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ferrosiliconm1 · 11 months ago

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A Complete Manual for Metallurgical Ferro Silicon Magnesium, Nodularizers, and Barium Inoculant

Over the years, the discipline of metallurgy—the study of metals—has undergone amazing development. The characteristics of metals have been greatly improved by the introduction of alloying elements, therefore rendering them appropriate for many uses. We will discuss in this guide the importance of Ferro Silicon Magnesium (FeSiMg), nodularizers, and barium inoculants in metallurgy along with its advantages, features, and applications.

Ferro Silicon Magnesium (FeSiMg) Definitions and Composition

Important alloying ingredient utilized in the metallurgical sector is ferro silicon magnesium (FeSiMg). Mostly iron (Fe), silicon (Si), and magnesium (Mg), it also contains various proportions of additional elements like calcium and rare earth metals. FeSiMg is essential in metal casting and manufacturing operations because of the qualities this mix of elements offers.

Manufacturing Process:

FeSiMg is produced from silica (SiO2) and magnesium oxide (MgO) reduction under iron presence. Usually occurring in electric arc furnaces, this technique heats the raw materials at high temperatures so that the silica and magnesium oxide react with iron to produce the desired alloy.

Uses in Metallurgy

Mostly utilized in the manufacturing of ductile iron, often referred to as nodular cast iron, FeSiMg is Acting as a nodularizing agent, it encourages the iron matrix's spherical graphite nodule development. Improved mechanical qualities like more ductility and impact resistance follow from this, which qualifies ductile iron for uses including pipes, automobile components, and machinery parts.

FeSiMg: Physical Characteristics

Usually having a high melting point, great thermal conductivity, and a thick structure, FeSiMg is These features guarantee effective heat flow throughout the casting process and make it perfect for use in high-temperature applications.

Chemical Characteristics:

Magnesium causes FeSiMg to be chemically rather reactive. Although this reactivity helps graphite nodules in cast iron develop, it also calls for cautious handling and storage to avoid undesired reactions.

Mechanical Attributes

FeSiMg adds much to the mechanical qualities of cast iron. Comparatively to conventional gray cast iron, the produced ductile iron has excellent tensile strength, good elongation, and great fatigue resistance.

FeSiMg's Use in Metallurgy: Enhancing Ductility

The capacity of FeSiMg to increase the ductility of cast iron is one of the main advantages of using it in metalworking. The spherical graphite nodules developed during the casting process stop the creation of stress concentrations, therefore enabling more easy material deformation under load.

Improving Mechanical Stability

FeSiMg helps the cast iron's general mechanical strength as well. Stronger and more durable material results from the regular distribution of graphite nodules within the iron matrix providing further support and stopping of fracture development.

Minuting Casting Errors

FeSiMg lowers typical casting flaws like shrinkage and porosity by encouraging the development of spherical graphite nodules. Higher quality castings with less internal faults result from this, therefore improving the final goods' dependability.

Nodularists

What are nodularisers?

To encourage the development of spherical graphite nodules, nodularizers—alloying elements—used in the manufacture of ductile iron These nodules increase the mechanical qualities of the iron, hence increasing its ductility and impact resistance.

Different kinds of nodularizers

The metallurgical sector takes use of numerous kinds of nodularizers, each with special composition and advantages.

Part in Cast Iron Making

By guaranteeing the correct development of graphite nodules, nodularizers are necessary in the manufacturing of ductile iron. Achieving the intended mechanical qualities and performance attributes in the end product depends on this procedure.

Often Used Common Nodularizers

Nodularisers Based on Magnesium

Many nodularizers include magnesium because of its capacity to encourage nodule development. High-quality ductile iron is produced using extensively magnesium-based nodularisers.

Nodularisers of Rare Earth

Also employed as nodularizers are rare earth elements like cerium and lanthanum. These components serve to increase the general cast iron quality and hone the graphite structure.

Ferrosilicon Nodularisers:

Combining magnesium, silicon, and iron, ferrosilicon nodularizers Because they increase mechanical qualities and help nodule development, they are often utilized in the manufacturing of ductile iron.

Inoculant of Barium

Introduction to Inoculants: Materials added to molten metal to enhance mechanical qualities and grain structure of the resultant product One such a substance employed in the metallurgical sector is barium inoculant.

What is a barium inoculant?

Usually combining barium with silicon and other components, barium inoculant is an alloy. It helps cast iron to develop fine, uniformly dispersed graphite flakes, therefore improving its mechanical qualities.

Manufacturing Composition

The particular use determines the composition of barium inoculant, however typically it consists in a notable concentration of barium and silicon. Melting and alloying these elements produces a homogeneous material suitable for use in casting.

Physical and Chemical Attributes of Barium Inoculant

High melting point and exceptional thermal stability of barium inoculant make it suitable for use in high-temperature metallurgical operations. Chemically, it is reactive sufficient to affect the solidification process of molten iron, therefore encouraging the development of desired microstructures.

Ad advantages in metallurgical techniques

Using barium inoculant has mostly advantages in terms of improving the graphite structure in cast iron. Improved mechanical qualities like more strength, hardness, and wear resistance follow from this. Barium inoculant also helps cast iron's chill propensity be lessened, therefore reducing the production of hard, brittle carbides.

Metallurgy's use of barium inoculant: use in grey cast iron

Grey cast iron is produced with great usage of barium inoculant. It helps polish the graphite structure, therefore improving mechanical qualities and machinability.

Impacts on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure

Barium inoculant added to molten iron helps graphite flakes to develop fine, homogeneous distribution. This improves the cast iron's general mechanical qualities, therefore improving its suitability for uses needing great strength and durability.

lowering chill tendency

Using barium inoculant is one of the main advantages as it helps cast iron's cold propensity to be lowered. This helps to avoid the creation of hard carbides, therefore producing a more homogeneous and machinable material.

Comparative Study

FeSiMg vs. Nodularisers: Comparison

Although they both help to enhance cast iron's qualities, FeSiMg and nodularisers have distinct purposes. FeSiMg is mostly utilized as a nodularizing agent; nodularizers include a wider spectrum of components used to induce nodule development.

FeSiMg Compared to Barium Inoculant

Additionally important in metallurgy are FeSiMg and barium inoculant. While barium inoculant focuses on improving the graphite structure and lowering chill tendency, FeSiMg is utilized to promote ductility and mechanical strength.

Nodularizers vs. Barium Inoculant

Although they accomplish so in various ways, nodularizers and barium inoculant both improve the qualities of cast iron. While barium inoculant polishes the graphite structure and lowers chill propensity, nodularizers help to produce spherical graphite nodules.

Guidelines for Using FeSiMg, Nodularizers, and Barium Inoculant

correct handling and storage

Unwanted reactions may be avoided and FeSiMg, nodularizers, and barium inoculant's efficacy guaranteed by careful handling and storage. To prevent contamination, these products should be handled carefully and kept dry, cold.

Improving Alloying Techniques

Careful management of the addition of FeSiMg, nodularizers, and barium inoculant to the molten metal is part of optimizing the alloying process. This guarantees the final product has the intended characteristics.

Safety Strategies

Dealing with reactive compounds like FeSiMg and nodularizers calls for great care toward safety. Following safety procedures and wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) can help to guarantee a safe workplace and help to avoid mishaps.

Difficulties and Issues and Thoughts

Managing Reactive Products

Handling the reactivity of FeSiMg, nodularizers, and barium inoculant presents one of the primary difficulties in their use. These components should be carefully stored and handled as they may react with moisture and other chemicals.

Economic Consequences

Alloying elements such as FeSiMg and barium inoculant may have somewhat high costs. To guarantee economic sustainability, one must strike a balance between the advantages they provide and the whole cost of manufacturing.

Effects on the Environment

Alloying element manufacture and application might affect the surroundings. Following sustainable standards and reducing the environmental impact of metallurgical operations is very vital.

Metallurgy's Future Trends

Novel ideas for alloying elements

The metallurgical sector is always changing; developments in alloying elements help to increase metal performance and qualities. Novel materials and methods are being development to improve metal properties.

Ecological Methods

In metallurgy, sustainability is starting to take front stage. Efforts are under way to lower the environmental effect of metallurgical operations and advance the use of environmentally friendly materials.

Innovations in Casting Technologies

Furthermore influencing the direction of metallurgy is developments in casting technology. New opportunities for producing intricate metal components with improved qualities are presented by technologies like additive manufacturing and 3D printing.

Finally

Ultimately, contemporary metallurgy depends critically on barium inoculants, nodularizers, and ferro silicon magnesium. They improve cast iron's qualities, therefore rendering it appropriate for a broad spectrum of uses. Optimizing their utilization and obtaining high-quality metallurgical products depend on an awareness of their features, advantages, and best practices.

#Ferro Silicon Magnesium #Nodularisers #Barium Inoculant

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nutrifizeltd · 1 year ago

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Top Resources for Studying for the Fundamentals of Engineering Exam

Studying for the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam just got easier with StudyForFE.com, the ultimate online resource for aspiring engineers. Whether you're tackling the Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering or preparing comprehensively for the FE exam in other disciplines, StudyForFE.com provides unparalleled support and guidance.

The FE exam, a crucial step for engineering students and professionals seeking licensure, demands thorough preparation across various subjects. StudyForFE.com addresses this challenge by offering a diverse array of study materials tailored to the needs of FE exam candidates. From comprehensive study guides to interactive practice exams, the platform ensures that every aspect of the exam is covered with precision and depth.

"At StudyForFE.com, we understand the importance of the Fundamentals of Engineering exam in an engineer's career journey," said John Doe, founder of StudyForFE.com. "Our mission is to empower aspiring engineers with the knowledge and confidence they need to succeed. Whether you're focusing on Fundamental of Electrical Engineering concepts or broader FE exam topics, our resources are designed to maximize your preparation efficiency."

Key features of StudyForFE.com include:

Comprehensive Study Guides: Detailed guides covering all subject areas tested in the FE exam, including Fundamental of Engineering Exam fundamentals.

Interactive Practice Exams: Realistic practice exams with detailed explanations to simulate the actual exam experience.

Video Tutorials: Engaging video lessons that clarify complex concepts and enhance understanding.

Community Support: Access to a supportive community of fellow exam candidates and experienced instructors for guidance and peer-to-peer learning.

Customizable Study Plans: Tools to create personalized study plans based on individual strengths and weaknesses.

The website's user-friendly interface and mobile compatibility ensure that users can study anytime, anywhere, making preparation convenient and effective. StudyForFE.com is committed to staying updated with the latest FE exam requirements and continuously enhances its resources to reflect exam changes and feedback from users.

"Our goal is to be the go-to resource for anyone preparing for the Fundamentals of Engineering exam," added John Doe. "Whether you're a recent graduate or a seasoned professional returning to formalize your licensure, StudyForFE.com provides the tools and support you need to excel."

For more information about StudyForFE.com and to start preparing for the Fundamentals of Engineering exam today, visit www.studyforfe.com. Explore our comprehensive resources and take the first step towards achieving your professional engineering goals.

#Fundamentals of Engineering

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emptyingthebucket · 2 years ago

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Days 43 to 45. Hanging out in Santa Fe

We travel into Santa Fe and explore more of what it has to offer. The shops and the plaza area are wonderful. There is an EV car show on the plaza. I just read a study that the cost of owning an EV for 10 years is equivalent to spending $17 per gallon. Would electric cars be shaped like gas engine cars if they were invented before the combustion engine?

Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico so, of course, we visit the capitol building. It is full of art. Our tour guide told us this would be worth the visit. He was so right. Look at what this buffalo head is made of!!!

My favorite shop is WildHorse. The statues are wonderful.

The collection of items is vast. In the back room I discover a piece of yard art. It is a transformer. I ask the proprietor why the Transformer. He said it was a fad at one time. It seems so out of place. The jewelry he offers is exquisite. We buy a piece.

We visit the Georgia O'Keeffe Art Gallery (or is it a Museum?). I learn of the extent of her styles. She is more than flowers. The landscapes I see are familiar. From what I saw at the Ghost Ranch, I recognize the landscapes in her paintings. That's kinda cool. Can I make a stained glass replica of some of her landscapes? Hmmm.

I like Santa Fe. I can see myself coming back here. On a retreat perhaps?

The weather is changing. The skies are more dramatic.

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cardecode · 2 years ago

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Can Travel to Sacred Venues

Visiting sacred venues can have a greatly positive impact on customers' lives. Earth is actually dotted with strength centers where consumers have experienced visions, healings, prophecies, inspiration and also insight into the signifying of their lives. Stonehenge in England, your Pyramids in Egypt, Machu Picchu inside Peru, Sedona with Arizona and Build Shasta in Idaho are among the global best known power internet sites, but there are around 1, 000 piece of rock circles, holy bore holes, sacred forests, curing springs, oracle caves and pagan wats across the planet which are attracting visitors ever since ancient times. https://verujem.rs/

A healing power from sacred places

Solely 30 miles out of Santa Fe, Completely new Mexico is El Santuario de Chimayo where 300, 000 visitors each year arrive at scoop sand on a hole in the surface of the "Room with Miracles. " The country's walls are covered with letters and additionally photographs from many thankful pilgrims exactly who say they were treated here. Cornwall, within the southwest of Britain, has more than a number of holy wells at which, like Lourdes within France, miraculous remedies have been reported for years and years.

Jean Shinoda Bolen, MD, a professional and clinical teacher at the University involving California, documented a healing power associated with both prayer in addition to pilgrimage in your girlfriend book, Close to the Cuboid. "The energy from sacred places could be very subtle, " the girl said. "The recovery capacity of a spot can aid the restorative healing process similar to the strategy that prayer will. When someone passes a pilgrimage trusting they may be healed in that respect there, they can set successful forces into movement. "

Vision tasks lead to self-understanding

Having vision quests is often a North American native lifestyle that has become a popular Modern age practice. It calls for spending time alone with an isolated, often forests setting, in expectation of receiving a meaning to guide one's everyday life. When Helene A good. Shik leads faith based tour groups to be able to islands in Scotland's Inner Hebrides, this lady often includes a eye sight quest opportunity with a holy well named Tobar na h'oige (the Fountain with Youth) on the minor island of Iona. A popular pilgrimage blog for Pagans along with Christians alike, Iona is the burial host to 48 ancient Scottish kings, including Duncan, who was murdered simply by Macbeth in 1040. Shik says Iona was a holy isle for pre-historic Celts and later on for the Druids. "It's a place where the veil between the worlds is normally thin, " this girl says, "where we are able to transcend time together with space. " Shik says her trips give people completely new perspectives on their existence, enabling them to fully grasp themselves more certainly. "Sometimes people find out more on themselves in 14 days with me than they may in 20 years involving therapy. "

Sedona vortexes stimulate innovation

One of the most power electricity centers in the USA can be Sedona, Arizona. At one time a secret to be able to few outsiders help you save for Hollywood deckie's who filmed a number of western movies around its picturesque canyons, Sedona became a artists' colony inside the 1950s when surrealist painter and sculptor Max Ernst and additionally author Kahlil Gibran moved in. As soon as 1987 Harmonic Convergence was held in Sedona, it became the revolutionary Age center within the country. A 1995 study by the Step of Commerce noticed that 64% associated with Sedona's four mil visitors per year get to find "some type spiritual experience. inch The focal points from Sedona's power tend to be four energy vortexes, identified in 1980 by trance carrier Paige Bryant.

It's actually a rare visitor who not feel invigorated by the vortex power. Many people who begin living to Sedona because of mild climate in addition to beautiful scenery all of the sudden develop an interest inside painting, sculpture or even crafts work, though they had no original artistic interests. It isn't uncommon for people to fall in love with Sedona, acquire homes there, and next a few months later be required to move out because they are can’t withstand the continuous force of a great deal of energy. Sedona is furthermore the headquarters designed for dozens of astrologers, psychics, spiritual counselors, rub down therapists and other strength workers. A local clairvoyant association member joked that "Sedona will be the only city on the earth with 1, 500 channels and no TELLY station. "

Tips to get the most from almost holy sites

People looking forward to a transformational travel around experience can enrich their chances of some non-ordinary event by way of preparing in advance of their particular visit. Before your native youth happened a vision mission, he or she would show with a shaman to educate yourself about about the spirit society. They might take part in in depth prayers, fasting, drumming, chanting, dancing and perhaps psyotropoic herbs or simply mushrooms. You can't have a much a similar quality knowledge if you simply surface at a place prefer Stonehenge, buy a airfare, follow a visit guide around along with take a few snap shots. Dr . Jean Shinoda Bolen suggests, "You need to approach a good pilgrimage site that have an attitude of visibility. Since you are going generally there to be affected by the site, you have to allow you to ultimately be affected. inches At the very least, you should tactic a sacred site with a humble outlook and ask permission within the spirits before you provide.

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dancing-deacon · 6 years ago

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Rules: Answer 21 questions then tag 21 people you want to get to know better

I got tagged by @intheyear-39 thanks love!

Nickname: Becca, or Beck from my dad, peanut from my best friends dad who’s known me since I was 3

Zodiac: aquarius

Height: 5’6”

Last movie I saw: in theaters the BoRhap singalong and at home The Kingsman bc um hello Taron Egerton!!

Last thing I googled: A North American bird field guide book for my avian biology class starting tomorrow, I’d like to think Roger would be proud

Favorite Musician: Queen, Lady GaGa, Britney Spears, Electric Light Orchestra, Huey Lewis and the News Ariana Grande(?) idk I don’t branch out much in my music this question was rough so I put people I enjoy lol

Song stuck in my head: Stone Cold Crazy by Queen (the fast singing part)

Other blogs: I don’t have any other ones I’m lame

Do I get asks: neverrrr, it’s sad literally y’all can talk to me whenever I love making new friends

Blogs following: 299, a lot of different fandoms but I need more Queen blogs to follow!!

Amount of sleep: usually around 7-8, probably less with university starting up again tomorrow

Lucky number: I don’t really have one, but I like even numbers

What am I wearing: leggings and a black long sleeve T-shirt to be comfortable as heck

Dream job: I want to work in the Australia zoo with the Irwin’s, I’m a zoology major and their family is my goals and I want to be bffs with Bindi ngl

Dream trip: probably Australia so I can see all the different ecosystems, my other one is NYC but I’m doing that with my mom later this year!!

Favorite food: pasta of any type, give me them carbs. Also chick fil a because I work there and Im obligated have that as an answer

Play any instruments: I played clarinet for about 9 years, I really want to learn piano or guitar but I feel my hands are way to small for it

Languages: English and a tiny tiny bit of German (I gotta refresh it before I go there in May to study abroad for a few weeks)

Favorite songs: ‘39-Queen, Somebody to Love-Queen, I’m in Love with my Car-Queen....literally any Queen song lol, Santa Fe-Newsies, Words Fail, For Forever-Dear Evan Hansen, there’s a ton more that I can’t think of right now

Random fact: I signed up for an adult beginner tap dance class and I’m super pumped, I’ll get to live out my Newsies tap fantasies

Describe yourself as aesthetic things: movie nights with m&ms and popcorn, being the only one in a movie theater, your cat sleeping next to you on a rainy day, hour long talks in an idling car, black glasses, beanies, messy half-do’s

Tagging: tagging some people I want to get to know better! (Sorry if you’ve already done it) or if you wanna do it and I didn’t tag you, tag me so I can get to know you!

@rogerinatrash @roger-taylor-stole-my-heart @sunnnymercury @itsquietinsantafe @joey-mazzello

#queen #this was cute to be tagged in #rebecca rants #bohemian rhapsody #borhap #queen band #roger taylor #brian may #freddie mercury #john deacon

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dv554822 · 3 years ago

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Soft Magnetic Composites (SMCs) Market Share, Future Growth And Forecast 2027

Research Nester has released a report titled “Soft Magnetic Composites (SMCs) Market – Global Demand Analysis & Opportunity Outlook 2027″ which also includes some of the prominent market analyzing parameters such as industry growth drivers, restraints, supply and demand risk, market attractiveness, year-on-year (Y-O-Y) growth comparisons, market share comparisons, BPS analysis, SWOT analysis and Porter’s five force model.

Soft magnetic composites or SMCs are known for its superior chemical properties and thus find amplified utilization across end user industries, specifically, in the automotive and electronics industry. Application of SMCs in traction motors, pumps, AC/DC converters and others helps to reduce the power loss which on the other hand raises the efficiency of the motor. SMCs also find massive application in the production of electric and hybrid vehicles. The rising application across end use industries of SMCs is therefore anticipated to act as the key growth driver for the global SMCs market.

The global SMCs market is anticipated to record a CAGR of 8.2% during the forecast period, i.e. 2020-2027. The market is further slated to reach USD 42,356.6 million from USD 21,375.1 million in-between 2018-2027. The global SMCs market is segmented by application into motors, compressors, transformers, generators and others. Among these segments, motors segment is anticipated to hold the largest market share of around 50.24% in the year 2027. The conversion efficiency of the motor from electrical energy to mechanical energy is highly impacted on account of application of SMCs in electric motors. Further, power loss is a common issue faced by motors, which can be mitigated by applying amorphous alloy and Si-Fe steel material type of SMCs in such motors.

Geographically, the global SMCs market is segmented by five major regions into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa region, out of which, Asia Pacific is anticipated to hold the largest market share of around 43.26% in the year 2027. The region is blessed by nations such as China, India, Japan, Australia and other Southeast Asian countries, where SMCs are wide used across end use industries. Moreover, China is known to be a leader in the production of iron ore, which is a key material for the manufacturing of SMCs. Such factors are anticipated top drive the growth of the market in the region in the upcoming years.

However, concerns for high fluctuations in the price of raw materials used to manufacture SMCs is estimated to act as a barrier to the growth of the global SMCs market.

This report also studies existing competitive scenario of some of the key players of the global SMCs market, which includes profiling of Hitachi Metals, Ltd. (tyo:5486), Hoganas AB, VACUUMSCHMELZE GmbH & Co. KG, PMG Holding GmbH, Horizon Technology Inc., Fluxtrol Inc., Sintex a/s, Shenzhen City Ri Shengchang Magnet Technology Co., Ltd., AMES, and MMG Canada Limited.

The profiling enfolds key information of the companies which comprises of business overview, products and services, key financials and recent news and developments. Conclusively, the report titled “Soft Magnetic Composites (SMCs) Market – Global Demand Analysis & Opportunity Outlook 2027”, analyses the overall global SMCs industry to help new entrants to understand the details of the market. In addition to that, this report also guides existing players looking for expansion and major investors looking for investment in the global SMCs market in the near future.

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studyforfe · 5 months ago

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Top Resources and Study Tools for the Electrical Power PE Exam

Preparing for the Electrical Power PE Exam can be a daunting task, especially without the right resources and study tools. Success requires focused preparation, strategic planning, and a thorough understanding of the concepts covered by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES). At Studyforfe.com, we provide a comprehensive suite of resources specifically tailored to help candidates excel in the PE Power exam.

Comprehensive Study Material

One of the most critical aspects of preparing for the Electrical Power PE Exam is having access to clear, concise, and well-organized study materials. Our platform offers study guides, textbooks, and practice questions that cover all the topics outlined in the NCEES specifications. Written by Wasim Asghar, P.ENG, M.ENG, an experienced licensed professional engineer, these materials are designed to simplify complex concepts and build a strong foundation in key topics such as power systems, protection, and analysis.

The study material is not only easy to follow but also includes practical examples, making it easier for candidates to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world problems.

Interactive Practice Exams

Practice is a cornerstone of success for the PE Power exam. At Studyforfe.com, we provide access to full-length, timed practice exams that mimic the actual test environment. These exams help candidates develop familiarity with the exam format, improve time management skills, and identify areas that need improvement.

Each practice exam comes with detailed solutions, allowing students to understand the reasoning behind correct answers and learn from their mistakes. By regularly attempting practice exams, candidates can build the confidence needed to tackle the actual test.

Video Tutorials and Lectures

For visual learners, our video tutorials are an invaluable resource. These videos, created by Wasim Asghar, offer step-by-step explanations of key concepts and problem-solving techniques. The tutorials are structured to align with the NCEES exam specifications, ensuring that candidates focus on the most relevant material.

The engaging teaching style and emphasis on problem-based learning make these videos a powerful tool for mastering even the most challenging topics.

Personalized Support and Mentorship

At Studyforfe.com, we go beyond providing resources by offering personalized mentorship and support. Wasim Asghar draws on his extensive experience in passing the PE Power exam on the first attempt to guide candidates through their preparation journey.

Whether you need help creating a study plan, clarifying a difficult concept, or staying motivated, our team is here to assist you. This personalized approach ensures that each candidate gets the support they need to succeed.

Why Choose Studyforfe.com?

As a leader in Electrical Power PE Exam preparation, Studyforfe.com is your trusted partner in achieving professional licensure. With resources designed by a seasoned engineer, comprehensive practice exams, and personalized support, we are committed to helping candidates excel.

Visit Studyforfe.com to access the tools you need to prepare for the PE Power exam. Let us help you achieve your goals and advance your engineering career.

#FE Electrical and Computer Online Course #FE Electrical Study Guide #FE Electrical And Computer #FE Electrical #FE Electrical And Computer Practice Exam #Fundamentals Of Engineering Electrical #Electrical Power PE Exam #Fundamental Of Electrical Engineering

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school-of-pe · 4 months ago

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What Are the Challenges in Studying for the FE Electrical and Computer Exam?

The FE Electrical and Computer exam is a challenging step toward obtaining your PE licensure. During your preparation journey, you may encounter several obstacles. Recognizing these challenges and addressing them effectively can significantly improve your chances of success. This blog discusses some common difficulties you may face and offers tips to help you overcome them.

Extensive Syllabus

The FE Electrical and Computer Exam covers a wide range of topics, and the amount of material can be overwhelming, especially if you haven't developed a solid study plan. To prevent this, it's important to review the syllabus and break down the chapters into manageable sections to create an effective study schedule.

Consider registering for the School of PE's review classes. These classes offer a personalized study plan tailored to your individual study level, ensuring you learn effectively.

Time Management

Not allocating enough time for studying can pose a significant challenge that affects your overall preparation. When developing a study plan, it's essential to assign specific time slots for each concept to enhance your learning efficiency. Spend less time on easier topics and adjust your schedule based on the requirements of each subject specific to the exam. Consider using online study planner tools to help you stay organized and prepare effectively.

Limited Study Materials

Having the right study materials is essential for exam success. Studying the FE Electrical and Computer subjects can be challenging without quality resources. It's important to seek out online materials and invest in those that align with NCEES specifications. Gather review guides, study notes, practice exams, and practice problems to enhance your understanding. Consider registering with the School of PE to access high-quality study materials and prepare effectively for your exam.

Not Utilizing the FE Reference Handbook

The FE Reference Handbook is the only resource you will have during the exam. Many candidates struggle to navigate it and are often not familiar with the essential information that can help them succeed. To prevent this, download the handbook from the NCEES website and use it throughout your preparation. By doing this, you will become familiar with its layout, which will allow you to find formulas and tables more quickly during the exam.

Lack of Practice

The exam requires theoretical knowledge and the ability to apply concepts to problem-solving. Lack of sufficient practice can hinder your ability to tackle exam questions efficiently. To improve your skills, work through a variety of practice problems and take mock exams to develop your testing strategy and timing. These practice sessions will help you grasp the concepts more effectively, so you will be well-prepared to excel in the exam.

Stress and Anxiety

Exam pressure can lead to stress and anxiety, negatively impacting your focus and confidence. If you are taking an exam for the first time, you may experience this pressure. However, managing it can help you concentrate better on your studies and achieve success. Practice meditation or engage in warm-up activities to reduce stress and improve your concentration. Regular exercise and a healthy diet can also enhance mental clarity. Building confidence through consistent preparation is the most effective way to lower exam-related anxiety.

Conclusion

The FE Electrical and Computer Exam is certainly challenging, but with the right preparation strategies, you can overcome these obstacles and succeed. This article will help you tackle common challenges to ensure your preparation is effective. At the School of PE, we offer preparatory courses designed to streamline your studies and help you avoid common pitfalls.

#fe electrical and computer

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coursesfe · 9 months ago

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Top Study Strategies for the Fundamentals of Engineering Electrical and Computer Exam

Preparing for the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Electrical and Computer exam can be a daunting task, but with the right study strategies, you can significantly improve your chances of success. The FE exam is a critical step for those seeking to become licensed professional engineers, and mastering the fundamentals of electrical engineering and computer engineering is essential. Here are some effective study strategies to help you navigate the preparation process for this crucial examination.

Understand the Exam Format and Content

The first step in preparing for the FE Electrical and Computer exam is to familiarize yourself with the exam format and content. The exam is computer-based and consists of 110 multiple-choice questions. It covers a wide range of topics within electrical and computer engineering, including circuit analysis, electronics, signals and systems, and digital logic. Understanding the exam structure and the types of questions you will encounter will help you tailor your study plan effectively.

Utilize Study Materials and Resources

Investing in high-quality study materials is crucial for your preparation. The Fundamentals of Engineering Electrical and Computer Exam Preparation Course" is an excellent resource that provides comprehensive coverage of the topics you'll need to master. This course offers practice questions, detailed explanations, and study guides specifically designed for the FE Electrical and Computer exam. Additionally, consider using textbooks and review guides focused on the fundamentals of electrical engineering. These resources will reinforce your understanding and provide valuable practice.

Create a Study Plan

A well-structured study plan is essential for effective preparation. Start by setting a study schedule that allocates sufficient time for each topic. Break down the content into manageable sections and set specific goals for each study session. For example, dedicate one week to circuit analysis and another to electronics. Consistent, focused study sessions will help you retain information better and reduce last-minute cramming.

Practice with Sample Questions

Practice is key to mastering the FE Electrical and Computer exam. Use sample questions and practice exams to familiarize yourself with the types of questions that will appear on the test. This will help you develop problem-solving skills and improve your time management. The "Fundamentals of Engineering Electrical and Computer Exam Preparation Course" includes practice exams that simulate the actual test environment, allowing you to gauge your readiness and identify areas where you need further study.

Focus on Weak Areas

As you practice, pay attention to the areas where you struggle the most. Focus on these weak areas during your study sessions to improve your overall performance. If you find certain topics challenging, consider seeking additional help or clarification. Online forums, study groups, and tutoring services can provide valuable support and enhance your understanding of complex concepts.

Review and Revise Regularly

Regular review and revision are critical for retaining information and reinforcing your knowledge. Set aside time each week to review previously studied topics and revisit difficult concepts. This will help keep the material fresh in your mind and ensure that you are well-prepared for the exam.

Stay Healthy and Manage Stress

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and managing stress are crucial for optimal exam performance. Ensure that you get enough sleep, eat a balanced diet, and engage in regular physical activity. Incorporate stress-management techniques such as meditation or deep breathing exercises into your routine to stay focused and calm during your study sessions.

By following these study strategies and utilizing resources like the "Fundamentals of Engineering Electrical and Computer Exam Preparation Course," you can enhance your preparation for the FE Electrical and Computer exam. A well-organized study plan, combined with consistent practice and effective review techniques, will help you build a strong foundation in the fundamentals of electrical engineering and computer engineering, ultimately leading to success on your exam.

#fe electrical

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johndsmiths1 · 4 years ago

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biomedgrid · 4 years ago

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Biomed Grid | Status of Water Used for Drinking and Irrigation in Kano: A Critical Review on Physicochemical and Heavy Metals Concentration

Introduction

Water is one of the most important and abundant compounds of the ecosystem [1,2,3]. It is the most vital element among the natural resources [4,5,6,7], and is critical for the survival of all living organisms including human, food production, and economic development. Also, Saeed and Mahmoud [8] reported that, importance of water in our day-to-day activities makes it necessary for thorough analysis to be conducted. The availability of good quality water is an indispensable feature for preventing diseases and improving quality of life [8-17]. According to Rabiu et al., [15], Abdulazeez [16] and Kalra et al., [17] the quality of water is of vital concern for the mankind since it is directly linked with human welfare or health. The quality of ground water [18], or surface water depends on various chemical constituents and their concentration, which are mostly derived from the geological data of the particular region [19-24]. Usually, water quality is being described by its physical, chemical and biological properties [25- 27]. According to Rahmanian et al., [28] the quality and suitability of water are determined by its taste, odor, colour, as well as the concentration of organic and inorganic matters. According to Nizel and Islam [5] the quality of water is affected by human activities and is declining due to the rise of urbanization, population growth, industrial production, climate change and other factors.

Sources of Pollution

Pollution is caused when a change in the physical, chemical, or biological condition of the environment harmfully affects the quality of human life, including other animals’ lives and plants [29,30]. The major causes of water pollution in an environment are as a result of addition of biological or chemical substances, such as land surface washing [31]. Kanase et al., [32], Bhalme and Nagarnaik [33] understand that increase in industrialization, urbanization, agriculture activity and various human activities has increased the pollution of surface water and ground water. To Khan et al., [34], increasing anti-environmental human activities and some natural processes the quality of water is decreasing continuously and is posing a great threat to all forms of life including humans. Polluted water is the major cause for the spread of many epidemics and some serious diseases like cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid, diarrhea among others [34]. Contaminants in the water can affect the water quality and consequently the human health. The potential sources of water contamination are geological conditions, industrial and agricultural activities, and water treatment plants as reported by [28]. Duressa et al [35] stated that the problems of contamination of urban water distribution system are diverse.

The major sources of water contaminants are mostly wasting from improper sanitation and agricultural and other activities that make their way to the water distribution networks as reported by [35,36]. Industrial wastewater originates from the wet nature of most large industries which require large quantities of water for processing and disposal of wastes. Most industries are therefore, located near water sources. The pollution potential of industrial wastewater is far greater than that of domestic wastewater [37]. Heavy metals are found naturally in the earth [38-40] and become concentrated as a result of human caused activities [41-43] reported that pollution of water with heavy metals is of grave consequence because both terrestrial and aquatic lives may be poisoned; it may cause disease due to the presence of some hazardous substance which may distort the water quality, add odours, and significantly hinder economic activities.

According to Masindi and Muedi [44]heavy metals can be found in traces in water sources and still be very toxic and impose serious health problems to humans and other ecosystems, because the toxicity level of a metal depends on factors such as the organisms which are exposed to it, its nature, its biological role and the period at which the organisms are exposed to the metal.Kano state is located in the northern part of Nigeria, where there is no any large water body or shared border with ocean [45]. Rapid population increase in the study area is as a result of natural increase i.e. birth rate and migration from rural areas into Kano metropolitan and other urban centers in the state from different rural areas within and outside the state which lead to high concentration of people in the Kano metropolitan, which in turn affect water the supply tremendously [46].

Some physico chemical analysis study of polluted water sample in Kano

Due to the significance of water to living organisms (both plants and animals), numerous studies had been carried out to ascertain the quality of drinking and agricultural water in different places all over the world including Kano state, mainly by determination of heavy metal, physical and chemical among other parameters present due to their impact on human health.

Surface water

Most of the rivers in the urban areas of the developing countries are the ends of effluents discharged from the industries [47]. Rivers serve as a source of water for human consumption as well as irrigation purposes. Due to the above-mentioned significance, it has become essential for the regular monitoring of the important parameters of the water. The following analysis were reported.

River Challawa: Challawa River is located in Challawa industrial estate (11°45′42N, longitude 8°46′17E) in Kumbotso local Government area. The River is one of the receiving rivers of effluents from Challawa industrial estate. The industries in the Challawa industrial estate range from tanneries and textile to foods and packaging industries [48-50] conducted research on river Challawa for the purpose of determining the concentration of some physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. The results obtained from the study revealed that, all the physicochemical parameters determined: total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, temperature, pH, chloride, sulphate, phosphate with exception of dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and electrical conductivity are within the recommended standard limits for these content in drinking water. The results obtained from this study also indicates the pollution tendencies of the surface waters of river Challawa, attributable to high levels of Pb, Cr, and Cd recorded. Akan et al., (2009) in another study on river Challawa investigated the impact of tannery and textile effluents.

The finding of their study reveals that the concentrations of heavy metals in the water and sediment samples were higher than the WHO guideline values for the protection of aquatic life. Also, the concentrations of BOD, COD, and total organic carbon (TOC) were higher than the WHO limits for the protection of fish and other aquatic life. Sarauta and Colleague [51] assessed the presence of PCBs and PAHs in River Challawa and compared the concentrations of the pollutants with the acceptable limit set by Nigerian Standard and other international regulatory agencies. 26 samples of water were considered in the analysis. The result shows that Polychlorinated biphenyls were not detected but polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in all the samples analyzed using GCMS. The total concentrations of PAHs in the water samples range between 0.001 to 0.087mg/l. The results obtained revealed that most of the pollutants present in water were at significantly very high levels especially at Zamawa village situated very close to Challawa industrial estate - the major sources of effluent discharge point, making the drinking water around area is not fit for consumption. The industrial activities had impact on Challawa River basin and its environment as reported.

River Jakara and Minjibir: The work of Akan et al., (2008) on water samples from river Jakara reported the levels of pH, temperature, conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, TSS, TDS, phosphate, BOD, COD and DO were higher than the maximum permissible limit sets by Federal environmental protection agencies (FEPA). Also reported the concentrations of metals in the wastewater and vegetables samples to be higher than the maximum contaminant limit sets by World Health Organization (WHO). Dike et al., [52] in their study in water samples from river Jakara detected high values of BOD, DO, SS, and chloride and reported the unsuitability of the river for irrigation purposes. In another study, Mustapha et al., [53] analyzed the physicochemical parameters of 27 samples from the riverine network of the upper Jakara River. Parameters like pH, temperature, conductivity, TDS, turbidity, salinity, BOD, COD, ammonia, TSS, SS, Cr, Cd and Pb were studied and compared with WHO standard. Yahaya et al., [54] carried out a study to determine the physical and chemical parameters of water collected from different points of river Minjibir. The EC, concentration of chloride, sodium, calcium, magnesium, TDS, sodium adsorption rate (SAR), and sulphate recorded in the water samples lies in the impermissible limit sets by WHO and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). While the concentrations of carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate and boron are unsuitable for irrigation purposes as recommended by WHO and FAO.

River Tatsawarki: Bichi and Bello [55] investigated the physicochemical parameters as well as heavy metals concentrations of water samples from Tatsawarki river and concluded that the heavy metal in the water is very high and unfit for any purpose as the metal were found to be higher than the FAO guideline value with exception of Fe and Pb which were found to be below the FAO guideline values. Also, the physical and chemical parameters investigated reveals higher levels of TDS, SS, EC, turbidity, magnesium and chlorides than the WHO guideline values in both the irrigation water and the control site. Shawai and Co-authors [56,57,58] evaluated the concentration of some physicochemical parameters, heavy metals and E. coli in the samples collected from the riverine network of River Tatsawarki (Along AKTH/ Dental clinic, Zaria road) and compared with maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of WHO/NSDWQ Standards. Levels of various physicochemical, concentration of some heavy metals and presence of E. coli were determined using standard analytical methods. The results indicated that all the parameters analyzed are within the maximum permissible limits (MPL) recommended, with exception of alkalinity and Total hardness (TH) level at all the sampling station and only IG sampling point shows turbidity level below 5NTU. Also, the presence of E. coli was detected at all the sampling points. The work concluded the suitability of the water for irrigation purposes.

Watari and Tiga Dam: Watari Dam is situated 2 km from Bagwai town and 8km south west of Bichi, Kano, Nigeria. It has 1,959 hectares surface area with active storage capacity of 92.74 million litres [59,60]. The dam is located between latitude 12°9’24”N and 8°8’12”E with two distinct seasons (wet and dry). The rainy season which last from May to October and the dry season last from November to April. The mean annual temperature is between 16 – 410Cand the mean annual rainfall ranges from 700 – 813mm [15]. The study of Adamu and Ahmed [59], evaluated the physicochemical composition of Watari Dam for a period of ten months. The result showed monthly variations, where pH, temperature and Electrical conductivity means monthly values ranges between 6.1 – 8.0, 25 – 31oC, and 61.0 – 77.0μohm/cm respectively. Dissolve oxygen (DO), dissolve solid (DS) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) mean monthly values ranged between 2.5 – 3.9, 33 - 49 and 2.0 – 4.1 respectively. Suspended solid (SS) and nitrate means values ranges between 2.2 – 5.8 and 20.4 – 27.0 respectively. Rabiu and co-authors [15] investigated some physicochemical parameters of Watari Dam for a period of ten months.

Four sampling point were considered in this investigation. Mean range of parameters studied were temperature (21.5 – 29.5 °C), pH (7.3 – 8.9), DO (7.4 – 8.4mg/L), BOD (2.6 – 3.9mg/L), turbidity (0.10 – 0.25 m), electrical conductivity (156 – 245μS/ cm), TDS (167 - 389mg/L), phosphate (0.5- 2.9mg/L) and nitrate (13.5 – 23.2mg/L). The result showed some degree of variations between the two seasons in which total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, turbidity and nitrate recorded significant difference between wet and dry season (P<0.05) while no significant difference observed in DO, BOD, phosphate, temperature and pH. The phosphate concentration of 13.5 – 23.2mg/L and nitrate concentration of 0.5mg/l to 2.89mg/L raised concern on accumulation of these elements that can posed threat of pollution to the dam thus indicating anthropogenic influence. Waziri et al., [61,62] investigated the levels and seasonal variations of some physicochemical properties, heavy metals and mineral in water, sediments and fish samples from Tiga dam. Significant differences in heavy metal concentrations were recorded between seasons but, variations within season were statistically insignificant. The result indicated that the Tiga dam water and its aquatic lives are safe for human consumption, irrigation system, domestic and industrial uses

Tap water

Water, which is treated by different Municipal bodies, meets all drinking water quality standards at treatment plant and at the point where the water enters the distribution system. Water quality deteriorates in distribution networks and during collection, storage so it becomes obligatory to monitor water quality at each stage [63]. Zakari et al. [64] assessed the changes in the physical and chemical properties of piped-borne water supplied in Kano metropolis from two treatment plants (Challawa and Tamburawa plants), along the distribution lines to the various points of use in Kano metropolis. The research work emphasized on parameters such as pH, alkalinity, conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, nitrites, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, lead, cadmium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, zinc and copper. All the physical and chemical parameters analyzed in the water samples were all within the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) limits, hence making piped-borne water in Kano metropolis safe for drinking and other purposes. Audu and Idowu [65] analyzed a total of 92 water samples comprising of raw (from plants) and treated (from the plants and taps) were collected for the period of 2 years and analyzed using standard analytical techniques of the parameters analyzed, turbidity and total solids were found to be high in some sampling point, while pH values were generally acidic

The highest values of Fe, Cu and Mn were recorded along the older distribution channel of Challawa. The levels of Pb and Cr were generally high in both routes which are also observed in the raw water used at the two treatments plants. The results obtained from heavy metal concentrations fell within the maximum allowable limit set by the WHO for portable water except in the cases of Pb and Cr.

Ground water

Natural groundwater is usually of good quality, but this can deteriorate due to inadequate source protection and poor resource management [66]. It’s contamination may be due to improper dwelling of well and waste disposal [67]. Dohare et al., [68] reported that groundwater is used for domestic and industrial water supply and also for irrigation purposes in all over the world. Bernard and Ayeni [69] ascertained the quality of ground water in Bichi local government area and compared the results with the accepted limits of World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON). The samples taken from twenty different locations revealed that the study area has a mean of Turbidity 2.0 NTU, Colour 2.5 TCU, Temp. 25℃, pH 6.8, Total Alkalinity 85.0 mg/l, Total Hardness 71.83 mg/l, and others are: Calcium 25.24 mg/l, Magnesium 2.19mg/l, Iron 0.05, Chloride 7.89mg/l, Nitrate 0.79 mg/l, Total dissolved solid 81.0 mg/l, and Conductivity 135S/cm. Based on the results obtained, the ground water satisfied the safety limit for various purposes including; domestic, agricultural, and industrial. The study of Adamu et al., [70] investigated the quality of groundwater for safe drinking, by testing parameters like pH, Electrical conductivity (EC) and Ionic concentration of Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Chlorine (Cl), Nitrate (NO3), Ammonium Nitrate (NH3N), Sulphate (II)oxide (SO42-), Silicon oxide (SiO2), Fluoride (F-), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and TDS from various Precambrian Basement Complex rocks in Kano State.

The parameters analyzed, shows that the groundwater from the study area is fit for human consumption. Sa’eed and Amira [71] assessed some physicochemical parameters of borehole water used for drinking and domestic purposes in Nasarawa Local government Area. pH, Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total hardness, Permanent hardness, temporary hardness were among the parameters analyzed. The results indicated that pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids were within the acceptable range recommended by World Health Organization. (WHO), while Alkalinity, Total hardness, Permanent hardness, Temporary hardness, Calcium hardness and Magnesium hardness were all above the safe limit recommended by WHO. Saeed and Mahmoud [8] evaluated the physical and chemical parameters as well as heavy metals concentrations of drinking water used in Fagge local government area in Kano. The results indicated that, all the physicochemical and heavy metals are within the acceptable limits set by WHO except for pH level at Weather head and lead level in Kwarin gogau sampling sites respectively.

A research was undertaken by Nahannu et al., [72]; Shawai et al., [73] in Gezawa, Nigeria to have an idea of the extent of ground water pollution due to contamination with industrial effluents as well as sewage wastes. Shawai et al., [60] conducted water quality assessment in Unguwa Uku, Kano metropolitan Nigeria in October 2016 and reported that, agricultural activities as well as effluents from domestic and abattoir are the major causes of water pollution within the study area. The research work carried out by Bataiya et al., [74] to investigate the contamination level of groundwater by determination of physical and chemical properties, revealed that the groundwater quality is deteriorated due to higher concentration of EC TDS and hardness as compared to WHO standards. As the result indicated all the parameters are within the recommended levels set by WHO and NSDWQ except for conductivities at all the samples site, and magnesium at D1, D2, and D3. The work of Hassan and co-workers [75] analyzed pH, temperature, TDS, TSS, SS, EC, Alkalinity, Mg2+, Ca2+, colour, free CO2, turbidity, TH and Chloride. The results indicated that all the parameters analyzed are within the permissible limits recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) with exception of turbidity level at YS sampling station, Mg2+ concentration at DS and YS sampling point and total hardness from sampling point DS.

Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were carried out on well water samples from eight selected locations within the industrial area of Kano Metropolis including Bompai, Sharada, Challawa and Jaba [19]. The physicochemical parameters monitored includes pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, DO, BOD, Turbidity, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, zinc, iron, lead, manganese and chromium. The result revealed concluded that seven out of the eight (8) wells assessed were not fit for consumption. Shawai et al., [56] determine the physicochemical parameters of water samples collected from Sa’adatu Rimi College of Education, Kumbotso Kano and compared with the standards recommended by WHO and NSDWQ. Four samples were collected from different locations within the college premises for the analysis. The analyzed parameters are within the permissible limits recommended by WHO and NSDWQ with exception of turbidity level at A sampling station, pH concentration at B, C, and D sampling point and nitrite concentrations at C and D sampling point. The results also showed that, the concentration of total hardness was slightly above. The work suggested that, levels of microbial contaminant, inorganic constituents and other parameters not considered in the research should be assess in future study.

Sachet Water

Water can be described as potable, when it complies with certain physical, chemical and microbiological standards, which are designed to ensure that the water is potable and safe for drinking [76]. Sachet/packaged/potable water is the water that is free from disease producing microorganisms and chemical substances that are dangerous to health [77-85]. Packaged water is raw water purified to remove physical, chemical and microbial contaminants and packaged into labeled containers [86,87]. The production and sell of sachet/package water or pure water is one of the common businesses in Kano Nigeria, so the need to assess the status become necessary. In Kano, sachet water is main water used for drinking especially in metropolitan area. Analysis were carried out to assess the quality of this water, including the following:

Uwah and co-workers [88] concluded that the physicochemical and bacteriological parameters in sachets water consumed in Kano metropolis conformed to the WHO recommended standards for potable water and that the consumption of the sachets water may not pose health hazards to the consumers at the time of the study. 25 brands of sachet water packaged within Kano metropolis was evaluated by [89]. Concentrations of Pb, Fe, Zn and Cu were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Conductivity, pH, Total dissolved solids and total hardness were determined using suitable methods of analysis. The concentrations of the metals, conductivity, TDS and total hardness were below the allowable limits set by standard organization of Nigeria (SON) and WHO. However, pH concentration was found to be high in some samples analyzed. Sheshe and Magashi [90] analysed fifty (50) brands of sachet water produced from borehole and tap water in five local government areas of Kano metropolitan. Chemical parameters such as conductivity, total hardness, nitrate and nitrite, total dissolved solids, fluoride, and heavy metals such as Manganese (Mn), Arsenic (As), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), and Lead (Pb) conformed to the requirements of WHO and NIS standards

The findings revealed that the physicochemical parameters tested in all the sachet water samples were within the permissible limits stipulated by the drinking water standards, hence on this basis the water is considered fit for drinking.

Conclusion

The effects of water pollution are not only devastating to people but also to animals, plants, and soil. Polluted water is unsuitable for drinking, recreation, agriculture, and industrial activities. The present review paper undertaken to account to bring an acute awareness among the people about the quality of water in Kano state. Based on the previous research, it can be concluded that the parameters in sachets and ground water consumed in Kano are within the WHO recommended standards for potable water and ensures the suitability of the water for human consumption. In case of river and dams’ water, industrial effluents contributed immensely in making the river water sources unfit for human and irrigation purposes.

Recommendations

The following recommendations were made:

1) The agencies concerned such as FME, KSME, NAFDAC, NASREA, SON among others, should strengthen their legislation against indiscriminate and improper waste disposal along waterways.

2) Hand dug wells and boreholes should be drilled some meters far away from any source of contaminations or pollution.

3) Government should sanction any industry that failed to adhere to environmental regulatory policies.

4) Also, government and non-governmental organization should educate the communities on proper disposal of wastes.

5) Phytoremediation should be use for the removal of pollutants from water and soil especially heavy metals.

6) There is need for regular water quality monitoring which should include trace metal levels, nutrients and microbiological analysis.

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume5/status-of-water-used-for-drinking-and-irrigation-in-kano-a-critical-review-on-physicochemical-and-heavy-metals-concentration.000918.php

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