#GPS L1 L2 tracking antenna

[viswatechynology]

GPS

GPS?

GPS is one of many GNSS that provides positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) measurements. While operated by the U.S. Space Force, a branch of the U.S. Armed Forces, GPS is available for use by anyone worldwide.

GPS was started in 1973, launching its first satellite in 1978. Satellites are developed and launched in series known as blocks. In total, 10 Block I GPS satellites were launched between 1978 and 1981. The Block II series satellites were launched beginning in 1989 and were capable of broadcasting on two L-Band radio frequencies. GPS’ Block II had several developmental series, including Block IIA, IIR, IIR-M and IIF. Each set of satellites built upon the previous designs and capabilities, culminating in Block III. This third generation of GPS satellites begins with Block IIIA series’ new signals and higher broadcasting power. The first IIIA satellite of 10 was launched in 2018.

What does GPS stand for?

GPS stands for Global Positioning System. It’s also often used to describe the positioning system itself, for example, your vehicle’s built-in GPS.

How does GPS work?

Like many other GNSS constellations, GPS includes three main segments: the space segment, control segment and user segment.

The GPS space segment includes over 30 satellites in orbit operated and maintained by the U.S. Space Force. These satellites broadcast radio signals to control and monitoring stations on Earth and directly to users requiring highly precise satellite positioning.

The U.S. Space Force also oversees the GPS control segment. It includes master control and backup control stations, dedicated ground antennas and several monitor stations located worldwide. These stations work to ensure GPS satellites are healthy, orbiting in the correct locations and have accurate atomic clocks on board. These stations are integral to the overall health and accuracy of the GPS constellation.

Read More

The user segment includes everyone relying upon GPS satellites for PNT measurements. From a mobile phone providing directions to autonomous vehicles requiring lane-level positioning accuracy; from a farmer tracking planting and harvesting routes year-over-year to a UAV mapping a rainforest, many applications use GPS for high precision positioning and accuracy around the world.

What are GPS satellite signals?

Satellites are continually broadcasting their orbital position and exact time at that position on radio frequencies. That signal is received by antennas, along with at least three other satellite signals, then processed in a GPS receiver to compute a user’s location.

GPS broadcasts on L1 (1575.42 MHz), L2 (1227.60 MHz) and L5 (1176.45 MHz) civilian frequencies; GPS also broadcasts on L3 (1381.05 MHz) and L4 (1379.913 MHz) for governmental and regional satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS). Several satellites also broadcast M-code, a military code carried on the L1 and L2 frequencies designed for exclusive use by the U.S. military.

What is M-code?

M-code is a GPS-specific signal broadcast to support the United States Department of Defense. This signal was first broadcast with the launch of the Block IIR-M satellite in 2005. M-code provides a layer of defense against jamming interference through 21 M-code-capable GPS satellites.

M-code broadcasts on the existing GPS L1 and L2 L-Band frequencies but is modulated to not interfere with L1/L2 signals. Military receivers can compute PNT through M-code alone. Further, military applications use M-code to increase power to L1 and L2 signals to build resilience against interference, jamming and spoofing incidents. GPS signals are still susceptible to jamming, but M-code provides a layer of defense against such interference. There are many additional layers of anti-jamming defenses critical to establishing assured PNT on GPS systems.

GPS accuracy

A positioning system is only as good as its processor. A high-precision GPS receiver will be far more accurate than a mobile phone, for example. Potential sources of errors are identified and modeled at monitoring and control stations to optimize accuracy.

Most errors come from clock errors, orbital drift, atmospheric and multipath delays and radio frequency interference. These sources constantly threaten positioning, navigation and timing accuracy by contributing to geometric dilution of precision.

Some technologies help mitigate dilution of precision and these errors, including subscriptions to GNSS/GPS correction services, SBAS and the fusion of additional sensors like inertial navigation systems or radar. More precise GPS receivers also help mitigate errors through different algorithms by computing a position through pseudorange or carrier wave calculations.

Read More

We explain more about how to mitigate errors in both episode three and episode four of our Introduction to GNSS webinar series.

GPS vs. GNSS: What is the difference?

GNSS is a way of describing every satellite constellation in orbit; GPS is one of several constellations making up GNSS. From GPS to GLONASS (operated by Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities in Russia), many constellations make up GNSS. Positioning technology relies on many different constellations to provide accurate and reliable PNT. Instead of GNSS vs. GPS, a better way to consider these technologies is how GPS compares to other GNSS constellations.

We compare GPS to other constellations like GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo in our article, What is GNSS.

Applications of GPS

GPS supports applications around the world relying on satellite technology for assured positioning, navigation and timing measurements. These applications differ by industry, but the use of GPS is based on their need for a precise position, reliable and safe navigation, tracking and monitoring an object’s movement, surveying and mapping of an area, or timing within a billionth of a second.

Read More

For example, mining applications rely on GPS to survey an area before beginning operations. Companies track potential mineral deposits, identify which areas to avoid to lessen their environmental impact and enable autonomous machinery transporting minerals across the site.

Applications requiring high-precision positioning use GPS alongside other constellations. However, because of its encrypted M-code signal, the U.S. military relies on GPS in a unique way. M-code enables the military to secure continual access to positioning and build resiliency to potential jamming and interference sources.

[viswatech]

GPS

GPS?

GPS is one of many GNSS that provides positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) measurements. While operated by the U.S. Space Force, a branch of the U.S. Armed Forces, GPS is available for use by anyone worldwide.

GPS was started in 1973, launching its first satellite in 1978. Satellites are developed and launched in series known as blocks. In total, 10 Block I GPS satellites were launched between 1978 and 1981. The Block II series satellites were launched beginning in 1989 and were capable of broadcasting on two L-Band radio frequencies. GPS’ Block II had several developmental series, including Block IIA, IIR, IIR-M and IIF. Each set of satellites built upon the previous designs and capabilities, culminating in Block III. This third generation of GPS satellites begins with Block IIIA series’ new signals and higher broadcasting power. The first IIIA satellite of 10 was launched in 2018.

What does GPS stand for?

GPS stands for Global Positioning System. It’s also often used to describe the positioning system itself, for example, your vehicle’s built-in GPS.

How does GPS work?

Like many other GNSS constellations, GPS includes three main segments: the space segment, control segment and user segment.

The GPS space segment includes over 30 satellites in orbit operated and maintained by the U.S. Space Force. These satellites broadcast radio signals to control and monitoring stations on Earth and directly to users requiring highly precise satellite positioning.

The U.S. Space Force also oversees the GPS control segment. It includes master control and backup control stations, dedicated ground antennas and several monitor stations located worldwide. These stations work to ensure GPS satellites are healthy, orbiting in the correct locations and have accurate atomic clocks on board. These stations are integral to the overall health and accuracy of the GPS constellation.

Read More

The user segment includes everyone relying upon GPS satellites for PNT measurements. From a mobile phone providing directions to autonomous vehicles requiring lane-level positioning accuracy; from a farmer tracking planting and harvesting routes year-over-year to a UAV mapping a rainforest, many applications use GPS for high precision positioning and accuracy around the world.

What are GPS satellite signals?

Satellites are continually broadcasting their orbital position and exact time at that position on radio frequencies. That signal is received by antennas, along with at least three other satellite signals, then processed in a GPS receiver to compute a user’s location.

GPS broadcasts on L1 (1575.42 MHz), L2 (1227.60 MHz) and L5 (1176.45 MHz) civilian frequencies; GPS also broadcasts on L3 (1381.05 MHz) and L4 (1379.913 MHz) for governmental and regional satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS). Several satellites also broadcast M-code, a military code carried on the L1 and L2 frequencies designed for exclusive use by the U.S. military.

What is M-code?

M-code is a GPS-specific signal broadcast to support the United States Department of Defense. This signal was first broadcast with the launch of the Block IIR-M satellite in 2005. M-code provides a layer of defense against jamming interference through 21 M-code-capable GPS satellites.

M-code broadcasts on the existing GPS L1 and L2 L-Band frequencies but is modulated to not interfere with L1/L2 signals. Military receivers can compute PNT through M-code alone. Further, military applications use M-code to increase power to L1 and L2 signals to build resilience against interference, jamming and spoofing incidents. GPS signals are still susceptible to jamming, but M-code provides a layer of defense against such interference. There are many additional layers of anti-jamming defenses critical to establishing assured PNT on GPS systems.

GPS accuracy

A positioning system is only as good as its processor. A high-precision GPS receiver will be far more accurate than a mobile phone, for example. Potential sources of errors are identified and modeled at monitoring and control stations to optimize accuracy.

Most errors come from clock errors, orbital drift, atmospheric and multipath delays and radio frequency interference. These sources constantly threaten positioning, navigation and timing accuracy by contributing to geometric dilution of precision.

Some technologies help mitigate dilution of precision and these errors, including subscriptions to GNSS/GPS correction services, SBAS and the fusion of additional sensors like inertial navigation systems or radar. More precise GPS receivers also help mitigate errors through different algorithms by computing a position through pseudorange or carrier wave calculations.

Read More

We explain more about how to mitigate errors in both episode three and episode four of our Introduction to GNSS webinar series.

GPS vs. GNSS: What is the difference?

GNSS is a way of describing every satellite constellation in orbit; GPS is one of several constellations making up GNSS. From GPS to GLONASS (operated by Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities in Russia), many constellations make up GNSS. Positioning technology relies on many different constellations to provide accurate and reliable PNT. Instead of GNSS vs. GPS, a better way to consider these technologies is how GPS compares to other GNSS constellations.

We compare GPS to other constellations like GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo in our article, What is GNSS.

Applications of GPS

GPS supports applications around the world relying on satellite technology for assured positioning, navigation and timing measurements. These applications differ by industry, but the use of GPS is based on their need for a precise position, reliable and safe navigation, tracking and monitoring an object’s movement, surveying and mapping of an area, or timing within a billionth of a second.

Read More

For example, mining applications rely on GPS to survey an area before beginning operations. Companies track potential mineral deposits, identify which areas to avoid to lessen their environmental impact and enable autonomous machinery transporting minerals across the site.

Applications requiring high-precision positioning use GPS alongside other constellations. However, because of its encrypted M-code signal, the U.S. military relies on GPS in a unique way. M-code enables the military to secure continual access to positioning and build resiliency to potential jamming and interference sources.

[manuelakornblumrug94]

Software Defined GNSS Simulator for Jamming & Navigation Warfare Testing

Software Defined GNSS Simulator for Jamming & Navigation Warfare Testing Orolia has introduced a software-defined GNSS simulator to support advanced jamming, spoofing, and Navigation Warfare (NAVWAR) testing for battlefield readiness. Designed to test GNSS systems in an anechoic chamber, BroadSim is used to test CRPA/multi-element antennas, antenna electronics, applications with low dynamics, and entire PNT systems. BroadSim Wavefront tests the jamming/spoofing resiliency of CRPA and multi-element antenna electronic systems.

Today’s military forces rely on GPS for critical positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) data in defense systems at the tactical edge. From Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) to communications and tracking, GPS receivers feed data to numerous downstream systems for situational awareness and command and control. When lives and mission success are at stake, warfighters need the assurance that GPS systems are tested and battlefield ready for continuous operations in contested environments.

Key features of this GNSS simulator:

Encrypted Signals: L1/L2 P(Y)-Code, L1/L2 AES M-Code, and L1/L2 MNSA. Advanced PNT Sensor: IMU, wheel-tick, and barometer. An unlimited number of interference signals can be generated with 1 RF output (within 80MHz bandwidth). Jamming can be turned on and off through the SDX GUI and API. Users can specify the location, power, antenna pattern, and modulation of jamming transmitters. BroadSim will calculate the power received at the UUT based on the location and distance to the transmitter. Enables users to create real-world threat scenarios to better support the warfighter. Simulate multiple spoofers simultaneously. Each spoofer can generate any GNSS signal. Each spoofer has an independent trajectory and antenna pattern. Skydel software automatically determines signal dynamics between each spoofer and receiver antenna.

Advanced Testing With Software-Defined Simulation

Orolia Defense & Security’s BroadSim product line was developed to simplify the creation of advanced jamming and spoofing scenarios with Navigation Warfare (NAVWAR) testing in mind. BroadSim supports high dynamics, jamming, spoofing, and encrypted military codes. Powered by Orolia’s Skydel simulation engine, BroadSim can simultaneously simulate multiple constellations including GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou, and QZSS. With high-performing hardware, a robust and innovative software engine, and an intuitive user interface, BroadSim is driving innovation in GNSS simulation, with technology that outperforms and exceeds typical features.

Revolutionary Performance at a Fraction of the Cost

BroadSim is revolutionizing the GNSS testing and simulation industry with its extraordinary flexibility, low cost, upgradability, and rapid development cycles. Leveraging the Skydel simulation engine and commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) Software Defined Radios (SDRs), simulation of GNSS signals can be achieved at a fraction of the cost of today’s industry standards. The ability to generate military and multi-constellation signals on COTS hardware maximizes scalability, value, and time to market.

Simulate in the Lab to Perform with Confidence in the Field

Orolia’s simulation solutions deliver the confidence of knowing how your critical systems will perform across a wide variety of GPS/GNSS signal and PNT data limitations, outages, interference, and environmental factors.

[suhyjammers4u]

CT-1016-5G All-in-one 5G 5Ghz 3G 4G LTE GPS RC WIFI UHF Drone Jammer up to 30m

New high tech 16 antenna handheld portable Jammer up to 30m. Block 5G, 4G LTE, 3G Phones, tracking & locating devices GPS Glonass L1, L2, L5, Lojack, Bluetooth, Wireless WIFI 2.4Ghz, Remote Controls RC 315 868 433 315Mhz and UHF. Also can be used as Jammer blocker for Drones UAVs Quadcopters up to 100m. In Europe new 5G frequencies are 3400-3800MHz (most 5G is this freq), 758-790MHz and 1450-1500MHz (some countries did use this new freq like German, Italy, Netherlanders, Switzerland, UK). In America new 5G freq is 617-652MHz

👉🏻E-mail: sales@jammers4u.com

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[jammers4u]

CT-1016-5G All-in-one 5G 5Ghz 3G 4G LTE GPS RC WIFI UHF Drone Jammer up to 30m

New high tech 16 antenna handheld portable Jammer up to 30m. Block 5G, 4G LTE, 3G Phones, tracking & locating devices GPS Glonass L1, L2, L5, Lojack, Bluetooth, Wireless WIFI 2.4Ghz, Remote Controls RC 315 868 433 315Mhz and UHF. Also can be used as Jammer blocker for Drones UAVs Quadcopters up to 60m

In Europe new 5G frequencies are 3400-3800MHz (most 5G is this freq), 758-790MHz and 1450-1500MHz (some countries did use this new freq like German, Italy, Netherlanders, Switzerland, UK). In America new 5G freq is 617-652MHz

👉🏻 E-mail: sales@jammers4u.com

#jammer #jammers #jamming #blocker #blocking #jammers4u #system #technology #signaling #signal #3G #4G #5G #lte #security #protect #police #army #military #militaryunits #militarydefense #stop5g #carremote #stop5gnetwork #stop5gnow #remotecontrol #rc #vhf #wifi #gps

[insidegnss0]

What Is and How Does a GPS Work?

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation intrigue made up of a network of about 18-24 satellites placed into orbit. GPS was originally intended for military applications, but in the late 1970s, the government made a design available for resident use. GPS workshop in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24/7. There are no prize for the use.

How it works

GPS satellites cwm the earth twice a day in the same orbit and transmit pointer dope to down to mother earth. GPS income this idiot and utility triangulation to calculate the user's exact location. The GPS receptor compares the time a symptom was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. The time diversity tells the GPS receiver how far away from the satellite it is. Now, with this lane measurements from a few more satellites, the receptor tins determine the user's standpoint and procession it on the unit's electronic map.

A GPS receptor must be locked on to the indicator of at least three satellites to calculate a 2d position (latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver tins determine the user's 3D guidelines (latitude, longitude and also altitude). Once the user's policies has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, track, trip distance, road to destination, springtime and evening time and a pen more.

How accurate is GPS?

Today's GPS receivers are extremely accurate, respect to parallel multi-channel design. Garmin's 12 parallel channel receivers are quick to lock onto satellites when first turned on and they maintain strong locks, even in dense foliage or urban position with tall houses. Certain atmospheric factors and other sources of error tins affect the accuracy of GPS receivers. Garmin® GPS receivers are accurate to 15 meters on average. Newer Garmin GPS receivers with WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) resources can improve the accuracy to less than three rhythm on average. No additional equipment or fees are required to proceeds advantage of WAAS. Users can also get even better accuracy with Differential GPS (DGPS), which corrects GPS signals to within an average of three to five meters. The U.S. Coast Guard operates the mass common DGPS adjustment service. This plot consists of a network of towers that receive GPS signals and transmit a corrected sign by lighthouse transmitters. In lineup to get the corrected signal, exploiter must have a differential guide receptor and guide antenna in addition to their GPS.

The GPS satellite system

The 18-24 satellites that type up the GPS breach sliver are orbiting the dirt about 12,000 miles above us. They are constantly moving, arrangement two complete orbits in less than 24 hours. These satellites are trip at speeds of about 7,500 miles an hour.

GPS satellites are powered by solar determination only. They have reserve batteries onboard to harmony them jogging in the protocol of a solar eclipse, when there's no solar power. Small spaceship supporter on each satellite accordance them flying in the correct path. Here are some other interesting reality about the GPS satellites (also called NAVSTAR, the official U.S. Department of Defense name for GPS):

o The first GPS satellite was launched in early 1978.

o A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in late 1994.

o Each satellite is built to conclusion about 10-15 years. Replacements are constantly being built and launched into orbit.

o A GPS satellite weighs approximately 1,500 pounds and is closely 16 dogs across with the solar strip extended.

o Transmitter might is only 50 watts or less.

What's the signal?

GPS satellites transmit two low force radio signals, designated L1 and L2. Civilian GPS uses the L1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz in the UHF band. The signals travel by files of sight, definition they will pass through clouds, glass and plastic but testament not go through bulk solid objects such as structure and mountains.

A GPS pointer contains three different bits of information -- a pseudorandom code, ephemeris information and almanac data. The pseudorandom code is simply an I.D. code that identifies which satellite is forwarding information. You can perspective this sum on your Garmin GPS unit's satellite page, as it identifies which satellites it's receiving.

Almanac data, which is constantly transmitted by each satellite, contains important information approx the column of the satellite (healthy or unhealthy), current furnishings and time. This fragment of the indicator is essential for a good position view.

Sources of GPS indicator errors

Factors that tins degrade the GPS sign and thus affect accuracy include the following:

o Ionosphere and troposphere delays -- The satellite signal slows as it passes through the atmosphere. The GPS intrigue uses a built-in patterns that calculates an standards amount of delay to partially correct for this type of error.

o Signal multipath -- This occurs when the GPS pointer is reflected off goal such as tall structure or large rock surfaces before it reaches the receiver. This increases the travel time of the signal, thereby causing errors.

o Receiver clock errors -- A receiver's built-in clock is not as accurate as the atomic clocks onboard the GPS satellites. Therefore, it may have very slight scheduling errors.

o Orbital errors -- Also known as ephemeris errors, these are error of the satellite's reported location.

o Number of satellites visible -- The more satellites a GPS receiver can "see," the better the accuracy. Buildings, terrain, electronic interference, or sometimes even dense foliage tins block indicator reception, causing position errors or possibly no position reading at all.

o Satellite geometry/shading -- This refers to the relative policies of the satellites at any given time. Ideal satellite geometry exists when the satellites are located at wide angles relation to each other. Poor geometry conseguenze when the satellites are located in a line or in a tight grouping.

o Degradation of the satellite signal -- Selective Availability (SA) is an intentional reduction of the pointer once imposed by the U.S. Department of Defense. SA was intended to prevent military adversaries from using the highly accurate GPS [ https://insidegnss.com/faa-now-has-improved-gps-coverage-across-u-s-as-geo-5-joins-waas/ ] signals. The authority turned off SA in May 2000, which significantly improved the precision of civilian GPS receivers.

[buyjammer-blog]

5 Bands Portable GPS Jammer (GPS L1/L2/L3/L4/L5) and Lojack Jammer

Product Description

Are you sick of being tracked like a criminal? This certain device is a gorgeous GPS jammer which can totally solve your troubles. The can prohibit signals from tracking your current location; pay a private space for you. All of this owes to the high power portable GPS (GPS L1/L2/L3/L4/L5) and Lojack jammer.

The device can work while being charged. Moreover, each band can work separately or simultaneously. Up to 2 Watt power which makes the device more powerful. It is easily taken and operated, internal chargeable battery and lower power consumption, it can be working continuously more than 1 hour and the battery is easily charged by pocket charger. You can create an area about radius 2 to 15 meters to shield.

The portable jammer comes with an AC adapter and car charger, which can be used for recharging. The GPS signal jammer can be quite useful for blocking GPS signals can help provide security. A less common use is to block GPS signals when you go somewhere, in case someone placed a tracking device on you or your vehicle. What’s more, the color of GPS jammer is sky-blue, a gorgeous color!

At a glance:

Charging while working

Each band can work separately or simultaneously

Built-in fans and Wind slots on two sides design and inside coolers make a constant cooling working.

Technical Specifications

GPS L1 : 1575.42 MHz

GPS L2 : 1227.60 MHz

GPS L3 : 1381.05 MHz/GPS L4 : 1379.913 MHz

GPS L5 : 1176.45 MHz

Lojack : 167-175 MHz

Power supply: AC110-240V /DC12V

Built-in Battery: 1800mA/h

Total output power: Up to 2Watt

Radius range:2-15m (depending on the mobile service provider's network condition)

Built-in battery time: 1hour

Signal source: Synthesized operation

Working temperature:  -10 ~ +50 degree centigrade

Relative Humidity:  5%-80%

Color: Skyblue

Device size: 113*60*31mm

Net weight: 0.275KG

Accessories

Power adaptor

Car adaptor

Antennas

Carry Case

http://www.buyjammer.com/handheld-5-bands-portable-gps-jammer-gps-l1l2l3l4l5-and-lojack-jammer-p-611.html