#Hans Leo Reich

[jgmail]

Carta de Julius Evola a Ernst Jünger

Por Maxim Medovarov

Traducción de Juan Gabriel Caro Rivera

 Julius Evola y Ernst Junger fueron dos grandes pensadores tradicionalistas – si es que entendemos esta palabra en un sentido radicalmente distinto – que nunca se conocieron en persona aún cuando tenían muchos amigos en común. Sabemos muy bien que Evola leyó atentamente todos los escritos de Jünger y escribió un libro entero analizando El Trabajador, interpretando esta figura como un hombre heroico y desprendido, digno representante de la aristocracia del espíritu. A Evola nunca le gustaron los libros que escribió Jünger posteriores a las décadas de 1940-1950, en los que veía ciertas concesiones al humanismo clásico y al mito de Occidente. Resulta extraño que pensara esto de Heliópolis, pues tal libro debería haberle parecido al barón italiano mucho más interesante y cercano a su obra. Desgraciadamente, Evola no vivió lo suficiente para conocer la novela de Jünger Eumeswil (1977) donde este último creo la imagen del Anarca, una figura muy parecida al l'uomo differenziato (hombre diferenciado) de Evola. Se trata de un hombre aislado que vive en medio de las ruinas y encontrando la forma para que los tradicionalistas sobrevivan en medio de la Edad de los Lobos...

 Evola solo le escribió una vez a Jünger, fue el 17 de noviembre de 1953, preguntándole si podía publicar oficialmente una traducción italiana de El Trabajador. La ocasión de semejante carta fue un regalo para Jünger quien, a través de su secretario Armin Mohler (futuro autor de la Revolución Conservadora), entregó a Evola un ejemplar de Heliópolis con su autógrafo. La carta es importante por su crítica al fascismo y el nacionalsocialismo que, según su autor, no lograron resolver ninguno de los problemas propios de la sociedad moderna esbozados por ambos autores en sus libros.

 Cuatro días más tarde, el 21 de noviembre, Jünger respondió con evasivas a Evola, pues no quería volver a hablar de su libro de 1930. Escribió que pensaba revisar el texto de El Trabajador y aplazar la publicación de una traducción del mismo para otro momento. En lugar de permitirle a Evola publicar el libro y darle un ejemplar de El Trabajador, Jünger sugirió que tradujera sus obras posteriores como los Cruzando la línea, La Emboscadura o El nudo gordiano (curiosamente ignorando obras como El estado del mundo o Heliópolis). Evola se limitó a escribir una reseña crítica de El nudo gordiano publicada en julio de 1954. Fue así como el diálogo directo entre estos dos pensadores acabó en el tiempo, pero no en la eternidad. Evola mencionará a Jünger varias veces en sus artículos.

 Cabe destacar que Evola envió esta carta en italiano e inmediatamente la tradujo – a máquina a – al alemán. La traducción que aquí se ofrece es del original alemán, pues la traducción inglesa de D.F. Williams disponible en Internet es extremadamente inexacta.

 Texto de la carta:

 ¡Querido señor!

 Puede que mi nombre le resulte familiar, quizá por intermediación del Dr. Armin Mohler, de quien hace poco recibí un ejemplar de Heliópolis con su dedicatoria, y también porque tuvimos muchos conocidos en común durante el Reich, como el profesor Carl Schmitt y el barón von Gleichen.

 Hace tiempo que leo con gran interés sus trabajos y a menudo lo cito en mis textos. De hecho, me siento muy interpelado por sus primeros escritos, antes de los Acantilados de Mármol. Es por eso que me atrevo a dirigirme a usted con la intención de publicar la traducción al italiano de El Trabajador. Creo que la analogía que existe entre la primera y la segunda posguerra revela que los problemas esbozados en este libro han vuelto a ser relevantes hoy en día y aunque las soluciones que creíamos haber encontrado en el periodo de entreguerras tanto en el Reich como en Italia resultaron ser soluciones imaginarias, falsas o simples fenómenos coyunturales resulta importante en estos momentos volver a este libro con la esperanza de que vuelva a “despertarnos”.

 El único obstáculo que tenemos es que no tengo un ejemplar de esta obra y me resulta muy difícil conseguirlo. El Dr. Mohler incluso me ha escrito que sólo tiene una copia en sus archivos. Sin embargo, tal vez sea posible encontrar a alguien en su círculo de conocidos que me pueda vender o prestar tal libro mientras lo reviso y lo traduzco con la garantía de que lo devolveré lo antes posible.

 Por cierto, ¿a quién debo dirigirme para obtener los derechos de la traducción?

 Le pido disculpas por mi petición: por supuesto, esta carta me ha brindado la oportunidad, siempre aplazada, de tener el honor de entrar en contacto personal con usted.

 Con todo respeto y admiración

 Julius Evola,

 Corso Victor-Emmanuela, m. 197, Roma.

[korayaker]

SİYASET-FELSEFE

Lenin Sol komünizm Lenin Nisan tezleri Lenin Proleter devrim dönek  kautsky Lenin devlet ve devrim Lenin Emperyalizm Lenin Burjuva demokrasisi ve proleterya diktatörlüğü Lenin Ne yapmalı Lenin Materyalizm ve Ampiryokritisizm Lenin Bir Adim Ileri Iki Adim Geri Lenin Din Üzerine Lenin Sosyalizm ve Savaş Marx Engels Komünist manifesto Yahudi Sorunu Alman İdeolojisi Ekonomi Politiğin Eleştirisine Katkı Ücretli Emek ve Sermaye Ailenin ve özel mülkiyetin kökeni Mao Zedong Çelişki Üzerine Uzatmalı Savaş Üzerine Seçme Eserler -ı-ıı-ııı Kızıl Kitap Josef Stalin Diyalektik Materyalizm ve Tarihsel Materyalizm Marksizm, Ulusal Sorun Leninizmin İlkeleri Anarşizmi mi Sosyalizm mi Bolşevik parti Tarihi Muhalefet Üzerine  Georgi Dimitrov Faşizme Karşı Birleşik Cephe Leo huberman Sosyalizmin alfabesi Politzer Felsefenin başlangıç ilkeleri Politzer Felsefenin Temel İlkeleri Nikitin Ekonomi politik Maksim Gorki Küçük burjuva ideolojisinin eleştirisi Kalinin Devrimci Eğitim Devrimci Ahlak Che Guevara Ekonomi ce sosyalist ahlak Paul lafargue Tembellik hakkı A.Şnurov Türkiye proleteryası John Reed Dünyayı Sarsan On Gün Ellen Meiksins Wood Sınıftan Kaçış İbrahim kaypakkaya Seçme eserler Mahir çayan Bütün Yazıları Hikmet kıvılcımlı Türkiyede kapitalizmin gelişimi Emrah cilasun - Mustafa suphi ve yoldaşlarını kim öldürdü Kapitalizm, Arzu ve Kölelik, Frederic Lordon Yeryüzünün Lanetlileri - Frantz Fanon Terry Eagleton Marx Neden Haklıydı Jhon Zerzan Gelecekteki ilkel Paulo Freire Ezilenlerin Pedagojisi Kropotkin- Ekmeğin Fethi Ivan Illich'in Okulsuz Toplum Hüseyin Can Sovyetler ve Kürtler A.Kollontai Komünizm ve Aile N. kruspkaya Halk eğitimi Platon Socratesin Savunması

TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET

Friedrich EngelsAilenin, Özel Mülkiyetin ve Devletin Kökeni Clara Zetkin Kadın Sorunun Üzerine – Clara Zetkin Lenin'in Bütün Dünya Kadınlarına Vasiyetleri Auguste Bebel Kadın ve Sosyalizm Alexandra Kollontai Marksizm ve Cinsel Devrim Alexandra Kollontai Komünizm ve Aile Alexandra Kollontai Bir çok hayat yaşadım Sibel Özbudun Marksizm ve Kadın Emek, Aşk, Aile Sibel Özbudun Küreselleşme , Kadın ve Yeni - Ataerki Ricardo Coler Kadın Krallığı Elisabeth Badinter Biri Ötekidir Shulamith Firestone Cinselliğin Diyalektiği Diana Gittins Aile Sorgulanıyor Simon de beauvoir ikinci cins Valeri solanes -Erkek doğrama cemiyeti Judith Butler- Cinsiyet Belası İnsan Sonrası - Rosi Braidotti | Aşk paradoksu pascal bruckner

PSİKOLOJİ

Sigmund Freud Totem ve tabu Sigmund Freud uygarlığın huzursuzluğu Sigmund Freud Düşlerin Yorumu Joel Kovel Tarih ve Tin Michel Foucault Deliliğin Tarihi Jean Twenge Ben nesli Rollo May Kendini Arayan İnsan Pascale Chapaux-Morelli İkili İlişkilerde Duygusal Manipülasyon Erich Fromm Sevme Sanatı Eric Fromm- Özgürlükten Kaçış Sahip Olmak ya da Olmak, Erich Fromm Caren Horney Çağın Nevrotik kişiliği Ben ve Biz - Postmodern İnsanın Psikanalizi, Rainer Funk ..

   POSTMODERN FELSEFE

john zerzan- Gelecekteki ilkel Terry Eagleton Postmodernizmin Yanılsamaları Fredric Jameson, Postmodernizm ya da Geç Kapitalizmin Kültürel Mantığı Jean Baudrillard Simülakrlar ve Simülasyon Jean Baudrillard Tüketim Toplumu Jean Baudrillard Kötülüğün Şeffaflığı Jean Baudrillard baştan çıkarma üzerine Rainer Funk Ben ve Biz Postmodern İnsanın Psikanalizi - Zygmunt Bauman Akışkan Aşk / İnsan İlişkilerinin Kırılganlığına Dair Zygmunt Bauman  Akışkan Modernite Yaşam Sanatı, Zygmunt Bauman Jean François Lyotard Postmodern Durum Michel Foucault Özne ve İktidar / Seçme Yazılar Michel Foucault Cinselliğin Tarihi Karakter Aşınması - Richard Sennett Kamusal insanın Çöküşü Richart Sennet Guy Debort- Gösteri toplumu

 VAROLUŞÇU FELSEFE

Arthur Schopenhauer Cinsel Aşkın Metafiziği Arthur Schopenhauer ,Hayatın Anlamı Arthur Schopenhauer İsteme ve Tasarım Olarak Dünya Emil Michel Cioran Çürümenin Kitabı Terry Eagleton Hayatın anlamı Fernando Pessoa Huzursuzluğun Kitabı Ferdinand celine gecenin sonuna yolculuk Jean Paul Sartre Bunaltı Cesare Pavese Yaşama Uğraşı Franz Kafka Dönüşüm Samuel Beckett Godot'yu Beklerken Hermann Hesse Siddhartha Dostoyevski Yeraltından Notlar Dostoyevski Suç Ve ceza Nietzsche Böyle Buyurdu Zerdüşt Nietzsche Ecce homo Nietzsche Decal Candide - Voltaire Albert CamusYabancı Jhon fante toza zor Terry Eagleton Kötülük Üzerine Bir Deneme

 ROMAN VE KLASİKLER

Maksim Gorki Ana Maksim Gorki Benim üniversitelerim Dimitrov  Dimov Tütün Kropotkin Ekmeğin Fethi Jack London’ Demir ök��e John Steinbeck Fareler ve İnsanlar Harper Lee Bülbülü Öldürmek Victor Hugo Sefiller Goethe Genç Werther'in Acıları Balzac vadideki zambak Dostoyevski Suç ve Ceza Dostoyevski Kumarbaz Dostoyevski Budala Dostoyevski Ev sahibem Dostoyevski Yeraltından notlar Stefan Zweig Satranç Stefan Zweig Bilinmeyen Bir Kadının Mektubu Irvin D. Yalom Nietzsche Ağladığında Lev Tolstoy Anna Karenina Vladimir Bartol Fedailerin Kalesi Alamut Amin Maalouf Doğunun Limanları Harper Lee Bülbülü Öldürmek George Orwel Hayvan Çiftliği Jhon Steinbeck Fareler ve İnsanlar Bir Çöküşün Öyküsü, Stefan Zweig

TÜRK EDEBİYATI

Sabahattin Ali Kürk Mantolu Madonna Sabahattin Ali Kuyucaklı yusuf Sabahattin Ali İçimizdeki Şeytan Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Huzur Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Saatleri ayarlama enstitüsü Yaşar kemal İnce memed Recaizade Mahmut Ekrem Araba Sevdası Mehmet Rauf Eylül Peyami Safa Yanlızız Peyami Safa Fatih-Harbiye Peyami Safa Dokuzuncu Hariciye koğuşu Peyami Safa Bir teredüdün Romanı Namık Kemal İntibah Orhan Pamuk kırmızı saçlı kadın Yusuf atılgan Aylak adam Ahmet Ümit İstanbul Hatırası  Sodom ve Gomore, Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu Kiralık Konak Kadri Karaosmanoğlu Alemdağda var bir yılan, Sait Faik Abasıyanık Kemal Tahir- Körduman Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu Yaban

 Distopya-Ütopya

Aldous Huxley Cesur Yeni Dünya 1984 - George Orwell Hayvan çitfliği  George Orwell Ursula K. Le Guin Mülksüzler Damızlık Kızın Öyküsü - Margaret Atwood

 Din Tarih ve Antropoloji

Tanrı'nın Tarihi - Karen Armstrong Ludwig Feuerbach-Hristiyanlığın Özü Marx Engels- Ailenin ve özel mülkiyetin kökeni Lewis Henry Morgan-Eski toplum Wilhelm Reich- Cinsel ahlakın boy göstermesi Freud totem ve tabu Claude Levi – Strauss  Yapısal Antropoloji Samuel NoahbKramer Tarih Sümerlerle Başlar Samuel noah Kramer Sümer mitolojisi M. İlin-İnsan Nasıl İnsan Oldu Darwin Türlerin kökeni Turan Dursun Din bu Dine Karşı Din - Ali Şerati Ataların Hikayesi Richard Dawkins Sibel özbudun -Antropoloji: Kuramlar, Kuramcilar Lenin Din Üzerine Karl -Marx Yahudilik Üzerine Hayvanlardan Tanrılara - Sapiens , Yuval Noah Harari Deccal - Friedrich Nietzsche Ahlakın Soykütüğü- Friedrich Nietzsche Peter Hopkirk İstanbulun Doğusunda Bitmeyen oyun  Hans Lukaks kieser- Iskalanmış Barış İsa'nın Çarmıhtaki Yedi Sözü, İhsan Özbek Martin Van Bruinessen Kürtlük Türklük Alevilik

Nuri Dersimi Kürdistan Tarihinde Dersim

Erdoğan Çınar Kayıp Bir Alevi efsanesi

Erdoğan Çınar Aleviliğin Kayıp Bin yılı

Ahmet Taşağıgil Gök Tengrinin Çocukları

Jena Paul Roux. Türklerin Tarihi

Tori Bir Kürt Düşüncesi Yezidilik

İrene Melikoff Uyur idik uyardılar

Hamza Aksüt Aleviler

Jenet Hamilton Aanadoluda Heretik Hareketler

Faik Bulut Dersim Raporları

Mehmet Bayrak Dersim Koçgiri

Mehmet Bayrak Alevilik Kürdoloji Türkoloji Belge.

Sean Martin Katharlar

[burlveneer-music]

Heerlens Percussie Ensemble - Biologic Music - reissue of 1986 percussion LP (Hot Mule Records)

1973, in the south of the Netherlands, the city of Heerlen and its surroundings nurtured a strong musical heritage and culture. A number of young musicians were developing their skills in one of the many music schools established in a 30 km radius. This new blood would join fanfares, symphonic orchestras, choirs, and later have a strong influence on dutch pop and jazz music..

Founded by Jelmo “Pio” Piovesana, teacher and key musical figure in the region of south Limburg, Heerlens Percussie Ensemble had some of the most inventive musicians of their generation in its ranks. Having gained valuable experience and new musical perspectives in conservatories and workshops with all time greats like Steve Reich, Bob Becker, Nippy Noya or Han Bennink, Jelmo’s alumni would eventually emancipate themselves from their mentor’s traditional approach to percussive music. Recorded in a school over two days, 1986’s Biologic Music sees masters of their craft exploring uncharted territories using vibraphones, bells, marimbas, electronic drums, balafons and tibetan prayer wheels, among others. Mixing Jazz, Latin, African, Brazilian, Modern, and Minimal music, the ensemble's penchant for fusion, improvisation and program music, lead them to create a deeply mesmerizing and timeless album. We are proud to present this official reissue, including extensive liner notes and exclusive photos handpicked from the band’s archives. Musicians – Frank Rademakers, Henk Mennens, Jelmo Piovesana, John Jacobs, Maurice Schipper, Paul Franken Bass – Jan Hollestelle Tenor Saxophone / Soprano Saxophone  – Leo Janssen Visual Design – Marc Donkers

[lindburgsreviews]

My Top 3 Favorite Quentin Tarantino Films Hey everyone. It’s been awhile since I’ve shared much of anything on here. If you follow me on Instagram, you have seen a few before/after movie reviews I’ve done over the past year. If you’ve watched any of those, you would also know this was my first year teaching high school, and that doesn’t exactly lend much time for me to share my thoughts on movies. There’s a couple weeks until school starts, so the reviews may be few and far between once again. But there’s been one movie I have seen this summer that inspired me to dust off the keyboard and talk about said movie’s director and his other works that I really love. That movie is Once Upon a Time in Hollywood and the director is the one and only Quentin Tarantino. I’ll be talking about my top three favorite movies directed by him. Just to be clear, there is no criteria that these movies have met that gives them an undisputed assessment of their quality. They are simply three great movies made by one of the most unique minds working in film today.  #3- Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019) Granted I’ve only seen this movie once, it is by far my favorite movie of the summer and it may end up being the best one I see this year. The story is set in late 60’s Hollywood and follows Rick Dalton, a TV star played by Leonardo Di Caprio whose popularity is quickly fading. Rick isn’t taking it well, confiding often in his best friend and stunt double Cliff Booth, played by Brad Pitt. Tarantino is known for not playing by the rules as far as traditional movie making goes, but Hollywood is very different even by his standards. There isn’t much a of plot, as almost the entire movie focuses on following these two characters around as Rick comes to grips with the changing Hollywood landscape. There isn’t even that much violence until the final 20 minutes or so. It really is a movie that only a handful of directors pull off, and Tarantino happens to be one of them. Both Leo and Brad Pitt are fantastic in their respective roles and are especially great when they share the screen together. One of my favorite things a movie can do is recreate a very specific era in American culture, and everything from the sets and music to the costumes and dialogue transports you back to 1969 Hollywood. Even though it runs nearly three hours long, I was hooked every minute. And although Hollywood doesn’t have the same tension and violence that have become Tarantino staples, the threat of the Manson murders looming over the story (Margot Robbie plays Sharon Tate, whom happens to be Rick Dalton’s neighbor) simmers and finally comes to an exhilarating head in the final act. A few repeat viewings might bump this movie down or possibly even up in my list, but as of right now Once Upon a Time in Hollywood definitely has earned a spot in my top three.  #2- Inglorious Basterds (2009) If you love moments of tension in your movies as much as I do and haven’t seen Basterds, I recommend you stop reading right now and watch one of the best movies of the past 20 years, (It is streaming on Netflix after all) and then finish reading. Like the last entry, the story that this movie tells could only come from the mind of Quentin Tarantino. As World War II rages in Europe, a ruthless yet charming Nazi colonel by the name of Hans Landa (played by Christoph Waltz in one of my favorite performances on film) is hunting down the remaining Jews hiding out in France. Meanwhile, a ragtag group of Jewish American soldiers led by Alado “The Apache” Rayne (again Brad Pitt) are also tearing through France, terrorizing Nazi troops with brutal surprise attacks. On top of that, a young Jewish woman that had escaped Landa before (Melanie Laurent) also owns a small movie theater in Paris. The top leaders of the Third Reich decide her theater would be the perfect location to debut a new propaganda film. Unbeknownst to them, both the theater owner and the Basterds are planning a daring attempt to take out some of the most evil people in history as they gather to watch the new film. What really makes this movie for me is how unique it is. Again, I’m not sure any other director could pull off a story like this. Three storylines are taking place simultaneously that are all entertaining. Moreover, most of the movie isn’t even in English. Over half of the script is spoken in French or German. Like all of his other movies, Tarantino’s dialogue here is top notch, but what makes it brilliant is how it builds edge-of-your-seat tension almost entirely through spoken words. Alfred Hitchcock’s explanation of how to create tension in filmmaking is perfectly showcased in multiple scenes, most famously in the opening act. Much like Hollywood, Basterds is two and a half hour long movie that is so gripping that it feels like it goes by in 30 minutes. It’s hard to write a detailed explanation about what makes this movie so great without just telling to just see it yourself. Brad Pitt is hilarious, Christoph Waltz is vilely suave, and too many other people to count are brilliant in their roles too. Just go watch Inglorious Basterds. I promise you’ve never seen anything like it, and you won’t see anything like it again.  #1- Pulp Fiction (1994) Ezekiel 25:17. Royale with Cheese. “SAY WHAT AGAIN!”. The Jack Rabbit Slim’s Twist Contest. Mention these phrases to anybody that loves film and they will know exactly what you’re talking about. Sure, Tarantino had a solid debut with his first feature film, Reservoir Dogs (which would probably be number four on this list) but Pulp Fiction is the movie that announced to the world that he is here to stay. It may have been released a year before I was even born, but even I know that it was a cultural phenomenon and a cinematic gamechanger. Tarantino’s signature dark humor, pop culture references, nonlinear narratives, and even his first casting of Samuel L. Jackson were introduced with this movie. Even more so than in his other works, Pulp Fiction has an incredibly unique plot that’s pretty difficult to summarize second hand. Three different storylines that interweave to varying degrees throughout the movie are presented out of order. The main story focuses on two hitmen played by Sam Jackson and John Travolta that are out trying to recover a mysterious briefcase for a mob boss played by Ving Rhames. The other story focuses on a boxer played by Bruce Willis whom refuses to throw a fight despite being pressured by the same mobster. The movie opens and closes with the last story throughline about a British couple of bank robbers that decide to hold up the Denny’s style diner they happen to be in one morning. As unusual as this sounds, Pulp Fiction is yet again a movie that is wildly entertaining just through the dialogue alone. Anybody that knows me well can attest that I love quoting movies, and this one happens to be a favorite of mine to pull from. There definitely are some weaker scenes even with repeat viewings (mainly Bruce Willis and his French(?) girlfriend) but the rest of the movie more than makes up for it. There are a lot of deep themes that can be explored with this movie, and some amazing character arcs that can lead to hours of debate and discussion. Motifs like redemption, free will versus fate, hypocrisy, and basic ethics can be found throughout and will linger in your mind along with the great writing and memorable characters. I remember the first time I watched this movie was about five years ago. Once the credits rolled, I had no idea what I had watched. I wasn’t sure what to make of it. But after watching it a second time, and then a third time, I realized its brilliance. I now consider it one of my all time favorites. Even more so than with Basterds, this movie is so different than anything else out there and needs to be watched rather than having somebody on the internet try to explain to you why it’s so great. It definitely isn’t for everyone with the graphic violence and coarse language, but if you haven’t seen Pulp Fiction, it’s also streaming on Netflix I’d highly recommend giving it a watch as it happens to be my favorite movie written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. What do you think of my list? What are your top three Tarantino movies? What should my next editorial, analysis, or review be about?

[rebweicht]

My full to be read at the beginning of 2019

What I’m reading: 

Anna Burns: Milkman

George Eliot: Middlemarch

Neil Gaiman: The View from the Cheap Seats: Selected Nonfiction

What I’ll be reading afterwards:

John Stuart Mill: On Liberty 

George Orwell: Books v. Cigarettes 

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract

Helena Kennedy: Eve Was Shamed: How British Justice is Failing Women

Yuval Noah Harari: 21 Lessons for the 21st Century

My one Russian classic per year for 2019:

Leo Tolstoy: War and Peace, or

Anton Chekhov: some short stories, or 

Fyodor Dostoyevsky: The Idiot

Philosophers’ biographies (monthly):

C. C. W. Taylor: Socrates

Bernard Williams: Plato

David Melling: Understanding Plato

Jonathan Barnes: Aristotle

To be finished (at some point):

Nick Bostrom: Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies

Nate Silver: Signal and the Noise

Walter Isaacson: Steve Jobs

Benedict Andersen: Imagined Communities

Philippe Van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght: Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy

Begin again:

Robert Musil: Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften

James C. Turner: Philology: The Forgotten Origins of the Modern Humanities

Other to be read (no order):

Platon: Das Gastmahl

Damien McBride: Power Trip

Jung Chang: Empress Dowager Cixi

Carne Ross: Independent Diplomat

Hans Herbert von Arnim: Volksparteien ohne Volk

Simone de Beauvoir: The Second Sex

Shelley Carson: Your Creative Brain

John Edward Williams: Stoner

Wilkie Collins: The Moonstone

Carmine Gallo: Talk like Ted

Lawrence James: Empires in the Sun: The Struggle for the Mastery of Africa

Robert D. Kaplan: The Revenge of Geography

Sanjeev Sanyal: Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography

Philip Mansel: Aleppo: The Rise and Fall of Syria's Great Merchant City

Adam Ferrier: The Advertising Effect: How to Change Behaviour

Walter Mischel: The Marshallow Test (even though it has been thoroughly debunked)

Fred Kofman: Conscious Business: How to Build Value Through Values

Norman Davies: Vanished Kingdoms 

Marcel Reich-Ranicki: Nichts als Literatur

Anthony Trollope: The Way We Live Now

Niall Ferguson: Civilizations

Andrew O’Hagan: The Secret Life: Three True Stories of the Digital Age

A. C. Grayling: Russell

A. C. Grayling: Descartes

Michelle Obama: Becoming

Stephen Fry: Heroes

Daniel H. Pink: When: The Scientific Secrets of Perfect Timing

Alexandre Dumas: The Count of Monte Cristo

Aldous Huxley: Brave New World

[drunk-on-books]

Read in 2017

January

Antonio Porchia - Voces

1917: Stories and Poems from the Russian Revolution

Kobo Abe - Identico al ser humano

Vasko Popa - Homage to the Lame Wolf: Selected Poems

Georges Bataille - Theory of Religion

Sylvia Plath - Ariel

Andre Gide - The White Notebook

Beyond the Visible: The Art of Odilon Redon

Zbigniew Herbert - The Collected Poems

Adam Zagajewski - Unseen Hand: Poems

Anne Sexton - Complete Poems

David Hinton - Classical Chinese Poetry

Eça de Queiros -  The Yellow Sofa

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Selected Poetry

David Hinton - Mountain Poems: The Wilderness Poetry of Ancient China

February

Gennady Aygi - Child-and-Rose

Gennady Aygi - Field-Russia

The Story of Han Xiangzi: The Alchemical Adventures of a Daoist Immortal

Jacques Prevert - Selections from Paroles

Toson Shimazaki - The Broken Commandment

Jean Cocteau - Tempest of Stars: Selected Poems

Natsume Soseki - The Miner

Jean Cocteau - The Infernal Machine and Other Plays

Narim Bender - Auguste Rodin: 101 Drawings

Mario de Sa-Carneiro - Lucio's Confession

August Strindberg - The Stronger

August Strindberg - Facing Death

August Strindberg - Pariah

Ivan Bunin - Dark Avenues

Franz Kafka - The Zurau Aphorisms

Edvard Munch Lithographs Etchings  Woodcuts

Toson Shimazaki - The Family

  March

Alain de Botton - How To Think More About Sex

Josef Hirsal - A Bohemian Youth

Maurice Blanchot - The Madness of the Day

Miroslav Holub - Poems Before & After

Andre Breton - Poems

Stendhal - The Red and The Black

Paul Klee - Pedagogical Sketchbook

Donald Wigald - Klee

Paul Klee - Some Poems by Paul Klee

Arthur Schnitzler - Fraulein Else

Antal Szerb - The Third Tower: Journeys in Italy

Lu Xun - Selected Essays

Andrej Blatnik - Skinswaps

Statius - The Achilleid

Aleksander Wat - Lucifer Unemployed

Jacques Cazotte - The Devil in Love

Gerry Souter - Kazimir Malevich

Vladimir Lenin - Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism

Friedrich Engels - The Principles of Communism

Vladimir Lenin - State and Revolution

Pyotr Kropotkin - The Conquest of Bread

  April

Pauline Reage - Story of O

Errico Malatesta - Anarchy

Sergey Nechayev - Catechism of a Revolutionary

Oscar Wilde - The Soul of Man Under Socialism

Joris-Karl Huysmans - A la Deriva

Andre Gide - Prometeo mal encadenado

Simone Weil - On The Abolition of All Political Parties

Walter Benjamin - El Autor Como Productor

Haruki Murakami - La Biblioteca Secreta

Fernando Pessoa - 35 Sonnets

Bertolt Brecht - Terror y miseria del Tercer Reich

Fernando Pessoa - El Primer Fausto

Fernando Pessoa - Diarios

Vasily Grossman - Life and Fate

Fernando Pessoa - La Hora del Diablo

Fernando Pessoa - El Banquero Anarquista

Andre Gide - Teseo

Jean-Paul Sartre - Existentialism Is A Humanism

Albert Camus - The Misunderstanding

The Showa Anthology: Modern Japanese Short Stories

The Sound of One Hand Clapping: 261 Zen Koans with Answers

Livy - The Early History of Rome: Books I-V

  May

Bertolt Brecht - Antigone

Violette Ailhaud - L'homme Semence

Volodya: Selected Works

Stefan Zweig - Dos Hermanas

Stefan Zweig - El Amor de Erika Ewald

Stefan Zweig - Mendel el de los libros

Emile Zola - Nana

Stefan Zweig - Los milagros de la vida

Octave Mirbeau - Memoria de Georges el amargado

Federico Garcia Lorca - Bodas de Sangre

Samuel Beckett - Happy Days

Stefan Zweig - Ardiente secreto

Emile Zola - The Masterpiece

Akiko Yosano - Travels in Manchuria and Mongolia: A Feminist Poet from Japan Encounters Prewar China

  June

Three Poets of Modern Korea

Santoka Taneda - For All My Walking: Free-Verse Haiku of Taneda Santoka with Excerpts from His Diary

Du Fu - Selected Poems

Yasmina Reza - El Trineo de Schopenhauer

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn - The First Circle

Frank Wedekind - Spring Awakening

Yasmina Reza - Un Dios Salvaje

Yasmina Reza - Art

  July

Junichiro Tanizaki - Enredadera de Yoshino

Arthur Schnitzler - Apuesta al amanecer

Bertolt Brecht - La Judith de Shimoda

Natsume Soseki - Habitaciones y otras piezas breves

Federico Garcia Lorca - Selected Poems

Franz Kafka - Contemplacion

Natsume Soseki - Tintes del cielo

Ilya Ehrenburg - The Fall of France Seen through Soviet Eyes

Victor Garcia - Three Japanese Anarchists: Kotoku, Osugi and Yamaga

John Reed - Ten Days That Shook The World

Louis Aragon - Los Ojos de Elsa

Rainer Maria Rilke - Primavera sagrada y otros cuentos de Bohemia

Ishikawa Tokuboku - On Examining One Self

Hugo von Hofmannsthal - Carta de Lord Chandos

Charles Baudelaire - Diarios Intimos

Masuji Ibuse - Lieutenant Lookeast and Other Storues

Paul Eluard - Selected Poems

Robert Walser - El paseo

Robert Walser - Poemas

Basileus Imperator Eduardus A Rodrigus

August

Marina Tsvetaeva - Moscow in the Plague Year: Poems

Eileen Chang - Un amor que destruye ciudades

Gustave Flaubert - Memoirs of A Madman

Henryk Ibsen - Hedda Gabler and Other Plays

Guillaume Apollinaire - Calligrammes

  September

Wu Jingzi - The Scholars

Victor Hugo - Les Miserables

Gene Wolfe - Book of the New Sun Vol 2: Sword & Citadel

Giovanni Boccacio - The Decameron

Comte de Lautremont - Les Chants des Maldoror (read again)

  October

Yasunari Kawabata - First Snow On Fuji (read again)

Yasunari Kawabata - The Lake (read again)

J.R.R. Tolkien - Children of Hurin (read again)

James Clavell - Gaijin

J.R.R. Tolkien - The Silmarillion (read again)

J.R.R. Tolkien - Unfinished Tales (read again)

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn - Cancer Ward (read again)

J.R.R. Tolkien - The Lord of the Rings (read again)

  November

Pierre Louÿs - La Mujer y el Pelele

Gustave Flaubert - Noviembre

Leo Tolstoy - War & Peace (read again)

Joris-Karl Huysmans - La-Bas (read again)

Oe Kenzaburo - Teach Us To Outgrow Our Madness: Four Novels (read again)

  December

Fredy Pearlman - The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism

Fredy Pearlman - The Reproduction of Daily Life

Bertolt Brecht - War Primer

Friedrich Nietzsche - Aphorisms on Love and Hate

Fyodor Dostoyevsky - The Brothers Karamazov

[paulriedelposts]

Alte Pinakothek Munich

One of my favorite museums in Bavaria is the Alte Pinakothek in Munich. It is an art museum that houses great painting collections from past centuries. If you are a lover of art like I am, you will definitely fall in love with everything about Alte Pinakothek. The museum is not only one of the oldest in Europe, but it is also one of the oldest in the world. The name derived from century collections that the museum covers. Alte means old, while Pinakothek refers to collections that cover the span of the 14th to 18th centuries. Alte Pinakothek is also a perfect venue for tourists in Bavaria. Personally, I like hosting a tour guide of this magnificent edifice. However, there are a lot of backstories you should know about Alte Pinakothek.

Year of Construction

In 1862, King Ludwig I of Bavaria gave an order to commence the construction of Alte Pinakothek. The city needed a building for famous artworks. These included canvasses painted by Rubens and artworks from the Wittelsbach family. The construction of Alte Pinakothek at that point in time was the modern-day standard. Due to this, a lot of later built museums in Germany and other European nations modeled after the Alte Pinakothek. Alte Pinakothek closed when World War II started in 1939. All the artworks stored away to prevent destruction. The idea was profitable as the building was extremely damaged during the war.

After War Reconstruction

After the war, a reconstruction of the building took place. It was then reopened in 1957 with president Theodor Heuss in attendance. The reconstruction process was such that the new building did not look completely different from the previous one, especially the exterior features of the building. Also, to leave a mark of the damage caused by the world war as part of history, some holes on the exterior walls were not entirely fixed. Instead, they were filled with bricks.

Architects from Alte Pinakothek

After the order of King Ludwig, I, Leo Von Klenze (1784-1864) was the first architect to begin work on Alte Pinakothek. He studied building and architecture in Berlin, under the tutelage of Friedrich Gilly. From Berlin, he moved on to Paris where he worked as an apprentice under some masters. Leo Von Klenze later came back to Germany, but this time he moved to  Bavaria. He began working for king Ludwig in 1816. He is responsible for buildings like the Monopteros temple and Konigsplatz. In 1862 he designed the architectural style for the famous Alte Pinakothek. The second architect responsible for the reconstruction of Alte Pinakothek after the world war was Hans Dollgast (1891-1974). While other architects clamored for total destruction and rebuilding, he was smart enough to devise a plan for reconstruction to make the building just like its former state. Even though Dollgast wasn’t internationally famous as an architect, his work and influence on the reconstruction of Alte Pinakothek were regarded as a masterpiece. He had a very modest architecture career. He worked with Peter Behrens to design a Munich housing estate. Around the 1930s, he became an academician, teaching at Munich’s Technical University. He also worked on the building of churches.

Alte Pinakothek Building Styles

After the first construction, the museum was not only the largest in the world, it had modernized architectural settings. One of its stand out feature was the Neo-Renaissance exterior that made it different from any other museum in that century. It was clearly one of a kind. When Alte Pinakothek was opened to the public in 1836, a lot of people from far and near came to witness it. Hence other galleries and museums were modeled after it. They include Russian’s Hermitage Museum located in Saint Petersburg, and other famous galleries in Italy, Belgium, etc.   After the reconstruction in 1957, some interior features that existed prior to the war, like the ornate and the large loggia on the floor were not replaced. Gradually, remodeling also took place. In 2008 the walls in all the rooms on the upper ground of the building were covered. The material used for this was woven silk manufactured in Lyon. An interior part of the building that has not been altered is the red and green colors used to design the walls in the room. These colors are traditional, right from the time of King Ludwig I, and this remains the same even in some of Europe’s famous galleries.

Famous Collections in the Alte Pinakothek

All activities of the Alte Pinakothek museum is under the regulations of the Bavarian State Painting Collections. This body is also responsible for a wide array of collections ranging to thousands of paintings in Europe, gathered from various centuries. However, Alte Pinakothek only house collections from the 14th to 18th centuries. Collections from the 19th century are in the Neue Pinakothek museum. On the other hand, modern-day collections are housed in the Pinakothek der Moderne. Alte Pinakothek is rich in a lot of early days’ artworks. These include collections from Italy, Old Netherlands, Old Germany, France, Spain, Flemish schools, etc. It is inarguably the most important gallery in Germany and arguably the most important in the world. Some famous artists who have their paintings featured in the museum include. William IV, Albrecht Durer, and Rubens from the 1500s. Actually, Alte Pinakothek has more Ruben collections than any other gallery in Europe. German Painters that dominate the gallery are Durer, Altdorfer, Grunewald, Holbein, etc. Dutch painters that have their works featured include Rembrandt, Bosch, Bouts, etc. Some of the Flemish collections have works from Memling, van Dyck, etc. For the Italian collections, there are works from Da Vinci, Giotto, Tintoretto, etc. The collections in Alte Pinakothek is over 800 artworks and paintings. As a matter of fact, the museum cannot contain all of them, hence more paintings were moved to other galleries in Bavaria.

Renovation of the Alte Pinakothek

The renovation 2014 closed some parts of the museum. This lasted till 2017. Subsequently, artworks and paintings were not available for viewing in that period. The renovation of these parts added to the beauty of the museum. So, if you have not seen the new look of Alte Pinakothek, you are missing out on a lot.

Fazit

One more important part is having a tour guide with in-depth knowledge on these artworks take you through Alte Pinakothek. I promise that you are going to have a great time with me on this tour. So what are you waiting for?

Related Articles

3rd Reich and the Degenerated Art

Visit the Alte Pinakothek with Paul

Drawing Munich Landscapes and Monuments Read the full article

[bluewatsons]

Adam Soboczynski & Alexander Cammann, Heidegger and Anti-Semitism Yet Again: The Correspondence Between the Philosopher and His Brother Fritz Heidegger Exposed, LA Rev Books (Dec. 25, 2016)

FOR QUITE SOME TIME, there has been a fair bit of murmuring and speculation surrounding the letters exchanged between the philosopher Martin Heidegger and his brother Fritz. Those who had seen the more than 500 pieces of correspondence, which have been stored at the German Literature Archive in Marbach since 2014, knew how explosive they would be. But in accordance with the wishes of Heidegger’s family, they were not allowed to quote from them. But now — apparently in response to the intense international debate surrounding Heidegger’s anti-Semitism triggered by the publication of the Black Notebooksthree years ago — the family has agreed to release an abridged version of the letters, written between 1930 and 1946, in a newly published volume called Heidegger und der Antisemitismus (“Heidegger and Anti-Semitism”) (Verlag Herder, Freiburg 2016). Inside these pages one finds an unvarnished picture of the philosopher’s political disposition. In the Black Notebooks, a kind of diary of thoughts, Heidegger approached anti-Semitism from a philosophical remove, but these personal letters published expose him as a bona fide, unrepentant anti-Semite. They also show that — in contrast to prevailing beliefs — the Freiburg professor was politically well informed, and was an early and passionate supporter of National Socialism.

As early as the tail end of 1931, the 43-year-old Heidegger sent his brother a copy of Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf for Christmas, praising the future dictator’s “extraordinary and unwavering political instincts.” Heidegger interprets the right-wing conservative minority cabinet under Reich Chancellor Franz von Papen — which governed with the help of President Hindenburg between June and December 1932 — as a Jewish conspiracy. And he complains that the Jews are:

gradually extricating themselves from the mood of panic into which they had fallen. That the Jews were able to pull off such a maneuver as the Papen episode just shows how difficult it will be to push back against everything represented by Big Capital (Großkapital) and the like.

Just how strange Heidegger’s conspiracy theory was can be gathered from the fact that von Papen’s allegedly Jewish-controlled cabinet actually received support from another influential right-wing intellectual in the Weimar Republic, Carl Schmitt, an anti-democratic constitutional law expert whose intense anti-Semitism is now well established. Schmitt represented von Papen’s government in a Leipzig court case against the Prussian government in 1932.

On April 13, 1933, Heidegger writes enthusiastically:

It can be seen from one day to the next how great a statesman Hitler is becoming. The world of our people and the Reich finds itself in a process of transformation, and all those who have eyes to see, ears to hear, and a heart for action will be swept along and put in a state of extreme excitement.

Heidegger’s commitment to Hitler’s state and his membership in the NSDAP turn out to be based, quite logically, in his long-standing questionable convictions. As the letters now show beyond doubt, this was in no way the decision of an opportunistic careerist or the oblivious aberration of a political ignorant — as has been argued for decades in the philosopher’s defense. The familiar apologetic assumption that Heidegger adhered to a private, idiosyncratic notion of National Socialism, allegedly free from any form of racism, should be laid to rest.

The banker Fritz Heidegger (1894–1980) was always the philosopher’s most important confidant: “In reality, he has one friend only — his brother,” Hannah Arendt wrote in 1952. Far fewer of Fritz’s letters survive. In these, he also expresses hostility toward the Weimar Republic, but he seems to be quite persistent in his skepticism about National Socialism, to which his brother Martin is trying to win him over. Nevertheless, at least one of Fritz’s associations in the correspondence, made in April 3, 1933, is quite curious indeed:

I don’t know if it is pure delusion or not: Some of Hitler’s postures and his gaze in current pictures often remind me of you. This parallel alone sometimes leads me to the conclusion that Hitler is an exceptional individual.

The opprobrium Martin Heidegger directs at Jews in the letters may have been typical of the widespread anti-Semitic discourse and conspiracy theories of the time. As early as 1916, he complained to his future wife of the “Jewification of our culture and universities,” against which the “German race” must “summon inner strength” to “rise up.” Still, in the case of Heidegger, such baseness is particularly abhorrent; not only were his famous academic instructor Edmund Husserl and his student and lover Hannah Arendt Jewish, but so were many other students that sat with him in his classes, including Karl Löwith, Herbert Marcuse, Leo Strauss, Jacob Klein, Elisabeth Blochmann, Hans Jonas, and Werner Brock, his last assistant prior to 1933. Complaining about his growing workload on April 13, 1933, Heidegger explains coldly: “three Jews are disappearing from my department.”

Overt arguments for the Nazi regime disappear from Heidegger’s letters to his brother after 1934; the philosopher hadn’t managed to persuade Fritz and abandon his attempts. In the foreword to this correspondence volume, Martin’s grandson Arnulf Heidegger claims that students perceived his grandfather’s lectures during the war as critical and courageous. The letters themselves, however, suggest that Heidegger’s thinking never really shifted. Just like National Socialism itself, the war was, for Heidegger, a battle in defense of the “Occident” and “German-ness” against the “great threat” posed by “Bolshevism” and “Americanism” (Jan. 29, 1943). On June 7, 1942, the philosopher still wonders why “our propaganda” doesn’t reveal “Americanism in all of its excesses.” Ultimately, he was left befuddled: “What the Weltgeist (world spirit) has in store for the Germans is a mystery. Just as murky is why it is using the Americans and Bolsheviks as its servants” (Jan. 18, 1945).

After the end of the war, Heidegger stayed true to this victim mentality, both in regard to his country and to himself. On July 23, 1945, he writes of “KZ-people” — presumably referring to concentration camp survivors who were housed in Heidegger’s apartment — as being “not so nice,” just like the situation at his university, where “everything is dreadful and worse than during Nazi times.” The postwar expulsion of Germans (from regions east of present-day Germany) exceeds, Heidegger argues in April 1946, “all organized criminal atrocities” prior to 1945. And the Jews? “I find a Heinrich-Heine-Street to be completely unnecessary, because it makes no sense in Messkirch,” Heidegger writes to his brother Fritz on July 31, 1945. The newly published letters show clearly that it can no longer be denied: the case of Martin Heidegger has been both a scholarly and moral disaster in Germany’s intellectual history.

[allbestnet]

All-Time 1000 Books  (600-700)

601. A Handful of Dust (1934) by Evelyn Waugh

602. Revolutionary Road (1961) by Richard Yates

603. Franny and Zooey (1961) by J.D. Salinger

604. Sorrows of Young Werther (1787) by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

605. The Reader (1995) by Benhardq Schlink

606. Wise Blood (1952) by Flannery O'Connor

607. Lord Jim (1900) by Joseph Conrad

608. Shutter Island (2003) by Dennis Lehane

609. The Power of Myth (1988) by Joseph Campbell

610. Noughts & Crosses (2001) by Malorie Blackman

611. Neuromancer (1984) by William Gibson

612. Cutting for Stone (2009) by Abraham Verghese

613. Snow Flower and the Secret Fan (2005) by Lisa See

614. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (2010) by Rebecca Skloot

615. Ella Enchanted (1997) by Gail Carson Levine

616. Chosen (1967) by Chaim Potok

617. Disgrace (1999) by J.M. Coetzee

618. The Man Without Qualities (1942) by Robert Musil

619. Master and Commander (1969) by Patrick O'Brian

620. Island of the Blue Dolphins (1960) by Scott O'Dell

621. The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961) by Muriel Spark

622. Harold and the Purple Crayon (1955) by Crockett Johnson

623. Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown

624. American Pastoral (1997) by Philip Roth

625. The Zombie Survival Guide (2003) by Max Brooks

626. The Great Divorce (1945) by C.S. Lewis

627. Room (2010) by Emma Donoghue

628. Jacques the Fatalist (1796) by Denis Diderot

629. Main Street (1920) by Sinclair Lewis

630. Patriot Games (1987) by Tom Clancy

631. Maximum Ride by James Patterson

632. Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (1978) by Judi Barrett

633. V (1963) by Thomas Pynchon

634. Solaris (1961) by Stanislaw Lem

635. Harriet the Spy (1964) by Louise Fitzhugh

636. The Mortal Instruments by Cassandra Clare

637. The Second Sex (1949) by Simone de Beauvoir

638. Sex (1992) by

639. Dead Sea Scrolls by

640. Malazan Book of the Fallen (2011) by Steven Erikson

641. Deliverance (1970) by James Dickey

642. Nineteen Minutes (2007) by Jodi Picoult

643. Firm (1991) by John Grisham

644. John Adams (2001) by David G. McCullough

645. Narziss and Goldmund (1930) by Hermann Hesse

646. On Writing (2000) by Stephen King

647. 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) by Arthur C. Clarke

648. The Westing Game (1978) by Ellen Raskin

649. Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (1960) by William L. Shirer

650. The Exorcist (1971) by William Peter Blatty

651. Sarah's Key (2006) by Tatiana de Rosnay

652. A Good Man Is Hard to Find (1955) by Flannery O'Connor

653. Fablehaven (2010) by Brandon Mull

654. Art of War by Sunzi

655. Cannery Row (1945) by John Steinbeck

656. Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963) by John Le Carre

657. Summer by Jenny Han

658. Pilgrim's Progress (1678) by John Bunyan

659. The Winds of War (1971) by Herman Wouk

660. Turn of the Screw (1898) by Henry James

661. Eugene Onegin (1833) by Aleksandr Pushkin

662. Road Less Traveled by M. Scott Peck

663. The Island of Dr Moreau (1896) by H.G. Wells

664. Astonishing X-Men by Joss Whedon

665. A Moveable Feast (1964) by Ernest Hemingway

666. Red Storm Rising (1986) by Tom Clancy

667. Villette (1853) by Charlotte Bronte

668. The Tipping Point (2000) by Malcolm Gladwell

669. Pedro Paramo (1955) by Juan Rulfo

670. I Know This Much Is True (1998) by Wally Lamb

671. Alex Rider by Anthony Horowitz

672. The Power of Now by Eckhart Tolle

673. Mill on the Floss (1860) by George Eliot

674. Maniac Magee by Jerry Spinelli

675. The Crying of Lot 49 (1966) by Thomas Pynchon

676. The Hero with a Thousand Faces (2008) by Joseph Campbell

677. George's Marvellous Medicine (1981) by Roald Dahl

678. Beowulf by

679. The Third Man by Graham Greene

680. Georgina Kincaid by Richelle Mead

681. Being and Nothingness by Jean Paul Sartre

682. Jimmy Corrigan, The Smarest Kid on Earth by Chris Ware

683. A Study in Scarlet (1887) by Arthur Conan Doyle

684. The Tale of Despereaux (2003) by Kate DiCamillo

685. A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again (1997) by David Foster Wallace

686. Fantastic Mr. Fox (1970) by Roald Dahl

687. Politics by Aristotle

688. A Bend in the River (1979) by VS Naipaul

689. Warm Bodies by Isaac Marion

690. An Abundance of Katherines (2006) by John Green

691. It's Kind of a Funny Story by Ned Vizzini

692. Mythology by Thomas Bulfinch

693. Fathers and Sons (1862) by Ivan Turgenev

694. Abhorsen (2003) by Garth Nix

695. Witch of Blackbird Pond (1958) by Elizabeth George Speare

696. The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886) by Leo Tolstoy

697. Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry (1976) by Mildred D. Taylor

698. It's a Magical World by Bill Watterson

699. Novels by Jane Austen

700. Just Listen by Sarah Dessen

[abager]

No one likes to arrive too early at a party. There’s no one to talk to and nowhere to hide. You can’t leave without being conspicuously rude.  In due course you find yourself talking about car insurance (or worse still, Brexit) with other new arrivals. Of course, there’s the decor to look at (paintings you don’t much like) and there’s the buffet, tempting but as yet untouchable.

As hosts, though, we’re always grateful to those who arrive early and get things going.

New social networks have a hard time too. What’s the point of joining if no one’s there?

In gigglemusic, our new social network for classical musicians, we try to solve that problem by offering new users content that doesn’t depend on the community being large. We’ve uploaded the schedules of major classical music venues around the world (for the moment mainly opera houses).

We’ve also entered the ‘diaries’ of the world’s greatest composers – well, the greatest composers writing within the Western tradition or having some significant influence on it. By their diaries I mean their dates and places of birth and death (though many are still alive and kicking) and the dates and places of the first performances of their major works. Almost all of this comes from Wikipedia.

It may be a bit like trainspotting, but I, for one, find it mildly interesting to know where this or that masterpiece was first performed, and when.

To review a composer’s diary, start with People, open a profile, tap Diary and then scroll up to go back in time. Tap on an individual work to find out more. There’s usually a Wikipedia article to link to.

  But who are the world’s greatest composers?

There’s no ideology behind the selection I’ve made, and no conscious exclusions (I’ve even included Carl Orff). They’re just the first 292 composers who came to mind, and for whom there was also a Wikipedia entry. I’m sure the assiduous researcher will detect unconscious bias, but if you do, please tell me who I’ve missed. There’s room for nearly everyone in gigglemusic.

Adam (Adolphe) Adams (John) Adès (Thomas) Albeniz (Isaac) Albinoni (Tomaso) Alwyn (William) Arne (Thomas) Arnold (Malcolm) Auric (Georges) Bach (Carl Philipp Emanuel) Bach (Johann Sebastian) Balakirev (Mily) Barber (Samuel) Bartok (Bela) Bax (Arnold) Beach (Amy) Beamish (Sally) Beethoven (Ludwig van) Bellini (Vincenzo) Bennett (Richard Rodney) Berg (Alban) Berio (Luciano) Berkeley (Lennox) Berkeley (Michael) Berlioz (Hector) Berners (Gerald (Lord)) Bernstein (Leonard) Berwald (Franz) Birtwistle (Harrison) Bizet (Georges) Bliss (Arthur) Blitzstein (Marc) Bloch (Ernst) Blow (John) Bologne (Joseph) Borodin (Alexander) Boulanger (Lili) Boulanger (Nadia) Boulez (Pierre) Bowen (York) Bozza (Eugene) Brahms (Johannes) Brian (Havergal) Bridgetower (George) Britten (Benjamin) Bruch (Max) Bruckner (Anton) Bush (Alan) Busoni (Ferrucio) Butterworth (George) Buxtehude (Dietrich) Cage (John) Canteloube (Joseph) Carter (Elliot) Chabrier (Emmanuel) Chagrin (Francis) Chaminade (Cécile) Charpentier (Gustave) Chausson (Ernest) Cherubini (Luigi) Chopin (Frédéric) Cilea (Francesco) Cimarosa (Domenico) Clarke (Rebecca) Clementi (Muzio) Coleridge-Taylor (Samuel) Copland (Aaron) Corelli (Arcangelo) Cornelius (Peter) Couperin (Francois) Cui (César) Czerny (Carl) Dallapiccola (Luigi) Debussy (Claude) Delibes (Léo) Delius (Frederick) Dittersdorf (Carl Ditters von) Dohnányi (Ernst von) Donizetti (Gaetano) Dorati (Antal) Dukas (Paul) Duruflé (Maurice) Dutilleux (Henri) Dvorak (Antonin) Einem (Gottfried von) Eisler (Hans) Elgar (Edward) Ellington (Duke) Enescu (George) Erkel (Ferenc) Falla (Manuel de) Fauré (Gabriel) Feldman (Morton) Ferguson (Howard) Ferneyhough (Brian) Field (John) Finzi (Gerald) Francaix (Jean) Franck (César) Gabrieli (Giovanni) Gershwin (George) Ginastera (Alberto) Giordano (Umberto) Glass (Philip) Glazunov (Alexander) Glière (Reinhold) Glinka (Mikhail) Gluck (Christoph Willibald) Górecki (Henryk) Gounod (Charles) Grainger (Percy) Granados (Enrique) Grieg (Edvard) Grovlez (Gabriel) Gubaidulina (Sofia) Gurney (Ivor) Haas (Pavel) Handel (George Frideric) Harty (Hamilton) Haydn (Joseph) Head (Michael) Hindemith (Paul) Hoddinott (Alun) Holliger (Heinz) Holst (Gustav) Honegger (Arthur) Howells (Herbert) Hummel (Johann Nepomuk) Humperdinck (Engelbert) Ibert (Jacques) Indy (Vincent d’) Ireland (John) Ives (Charles) Jacob (Gordon) Janacek (Leos) Jolivet (André ) Joplin (Scott) Kalivoda (Jan) Kálmán (Emmerich) Khachaturian (Aram) Knussen (Oliver) Kodaly (Zoltan) Koechlin (Charles) Korngold (Erich) Krenek (Ernst) Krommer (Franz) Kurtág (György) Lalo (Édouard) Lang (David) Lauridsen (Morten) Leclair (Jean-Marie) Lehár (Franz) Leifs (Jón) Leigh (Walter) Leoncavallo (Ruggero) Ligeti (Gyorgy) Liszt (Franz) Loeillet (Jean Baptiste) Lyadov (Anatoly) Mahler (Alma) Mahler (Gustav) Marcello (Alessandro) Martin (Frank) Martinu (Bohuslav) Mascagni (Pietro) Massenet (Jules) Maxwell Davies (Peter) Medtner (Nikolai) Mendelssohn (Felix) Menotti (Gian Carlo) Messiaen (Olivier) Meyerbeer (Giacomo) Milhaud (Darius) Moeran (Ernest) Monteverdi (Claudio) Morricone (Ennio) Moyzes (Alexander) Mozart (Wolfgang Amadeus) Mussorgsky (Modest) Nancarrow (Conlon) Nielsen (Carl) Nono (Luigi) Nyman (Michael) Offenbach (Jacques) Orff (Carl) Pachelbel (Johann) Paderewski (Ignacy Jan) Paganini (Niccolò) Paisiello (Giovanni) Palestrina (Giovanni Pierluigi da) Panufnik (Andrzej) Parry (Hubert) Pärt (Arvo) Pasculli (Antonio) Penderecki (Krzysztof) Pepusch (Johann Christoph) Pergolesi (Giovanni) Piazzola (Astor) Poulenc (Francis) Previn (André) Price (Florence) Prokofiev (Sergei) Puccini (Giacomo) Purcell (Henry) Quantz (Johann Joachim) Quilter (Roger) Rachmaninoff (Sergei) Raff (Joachim) Rameau (Jean-Philippe) Ravel (Maurice) Reger (Max) Reich (Steve) Reinecke (Carl) Reizenstein (Franz) Respighi (Ottorino) Richardson (Alan) Riley (Terry) Rimsky-Korsakov (Nikolai) Rodrigo (Joaquín) Rossini (Giacomo) Rota (Nino) Rubbra (Edmund) Saint-Saëns (Camille) Salieri (Antonio) Sammartini (Giovanni Battista) Satie (Erik) Scarlatti (Domenico) Schnittke (Alfred) Schoeck (Othmar) Schoenberg (Arnold) Schubert (Franz) Schumann (Clara) Schumann (Robert) Scriabin (Alexander) Sessions (Roger) Shostakovich (Dmitri) Sibelius (Jean) Sinding (Christian) Skalkottas (Nikos) Smetana (Bedrich) Smyth (Ethel) Sondheim (Stephen) Sorabji (Kaikhosru Shapurji) Spohr (Louis) Stanford (Charles Villiers) Stenhammar (Wilhelm) Still (William Grant) Stockhausen (Karlheinz) Strauss (Johann) I Strauss (Johann) II Strauss (Richard) Stravinsky (Igor) Suk (Josef) Sullivan (Arthur) Sweelinck (Jan Pieterszoon) Szymanowski (Karol) Tailleferre (Germaine) Takemitsu (Toru) Tallis (Thomas) Tavener (John) Tchaikovsky (Pyotr) Tcherepnin (Alexander) Tcherepnin (Nikolai) Telemann (Georg Philipp) Thompson (Virgil) Tippett (Michael) Tubin (Edward) Turnage (Mark-Anthony) Varese (Edgard) Vaughan Williams (Ralph) Verdi (Giuseppe) Vierne (Louis) Villa-Lobos (Heitor) Vivaldi (Antonio) Wagner (Richard) Walker (George) Walton (William) Warlock (Peter) Weber (Carl Maria von) Webern (Anton) Weelkes (Thomas) Weill (Kurt) Weir (Judith) Widor (Charles-Marie) Williams (John) Williamson (Malcolm) Wolf (Hugo) Xenakis (Iannis) Ysaÿe (Eugène) Yun (Isang) Zelenka (Jan Dismas) Zemlinsky (Alexander von)

  The Great Composers No one likes to arrive too early at a party. There's no one to talk to and nowhere to hide.

[jgmail]

Indoeuropeos: de las estepas a los fiordos (o al revés)

La cuestión del «hogar de origen» (Urheimat, Homeland) de los indoeuropeos ha dado lugar a hipótesis y suposiciones de lo más variado, teorías que son pormenorizadamente analizadas en el libro de Alain de Benoist titulado Indoeuropeos: en busca del hogar de origen, sin que el autor —ni nadie— pueda aventurar una solución definitiva, a pesar de que las nuevas revelaciones de la paleogenética apunten a la «cultura Yamna» de las estepas eurasiáticas, pues las evidencias antropológicas y arqueológicas señalan insistentemente el área nórdica europea. En cualquier caso, el debate sobre la «patria original» de los indoeuropeos sigue abierto.

Hace 5 000 años (especialmente en el período 2800/2500 a.C.), en la Edad de Bronce, parece que un pueblo de las estepas pónticas eurasiáticas, de pigmentación predominantemente clara (piel, ojos y cabellos), pastores nómadas y ganaderos, depredadores guerreros montados a caballo y con carros de ruedas, que utilizan tanto para el transporte como para el combate, con singulares ritos funerarios, innovadora metalurgia y singular alfarería, comienza a invadir Europa, en sucesivas oleadas migratorias, imponiéndose a los pacíficos cazadores-recolectores-agricultores. En cualquier caso, hacia 2000 a.C., las aguerridas bandas de nómadas esteparios alcanzaban las costas atlánticas y pasaban a las islas británicas, tras una frenética carrera de invasión y conquista, arrasando a su paso con las primitivas culturas precivilizacionales europeas, agrícolas, pacíficas, matriarcales e igualitarias.

Su “hábitat original”: las estepas de Rusia y Ucrania meridionales, entre los mares Negro y Caspio, alcanzando, por el oeste, hasta Hungría oriental atravesando los Balcanes, y por el este, hasta la actual Kazajistán y el Altái, lo que validaría la hipótesis de los «kurganes» (tumbas en forma de túmulos) de la arqueóloga lituano-americana Marija Gimbutas. Su mayor “legado”: la impresionante extensión de las lenguas indoeuropeas, en las que se inscriben la mayoría de los idiomas hablados desde Islandia e Irlanda hasta el norte de la India, además de las periferias indoeuropeas en América, Australia y Sudáfrica. Esta «hipótesis póntica y esteparia» parecía desmentir la «hipótesis nórdica o germánica» sostenida, entre otros, por Gustaf Kossinna (y más recientemente, por Lothar Kilian y Carl-Heinz Boettcher), la cual encaja mejor con los datos prehistóricos de la mitología y la antropología, pero que cayó en desgracia por el perverso uso de los «arios» en la Alemania nazi. Su “otro legado”: la herencia genética.

Eran los «Yamnayas», los protoindoeuropeos que colonizaron toda Europa, Asia Central, alcanzando el sur del Cáucaso, Irán, Afganistán, Pakistán, la India y el Turquestán chino. La cultura «Yamna» (“hoyo” en ruso y ucranio, por referencia a los sepulcros donde enterraban a sus muertos) es un “pueblo fantasma”, como se conoce en genética, un pueblo que ha desaparecido pero que puede identificarse por las huellas genéticas, arqueológicas, lingüísticas y antropológicas que ha dejado a su paso. El resultado es que los genes de los Yamnayas están presentes, en mayor o menor medida, en todos los europeos actuales. Por ello, las investigaciones paleogenéticas dirigidas particularmente por el genetista norteamericano David Reich ―efectuadas a partir de 2010 y culminadas en 2015― concluyen que «hoy en día los pueblos del oeste de Eurasia (la inmensa región que abarca Europa, Oriente Próximo y gran parte de Asia central) presentan una gran semejanza genética […] Eurasia occidental se revela homogénea, desde la fachada atlántica de Europa hasta las estepas de Asia central (Quiénes somos y cómo hemos llegado hasta aquí. ADN antiguo y la nueva ciencia del pasado humano, Barcelona, 2019). Los haplogrupos genéticos R1a y R1b, transmitidos por línea paterna, son los más representativos de los europeos actuales, con un predominio del primero en el este y del segundo en el oeste. Precisamente, estas dos ramas están directamente ligadas a los ancestros Yamnayas. Pues bien, en torno a 2500/2000 a.C., según los datos suministrados por el ADN antiguo, el componente “norcaucásico” o “estépico” formaba parte ya del patrimonio antropológico de la mayoría de los pobladores de Europa.

Hay que señalar que, en realidad, las disciplinas arqueológicas, lingüísticas y mitológicas ya indicaban que el estrecho parentesco entre las lenguas indoeuropeas obligaba a deducir que todas ellas derivan de una única lengua originaria (Ursprache), que había sido hablada por un único pueblo (Urvolk) en una antiquísima patria de origen (Urheimat), para ser difundida posteriormente en el curso de una serie de migraciones. De tal forma, que la difusión de las lenguas indoeuropeas representaría la expresión de un pueblo que vivía en una misma área geográfica, en una comunidad de cultura y civilización, compartiendo las expresiones relativas a la flora, la fauna, la economía y la religión. Ahora, la paleogenética habría llegado para confirmar esta hipótesis.

Pero, ¿cómo pudo producirse esta rápida migración/expansión en un pueblo presuntamente reducido en cuanto al número de miembros? En primer lugar, esa “rapidez” debe matizarse prescindiendo de parámetros bélicos actuales, pues según el investigador Wolfang Haak, la “conquista” de tan inmenso territorio pudo durar unos 500 años. En segundo lugar, los factores de explicación de esta prehistórica “gran marcha” protoindoeuropea son diversos. El carácter eminentemente guerrero de los Yamnayas, con una aplastante superioridad en cuanto al dominio de la metalurgia, reflejada en el uso de armas como la espada, la daga, el arco y el hacha de combate, su extrema movilidad por el uso del caballo y de los carros con ruedas, así como una sociedad estructurada muy jerárquicamente en torno a un grupo de hombres que ostenta las supremas jefaturas de los diversos clanes y familias tribales, a lo que habría que añadir, según Kristian Kristiansen, una mayor complexión antropológica, más corpulencia en definitiva, debido seguramente a una mejor alimentación, pues frente a una dieta básicamente reducida a los cereales y los vegetales propia de los paleoreuropeos, los Yamnayas disfrutaban de un régimen más calórico basado también en la carne y los productos lácteos. La conquista/invasión fue obra, sobre todo, de hombres jóvenes (según las secuencias cromosómicas, entre 5 y 15 hombres por cada mujer), de “bandas” no muy numerosas, pero muy activas militar y sexualmente, pues tuvieron un gran éxito reproductivo, seguramente por disfrutar de ventajas en la competición por las parejas femeninas, al ocupar la cúspide del poder simbólico, religioso, político, militar y social.

En cualquier caso, aunque los hallazgos genéticos atribuyen un peso central a los Yamnayas en la difusión de las lenguas indoeuropeas, lo que inclina la balanza definitivamente en favor de alguna variante de la «hipótesis esteparia», esos descubrimientos no resuelven aún la cuestión del territorio de origen de las lenguas indoeuropeas ―reconoce Reich―, el lugar donde esas lenguas se hablaban antes de la espectacular expansión yamnaya. El debate sobre la «patria original» de los indoeuropeos, por tanto, sigue abierto.

A pesar de la tremenda sensación que han causado los estudios paleogenéticos, que revelaron la migración masiva de los pueblos de la cultura esteparia Yamnaya en la temprana Edad de Bronce hacia el norte, centro y oeste de Europa, considerando este acontecimiento como la base de la difusión de las lenguas indoeuropeas, otros autores, comienzan a expresar sus críticas sobre la inferencia genética y, en particular, sus implicaciones para el problema de los orígenes de las lenguas indoeuropeas.

Según las revelaciones genéticas, la esteparia «cultura Yamna» estaría asociada al lenguaje protoindoeuropeo, mientras que el origen de los grupos lingüísticos derivados (griego, germánico, itálico, eslavo, céltico, báltico, entre otros) se atribuiría a las culturas de la «Cerámica Cordada» (también llamada “cultura del hacha de combate”, extendida por el norte y noreste de Europa). Sus propios partidarios, sin embargo, son conscientes de la relativa debilidad de sus conclusiones, adelantando, por ejemplo, que quizás no todos los pueblos indoeuropeos provengan de los Yamnaya, sino solo algunos de ellos. Lo que significa, en esencia, que entonces no se trata de la cuna del protoindoeuropeo, sino solo de una de sus subfamilias: en este caso, la hipótesis estépica del origen de los indoeuropeos se transformaría únicamente en el origen, por así decirlo, del grupo de los indoiranios.

Muchos arqueólogos dudan de que los descubrimientos en cuestión reflejen una migración directa de la «cultura Yamna» a la «cultura Cordada». La primera duda es que el pueblo Yamnaya hablara la lengua protoindoeuropea. Todas las fechas reconocidas para la fragmentación de la lengua protoindoeuropea se sitúan entre los milenios séptimo y quinto a.C. La cultura Yamnaya está bien fechada por la cronología calibrada del radiocarbono: comienza, como muy temprano, dentro del segundo tercio del tercer milenio a.C. Así pues, hay una brecha de unos 2,5 milenios (1,6 milenios como mínimo).

El arqueólogo ruso Leo S. Klejn destacaba un hecho notable: la extraña distribución de las contribuciones genéticas esteparias a las culturas de la «Cerámica cordada» y sus descendientes, revelada por Haak y otros, muy rica en el norte de Europa y cada vez más débil hacia el sur, particularmente en Hungría, justo donde se encuentra el borde occidental de la propia «cultura Yamna». Esta distribución está en desacuerdo con la sugerencia de que la fuente de la contribución a las culturas de la «Cerámica Cordada» es la «cultura Yamna» del sureste; esa misma distribución parece bastante más natural si se sugiere que la fuente común (de ambas unidades culturales) se encuentra en el norte de Europa ―y de ahí la causa común de la similitud genética.

El misterio del origen de los protoindoeuropeos continúa siendo un enigma, pero quizás no tan indescifrable tras la lectura de este libro.

[korayaker]

SİYASET-FELSEFE

Lenin Sol komünizm Lenin Nisan tezleri Lenin Proleter devrim dönek  kautsky Lenin devlet ve devrim Lenin Emperyalizm Lenin Burjuva demokrasisi ve proleterya diktatörlüğü Lenin Ne yapmalı Lenin Materyalizm ve Ampiryokritisizm Lenin Bir Adim Ileri Iki Adim Geri

Lenin Din Üzerine

Lenin Sosyalizm ve Savaş

Marx Engels Komünist manifesto

Yahudi Sorunu

Alman İdeolojisi Ekonomi Politiğin Eleştirisine Katkı Ücretli Emek ve Sermaye Ailenin ve özel mülkiyetin kökeni

Mao Zedong Çelişki Üzerine Uzatmalı Savaş Üzerine Seçme Eserler -ı-ıı-ııı

Kızıl Kitap

Josef Stalin Diyalektik Materyalizm ve Tarihsel Materyalizm

Marksizm, Ulusal Sorun Leninizmin İlkeleri

Anarşizmi mi Sosyalizm mi

Bolşevik parti Tarihi

Muhalefet Üzerine

 Georgi Dimitrov Faşizme Karşı Birleşik Cephe Leo huberman Sosyalizmin alfabesi Politzer Felsefenin başlangıç ilkeleri Politzer Felsefenin Temel İlkeleri Nikitin Ekonomi politik Maksim Gorki Küçük burjuva ideolojisinin eleştirisi Kalinin Devrimci Eğitim Devrimci Ahlak Che Guevara Ekonomi ce sosyalist ahlak Paul lafargue Tembellik hakkı A.Şnurov Türkiye proleteryası John Reed Dünyayı Sarsan On Gün Ellen Meiksins Wood Sınıftan Kaçış İbrahim kaypakkaya Seçme eserler Mahir çayan Bütün Yazıları Hikmet kıvılcımlı Türkiyede kapitalizmin gelişimi Emrah cilasun - Mustafa suphi ve yoldaşlarını kim öldürdü Kapitalizm, Arzu ve Kölelik, Frederic Lordon Yeryüzünün Lanetlileri - Frantz Fanon Terry Eagleton Marx Neden Haklıydı Jhon Zerzan Gelecekteki ilkel Paulo Freire Ezilenlerin Pedagojisi Kropotkin- Ekmeğin Fethi Ivan Illich'in Okulsuz Toplum

Hüseyin Can Sovyetler ve Kürtler

A.Kollontai Komünizm ve Aile

N. kruspkaya Halk eğitimi

Platon Socratesin Savunması

TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET

Friedrich EngelsAilenin, Özel Mülkiyetin ve Devletin Kökeni Clara Zetkin Kadın Sorunun Üzerine –

Clara Zetkin Lenin'in Bütün Dünya Kadınlarına Vasiyetleri

Auguste Bebel Kadın ve Sosyalizm Alexandra Kollontai Marksizm ve Cinsel Devrim Alexandra Kollontai Komünizm ve Aile Alexandra Kollontai Bir çok hayat yaşadım Sibel Özbudun Marksizm ve Kadın Emek, Aşk, Aile Sibel Özbudun Küreselleşme , Kadın ve Yeni - Ataerki Ricardo Coler Kadın Krallığı Elisabeth Badinter Biri Ötekidir Shulamith Firestone Cinselliğin Diyalektiği Diana Gittins Aile Sorgulanıyor Simon de beauvoir ikinci cins Valeri solanes -Erkek doğrama cemiyeti

Judith Butler- Cinsiyet Belası

 PSİKOLOJİ

Sigmund Freud Totem ve tabu Sigmund Freud uygarlığın huzursuzluğu Sigmund Freud Düşlerin Yorumu Joel Kovel Tarih ve Tin Michel Foucault Deliliğin Tarihi Jean Twenge Ben nesli Rollo May Kendini Arayan İnsan Pascale Chapaux-Morelli İkili İlişkilerde Duygusal Manipülasyon Erich Fromm Sevme Sanatı Eric Fromm- Özgürlükten Kaçış Caren Horney Çağın Nevrotik kişiliği

Ben ve Biz - Postmodern İnsanın Psikanalizi, Rainer Funk ..

  POSTMODERN FELSEFE

john zerzan- Gelecekteki ilkel Terry Eagleton Postmodernizmin Yanılsamaları Fredric Jameson, Postmodernizm ya da Geç Kapitalizmin Kültürel Mantığı Jean Baudrillard Simülakrlar ve Simülasyon Jean Baudrillard Tüketim Toplumu Jean Baudrillard Kötülüğün Şeffaflığı Jean Baudrillard baştan çıkarma üzerine Rainer Funk Ben ve Biz Postmodern İnsanın Psikanalizi - Zygmunt Bauman Akışkan Aşk / İnsan İlişkilerinin Kırılganlığına Dair Zygmunt Bauman  Akışkan Modernite Jean François Lyotard Postmodern Durum Michel Foucault Özne ve İktidar / Seçme Yazılar Michel Foucault Cinselliğin Tarihi Karakter Aşınması - Richard Sennett Kamusal insanın Çöküşü Richart Sennet Guy Debort- Gösteri toplumu

 VAROLUŞÇU FELSEFE

Arthur Schopenhauer Cinsel Aşkın Metafiziği Arthur Schopenhauer ,Hayatın Anlamı Arthur Schopenhauer İsteme ve Tasarım Olarak Dünya Emil Michel Cioran Çürümenin Kitabı Terry Eagleton Hayatın anlamı Fernando Pessoa Huzursuzluğun Kitabı Ferdinand celine gecenin sonuna yolculuk Jean Paul Sartre Bunaltı Cesare Pavese Yaşama Uğraşı Franz Kafka Dönüşüm Samuel Beckett Godot'yu Beklerken Hermann Hesse Siddhartha Dostoyevski Yeraltından Notlar Dostoyevski Suç Ve ceza Nietzsche Böyle Buyurdu Zerdüşt Nietzsche Ecce homo Nietzsche Decal Candide - Voltaire Albert CamusYabancı Jhon fante toza zor Terry Eagleton Kötülük Üzerine Bir Deneme

 ROMAN VE KLASİKLER

Maksim Gorki Ana Maksim Gorki Benim üniversitelerim Dimitrov  Dimov Tütün

Kropotkin Ekmeğin Fethi Jack London’ Demir ökçe John Steinbeck Fareler ve İnsanlar Harper Lee Bülbülü Öldürmek Victor Hugo Sefiller Goethe Genç Werther'in Acıları Balzac vadideki zambak Dostoyevski Suç ve Ceza Dostoyevski Kumarbaz Dostoyevski Budala

Dostoyevski Ev sahibem

Dostoyevski Yeraltından notlar Stefan Zweig Satranç Stefan Zweig Bilinmeyen Bir Kadının Mektubu Irvin D. Yalom Nietzsche Ağladığında Lev Tolstoy Anna Karenina Vladimir Bartol Fedailerin Kalesi Alamut Amin Maalouf Doğunun Limanları

Harper Lee Bülbülü Öldürmek

George Orwel Hayvan Çiftliği

Jhon Steinbeck Fareler ve İnsanlar

  Türk Edebiyatı Sabahattin Ali Kürk Mantolu Madonna Sabahattin Ali Kuyucaklı yusuf Sabahattin Ali İçimizdeki Şeytan Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Huzur Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Saatleri ayarlama enstitüsü Yaşar kemal İnce memed Recaizade Mahmut Ekrem Araba Sevdası Mehmet Rauf Eylül Peyami Safa Yanlızız Peyami Safa Fatih-Harbiye

Peyami Safa Dokuzuncu Hariciye koğuşu

Peyami Safa Bir teredüdün Romanı Namık Kemal İntibah Orhan Pamuk kırmızı saçlı kadın Yusuf atılgan Aylak adam

Ahmet Ümit İstanbul Hatırası

 Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu Kiralık Konak

Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu Yaban

 Distopya-Ütopya

Aldous Huxley Cesur Yeni Dünya 1984 - George Orwell Ursula K. Le Guin Mülksüzler Damızlık Kızın Öyküsü

 Din Tarih ve Antropoloji

Tanrı'nın Tarihi - Karen Armstrong Ludwig Feuerbach-Hristiyanlığın Özü Marx Engels- Ailenin ve özel mülkiyetin kökeni Lewis Henry Morgan-Eski toplum Wilhelm Reich- Cinsel ahlakın boy göstermesi Freud totem ve tabu Claude Levi – Strauss  Yapısal Antropoloji

Samuel NoahbKramer Tarih Sümerlerle Başlar

Samuel noah Kramer Sümer mitolojisi M. İlin-İnsan Nasıl İnsan Oldu Darwin Türlerin kökeni Turan Dursun Din bu Dine Karşı Din - Ali Şerati Ataların Hikayesi Richard Dawkins Sibel özbudun -Antropoloji: Kuramlar, Kuramcilar Lenin Din Üzerine Karl -Marx Yahudilik Üzerine Hayvanlardan Tanrılara - Sapiens , Yuval Noah Harari Deccal - Friedrich Nietzsche Ahlakın Soykütüğü- Friedrich Nietzsche

Peter Hopkirk İstanbulun Doğusunda Bitmeyen oyun

 Hans Lukaks kieser- Iskalanmış Barış

Martin Van Bruinessen Kürtlük Türklük Alevilik

Nuri Dersimi Kürdistan Tarihinde Dersim

Erdoğan Çınar Kayıp Bir Alevi efsanesi

Erdoğan Çınar Aleviliğin Kayıp Bin yılı

Ahmet Taşağıgil Gök Tengrinin Çocukları

Jena Paul Roux. Türklerin Tarihi

Tori Bir Kürt Düşüncesi Yezidilik

İrene Melikoff Uyur idik uyardılar

Hamza Aksüt Aleviler

Jenet Hamilton Aanadoluda Heretik Hareketler

Faik Bulut Dersim Raporları

Mehmet Bayrak Dersim Koçgiri

Mehmet Bayrak Alevilik Kürdoloji Türkoloji Belge.

Sean Martin Katharlar

[sakrum1]

Hans Albrecht von Barfus

Johann (Hans) Albrecht von Barfus (auch Barfuß; * 1635 in Möglin bei Wriezen, Mark Branden­burg; † 27. Dezember 1704 in Kossen­blatt bei Bees­kow, Mark Branden­burg) war ein branden­burgisch-preußischer General­feldmar­schall. Hans Albrecht von Barfus trat schon in jungen Jahren in die Armee ein. Er kämpfte in Schlach­ten gegen Polen, Schweden, Frank­reich und vor allem gegen das Osma­nische Reich. So konnte er sich 1686 bei der Befrei­ung Ofens aus­zeichnen und 1691 die schon ver­loren ge­glaubte Schlacht bei Slan­kamen gewinnen helfen. Von Kaiser Leo­pold I. wurde Barfus für seine Tapfer­keit gelobt und 1699 in den Reichs­grafen­stand erhoben, außerdem vom branden­burgischen Kur­fürsten zum General­feld­marschall befördert. Durch seine Heirat in die einfluss­reiche Familie von Dön­hoff gewann er am branden­burgischen Hof an Macht, war 1697 nach dem Sturz Eber­hard von Danckel­mans sogar kurz­zeitig Premier­minister. Wegen einer Intrige gegen Graf Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Warten­berg musste er 1702 schließ­lich seinen Abschied nehmen und sich auf seine Güter zurück­ziehen.  – Zum Artikel …

[allofbeercom]

‘Lost’ Austrian film predicting rise of nazism restored and relaunched

City Without Jews premiered in Vienna in 1924. Now the original version, lost for 90 years, has been saved from decay

It is the end of the first world war, inflation is soaring and the inhabitants of a German-speaking city are starting to turn on each other. Politicians are quick to find a scapegoat: The people, the chancellor announces, demand the expulsion of all Jews.

What may sound like a snippet from a history book about the Third Reich is in fact the synopsis of a film produced at a time when the Nazi party was still banned and Adolf Hitler was putting the finishing touches to Mein Kampf in a Bavarian prison cell.

Based on a dystopian novel by the Jewish publicist Hugo Bettauer, Die Stadt ohne Juden (The City Without Jews) originally premiered in Vienna in July 1924, but the original version vanished in the war years and was considered lost for more than 90 years.

Now, thanks to a chance discovery in a Parisian flea market and the biggest crowdfunding campaign to date in Austrias culture sector, the silent film is set to be digitally restored and re-released in its original form for the first time, with a premiere including a new live score scheduled at Viennas concert hall for autumn 2017.

A frame from The City Without Jews. Photograph: Filmarchiv Austria

The Austrian Film Archive, which organised the crowdfunding campaign, managed to reach its target of 75,500 on Tuesday, four days before Saturdays deadline. A spokesperson for the organisation said a major donation from an anonymous Jewish foundation in the US after Donald Trumps election victory and a doubling of daily donations after the defeat of a rightwing populist candidate in the Austrian presidential election had boosted its cause.

The film shows not just the economic circumstances that led to a flaring up of political antisemitism, but also satirically plays through the consequences of a rapid exodus of the Jewish population of Vienna, called Utopia in the film.

Initially, the citys Aryan population celebrate the departure of their Jewish neighbours with fireworks. But Utopias cultural life soon falls into neglect: cafes turn into beer halls, shops sell basic folk costumes rather than urban fashion, and foreign countries cut off their trade links.

Strangely, one political adviser tells the mayor, our currency is still worth absolutely nothing. Soon, posters start appearing around the city: Youve thrown out our prosperity with the Jews.

A damaged and incomplete version of the film, possibly censored or self-censored, had been discovered by archivists at the Dutch film museum in 1991. According to Nikolaus Wostry, director of collections at the Austrian Film Archive, the new edit which was found by a collector at a Paris flea market in October 2015 not only politicises the films message and contains its original ending but also adds a number of detailed scenes exploring the different social spheres of Jewish life in Vienna.

A frame from The City Without Jews. Photograph: Filmarchiv Austria

The message we want to send out is that this is not just a film about the past, but an anti-Nazi statement, Wostry told the Guardian.

Back when The City Without Jews was made, we had a very similar situation to the one we are in now. At the end of the first world war, a lot of people had been displaced by Russian forces in the north of the empire and were migrating south to Vienna, especially Jews from Bukovina and Galicia. Antisemitic feelings got a massive boost through this refugee crisis and all parties started to make politics with it.

After the second world war, when Austria had to redefine itself as a nation, Jewish Vienna played an important part. Wostry said: We became the nation of Schnitzler, Freud and Schnberg. But Austria never actually tried to bring back Jews that were driven out. Theres a great paradox at the heart of this nation.

In the film, Utopias fictional chancellor eventually decides to invite the Jewish population back into the city. Real life did not offer such a happy ending. Oskar Helmer, Austrias postwar interior minister, did little to hide his belief that questions over reparation payments and restitution of Jewish property should be drawn out as long as possible.

Bettauer, the author of the novel that inspired the film, was assassinated in his office by an ex-member of the then banned Nazi party only months after the films premiere.

History also had in store a number of cruel twists for the films lead actors. Johannes Riemann, who plays the films Jewish protagonist, Leo Strakosch, later joined the Nazi party and in 1944 performed at a variety evening at the Auschwitz concentration camp, while star actor Hans Moser, who plays one of the films most rabid antisemites, had to emigrate from Austria because he refused to divorce his Jewish wife.

from All Of Beer http://allofbeer.com/lost-austrian-film-predicting-rise-of-nazism-restored-and-relaunched/

[universallycrownpirate]

Eugen Diederichs (* 22. Juni 1867 in Löbitz; † 10. September 1930 in Jena) war ein bedeutender deutscher Verleger. 1896 gründete er seinen Verlag in Florenz, dessen breit gefächertes Programm sich auf Werke der deutschen Romantik und Klassiksowie Schriften der Antike und Friedrich Nietzsches erstreckte. Heute ist der Verlag ein Imprint der Verlagsgruppe Random Housein München.

Erst 1949 konnte der Verlag in Düsseldorf und Köln neu gegründet werden. Er existiert noch heute, war von 1988 bis 2008 ein Imprint des Heinrich Hugendubel Verlags München und gehört seit Mai 2008 zur Verlagsgruppe Random House.

Das Relief mit dem Logo des Eugen Diederichs Verlags war am 1945 zerstörten Verlagshaus am Carl-Zeiß-Platz in Jena angebracht und ziert heute den Nachfolgerbau an gleicher Stelle.

Eugen Diederichs wurde auf dem Landgut Löbitz bei Osterfeld/Thüringen geboren und verbrachte seine Kinder- und Jugendjahre ab 1872 in Naumburg. Er ließ sich auf Wunsch seines Vaters Carl Friedrichs nach dem Einjährigen zum Landwirt ausbilden und arbeitete anschließend als Verwalter auf verschiedenen Höfen.

1888 folgte er seiner eigentlichen Neigung und ließ sich in Halle zum Buchhändler beim theologischen Verlag Eugen Strien ausbilden. In den folgenden Jahren arbeitete er als Sortimenter in verschiedenen Buchhandlungen (unter anderem in der Stuberschen Buchhandlung in Würzburg und in der Menckeschen Buchhandlung in Erlangen). Seine Vorliebe fürs Reisen zeigte sich schon 1892, als er die erste größere Unternehmung vom Oberrhein und dem Elsass in die Schweiz über die französischen Alpen nach Spanien und schließlich nach Bordeaux machte. Bereits als junger Mann erfuhr er einen Nervenzusammenbruch und litt unter starken Depressionen. Nicht selten sollten die Reisen auch der Genesung seiner depressiven Phasen dienen.

Als es ihn 1896 nach Italien zog, entschied er sich, in Florenz einen Verlag zu gründen. In einem Brief aus Venedig an Ferdinand Avenarius vom 1. September schrieb er: „Ich will mich […] diesen Moment gründen unter der Firma: E. Diederichs, Florenz und Leipzig – Verlag für moderne Bestrebungen in Literatur, Naturwissenschaft, Sozialwissenschaft und Theosophie […] Ich habe den kühnen Plan, ich möchte einen Versammlungsort moderner Geister haben.“

Die ersten Veröffentlichungen waren Gedichtbände von Emil Rudolf Weiß und Ferdinand Avenarius, wobei Diederichs der große Erfolg 1897 mit Hans Blums Die deutsche Revolution 1848/49 gelang. Im gleichen Jahr siedelte das Unternehmen nach Leipzigüber. Zu den Publikationen der frühen Jahre gehört auch das zweite Buch von Hermann Hesse Eine Stunde hinter Mitternacht(1899).

Im folgenden Jahr heiratete Diederichs Helene Voigt, die zum Zeitpunkt der Bekanntschaft als Autorin für die Schleswig-Holsteiner Landsleute tätig war. Mit ihr hatte er vier Kinder: Ruth, Jürgen, Niels und Peter Diederichs. Im Jahr der Hochzeit gab er Wilhelm Bölsches Das Liebesleben in der Natur in drei Bänden heraus. Er begann die ersten Werkausgaben von Jens Peter Jacobsen, Novalis und Maurice Maeterlinck herauszugeben, denen weitere folgten, so von John Ruskin, Leo Tolstoi, Anton Tschechow und Friedrich Hölderlin. Diederichs konzipierte in den nächsten drei Jahrzehnten mehrere Reihen und Serien, was seine Tätigkeit als Verleger kennzeichnete. Als erste Reihe erschien 1899 Monographien zur deutschen Kulturgeschichte, die 1905 allerdings nach zwölf Bänden erfolglos eingestellt werden musste. Ferner eröffnete er die Reihen Erzieher zu deutscher Bildung (1904), Die Kunst in Bildern (1909) und Religion und Philosophie Chinas (1910).

1904 zog der Verleger mit seiner Familie von der Metropole des Buchhandels Leipzig nach Jena um (Sitz bis 1948). Drei Jahre nach der Übersiedlung des Verlags wurde er Mitglied des Deutschen Werkbundes.

Der erste Verlagskatalog erschien 1908 unter dem Titel Wege zur deutscher Kultur, in dem der Verleger seinen Gesamtbestand in sieben Kategorien aufteilte. Neben der Sparte Schriften der Antike, der deutschen Mystik, der italienischen Renaissance sowie der deutschen Klassik und Romantik enthielt das Verzeichnis die Bereiche Bücher zu Friedrich Nietzsche, Einzeltitel kulturtheoretischer und lebensphilosophischer Ausrichtung und Werke der Weltliteratur als Bezugspunkte für die „deutsche Kultur“.

In der ersten Kategorie erschienen Werke von Platon, Aristoteles und Plotin sowie Meister Eckeharts Schriften und Ekstatischen Konfessionen von Martin Buber. Von den Romantikern waren Friedrich Hölderlin, Friedrich von Schlegel, Friedrich Schleiermacher und Bettina von Arnim vertreten. Das wichtigste Buch der zweiten Abteilung war Carl Albrecht Bernoullis Franz Overbeck und Friedrich Nietzsche, das dem verklärten Nietzsche-Bild des Nietzsche-Archivs entgegenwirkte.

Weiterhin verlegte er die Werke des Sozialphilosophen und Malers John Ruskin, der ihm als Vorbild diente, und Bücher deutschsprachiger Autoren wie Wilhelm Bölsche, Bruno Wille, Hermann Löns und Carl Spitteler. Auch Arbeiterliteratur ließ Diederichs von seinem Lektor Paul Göhre herausbringen, so Das Leben eines Landarbeiters von Franz Rehbein.

Das breit gefächerte Verlagsprogramm verdeutlichte Diederichs Anspruch, einen universellen Kulturverlag zu führen, dessen Ausrichtung jedoch von seiner persönlichen Entwicklung und individuellen Weltempfinden abhing. Nach und nach wurde das Profil des Unternehmens von religiösen und antirationalistischen Schriften durchdrungen und „neuromantischen“ Autoren wie Ludwig Coellen, Karl Joel und Erwin Kircher geprägt. Zugleich sollte der Verlag zur Anlaufstelle von nationalkonservativem Schrifttum werden. Ein Teil der Romanliteratur war der Heimatkundebewegung zuzuordnen, die gegen die Industrialisierung und Technisierung Deutschlands gerichtet war.

Zu den Autoren des Verlages zählte auch seine eigene Frau Helene Voigt-Diederichs, die Aus Kinderland (1907) und den Novellenband Nur ein Gleichnis veröffentlichte. Nach Affären von Helene Voigt-Diederichs mit Max Scheler und Erich Kuithan kam es 1908 zu einer Ehekrise, die 1911 zur Scheidung des Ehepaars Diederichs führte. Ein Jahr später übernahm Eugen Diederichs die kulturpädagogische Zeitschrift Die Tat (Eine sozial-religiöse Monatsschrift für deutsche Kultur), die er seit 1913 selbst herausgab. Diederichs gilt als Mentor des freistudentischen Serakreis in Jena.

Seit dem 18. April 1916 war er mit der Schriftstellerin Lulu von Strauß und Torney verheiratet, die ebenfalls einige ihrer Schriften im Verlag herausbrachte und aktiv mitarbeitete.

Kurz vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg konzentrierte sich der Verleger mehr und mehr auf die Herausgabe von Büchern, die im Zeichen einer „Volkstumbewegung“ standen. Diese Ausrichtung des Programms sollte das Profil des Unternehmens unter Beibehaltung früherer Akzente in den 1920er Jahren maßgeblich mitbestimmen. Eine weitere Annäherung an den Nationalsozialismus zeigte sein Beitrag Krisis des deutschen Buches, den er in den Mitteilungen des von Alfred Rosenberg initiierten völkischgesinnten, antisemitischen Kampfbunds für deutsche Kultur publizierte.

Diederichs war Mitglied der Freimaurerloge Urania zur Unsterblichkeit in Berlin; in seinem Verlag erschienen zahlreiche bedeutende freimaurerische Werke.

Nach dem Tod Eugen Diederichs’ 1930 übernahmen seine Söhne Niels und Peter Diederichs mit Hilfe von Lulu von Strauß und Torney sowie Max Linke die Leitung des Unternehmens.

In den 1930er und 1940er Jahren stand der Name „Diederichs“ weiterhin für die von Eugen Diederichs vorgegebenen Inhalte und Ziele, auch für jene der Völkerverständigung. Da die Ausrichtung des Verlages auf einer nationalkonservativen Tradition beruhte, konnte der Betrieb während des Nationalsozialismus durch eine Anpassungsstrategie weiterhin bestehen. Dennoch bekam das Unternehmen die Zensurmaßnahmen der NS-Regierung früh zu spüren. 1933 musste Hans Zehrer, der Herausgeber der Tat, seine Position auf Geheiß der NSDAP aufgeben, ab 1935 war der Titel im Handel nicht mehr erhältlich. Auch die Bücher von Richard Benz, einem der wichtigsten Autoren des Verlages, fielen der Zensur zum Opfer und so wurde 1935 die Veröffentlichung seines Werkes Geist und Reich verboten. Ungeachtet dessen erschien ein Jahr später bei Diederichs ein neuer Titel von Benz, der aufgrund seines weniger verdächtigen Namens – Vom Erdenschicksal ewiger Musik – veröffentlicht werden konnte.

Edwin Erich Dwinger, der seit Beginn der 1930er Jahre einen Hauptteil der Verlagseinnahmen ausmachte, bekam 1942 aufgrund seiner Schrift Zwischen Weiß und RotProbleme mit den Zensurbehörden. Allerdings blieb die Zahl der verbotenen Bücher während der NS-Zeit überschaubar; neun Werke wurden als ausdrücklich unerwünscht von der Regierung deklariert, während z. B. S. Fischer zwischen 1933 und 1944 123 Bücher aus seinem Verlagsprogramm streichen musste. Es wurden aber auch Bücher von Herman Wirth, dem Gründer des Ahnenerbes, verlegt.

Als Niels und Peter Diederichs 1939 eingezogen wurden, übernahm Max Linke die alleinige Leitung des Verlages. 1946 wurde er von Soldaten der Roten Armee verhaftet und starb am 17. September 1947 im Speziallager Sachsenhausen.

Buchkunst

Ein Hauptanliegen des Verlegers war es, edle Gebrauchsbücher herzustellen. Diese sollten sich von der üblichen Massenware ebenso absetzen wie von repräsentativen Pracht-Ausgaben. Für ihn stellte das Buch ein Gesamtkunstwerk dar, bei dem alle Materialien (Papier, Einband, Umschlag usw.) aufeinander abgestimmt sein mussten. Die äußere Gestalt des Buches sollte wiederum zum Inhalt des Werkes passen. Diederichs Vorbild hierbei war William Morris, der sich seinerseits auf die Buchkunst des Mittelalters bezog.

Eine herausgehobene Rolle bei der Ausschmückung der Publikationen spielte der Innentitel, der den ersten Eindruck über Inhalt und Ausrichtung des Buches vermittelte. Außerdem legte Diederichs Wert darauf, holzfreies, raues, nicht glänzendes Papier zu verwenden, das zusammen mit dem Natureinband einen traditionellen handwerklichen Eindruck ergab. Weiterhin lag dem Verleger an einer künstlerisch geschnittenen Schrift, und auch der Aufdruck, der Buchschnitt und das Vorsatzpapiermussten farblich aufeinander abgestimmt sein.

Während die Buchausstattungen in den Leipziger Jahren von Jugendstil und Biedermeier beeinflusst waren, versuchte der Verleger seit der Jenaer Zeit eine weniger verspielte Ausformung seiner Veröffentlichungen zu konzipieren. Die opulente Verzierung wich dem Anliegen, eine größere Einfachheit bei der Gestaltung der Werke zu erreichen, die dennoch dekorativ wirken sollten. Beschäftigte Diederichs in Leipzig hauptsächlich Künstler wie Heinrich Vogeler und Johann Vincenz Cissarz, kam es in Jena zur Zusammenarbeit mit Fritz Helmuth Ehmcke und Peter Behrens, der 1907/08 eine neue Antiqua-Schrift entwickelte. Außerdem traten Friedrich Hermann Ernst Schneidler, Marie Bock, Anna Gramatyka, Wilhelm Schulz und Erich Kuithan als Gestalter neu hinzu.

Besonders durch die Zusammenarbeit mit dem Holzschnitzer, Maler und Graphiker Max Thalmann, der bis zu seinem Tod 1944 künstlerischer Beirat des Verlags war und eine Reihe von Büchern selbst gestaltete, gelang es Diederichs in den folgenden Jahren, seinen Verlagsproduktionen einen möglichst einheitlichen Stil zu verleihen.

Auszeichnungen

Im Jahr 1900 erhielt Diederichs die Bronzemedaille für seine buchkünstlerischen Leistungen auf der Weltausstellung in Paris. Es folgte der erste Preis der Dresdner Kunstgewerbe-Ausstellung 1906 sowie eine Auszeichnung beim Grand Prix der Weltausstellung in Brüssel 1910.

1924 verlieh die Universität Köln auf Vorschlag von Friedrich von der Leyen Eugen Diederichs die Ehrendoktorwürde. Zu seinem sechzigsten Geburtstag ernannte ihn die Stadt Jena zum Ehrenbürger.

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Glossary of terms and names related to the Holocaust

AKTION

(German)Operation involving the mass assembly, deportation, and murder of Jews by the Nazis during the Holocaust.

ALLIES

The nations fighting Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II; primarily the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union.

ANIELEWICZ, MORDECAI (1919-1943)

Major leader of the Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto; killed May 8, 1943.

ANSCHLUSS

(German)Annexation of Austria by Germany on March 13, 1938.

ARYAN RACE

"Aryan" was originally applied to people who spoke any Indo-European language. The Nazis, however, primarily applied the term to people of Northern European racial background. Their aim was to avoid what they considered the "bastardization of the German race" and to preserve the purity of European blood. (See NUREMBERG LAWS.)

AUSCHWITZ

Concentration and extermination camp in upper Silesia, Poland, 37 miles west of Kraków. Established in 1940 as a concentration camp, it became an extermination camp in early 1942. Eventually, it consisted of three sections: Auschwitz I, the main camp; Auschwitz II (Birkenau), an extermination camp; Auschwitz III (Monowitz), the I.G. Farben labor camp, also known as Buna. In addition, Auschwitz had numerous sub-camps.

AXIS

The Axis powers originally included Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan who signed a pact in Berlin on September 27, 1940. They were later joined by Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, and Slovakia.

BAECK, LEO (1873-1956)

Rabbi, philosopher, and community leader in Berlin. In 1933, he became president of the Reich Representation of German Jews, an organization responsible to the Nazi regime concerning Jewish matters. Despite opportunities to emigrate, Baeck refused to leave Germany. In 1943, he was deported to the ghetto of Terezin (Theresienstadt), where he became a member of the Council of Elders and spiritual leader of the Jews imprisoned there. After the liberation of the ghetto he emigrated to England.

BELZEC

One of the six extermination camps in Poland. Originally established in 1940 as a camp for Jewish forced labor, the Germans began construction of an extermination camp at Belzec on November 1, 1941, as part of Aktion Reinhard. By the time the camp ceased operations in January 1943, more than 600,000 persons had been murdered there.

CHAMBERLAIN, NEVILLE (1869-1940)

British Prime Minister, 1937-1940. He concluded the Munich Agreement in 1938 with Adolf Hitler, which he mistakenly believed would bring "peace in our time.

CHELMNO

An extermination camp established in late 1941 in the Warthegau region of Western Poland, 47 miles west of Lodz. It was the first camp where mass executions were carried out by means of gas. A total of 320,000 people were exterminated at Chelmno.

CHURCHILL, WINSTON (1875-1965)

British Prime Minister, 1940-1945. He succeeded Chamberlain on May 10, 1940, at the height of Hitler's conquest of Western Europe. Churchill was one of the very few Western politicians who recognized the threat that Hitler posed to Europe. He strongly opposed Chamberlain's appeasement policies.

CONCENTRATION CAMPS

Immediately upon their assumption of power on January 30, 1933, the Nazis established concentration camps for the imprisonment of all "enemies" of their regime: actual and potential political opponents (e.g. communists, socialists, monarchists), Jehovah's Witnesses, gypsies, homosexuals, and other "asocials." Beginning in 1938, Jews were targeted for internment solely because they were Jews. Before then, only Jews who fit one of the earlier categories were interned in camps. The first three concentration camps established were Dachau (near Munich), Buchenwald (near Weimar) and Sachsenhausen (near Berlin).

EICHMANN, ADOLF (1906-1962)

SS Lieutenant-colonel and head of the "Jewish Section" of the Gestapo. Eichmann participated in the Wannsee Conference (January 20, 1942). He was instrumental in implementing the "Final Solution" by organizing the transportation of Jews to death camps from all over Europe. He was arrested at the end of World War II in the American zone, but escaped, went underground, and disappeared. On May 11, 1960, members of the Israeli Secret Service uncovered his whereabouts and smuggled him from Argentina to Israel. Eichmann was tried in Jerusalem (April-December 1961), convicted, and sentenced to death. He was executed on May 31, 1962.

EINSATZGRUPPEN

(German) Battalion-sized, mobile killing units of the Security Police and SS Security Service that followed the German armies into the Soviet Union in June 1941. These units were supported by units of the uniformed German Order Police and auxiliaries of volunteers (Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Ukrainian). Their victims, primarily Jews, were executed by shooting and were buried in mass graves from which they were later exhumed and burned. At least a million Jews were killed in this manner. There were four Einsatzgruppen ( A,B,C,D) which were subdivided into company-sized Einsatzkommandos.

EUTHANASIA

The original meaning of this term was an easy and painless death for the terminally ill. However, the Nazi euthanasia program took on quite a different meaning: the taking of eugenic measures to improve the quality of the German "race." This program culminated in enforced "mercy" deaths for the incurably insane, permanently disabled, deformed and "superfluous." Three major classifications were developed: 1) euthanasia for incurables; 2) direct extermination by "special treatment"; and 3) experiments in mass sterilization.

EVIAN CONFERENCE (July 6, 1938)

Conference convened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in July 1938 to discuss the problem of refugees. Thirty-two countries met at Evian-les-Bains, France. However, not much was accomplished, since most western countries were reluctant to accept Jewish refugees.

EXTERMINATION CAMPS

Nazi camps for the mass killing of Jews and others (e.g. Gypsies, Russian prisoners-of-war, ill prisoners). Known as "death camps," these included: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibor, and Treblinka. All were located in occupied Poland.

FINAL SOLUTION

The cover name for the plan to destroy the Jews of Europe - the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question." Beginning in December 1941, Jews were rounded up and sent to extermination camps in the East. The program was deceptively disguised as "resettlement in the East."

FRANK, HANS (1900-1946)

Governor-General of occupied Poland from 1939 to 1945. A member of the Nazi Party from its earliest days and Hitler's personal lawyer, he announced, "Poland will be treated like a colony; the Poles will become slaves of the Greater German Reich." By 1942, more than 85% of the Jews in Poland had been transported to extermination camps . Frank was tried at Nuremberg, convicted, and executed in 1946.

FRICK, WILHELM (1877-1946

A dedicated Nazi bureaucrat who was appointed Minister of the Interior in 1933 where he was responsible for enacting Nazi racial laws. In 1946, he was tried at Nuremberg, convicted, and executed.

GENOCIDE

The deliberate and systematic destruction of a religious, racial, national, or cultural group.

GERSTEIN, KURT (1905-1945)

Head of the Waffen SS Institute of Hygiene in Berlin. While maintaining ties with the resistance, Gerstein purchased the gas needed in Auschwitz , officially for fumigation purposes, but actually used for the killing of Jews. He passed on information about the killings to Swedish representatives and Vatican papal nuncios. Overwhelmed with remorse he hanged himself in a French jail after the war. He is the author of a widely quoted description of a gassing procedure in Belzec, protagonist of Rolf Hochhuth's The Deputy, and the subject of Saul Friedlander's biography, The Ambiguity of Good.

GHETTO

The Nazis revived the medieval ghetto in creating their compulsory "Jewish Quarter" (Wohnbezirk). The ghetto was a section of a city where all Jews from the surrounding areas were forced to reside. Surrounded by barbed wire or walls, the ghettos were often sealed so that people were prevented from leaving or entering. Established mostly in Eastern Europe (e.g. Lodz,Warsaw, Vilna, Riga, Minsk), the ghettos were characterized by overcrowding, starvation and forced labor. All were eventually destroyed as the Jews were deported to death camps.

GÖRING, HERMANN (1893-1946)

An early member of the Nazi party, Goring participated in Hitler's "Beer Hall Putsch" in Munich in 1923 (see HITLER, ADOLF). After its failure, he went to Sweden, where he lived (for a time in a mental institution) until 1927. In 1928, he was elected to the Reichstag and became its president in 1932. When Hitler came into power in 1933, he made G"ring Air Minister of Germany and Prime Minister of Prussia. He was responsible for the rearmament program and especially for the creation of the German Air Force. In 1939, Hitler designated him his successor. During World War II, he was virtual dictator of the German economy and was responsible for the total air war waged by Germany. Convicted at Nuremberg in 1946, G"ring committed suicide by taking poison just two hours before his scheduled execution.

GREATER GERMAN REICH

Designation of an expanded Germany that was intended to include all German speaking peoples. It was one of Hitler's most important aims. After the conquest of most of Western Europe during World War II, it became a reality for a short time.

GRYNSZPAN, HERSCHEL (1921-1943)

A Polish Jewish youth who had emigrated to Paris. He agonized over the fate of his parents who, in the course of a pre-war roundup of Polish Jews living in Germany, were deported to the Polish frontier. On November 7, 1938, he went to the German Embassy where he shot and mortally wounded Third Secretary Ernst vom Rath. The Nazis used this incident as an excuse for the KRISTALLNACHT (Night of the Broken Glass) pogrom.

GYPSIES

A nomadic people, believed to have come originally from northwest India, from where they immigrated to Persia by the fourteenth century. Gypsies first appeared in Western Europe in the 15th century. By the 16th century, they had spread throughout Europe, where they were persecuted almost as relentlessly as the Jews. The gypsies occupied a special place in Nazi racist theories. It is believed that approximately 500,000 perished during the Holocaust.

HESS, RUDOLF (1894-1987)

Deputy and close associate of Hitler from the earliest days of the Nazi movement. On May 10, 1941, he flew alone from Augsburg and parachuted, landing in Scotland where he was promptly arrested. The purpose of his flight has never become clear. He probably wanted to persuade the British to make peace with Hitler as soon as he attacked the Soviet Union. Hitler promptly declared him insane. Hess was tried at Nuremberg, found guilty, and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was the only prisoner in Spandau Prison until he apparently committed suicide in 1987.

HEYDRICH, REINHARD (1904-1942)

Former naval officer who joined thecSScin 1932, after his dismissal from the Navy. He headed the SS Security Service (SD), a Nazi party intelligence agency. In 1933-1934, he became head of the political police (Gestapo) and later of the criminal police (Kripo). He combined Gestapo and Kripo into the Security Police (SIPO). In 1939, Heydrich combined the SD and SIPO into the Reich Security Main Office. He organized the Einsatzgruppen which systematically murdered Jews in occupied Russia during 1941-1942. In 1941, he was asked by G"ring to implement a "Final Solution to the Jewish Question." During the same year he was appointed protector of Bohemia and Moravia. In January 1942, he presided over the Wannsee conference, a meeting to coordinate the "Final Solution."

On May 29, 1942, he was assassinated by Czech partisans who parachuted in from England. (For consequences of this assassination, see LIDICE).

HITLER, ADOLF (1889-1945)

Führer und Reichskanzler

(Leader and Reich Chancellor). Although born in Austria, he settled in Germany in 1913. At the outbreak of World War I, Hitler enlisted in the Bavarian Army, became a corporal and received the Iron Cross First Class for bravery. Returning to Munich after the war, he joined the newly formed German Workers Party which was soon reorganized, under his leadership, as the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). In November 1923, he unsuccessfully attempted to forcibly bring Germany under nationalist control. When his coup, known as the "Beer-Hall Putsch," failed, Hitler was arrested and sentenced to 5 years in prison. It was during this time that he wrote Mein Kampf. Serving only 9 months of his sentence, Hitler quickly reentered German politics and soon outpolled his political rivals in national elections. In January 1933, Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor of a coalition cabinet. Hitler, who took office on January 30, 1933, immediately set up a dictatorship. In 1934, the chancellorship and presidency were united in the person of the Führer. Soon, all other parties were outlawed and the opposition was brutally suppressed. By 1938, Hitler implemented his dream of a "Greater Germany," first annexing Austria; then, (with the acquiescence of the western democracies), the Sudetenland (Czech province with ethnic German concentration); and, finally, Czechoslovakia itself. On September 1, 1939, Hitler's armies invaded Poland. By this time the western democracies realized that no agreement with Hitler could be honored and World War II had begun. Although initially victorious on all fronts, Hitler's armies began suffering setbacks shortly after the United States joined the war in December 1941. Although the war was obviously lost by early 1945, Hitler insisted that Germany fight to the death. On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide rather than be captured alive.

HOLOCAUST

The destruction of some 6 million Jews by the Nazis and their followers in Europe between the years 1933-1945. Other individuals and groups were persecuted and suffered grievously during this period, but only the Jews were marked for complete and utter annihilation. The term "Holocaust" - literally meaning "a completely burned sacrifice" - tends to suggest a sacrificial connotation to what occurred. The word Shoah, originally a Biblical term meaning widespread disaster, is the modern Hebrew equivalent.

JEHOVAH'S WITNESSES

A religious sect, originating in the United States, organized by Charles Taze Russell. The Witnesses base their beliefs on the Bible and have no official ministers. Recognizing only the kingdom of God, the Witnesses refuse to salute the flag, to bear arms in war, and to participate in the affairs of government. This doctrine brought them into conflict with National Socialism. They were considered enemies of the state and were relentlessly persecuted.

JEWISH BADGE

A distinctive sign which Jews were compelled to wear in Nazi Germany and in Nazi-occupied countries. It often took the form of a yellow star of David.

JUDENRAT

(PLURAL:JUDENRÄTE)Council of Jewish representatives in communities and ghettos set up by the Nazis to carry out their instructions.

JUDENREIN

"Cleansed of Jews," denoting areas where all Jews had been either murdered or deported.

KAPO

Prisoner in charge of a group of inmates in Nazi concentration camps.

KRISTALLNACHT

(German)Night of the Broken Glass: pogrom unleashed by the Nazis on November 9-10, 1938. Throughout Germany and Austria, synagogues and other Jewish institutions were burned, Jewish stores were destroyed, and their contents looted. At the same time, approximately 35,000 Jewish men were sent to concentration camps. The "excuse" for this action was the assassination of Ernst vom Rath in Paris by a Jewish teenager whose parents had been rounded up by the Nazis. (see GRYNSZPAN, HERSCHEL).

LIDICE

Czech mining village (pop. 700). In reprisal for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, the Nazis "liquidated" the village in 1942. They shot the men, deported the women and children to concentration camps, razed the village to the ground, and struck its name from the maps. After World War II, a new village was built near the site of the old Lidice, which is now a national park and memorial. (see HEYDRICH, REINHARD).

LODZ

City in western Poland (renamed Litzmannstadt by the Nazis), where the first major ghetto was created in April 1940. By September 1941, the population of the ghetto was 144,000 in an area of 1.6 square miles (statistically, 5.8 people per room). In October 1941, 20,000 Jews from Germany, Austria and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were sent to the Lodz Ghetto. Those deported from Lodz during 1942 and June-July 1944 were sent to the Chelmno extermination camp. In August-September 1944, the ghetto was liquidated and the remaining 60,000 Jews were sent to Auschwitz.

MAUTHAUSEN

A camp for men, opened in August 1938, near Linz in northern Austria, Mauthausen was classified by the SS as a camp of utmost severity. Conditions there were brutal, even by concentration camp standards. Nearly 125,000 prisoners of various nationalities were either worked or tortured to death at the camp before liberating American troops arrived in May 1945.

MAJDANEK

Mass murder camp in eastern Poland. At first a labor camp for Poles and a POW camp for Russians, it was turned into a gassing center for Jews. Majdanek was liberated by the Red Army in July 1944, but not before 250,000 men, women, and children had lost their lives there.

MEIN KAMPF

(German)This autobiographical book ( My Struggle) by Hitler was written while he was imprisoned in the Landsberg fortress after the "Beer-Hall Putsch" in 1923. In this book, Hitler propounds his ideas, beliefs, and plans for the future of Germany. Everything, including his foreign policy, is permeated by his "racial ideology." The Germans, belonging to the "superior" Aryan race, have a right to "living space" (Lebensraum) in the East, which is inhabited by the "inferior" Slavs. Throughout, he accuses Jews of being the source of all evil, equating them with Bolshevism and, at the same time, with international capitalism. Unfortunately, those people who read the book (except for his admirers) did not take it seriously but considered it the ravings of a maniac. (see HITLER, ADOLF).

MENGELE, JOSEF (1911-1978?)

SS physician at Auschwitz, notorious for pseudo-medical experiments, especially on twins and Gypsies. He "selected" new arrivals by simply pointing to the right or the left, thus separating those considered able to work from those who were not. Those too weak or too old to work were sent straight to the gas chambers, after all their possessions, including their clothes, were taken for resale in Germany. After the war, he spent some time in a British internment hospital but disappeared, went underground, escaped to Argentina, and later to Paraguay, where he became a citizen in 1959. He was hunted by Interpol, Israeli agents, and Simon Wiesenthal. In 1986, his body was found in Embu, Brazil.

MUSSELMANN

(German) Concentration camp slang word for a prisoner who had given up fighting for life.

NIGHT AND FOG DECREE

Secret order issued by Hitler on December 7, 1941, to seize "persons endangering German security" who were to vanish without a trace into night and fog.

NUREMBERG LAWS

Two anti-Jewish statutes enacted September 1935 during the Nazi party's national convention in Nuremberg. The first, the Reich Citizenship Law, deprived German Jews of their citizenship and all pertinent, related rights. The second, the Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor, outlawed marriages of Jews and non-Jews, forbade Jews from employing German females of childbearing age, and prohibited Jews from displaying the German flag. Many additional regulations were attached to the two main statutes, which provided the basis for removing Jews from all spheres of German political, social, and economic life. The Nuremberg Laws carefully established definitions of Jewishness based on bloodlines. Thus, many Germans of mixed ancestry, called "Mischlinge," faced antisemitic discrimination if they had a Jewish grandparent.

PARTISANS

Irregular troops engaged in guerrilla warfare, often behind enemy lines. During World War II, this term was applied to resistance fighters in Nazi-occupied countries.

PROTOCOLS OF THE ELDERS OF ZION

A major piece of antisemitic propaganda, compiled at the turn of the century by members of the Russian Secret Police. Essentially adapted from a nineteenth century French polemical satire directed against Emperor Napoleon III, substituting Jewish leaders, the Protocols maintained that Jews were plotting world dominion by setting Christian against Christian, corrupting Christian morals and attempting to destroy the economic and political viability of the West. It gained great popularity after World War I and was translated into many languages, encouraging antisemitism in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. Long repudiated as an absurd and hateful lie, the book currently has been reprinted and is widely distributed by Neo-Nazis and others who are committed to the destruction of the State of Israel.

RATH, ERNST VOM (1909-1938)

Third secretary at the German Embassy in Paris who was assassinated on November 7, 1938 by Herschel Grynszpan (see GRYNSZPAN, HERSCHEL).

RIGHTEOUS AMONG THE NATIONS

Term applied to those non-Jews who, at the risk of their own lives, saved Jews from their Nazi persecutors.

SA

(abbreviation: Stürmabteilung)The storm troops of the early Nazi party; organized in 1921.

SELECTION

Euphemism for the process of choosing victims for the gas chambers in the Nazi camps by separating them from those considered fit to work (see MENGELE, JOSEF).

SOBIBOR

Extermination camp in the Lublin district in Eastern Poland (see BELZEC; EXTERMINATION CAMP). Sobibor opened in May 1942 and closed one day after a rebellion of the Jewish prisoners on October 14, 1943. At least 250,000 Jews were killed there.

SS

Abbreviation usually written with two lightning symbols for Schutzstaffel (Defense Protective Units). Originally organized as Hitler's personal bodyguard, the SS was transformed into a giant organization by Heinrich Himmler. Although various SS units fought on the battlefield, the organization is best known for carrying out the destruction of European Jewry.

ST. LOUIS

The steamship St. Louis was a refugee ship that left Hamburg in the spring of 1939, bound for Cuba. When the ship arrived, only 22 of the 1128 refugees were allowed to disembark. Initially no country, including the United States, was willing to accept the others. The ship finally returned to Europe where most of the refugees were finally granted entry into England, Holland, France and Belgium.

STRUMA

Name of a boat carrying 769 Jewish refugees which left Romania late in 1941. It was refused entry to Palestine or Turkey, and was tugged out to the Black Sea where it sank in February 1942, with the loss of all on board except one.

DER STÜRMER

(The Attacker)An antisemitic German weekly, founded and edited by Julius Streicher, which was published in Nuremberg between 1923 and 1945.

TEREZIN

(Czech), THERESIENSTADT (German)Established in early 1942 outside Prague as a "model" ghetto, Terezin was not a sealed section of town, but rather an eighteenth-century Austrian garrison. It became a Jewish town, governed and guarded by the SS . When the deportations from central Europe to the extermination camps began in the spring of 1942, certain groups were initially excluded: invalids; partners in a mixed marriage, and their children; and prominent Jews with special connections. These were sent to the ghetto in Terezin. They were joined by old and young Jews from the Protectorate, and, later, by small numbers of prominent Jews from Denmark and Holland. Its large barracks served as dormitories for communal living; they also contained offices, workshops, infirmaries, and communal kitchens. The Nazis used Terezin to deceive public opinion. They tolerated a lively cultural life of theatre, music, lectures, and art. Thus, it could be shown to officials of the International Red Cross. Terezin, however, was only a station on the road to the extermination camps; about 88,000 were deported to their deaths in the East. In April 1945, only 17,000 Jews remained in Terezin, where they were joined by 14,000 Jewish concentration camp prisoners, evacuated from camps threatened by the Allied armies. On May 8, 1945, Terezin was liberated by the Red Army. (see BAECK, LEO).

TREBLINKA

Extermination camp in northeast Poland (see Extermination Camp). Established in May 1942 along with the Warsaw- Bialystok railway line, 870,000 people were murdered there. The camp operated until the fall of 1943 when the Nazis destroyed the entire camp in an attempt to conceal all traces of their crimes.

UMSCHLAGPLATZ

(German)Collection point. It was a square in the Warsaw Ghetto

where Jews were rounded up for deportation to Treblinka.

WANNSEE CONFERENCE (January 20, 1942)

Lake near Berlin where the Wannsee Conference was held to discuss and coordinate the "Final Solution."It was attended by many high-ranking Nazis, including Reinhard Heydrich and Adolf Eichmann.

WALLENBERG, RAOUL (1912-19??)

Swedish diplomat who, in 1944, went to Hungary on a mission to save as many Jews as possible by handing out Swedish papers, passports and visas. He is credited with saving the lives of at least 30,000 people. After the liberation of Budapest, he was mysteriously taken into custody by the Russians and his fate remains unknown.

WARSAW GHETTO

Established in November 1940, the ghetto, surrounded by a wall, confined nearly 500,000 Jews. Almost 45,000 Jews died there in 1941 alone, due to overcrowding, forced labor, lack of sanitation, starvation, and disease. From April 19 to May 16, 1943, a revolt took place in the ghetto when the Germans, commanded by General Jürgen Stroop, attempted to raze the ghetto and deport the remaining inhabitants to Treblinka. The uprising, led by Mordecai Anielewicz, was the first instance in occupied Europe of an uprising by an urban population. (See ANIELEWICZ, MORDECAI).

WIESENTHAL, SIMON (1908- )

Famed Holocaust survivor who has dedicated his life since the war to gathering evidence for the prosecution of Nazi war criminals.