view the system as a whole, taking into account all of its pieces and how they interact.

Requirement analysis: An essential component of system engineering is precisely identifying and controlling needs. This entails comprehending and recording the goals the system must pursue as well as the limitations it must work within.

Iterative Process: To make sure the system achieves its goals, systems engineers frequently go through iterative cycles of design, analysis, and refinement.

Interdisciplinary Collaboration: To solve difficult issues and provide solutions, systems engineers collaborate with specialists from many fields.

3. Systems Engineering Life Cycle:

There is a structured life cycle for systems engineering that includes several stages, such as:

Concept Development: Outlining the system’s goals and original concept.

System Design: Creating the detailed architecture and design of the system.

Testing and system integration: Making sure that all of the system’s parts interact as intended.

Throughout the course of the system’s functioning, maintenance and operation are handled.

4. Systems engineering procedures:

To handle the complexity of system development, systems engineers adhere to procedures and techniques. Among these procedures are:

5. Prerequisites Engineering:

Compiling and overseeing system specifications.

System modeling and simulation is the process of representing and analyzing a system using modeling tools and methodologies.

6. Verification and validation:

Making sure the system satisfies its specifications and operates as intended.

Risk management is the process of locating, evaluating, and reducing systemic risks.

7. Tools and Techniques:

To model, analyze, and simulate systems, system engineers employ a variety of tools and software. These could include simulation tools, computer-aided design (CAD) software, and modeling languages like SysML (Systems Modeling Language).

8. Applications of Systems Engineering:

Information technology, energy, transportation, aerospace, defense, automotive, and healthcare are just a few of the industries in which system engineering is used. Complex systems including airplanes, satellites, medical information systems, and transportation networks are developed using it.

9. Systems Thinking:

Systems engineers use systems thinking, which is examining the system as a whole and figuring out how actions or modifications in one area of the system may affect other areas. It places a strong emphasis on realizing how interdependent the system is.

Benefits of Systems Engineering

For businesses and initiatives engaged in the planning, creation, and administration of intricate systems, systems engineering provides a multitude of advantages. These advantages result from its methodical and comprehensive approach to handling the full life cycle of a system and fixing problems. The following are a few of the main benefits of system engineering:

Holistic Approach: System engineering examines every aspect of the system, taking into account all of its constituent parts and how they work together. This method assists in solving complicated issues by taking the “big picture” into consideration.

Clear Requirement Management: System engineering places a strong emphasis on managing requirements clearly and concisely. By doing this, it is ensured that the system is built to achieve particular goals and that modifications are appropriately recorded and assessed.

Risk Management: A key component of systems engineering is the incorporation of risk management. Early risk identification, assessment, and mitigation help lower the chance of expensive problems down the road.

Optimized Design: System engineers can evaluate many design options and make well-informed judgments to maximize system performance and cost-effectiveness by utilizing modeling and simulation tools.

Multidisciplinary Cooperation: Systems engineering promotes cooperation between specialists in different fields. This encourages creative thinking and results in a more comprehensive grasp of the system.

Better Communication: Systems engineering helps stakeholders in a project communicate effectively so that everyone is aware of the project’s objectives, limitations, and status.

Enhanced Flexibility and Adaptability: Systems engineering lessens the impact of unanticipated occurrences or changing needs by enabling better management of changes and adjustments throughout a project’s life cycle.

Sustainability: Lifecycle analyses and environmental sustainability can be taken into account by systems engineers, which can help create more ecologically friendly systems and lessen their long-term effects on the environment.

Disadvantages of Systems Engineering

System engineering has a lot of benefits, but it also has drawbacks and difficulties. The following are a few possible disadvantages of systems engineering:

Complexity: It might be difficult to manage intricate systems and related procedures. Systems engineering is a complex field that can be burdensome for businesses or projects with minimal resources. It also requires a high level of knowledge.

Time-consuming: The systems engineering process can take a lot of time since it places a lot of focus on careful modeling, analysis, and documentation. Project delays may result from this, which is not acceptable in businesses with quick turnaround times.

Resource-intensive: Systems engineering implementation frequently calls for extra resources, such as specialized software, equipment, and skilled labor. It may be difficult to allocate these resources to smaller organizations or initiatives with tighter budgets.

Opposition to Change: Teams or individuals used to more conventional engineering methods may be resistant to the adoption of systems engineering techniques. It can be quite difficult to overcome resistance and bring about cultural change.

Over-Engineering: Systems engineering can occasionally result in over-engineering, which raises costs and complexity without providing equivalent advantages in an attempt to handle all potential requirements and contingencies.

Rigidity: According to some detractors, systems engineering can be unbending and inflexible, especially when handling quickly advancing technology or changing project specifications.

Complex Documentation: Placing a strong focus on documentation can occasionally result in voluminous paperwork and documentation that some team members may find onerous or superfluous.

Communication Challenges: In system engineering, effective communication amongst interdisciplinary teams is essential, but it can be difficult because different experts from different domains have different vocabularies and points of view.

Scope Creep: Systems engineering may not always be able to completely stop scope creep, and it can occasionally be challenging to handle modifications in an efficient manner, which can result in project delays and extra expenses.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, system engineering is a valuable and indispensable discipline for tackling the complexity of modern engineering and technological challenges. It offers a structured and holistic approach to the design, development, and management of complex systems, spanning various industries and applications. While it comes with its set of challenges and potential disadvantages, the benefits it brings to the table far outweigh the drawbacks.

Systems engineering promotes a clear understanding of system requirements, effective risk management, interdisciplinary collaboration, and optimized design. These advantages lead to improved project outcomes, reduced costs, enhanced quality, and long-term viability. By addressing the entire system life cycle, from concept development to operation and maintenance, systems engineering ensures that systems are not only well-designed but also sustainable and adaptable over time.

In an era of ever-increasing complexity and interconnectivity, systems engineering is a vital tool for ensuring the successful development of systems that meet their intended objectives while considering the broader context of resources, time, and stakeholders. It enables organizations to navigate complex projects with confidence, make informed decisions, and deliver high-quality, cost-effective solutions to the benefit of society as a whole.

#SystemsEngineering #E/ESystems #Automotive #technology #ECUs #GPS #Dorleco #computervision #Autonomousvehicles #selfdrivingcars #CAN #E/E-controlled

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dorleco · 2 years ago

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Understanding Automotive E/E Systems

November 6, 2023

by dorleco

with no comment

Autonomous Vehicle Technology

Edit

Introduction

Anyone interested in the contemporary automotive sector must understand automotive E/E (Electrical/Electronic) systems. Automotive E/E systems, which provide comfort, safety, and functionality, are essential to modern cars. An outline of the main elements of these systems is provided below:

1. Definition of Automotive E/E Systems:

Automotive E/E systems are defined as the intricate network of electrical and electronic parts that regulate different operations inside a vehicle. Sensors, controllers, wiring, and communication protocols are all part of these systems.

2. Automotive E/E Systems Components:

Sensors: These gadgets gather information from a variety of vehicle components, including speed, pressure, temperature, and many others.

Controllers: Also known as electronic control units (ECUs), these units process sensor data and manage many vehicle systems, including the brakes, engine, gearbox, and more.

Wiring and Harnesses: The E/E system’s wiring connects its numerous components. Organized bundles of wires called wiring harnesses help distribute power and convey data more effectively.

Communication Protocols: There must be communication between various ECUs. Numerous communication protocols, including FlexRay, LIN (Local Interconnect Network), and CAN (Controller Area Network), are used to do this.

3. Functions of Automotive E/E Systems:

Power Distribution: E/E systems make sure that electricity is effectively distributed to all of the vehicle’s components.

Safety Systems: Several contemporary car safety features, such as stability control, airbags, and ABS (Anti-lock Braking System), are E/E-controlled.

Infotainment: Information and entertainment systems are a standard feature of contemporary autos.

Engine Management: E/E systems regulate emissions and engine performance.

Climate Control: E/E components oversee temperature and climate control systems.

Navigation: The E/E network includes GPS and navigational technologies.

Lighting and Signals: Electronic controls are used for the turn signals, taillights, and headlights.

Driver Assistance Systems: Electronic and electrical components play a major role in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), such as adaptive cruise control and lane-keeping assist.

4. Challenges in Automotive E/E Systems:

Complexity: Designing and troubleshooting modern automobiles is challenging due to their extensive network of sensors and ECUs.

Safety and Reliability: To avoid accidents, automotive E/E systems need to be extremely safe and dependable.

Integration: It can be difficult to make sure that every part functions as a whole.

Cybersecurity: As cars become more connected, cybersecurity is essential to preventing hackers and illegal access.

5. Trends and Future Developments:

Electrification: As the automotive sector shifts to electric vehicles, significant adjustments to E/E architecture will be necessary.

Autonomous Vehicles: Cutting-edge E/E systems are essential to the development of self-driving automobiles.

Connectivity: As a result of increased car connectivity to the internet and other automobiles, functions like over-the-air upgrades and remote diagnostics are now possible.

AI and Machine Learning: AI and machine learning are being used more and more by E/E systems to perform tasks like ADAS object detection.

Benefits of Understanding Automotive E/E Systems

For many automobile industry stakeholders, including engineers, technicians, and enthusiasts, having a solid understanding of vehicle E/E (Electrical/Electronic) systems is beneficial. The following are some of the main benefits:

1. Enhanced Problem-Solving and Troubleshooting:

Engineers and technicians are more equipped to identify problems and provide solutions when they have a thorough understanding of E/E systems. They can identify the underlying causes of issues, resulting in quicker fixes and less downtime for cars.

2. Improved Safety and Reliability:

Designing and maintaining vehicles that are safer and more dependable is made possible by proficiency in E/E systems. Preventing accidents and guaranteeing the dependability of safety systems like airbags and ABS requires an understanding of safety-critical components and how they work.

3. Optimized Performance and Fuel Efficiency:

4. Enabling Vehicle Customization:

Electronic components can be added or modified to vehicles by enthusiasts who are knowledgeable in E/E systems. Performance improvements and customized features are made possible by this.

5. Diagnosing Modern Vehicle Issues:

Understanding electronic and electrical systems is crucial for troubleshooting and fixing problems with sensors, software, and communication protocols as cars become more and more dependent on electronic control.

6. Adaptability to Technological Advancements:

The automobile sector is always changing as new features and technology are added to cars. People can remain productive in the field and adjust to these changes if they have a strong understanding of E/E systems.

7. Optimized Performance and Fuel Efficiency:

Engineers may adjust vehicle performance and maximize fuel efficiency with their understanding of engine management and electronic control systems. In addition to helping you satisfy pollution regulations, this will enhance your driving experience overall.

8. Innovation and Development:

When it comes to automotive innovation, E/E specialists are at the forefront. Developing cutting-edge technologies, such as electric drivetrains, autonomous driving, and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), requires an understanding of these systems.

9. Compliance and Regulations:

Automakers and suppliers must stay current on the most recent rules and guidelines about E/E systems. A solid grasp of the underlying technology facilitates compliance with safety and pollution requirements.

Demerits of Understanding Automotive E/E Systems

While there are many advantages to knowing Automotive Electrical/Electronic (E/E) Systems, it’s important to be aware of any potential disadvantages or difficulties, depending on your function and point of view. The following are some drawbacks or difficulties in comprehending car E/E systems:

1. Complexity:

2. Continuous Learning:

E/E systems change quickly, and specialists in the automobile sector may find it difficult to keep up with the newest software releases, hardware advancements, and fashions.

3. Technical Skills and Expertise Required:

Typically, a thorough comprehension of E/E systems necessitates certain technical knowledge and proficiency. For those without an engineering or electronics background, this could be a barrier.

4. Potential for Misuse:

When improperly applied, E/E system expertise can be used to hack or tamper with car electronics, putting drivers’ safety at risk and creating legal problems.

5. Dependence on Specialized Tools:

Specialized diagnostic tools and equipment are frequently needed for accurate E/E system diagnosis and repair. These tools and equipment can be expensive and may not be easily accessible to all professionals or car owners.

6. Limited Skill Transferability:

Due to variations in system architecture and software, knowledge of E/E systems in one car model or brand may not transfer straight to other models or brands.

7. Overwhelming Troubleshooting:

Modern cars have a plethora of error codes and system diagnostics, which can occasionally produce information overload and make it difficult to determine the precise cause of a problem.

Conclusion:

Understanding Automotive Electrical/Electronic (E/E) Systems is a fundamental and indispensable aspect of the modern automotive industry. It offers a plethora of advantages to engineers, technicians, enthusiasts, and consumers, ranging from enhanced safety, improved fuel efficiency, and advanced driving experiences to efficient diagnostics, customization, and a pathway to cutting-edge technologies. These benefits contribute to the overall progress and evolution of the automotive sector.

While there are some challenges and potential demerits associated with comprehending E/E systems, such as complexity, the need for continuous learning, and cybersecurity concerns, these can often be addressed with proper training, ethical considerations, and ongoing professional development.

In conclusion, E/E systems have become the backbone of today’s vehicles, shaping the way we drive, experience transportation, and interact with our cars. As the automotive industry continues to innovate and embrace new technologies, a solid understanding of E/E systems remains critical for staying at the forefront of the industry, ensuring the safety and reliability of vehicles, and unlocking new possibilities for the future of mobility. Whether you are an automotive professional or an enthusiast, your knowledge of E/E systems is a valuable asset that can lead to safer, more efficient, and more enjoyable driving experiences.

#E/ESystems #Automotive #technology #ECUs #GPS #Dorleco #computervision #Autonomousvehicles #selfdrivingcars #CAN #E/E-controlled

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ekstralysas · 5 years ago

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Spørsmål om xenon

I denne artikkelen skal vi ta en nærmere titt på xenon og ofte stilte spørsmål om xenon og svare på disse spørsmålene og usikkerhetene som mange ofte har når det kommer til dette.

Funderinger og spørsmål om xenon:

Hvorfor oppgradere fjernlysene til xenon?

Å oppgradere fjernlysene dine til xenon vil gi deg mer lys enn to store tusenmetere. Å oppgradere tusenmetere til xenon, f.eks 75w vil da altså gi deg en vanvittig god oppgradering av ekstralysene dine.

4300k, 6000k og 8000k hva betyr dette?

Dette indikerer fargen på lyset fra pærene. 4300k er kremhvitt og er også den fargen som leveres på alle biler originalt, den er veldig anonym i trafikken og kan noen ganger forveksles med halogen på fargen. 6000k er knall hvitt med en smule blåskjær, dette er fargen de fleste velger og som gir best utbytte. 8000k er veldig blåaktig og passer bra til utstillingsbiler og folk som vil ha virkelig xenonpreg, bakdelen med 8000k er at den gir ca 20% svakere lys enn 6000k. Les mer om dette og se en demonstrasjon i vår Kelvinguide.

Hvilket xenonsystem skal jeg velge? ProSystem vs ESystem.

Lumen ProSystem er vår toppmodell, her får du overlegen kvalitet med digitale ballaster som fungerer på nye biler med canbus. ProSystem har lengre levetid enn vanlige xenonsett. Velg ProSystem dersom du behøver kvalitet av produktet du handler eller har en nyere bil med pæresjekk. Vi garanterer for feilfri canbus funksjon på ProSystem. ESystem er en rimelig variant av xenon uten digital ballast og vil ikke fungere på noen nyere biler selv med wirefiks eller annen medisin. Dette er et bra xenonsystem dersom du har en gammel bil du ønsker xenon på.

Hva er E-merking?

For at settene skal være lovlig på det norske markedet må settene være E-merket. Veldig mange sett er ikke E-merket og heller ikke lovlig å montere. E-merking er viktig for å sikre seg mot billig elektronikk og brann. Våre sett er selvsagt E-merket.

Hva slags garantier er inkludert?

Settene leveres med 1 års garanti eller 2 års utvidet garanti. Skulle du være uheldig å for eksempel ryke en pære før tiden får du ny pære umiddelbart. Med ProSystem garanterer også for at xenonsettet fungerer som det skal på din bil. Pengene tilbake dersom tekniske problemer skulle oppstå under eller straks etter montering.

Hvor lang tid tar monteringen?

Det kommer litt an på biltype. Er det enkelt å komme til bak lyktene tar installasjonen rundt 20 minutter.

Kan jeg installere settet selv?

Settene våre er "plug-and-play" på de fleste biler. Kun noen fåtalls biler trenger små modifiseringer som du enkelt gjør selv. Du får med norsk bruksanvisning som viser deg enkelt hvordan du installerer et sett.

Kan jeg sette tilbake vanlige halogenpærer hvis det skulle være nødvendig?

Settene våre kan fjernes helt hvis ønskelig uten spor ettersom du ikke modifiserer det originale ledningsnettet når du installerer. Settene kan også overføres til annen bil med samme pæretype.

Hva er BiXenon?

Bi kommer av latin og betyr to. Hvis du har Bixenon har du to xenonsystem, et på fjernlys og et på nærlys. På H4-2 settet er Bixenon i et og samme system.

Er disse ettermonterings settene godkjente for veibruk?

Ja. Men et krav fra biltilsynet er lyktespylere og automatiske høydejusterbare reflektorer for å ikke blende motgående biler hvis din bil er tungt lastet. Lyktene bør også være godkjent for xenon. Men med hovedlyktene riktig justert kommer du ikke til å blende noen bare husk å justere lyktene dine hvis du er tungt lastet.

Hvorfor kan jeg ikke bare kjøpe kun pæra og montere denne?

En vanlig bil har 12 volts system og en xenonpære trenger 23000 v for å fungere. Ballastene du får i settet øker spenningen når pærene tennes til 23000v og stabiliserer seg på 85v når pærene er tent.

Fordeler med xenon

- Lengre liv; En xenonpære har et gjennomsnittsliv på 2500 timer altså 3-5 ganger lengre levetid enn den tradisjonelle halogenpæra. Xenonpærene har heller ingen glødetråd som halogenpæra og tar ikke skade av humpete veier som halogenpæra gjør.

- Mer lys; En 35watt Xenonpære produserer tre ganger mer lumen sammenlignet med en 55watt halogenpære. Tre ganger sterkere lys. Lyset reflekterer skilter og veimarkeringer utrolig mye bedre enn halogen.

- Hvitere lys; Halogen lager et gulaktig lys mens Xenonlys produserer blåhvitt lys som er nærmere naturlig dagslys.

- Mindre varme; Xenon pærer bruker mindre strøm (35w) enn vanlige halogenpærer (55w) og utvikler også deretter mindre varme.

- Bilen vil ikke bare ha det sikreste og beste lyset tilgjengelig men også være penere og nyere å se til enn før. Xenonlys er dyrt ekstrautstyr som ofte blir levert kun på de nyeste og dyreste bilmodellene. Ikke bli lurt av xenonlook pære, det er ikke xenonlys og kan ikke sammenlignes med det ekte produktet.

Kjørelys

Bil skal ha to lykter foran som gir hvitt eller gult kjørelys. Som kjørelys kan benyttes: Nærlys, nærlys med redusert spenning, særskilt godkjente lykter eller lykter for kurve-/tåkelys. Nærlys

Det er ikke tillatt ha flere enn 2 nærlys. Disse skal ikke lyse sterkere enn 0,7 lux i en høyde av 1,10 meter, målt 25 meter foran lykten.Det er tillatt å bruke nærlys i kombinasjon med fjernlys.Det er ikke tillatt å bruke nærlys i kombinasjon med tåkelys. Fjernlys

1. oktober 2018 fikk vi nye regler ang fjernlys. Nå kan man montere fritt antall så lenge dem er E-merket og montert symmetrisk. Symmetrisk betyr bare at dem skal monteres på en linje, altså ikke en i høyre hjørnet oppe og en nede i venstre hjørnet. Med sunn fornuft kommer du langt.

Tåkelys

Det er ikke tillatt å ha flere enn 2 tåkelys.Det er ikke tillatt å bruke tåkelys i kombinasjon med nærlys.Det er tillatt å bruke tåkelys som kjørelys i stedet for nærlys på dagtid.Det er i utgangspunktet ikke tillatt å bruke tåkelys i kombinasjon med fjernlys. Unntaket er kurvekjøring i lav hastighet (10-20 km/t).

Parkeringslys

Det er kun tillatt å ha to parkeringslys på bilen. Det er altså ikke lov til å bruke parkeringslyspæren i ettermonterte lyskastere hvis de ordinære parkeringslysene samtidig er tent.Parkeringslysene skal alltid være tent, både i kombinasjon med nærlys, tåkelys, fjernlys og baklys.

Ettermonterte bremselys

Ettermonterte bremselys, også av den høytsittende typen, skal lyse kontinuerlig ved aktivering. Ettermonterte bremselys som blinker eller på andre måter er egnet til å forstyrre medtrafikanter, er ikke tillatt.

Godkjente lykter

Husk at alt lovlig lysutstyr skal være merket med "E" eller "e", dvs. godkjent iht. ECE eller EEC.

#xenon led bmw #bixenon #ledlights

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