#Enzyme kinetics explained simply

[superchemistryclasses]

Mastering Enzyme Kinetics: Step-by-Step PPT for Students and Researchers

If you are a student or researcher in biology or chemistry, understanding enzyme kinetics is very important. Our bodies naturally contain enzymes that aid in accelerating chemical reactions. Enzyme kinetics means studying how fast these enzymes work and what affects their speed. But enzyme kinetics can feel confusing because of the terms and math involved. That’s why using a step-by-step…

[my-bobohu-blog]

my favorite things about science

it’s so pure. the very foundations of all the sciences is simply to understand the world more in attempts to explain the universe we live in.

it’s flawed. so flawed! the amount of failures that occurs in science far outweighs the successes. for every accepted theory, there’s like 1000 rejected. but that’s okay. in science, it’s okay to mess up. that’s the whole point. you learn from those mistakes and you keep trying. you never stop. there’s always a new experiment to perform and a little bit more of the world to try to understand. you learn. my god, do you learn.

we’re constantly learning more and more and more every single day. literally every day! there’s this stigma when it comes to the sciences that everything to know is already known (that’s why our textbooks are so darn big), but there are literally breakthroughs happening every day! like predicting the next strain of the flu (THIS HAPPENS. WE LITERALLY TRY TO PREDICT THE NEXT STRAIN OF THE FLU BASED OFF OF THE MUTATION RATES AND THAT’S WHAT THE FLU SHOTS ARE MADE FROM!!!!) and goddamn it’s never perfect, but we try just to make the world a little better. (fun fact: the strain of flu this year was especially bad because the prediction was totally off from what the strain actually mutated to!)

everything connects to each other. don’t get me wrong, i still hate physics with a burning passion of a thousand suns but DUDE. everything is connected- biology, physics, chemistry, and even math!!! like i know why molecules vibrate and that connects to kinetics in physics. i know the molecular composition of enzymes that are crucial in biological systems- and i can explain how they work on an atomic level by understanding orbitals and how those reactions occur. and physics! the bane of my existence! it explains so much too and there’s so much physics in biology and chemistry that’s just accepted because goddamn physics but GODDAMN PHYSICS! IT’S PRETTY AMAZING. like i don’t know if i could ever /get/ physics... but i know it’s there in every single thing i study and just WOW props to those people who take p-chem and p-bio because DAMN i soooo can’t do that!

it comforts me. every single day of my life... i find myself comforted by science. even if my classes are hard and frustrating because goddamn it’s /a lot/ and one class period is not enough to learn about a whole system of things??? i still love it. i love that aha! moment when i have an epiphany and suddenly everything makes sense. it doesn’t happen often, but when it does... my goodness. and then five minutes later i find out that i totally misunderstood everything and my whole world is shook BUT THAT’S FINE TOO. LOL. but really... it’s... science is wonderful. when i think about science, i just... realize how much of a miracle my existence is? like physically? coming from a single speck in the midst of nothing that exploded to become the big bang and then that forms the universe (is still forming!!!!) and somehow i’m made of stardust? chemically? i’m made of the same elements as dinosaurs? biologically? i’m breathing the same air teddy roosevelt once breathed? LIKE????? SCIENCE????? and all that came from a speck in the midst of nothing. i came from a speck in the midst of nothing. you came from a speck in the midst of nothing. dude. and i’m breathing? living? BREATHING? YOU! are living breathing existing! you made of more atoms than i will ever comprehend!!! are existing!!! WHEN WE ALL CAME FROM JUST A SPECK IN THE MIDST OF NOTHING. LIKE HOW CAN YOU NOT THINK THAT’S A MIRACLE????? and science... tries to explain that. tries to explain that miracle because holy shit? it’s so amazing? and the more science tries to understand, the more complicated it gets... and the more i realize just how much of a fucking miracle we all really are and THAT IS SO AMAZING? LIKE WOW? GO SCIENCE!

[sciencebulletin]

Extracting clean fuel from sunlight

Securing enough energy to meet human needs is one of the greatest challenges society has ever faced. Previously reliable sources—oil, gas and coal—are degrading air quality, devastating land and ocean and altering the fragile balance of the global climate, through the release of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, earth's rapidly industrializing population is projected to reach 10 billion by 2050. Clean alternatives are a matter of urgent necessity. Researchers at ASU's Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery are exploring new technologies that could pave the way to clean, sustainable energy to help meet daunting global demand. In new research appearing in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS), the flagship journal of the ACS, lead author Brian Wadsworth, along with colleagues Anna Beiler, Diana Khusnutdinova, Edgar Reyes Cruz, and corresponding author Gary Moore describe technologies that combine light-gathering semiconductors and catalytic materials capable of chemical reactions that produce clean fuel. The new study explores the subtle interplay of the primary components of such devices and outlines a theoretical framework for understanding the underlying fuel-forming reactions. The results suggest strategies for improving the efficiency and performance of such hybrid technologies, bringing them a step closer to commercial viability. The production of hydrogen and reduced forms of carbon by these technologies could one day supplant fossil fuel sources for a broad range of reduced carbon commodities, including fuels, plastics and building materials. "In this particular work we've been developing systems that integrate light capture and conversion technologies with chemical-based energy storage strategies," says Moore, who is an assistant professor in ASU's School of Molecular Sciences. Rather than direct generation of electricity from sunlight, this new breed of technology uses solar energy to drive chemical reactions capable of producing fuels, which store the sun's energy in chemical bonds. "That's where catalysis becomes extremely important. It's the chemistry of controlling both the selectivity of reactions and the overall energy requirements for driving those transformations," Moore says. Something new under the sun One of the most attractive sources for sustainable, carbon-neutral energy production is both ancient and abundant: sunlight. Indeed, adoption of solar energy technologies has gained significant momentum in recent years. Photovoltaic (PV) devices, or solar cells, gather sunlight and transform the energy directly into electricity. Improved materials and lowered costs have made photovoltaics an attractive energy option, particularly in sun-drenched states like Arizona, with large solar arrays covering multiple acres capable of powering thousands of homes. "But just having access to solar power using photovoltaics is not enough," Moore notes. Many renewables like sunlight and wind power are not always available, so storage of intermittent sources is a key part of any future technology to meet global human energy demands on a large scale. As Moore explains, borrowing a page from Nature's handbook may help researchers harness the sun's radiant energy to generate sustainable fuels. "One thing is clear," Moore says. "We are likely to continue using fuels as part of our energy infrastructure for the foreseeable future, especially for applications involving ground and air transportation. That's where the bioinspired part of our research becomes particularly relevant—looking to Nature for hints as to how we might develop new technologies for producing fuels that are carbon free or neutral." Solar flair One of Nature's more impressive tricks involves the use of sunlight to produce energy-rich chemicals, a process mastered billions of years ago by plants and other photosynthetic organisms. "In this process, light is absorbed, and the energy is used to drive a series of complex biochemical transformations that ultimately produce the foods we eat and, over long geological time scales, the fuels that run our modern society," Moore says. In the current study, the group analyzed key variables governing the efficiency of chemical reactions used to produce fuel through various artificial devices. "In this paper, we've developed a kinetic model to describe the interplay between light absorption at the semiconductor surface, charge migration within the semiconductor, charge transfer to our catalyst layer and then the chemical catalysis step," said Wadsworth. The model the group developed is based on a similar framework governing enzyme behavior, known as Michaelis-Menten kinetics, which describes the relationship between enzymatic reaction rates and the medium in which the reaction takes place (or substrate). Here, this model is applied to technological devices combining light-harvesting semiconductors and catalytic materials for fuel formation. "We describe the fuel-forming activities of these hybrid materials as a function of light intensity and also the potential," Wadsworth says. (Similar Michaelis-Menten-type kinetic models have proven useful in analyzing such phenomena as antigen-antibody binding, DNA-DNA hybridization, and protein-protein interaction.) In modeling the dynamics of the system, the group made a surprising discovery. "In this particular system we are not limited by how fast the catalyst can drive the chemical reaction," Moore says. "We're limited by the ability to deliver electrons to that catalyst and activate it. That is related to the light intensity striking the surface. Brian, Anna, Diana, and Edgar have shown in their experiments that increasing the light intensity increases the rate of fuel formation." The discovery has implications for the future design of such devices with an eye toward maximizing their efficiencies. "Simply adding more catalyst to the surface of the hybrid material does not result in greater rates of fuel production. We need to consider the light absorbing properties of the underpinning semiconductor, which in turn forces us think more about the selection of the catalyst and how the catalyst interfaces with the light absorbing component." Ray of hope Much work remains to be done before such solar-to-fuels solutions are ready for prime time. Making technologies like these practical for human demands requires efficiency, affordability and stability. "Biological assemblies have the ability to self-repair and reproduce; technological assemblies have been limited in this aspect. It's one area where we can learn more from biology," Moore says. The task could hardly be more urgent. Global demand for energy is projected to swell from around 17 terawatts today to a staggering 30 terawatts by mid-century. In addition to significant scientific and technological hurdles, Moore stresses that profound policy changes will also be essential. "There's a real question of how we're going to meet our future energy demands. If we're going to do it in an environmentally conscious and egalitarian manner, it's going to take a serious political commitment." The new research is a step on the long pathway to a sustainable future. The group notes that their findings are important because they are likely relevant to a wide range of chemical transformations involving light-absorbing materials and catalysts. "The key principles, particularly the interplay between illumination intensity, light absorption and catalysis should apply to other materials as well," Moore says. Provided by: Arizona State University More information: Brian L. Wadsworth et al. The Interplay Between Light Flux, Quantum Efficiency, and Turnover Frequency in Molecular-modified Photoelectrosynthetic Assemblies. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2019). DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07295 Image: The experimental photoelectrosynthetic cell described in the new study. Technologies of this kind combine light-gathering semiconductors and catalytic materials capable of chemical reactions that produce clean fuel. Credit: Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University Read the full article

[meditationadvise]

How To Make Any Kiss Infinitely More Sensual: A Tantra Expert Explains

Psalm Isadora is the top tantra professional in the world and also an extremely sought-after sexuality, partnership, as well as trauma professional specializing in women's health and empowerment as well as contemporary sex-related education. In this weekly suggestions column, Psalm brings her proficiency to common sex-related and partnership issues. If you wish to ask Psalm your inquiries (anonymously), email relationships@mindbodygreen.com, and also check back every week to see if she answered yours!

Question: Precious Psalm, I have a dental addiction-- I like kissing. (I am additionally a smoker.) Exactly how can I please that impulse when I'm not in a relationship?

Oral fixation is the need to experience pleasure and experience through your mouth, tongue, and also lips-- these are several of the most erogenous zones of the body. This can relate to consuming, drinking, smoking, kissing, anything actually. These can all be ways to experience the very same serotonin rises related to sex and climax (e.g., food-gasm). Smoking is additionally a method to tranquil nerves, as well as you obtain a buzz from the pure nicotine.

If this is a real dental fixation in Freudian terms, it could be in charge of your smoking practice. I constantly state that anything can be medication or poisonous substance depending on why you do it and exactly how conscious you are of your own needs and routines. One of the most important thing is to reduce and be existing and also conscious throughout these oral enjoyments.

My KISS reflection shows you just how to decrease so you can truly enjoy life's most enjoyable points rather of hurrying through them. When we reduce and also truly appreciate every moment, we have the tendency to feel pleased without going crazy with our indulgences.

Think of it by doing this: You've heard people claim that component of the factor France doesn't have an excessive weight problem is that they consume richer foods in smaller sized amounts. Take into consideration using that to your eating, smoking, or even sexual practices. Go slowly, appreciate every experience, delight in the enjoyment without sense of guilt or embarassment, as well as you will find your prompts to take in, kiss, smoke, or eat more will decrease. High quality trumps quantity, after all.

I will certainly show you the best ways to have mindful oral complete satisfaction, however first I would like you (and also all readers) to do a little self-quiz.

Do you have a sexual dental fixation?

Do you have underlying anxiousness that you calm or mask with addicting oral routines like smoking cigarettes as well as kissing?

Would you rank on your own as hyper-sexual or hypo-sexual?

Does your dental addiction stem from truly wishing to experience pleasure or simply to ease anxiety?

Is there an inequality in an additional area in your life that you are trying to handle through these behaviors?

Are they creating unfavorable patterns in your life?

Now that you have actually answered those questions, you ought to be a little bit a lot more familiar with your personal relationship to oral pleasures. Now, I 'd like to transform your emphasis to a healthier method to please your oral fixation. You can do it while single and/or with a companion.

The KISS Chocolate Meditation:

This technique is an electrical outlet for your oral fixation, but I advise it to alleviate anxiety generally. The objective of this reflection is to help you learn how to enjoy every moment of satisfaction you have-- eating, kissing, or even sex-- in a slower, extra conscious means. And, it might also assist you kick the smoking cigarettes practice as well.

If you exercise KISS Delicious chocolate Reflection on a daily basis it will begin to rewire the interior and also subconscious drivers for pleasure and also reduce your anxiety. That is highly likely the underlying issue here-- your anxiety triggers you to seek alleviation with dental pleasure. Let's change a possibly undesirable habit with one that pays dividends over time.

If you follow my teachings, I've discussed the KISS method of link-- a breathing workout-- in most of my tantra classes. I

KISS is an acronym. Below's exactly what each letter stands for:

Kinetic: Tantra has to do with using as well as embracing our fundamental sex-related energy.

Intimate: Tantric principles produce further affection and make a true 'heart connection' with conscious sexuality.

Slow: By reducing, you are able to be a lot more existing as well as pay even more focus to the feelings and also requirements of both you as well as your partner.

Sensual: Feeling sensual prior to you obtain sexual will permit you to really feel more in your heart, body, and heart and also assist you feel much more harmonic with your own body and with your partner.

Starting with that structure, include a tiny item of healthy and balanced, dark delicious chocolate to this meditation. You could do this each day to exercise being more conscious in every element of your life-- whether it's your diet regimen, your sexuality, or your relationships that you truly have to concentrate on.

You could likewise utilize this method as sexual activity. Tease your companion with the chocolate to build more anticipation for the primary event or as a method to practice more mindful kissing.

Below's how to do it, integrating all 5 senses in a slow, conscious way:

1. Sight:

Hold a small item of delicious chocolate in your hand and also just check out it. A lot of the time, we eat our food so swiftly we don't even understand we're consuming. Actually look at just what you are about to eat. Take a couple of long, deep breaths, while you simply take a look at the delicious chocolate. It constructs expectancy of that very first delicious bite. You'll locate that waiting to eat it actually makes it preference better.

How to apply it to conscious kissing:

Sit in front of your partner-- consider their lips as well as inquire to do the same. You could discreetly lick your lips and even blow your companion a kiss to obtain them concentrated on your crease.

2. Smell:

Wave the item of chocolate under your nose as well as take in the seductive aroma. As you scent it, take a number of long, deep breaths. You may begin to salivate. Your feeling of scent triggers your body to develop the correct enzymes to absorb whatever you're eating. In a feeling, it's the same as lubrication (for ladies) or erection (for males) before sex. Rather than hurrying right into it, wait till your body is prepared for enjoyment, anticipating it, as well as completely focused on it.

How to use it to conscious kissing:

Get closer to your companion. If they're using a scent you such as, or just have a nice, natural odor, you can absorb their scent and urge them to do the very same. Tell them what you such as regarding it.

3. Touch:

Trace the outline of your lips with the item of chocolate. This is constructing up a lot more expectancy, as well as you're probably salivating also stronger currently. Notification exactly how the delicious chocolate feels on your soft, damp lips. Value the luscious, silky, smooth, and sensuous appearance of the chocolate on your lips. By now you might truly intend to consume this delicious chocolate, but stay in the touch setting for a few lengthy, deep breaths prior to moving on.

How to apply it to conscious kissing:

Trace the synopsis of your partner's lips with your fingertips. Have them do the exact same. Once more, this is to assist you reduce down, appreciate every minute, as well as develop expectancy and exhilaration in your body and mind. Take your time.

4. Taste:

Trace the chocolate square with the pointer of your tongue now, licking the chocolate ever before so delicately. Do this for three to 5 complete breaths. After that place the piece of chocolate in your mouth, however don't chew or ingest it. Position it on your tongue, close your eyes as well as your mouth, and also just let it thaw.

How to apply it to mindful kissing:

Trace the outline of your partner's lips with your tongue. Let them do the same to you. After that begin to slowly explore each other's mouths with your tongues, being conscious so you don't obtain lugged away. Keep moving gradually, check out, and keep the sensualism of the experience.

5. Hearing:

As it's melting, hum noisally-- making an mmm sound. The resonance in your mouth incorporated with the sensuous flavor and also appearance of chocolate can be really arousing. It engages yet an additional feeling and maintains your mind focused on these experiences. Notice as the delicious chocolate begins to melt as well as adjustments shape in your mouth.

How to use it to mindful kissing:

Instead of a hum, you could make a groaning audio as you remain to kiss, which like the hum, will send vibrations through your bodies.

For much more tantric methods to enhance affection as well as enjoyment, take a look at Psalm's messages on tantric nipple massage therapy, tantric yoni massage, as well as tantric lingam massage.

[superchemistryclasses]

What is Km in Enzyme Kinetics? Meaning, Importance, and Applications Explained Simply

Enzymes are special proteins that make chemical reactions in living organisms faster and more efficient. To understand how enzymes work, scientists study something called enzyme kinetics, which looks at the speed of these reactions. One of the most important terms in enzyme kinetics is Km. Many people wonder, “What is Km in enzyme kinetics?” In this article, we will explain the meaning of Km, why…