Soooo…. Tell me about these hellbenders.
Oh gosh okay so!! There's this type of salamander where I live up in the Appalachians called a Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis)! And they're big bois. Like, they're closely related to the Giant Salamander over in Asia, and they're usually around 17 inches long, but can be up to about 30 inches! North America's largest amphibian. <3
And they're brown and mottled with tiny little eyes and folds of wrinkled skin all over their body (they breathe through their skin so having folds and wrinkles increases their overall surface area to breathe through!) and people tend to find them maybe a lil ugly. (I personally think they're adorable but I think lots of animals are adorable ldkfjdlfkj. But look at em! They look like a muppet. And look at their nubby lil hands. I love em.)
In fact, people thinking they looked weird or gross or scary is how it got its name. Colonizers arriving in this region thought they looked like they came from hell - thus the name Hellbender. (According to Wikipedia, they're called a whole range of flattering names tho - snot otter, lasagna lizard, devil dog, mud-devil, mud dog, water dog, grampus, and Allegheny alligator.) So people have, historically, tended to be a lil grossed out by them, and as such, they've gone largely ignored up until recently as their habitats were destroyed by water pollution and other human activity. They're very sensitive to changes in water quality and can only live in fairly specific conditions, being habitat specialists. Which can make conservation tricky. But they've been gaining more awareness and have been having their conservation efforts taken more seriously lately! Here in Pennsylvania, they were officially declared the state amphibian by the governor in hopes of raising awareness and efforts to keep the water clean for them! So, here's hoping these dudes make a comeback, bc they're really wonderful lil dudes.
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This is an Eastern Hellbender (Photo by Ryan Wolfe). Affectionately known as "snot otter" and "lasagna lizard" this slimy critter is the largest salamander found in North America. Their range is mainly on western slopes of the Appalachians and in the Tennessee and Ohio watersheds west to the Mississippi, but there are some in Missouri and adjoining states. Hellbenders can get up to 30 inches long. The fully aquatic salamanders have lungs, but underwater they breathe through their skin, especially through the loose skin folds, which give the skin far more surface area. These amazing creatures are also slipping away due to disease and poor water quality in the streams they inhabit. A new study has also identified a surprising new threat, people moving shelter rocks in and along streams. These salamanders hide under rocks in streams both as juveniles and adults. An individual may spend its entire 30 year lifetime living under the same rock! Moving/stacking of a stream's stones to make rock cairns and small rock dams has now been documented to cause mortality of both larval, juvenile, & adult hellbenders (S. Unger, et al, Southeastern Naturalist, 16(2): (2017). So when recreating in other creatures habitats make sure to be respectful of their homes!
Here's another great article: https://beyondtheriverbend.com/2019/10/06/the-desperate-plea-of-the-hellbender-a-symbol-of-ancient-appalachia/
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Ratglicine 40-47 million years
While the planet is in an ice age some areas would be spared of the frigid cold but some areas would become tilted in the other direction with most of Sala swamps being dried up due to the weaker fields surrounding the planet due to the Ice age’s global tilt. This would prove to be even more catastrophic to Salamanders who are stuck in many areas, it would be a boon for one Hellbender species, sitting on a fallen tree is a rather odd creature. It is neither a salamander or a lizard but something in similar, this is a Saltile a descendant of the Terrestrial Hellbender a few million years previous and unlike it’s ancestor it has developed true scales but even more interesting is that is has independently developed a calcified egg removing it’s reliance on water. But nearby an insidious looking creature skitters towards the Saltile a Juggernaut beetle virtually unchanged other then having a darker carapace moves closer to the sunbathing saltile until it stops and begins to graze on some shriveled grass. The Saltile opes it’s eyes and crawls down from the tree approaching the much larger insect and stands in front of it. The beetle lowers down resting on all six of it’s legs and the Saltile begins to crawl across it’s carapace biting at it, but it is not attacking the beetle itself, no it is cleaning the beetle of blood sucking pests that get past it’s armor and sucks blood from the softer meat. After cleaning the giant beetle up it still remains on it due to the beatles darker carapace warming up faster under the sun making it an ideal place to rest.
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Sharing Shipping Space with Amphibian and Reptiles
by Stevie Kennedy-Gold
Your online orders of clothes and household goods might well have shared shipping space alongside preserved toads and snakes from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Don’t worry though – museum specimens are shipped following long-established rules and regulations, and the movement of herpetological freight is all in the service of science.
Wait, what?! Well, at a relatively low, but steady rate, natural history museums loan out specimens, and these materials are generally shipped, outgoing and incoming, via regular commercial carriers.
Why loan out a specimen?! Why, to ask and answer awesome scientific questions, to enhance an exhibit, or to use as artistic references! Just as every human has a story unique to their own life and experiences, etched in their wrinkles, freckles, and scars, the same is true for every specimen in the collection. Each frog and lizard, snake and turtle has experienced different environmental impacts, endured famine, parasites, pollution, or predation. Each specimen has its own story. Instead of being written down within the pages of a book, the animals’ stories are recorded within their muscles, organs, bones, and DNA. As such, an eastern fence lizard collected from Pennsylvania in 1893 will likely have a different body size, diet, or parasite load compared to the same species of lizard collected from the same town in 2005.
Scientists request loans from museum collections so that they can examine the specimens, unlock the stories hidden in each body, and answer their scientific questions. Alternatively, we receive requests from artists needing reference materials for their newest works of art, or to more accurately render images of a species they would otherwise not be able to see up close (I’m looking at you, venomous snakes, highly toxic frogs, or now extinct species!). And, of course, museums themselves loan from collections to use in displays as representatives of the far larger number of specimens housed behind-the-scenes. Walk through Dinosaurs in their Time towards Cenozoic – those bones can be considered as an inter-building loan from our Vertebrate Paleontology collection. Head up to the Foster Overlook and check out our hellbender who choked on a marshmallow – that specimen is certainly an inter-building loan from the collection I manage.
But how exactly are specimen loans arranged? The process varies from institution to institution and from section to section, so this description is the process specific to the Section of Amphibians and Reptiles at this museum. Overall, though, the process is a great deal easier than it would seem. Assuming a borrower knows what species to work with, a search of the Section’s online presence at iDigBio or VertNet will determine the specific specimens to request. After that, a formal request letter is required. This document must include details of borrower affiliation, the species and specimens requested, and the reason behind the request along with any planned examination techniques. The next step in the procedure is an email directed to me through the museum website (here), again providing a brief description of the borrower’s intent.
Image 1: Prepping a loan of anoles for a researcher. In the foreground are lists of specimen preferences from the researcher and specimens in the collection which fit the criteria.
Assuming a request is reasonable (i.e., doesn’t involve the complete destruction of the specimen!), I then begin pulling the requested specimens from the collection, placing tiny loan slips in each jar as I go as place holders signifying the specimen’s loaned status (Image 1). The slip has the specimen’s catalog number, the loan number, and the requester. Paper trails are vital in loaning specimens. I also make a notation in my fancy new Loan database, as well as in the general Herp Section Specimen database. Finally, I draft up the loan contract which will be sent out with the specimens. I then wrap the specimens in cheesecloth (Images 2 and 3), give them a good soaking in alcohol, triple bag and heat seal them in, and slap the appropriate documentation on and in the box. The package then goes off to the mailroom!
Image 2: Laying out the specimens on cheesecloth in preparation for shipping. A loan slip can be seen behind the cup on the right side of the image.
Image 3: Charlotte, a recent intern in the section, helps package up a loan of toads.
Once someone has completed their work with the specimens, they normally notify me and ship the specimens back as soon as possible. Assuming all the specimens are returned in good order, the loan is closed, the specimens are returned to the collection, the slips of paper are pulled from the jars, and the specimens once again become available for other people to use.
Unfortunately, some specimen loans, like library books, become overdue. A typical loan duration is 6 months, at the end of which the borrower can request a loan extension (much like requesting an extension on a library book) or they can send the specimens back. If the loan period elapses without any communication, I don my imaginary “Lizard Librarian” hat and kindly request their return as soon as possible.
Due to the size of this collection, the responsibilities of a collection manager, the number of loans we send out annually (some years over 40!), and the recent (with respect to the general age of the collection) technological adoptions within the Section (i.e., creating digital databases), it is not surprising that the retrieval of some loans lapsed, and even the documentation of some specimen locations is unclear. As a result, I recently took it upon myself, with the aid of my fearless and tireless group of interns, work study students, and volunteers, to determine the “active status” for all loans sent out since 1925 (the earliest recorded loan in the section). We have nearly 2000 loan records to look through, but fortunately my predecessors did a decent job tracking when a loan was returned or when contact was made to request the specimens be returned.
It’s a long arduous process making sure that all the specimens are back. Initially, our search to verify if the specimen was returned begins with the jars containing species from the location where the borrowed specimen was collected. This process takes time, and the pace is contingent upon how many specimens were requested per loan and how many specimens (and jars!) of a specific species from a specific place we have in the collection. For example, tracking the whereabouts of a loan of 50 eastern newts from Pennsylvania has taken us a few weeks because we have nearly 20 jars of newts from the state, each containing at least 100 specimens.
Image 4: Before (left) and after (right) images of a selection of jars which we looked through to confirm the specimens were loaned out and for which we updated the jar labels. You can see in the bottom middle jar in the image on the right the loan slip and piece of orange tape which denotes specimens were loaned out from that jar.
If we emerge empty handed after examining all the jars of a specific species from a specific place, we then look in jars containing the same species collected from other locations. This process has resulted in finding almost 10 specimens previously deemed “missing” – some since the 1960s! On top of this process, we also record the catalogue number of every specimen in every jar we examine so we can update the jar labels with the specimen numbers (Image 4). This expedites finding specific specimens in the future and ensures that all specimens are placed in their correct jars. It’s a true labor of love and the process is a museum collection equivalent of an (ultra-ULTRA) marathon, not a sprint. When it all boils down though, I am just a librarian making sure that all my books (or specimens!) are where they ought to be.
Stevie Kennedy-Gold is the Collection Manager for the Section of Amphibians and Reptiles at Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Museum employees are encouraged to blog about their unique experiences and knowledge gained from working at the museum.
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MCOC Wishlist Poll Snapshot: Entire Rankings
001 Mystique
002 Quicksilver
003 Beta Ray Bill
004 Sandman
005 Adam Warlock
006 Kitty Pryde
007 Lizard
008 Morbius the Living Vampire
009 Kraven the Hunter
010 Cloak & Dagger
011 Spider-Man 2099
012 Black Cat
013 Bullseye
014 Jessica Jones
015 Ares
016 Shang-Chi
017 Gladiator (Kallark)
018 Baron Zemo
019 Lady Deathstrike
020 Enchantress
021 Valkyrie MCU
022 Knull
023 Morgan le Fay
024 Scorpion
025 Captain Britain
026 Galactus
027 Dazzler
028 Silver Samurai
029 Black Knight
030 Dracula
031 Hobgoblin
032 Pyro
033 Fantomex
034 Spider-Woman
035 Jean Grey 90s
036 Silk
037 Polaris
038 Silver Sable
039 Sif
040 Anti-Venom
041 Mister Negative
042 Crystal
043 Legion
044 Shocker
045 Malekith the Accursed
046 Destroyer Armor
047 M'baku the Man-Ape
048 The Mandarin
049 Emplate
050 Multiple-Man
051 Shuri
052 Banshee
053 Onslaught
054 Warpath
055 Sunfire
056 Cannonball
057 Dark Phoenix
058 Blue Marvel
059 Prowler (Aaron Davis)
060 Okoye
061 Mockingbird
062 Spiral
063 Madame Hydra / Viper
064 Hydro-Man
065 Red She-Hulk
066 Agent Anti-Venom
067 Blackheart
068 Gorr the God-Butcher
069 Songbird
070 Quasar
071 Absorbing Man
072 Whiplash
073 Armor
074 Daimon Hellstrom
075 Wendigo
076 Nimrod
077 Graviton
078 Gwenom
079 Deathlok
080 Firestar
081 Vulcan
082 Wonder Man
083 Selene
084 Blob
085 Klaw
086 Rachel Summers
087 Thor (MCU Stormbreaker)
088 Shadow King
089 White Tiger
090 Tombstone
091 Jack O'Lantern
092 Valkyrie Classic
093 Toad
094 Moonstone
095 Weapon H
096 Jocasta
097 Dani Moonstar
098 Monica Rambeau
099 Wolfsbane
100 Franklin Richards
101 Ancient One
102 Arnim Zola
103 Exodus
104 Forge
105 Supergiant
106 Madelyne Pryor
107 Hank Pym
108 Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)
109 Negasonic Teenage Warhead
110 Spider-Man Noir
111 Phantom Rider
112 Blink
113 Sebastian Shaw
114 Clea
115 Black Tom Cassidy
116 Kurse
117 Danger
118 Daken
119 Omega Sentinel
120 Grim Reaper
121 Radioactive Man
122 Shatterstar
123 Darkstar
124 Werewolf by Night
125 Hope Summers
126 The Magus
127 Union Jack
128 Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)
129 Crimson Dynamo
130 Pixie
131 Conan
132 Scarlet Spider (Ben Reilly)
133 Azazel
134 Jigsaw
135 Boom-Boom
136 Swarm
137 Xorn
138 Machine Man
139 Black Widow (Yelena Belova)
140 Madame Masque
141 Misty Knight
142 Chamber
143 Mistress Death
144 Skaar
145 Morlun
146 Thanos (Endgame)
147 Leader
148 Sleepwalker
149 Deacon Frost
150 Black Swan
151 Agent 13 (Sharon Carter)
152 Fin Fang Foom
153 Ka-Zar
154 Arcade
155 Iron Spider
156 Dust
157 Gorgon
158 Lash
159 Namora
160 A-Bomb (Rick Jones)
161 Ikaris
162 Nick Fury (Classic)
163 Rescue
164 Nico Minoru
165 Volstagg
166 Weapon Hex
167 Stingray
168 Maximus the Mad
169 Cyttorak
170 Skurge the Executioner
171 Doc Samson
172 Maverick / Agent Zero
173 Sauron
174 Baron Blood
175 Captain America Falcon
176 Wong
177 Mantis
178 Whirlwind
179 Firelord
180 Magma
181 Molecule Man
182 White Fox
183 Nova (Sam Alexander)
184 Satana
185 Dum Dum Dugan (LMD)
186 Holocaust
187 Shiklah
188 Valkyrie Moonstar
189 High Evolutionary
190 Bloodaxe
191 Magus (Technarch)
192 Nighthawk
193 Punisher: War Machine
194 Goliath (Bill Foster)
195 Nova (Frankie Raye)
196 Ghost Rider (Danny Ketch)
197 Dr. Cecilia Reyes
198 Sentinel X (Shogo Lee)
199 Thena
200 Hellcat
201 Cosmic Spider-Man
202 Attuma
203 Shroud
204 Doctor Nemesis
205 Siryn
206 Nate Grey
207 Iron Monger
208 Black Mamba
209 Agent Carter
210 Kluh
211 Tiger Shark
212 Purple Man
213 Snowbird
214 Ice-Thing
215 Lilandra
216 Superior Spider-Man
217 Thane
218 Moon Girl & Devil Dinosaur
219 Jackal
220 Jean Grey (X-Men Red)
221 Punisher: Frankencastle
222 Puck
223 Rockslide
224 Red Ghost and his Super-Apes
225 Deathbird
226 Hydra Supreme
227 Strong Guy
228 Zarda the Power Princess
229 Sage
230 Quentin Quire (aka Kid Omega)
231 Prowler (Hobie Brown)
232 Slapstick
233 Stardust (Lambda Zero)
234 Titanium Man
235 D'spayre
236 Colleen Wing
237 Thunderbird (John Proudstar)
238 Iron Maiden
239 Gorilla-Man (Kenneth Hale)
240 Jack of Hearts
241 Titania
242 Avalanche
243 Toxic Doxie
244 Death’s Head
245 Impossible Man
246 Worthy Captain America (Mjölnir/Endgame)
247 Outlaw (Higgins)
248 Scarlet Spider II (Kaine Parker)
249 Beetle
250 Typhoid Mary
251 Bloodscream
252 Serpent (Cul Borson)
253 Ms. America Chavez
254 Ghost Rider (Reyes)
255 Hummingbird
256 Mercury
257 M (Monet St. Croix)
258 Black Tarantula
259 Spitfire
260 Wizard
261 Superior Octopus
262 Maria Hill
263 Minotaur (Dario Agger)
264 Echo
265 Morph
266 Karolina Dean
267 Zarathos
268 Thundra
269 Smasher (Kane)
270 Hyperstorm
271 Boomerang
272 Stature (Cassie Lang, AKA Stinger)
273 Meggan
274 Caliban
275 Hollow
276 Abyss (Styger)
277 Silverclaw
278 Red King
279 Doctor Druid
280 U.S. Agent
281 Sersi
282 Molten Man
283 Zzzax
284 Singularity
285 Agatha Harkness
286 Blastaar
287 Korvac
288 Citizen V
289 Carter Slade the Satan-Stomper
290 Post
291 Shuma-Gorath
292 Sin
293 Triton
294 Quasar (Kincaid)
295 Martinex
296 Iron Man (Mark I)
297 Wiccan
298 Speedball
299 Paladin
300 Amanda Sefton
301 Overmind
302 Diamondback (Rachel Leighton)
303 Feral
304 Charlie-27
305 Rom: Spaceknight
306 Juggerduck
307 The Uranian
308 Blazing Skull
309 Starfox
310 Living Laser
311 Hiro-Kala
312 Namorita
313 Jack Flag
314 Stormborn
315 Doctor Bong
316 Crescent & Io
317 Gamora mcu
318 Wave
319 Ironheart
320 Venom Rocket
321 Doctor Spectrum
322 Davos the Steel Serpent
323 Lady Hellbender
324 Falcon classic
325 Bloodstorm
326 Tempus (Eva Bell)
327 Voyager
328 No-Name the Brood
329 Demon Bear
330 Moondragon
331 Arachne
332 Aero
333 Andromeda
334 Speed Demon
335 Phyla-Vell
336 Xemnu the Living Hulk
337 Aleta
338 Araña
339 Human Torch (Jim Hammond)
340 Constrictor
341 Iso
342 Arkon
343 Genis-Vell
344 Shanna the She-Devil
345 Volcana
346 Batroc the Leaper
347 Arclight
348 Scientist Supreme
349 Yukio
350 N'kantu the Living Mummy
351 Gentle
352 Caiera the Oldstrong
353 Beetle (Janice Lincoln)
354 Penance (Baldwin)
355 Super-Adaptoid
356 Ajak
357 Future Colossus
358 Moses Magnum
359 Vampire by Night
360 Superia
361 Puppet Master
362 Chimera
363 Count Nefaria
364 Stick
365 Hellion
366 Agent May
367 Mister Hyde
368 Spot
369 Cobra
370 Doop
371 Lyja
372 Wrecker
373 Stargod/Man-Wolf
374 Stilt-Man
375 Machinesmith
376 Spider-Bitch
377 Madame Web
378 Corsair & Sikorsky
379 Thor (Groot)
380 Balder
381 Random
382 Power Man (Alvarez)
383 Starhawk
384 Sun-Girl (Selah Burke)
385 Arcanna
386 Scream
387 Kree Sentry
388 Agent Phil Coulson
389 Thunderstrike (Kevin)
390 Talos
391 Carmilla Black
392 Uatu
393 Jennifer Kale
394 Warwolf
395 Enigma (Aikku Jokinen, AKA Pod)
396 Belasco
397 Swordsman
398 Trevor Fitzroy
399 Dazzler Thor
400 Hepzibah
401 Atlas
402 Ogun
403 Yellowjacket (DeMara)
404 Hala the Accuser
405 Entropy
406 War Machine (Infinity War)
407 Animax
408 Captain Universe
409 Whizzer
410 Hogun the Grim
411 Cottonmouth (Clemens)
412 Blizzard
413 Storm (Queen of Wakanda)
414 Silhouette
415 Immortus
416 Beast (Hex-Men)
417 Solo
418 White Rabbit
419 Aurora
420 Equinox
421 Hellcow
422 Owl
423 Arsenic & Old Lace
424 Beetle mk iii
425 Valeria (Age of Conan)
426 Trapster
427 Throg
428 Mimic
429 Hulkling
430 Iron Lad
431 Angel (Black Vortex)
432 Marionette
433 Phastos
434 Hobgoblin 2099
435 Razor Fist
436 Asp
437 Baymax
438 Captain America (Peggy Carter)
439 Sp//dr
440 Tarantula (Kaine)
441 Silver Scorpion (Barstow)
442 Midnight Angels of Wakanda
443 Demolition Man
444 White Wolf (Hunter)
445 Synapse
446 Kingo
447 Grey Gargoyle
448 Gilgamesh the Forgotten One
449 Justice
450 Atlas Bear
451 Iron Fist (Orson Randall)
452 Victorious
453 Lincoln Campbell
454 Luna Snow
455 Zadkiel
456 Crystar
457 Husk
458 Gravity
459 Kaecilius
460 Marrina
461 Ghost Rider (Circle of Four)
462 Nighthawk Supremeverse
463 Fixer
464 Cardiac
465 Capwolf
466 Kull the Conqueror of Atlantis
467 Noh-Varr
468 Korath the Pursuer
469 Miss America (Joyce)
470 Blackjack O'Hare
471 Bi-Beast
472 Vance Astro
473 Bushmaster (Quincy)
474 Krugarr
475 Poundcakes
476 Yo-Yo
477 American Son
478 Mister M
479 Cottonmouth (Stokes)
480 Manphibian
481 Infamous Iron Man
482 Paibok the Power-Skrull
483 Shatter
484 Daredevil Shadowland
485 Nakia
486 Garrison Kane
487 Makkari
488 Elloe
489 Northstar
490 Spiderling
491 She-Hulk (Lyra)
492 Proteus
493 Grey Hulk
494 Doorman
495 Toro
496 Nuke
497 Acroyear
498 Blonde Phantom
499 Drax MCU
500 Orrgo
501 Marvel Girl NPC
502 Fandral the Dashing
503 Spider-Girl
504 Ms. Thing
505 Captain America 2099
506 Veranke
507 Haechi
508 Mulholland Black
509 Mighty Destroyer
510 Eclipse
511 Powell McTeague
512 Druig
513 Copycat
514 Terror
515 Ahab
516 God-Emperor Doom
517 Doombot (V Series)
518 Sword Master
519 Cyclone
520 Black Mariah
521 Zenzi
522 Thor: Herald of Thunder
523 3-D Man
524 Hulk Endgame
525 Tetu
526 Doctor Octopus (Liv Octavius)
527 Margali
528 Molly Hayes
529 Sinara
530 Aldrich Killian
531 Goldballs
532 Mindless Ones
533 Nikki Gold
534 Foolkiller
535 Darkwing Duck
536 Thunderstrike (Eric)
537 She-Thing (Ventura)
538 Killmonger (Emperor Symbiote)
539 Iron Duck
540 Ms. Marvel II (Ventura)
541 Spymaster
542 Scalphunter
543 Spider-Man (Miles Morales Movie)
544 Karn
545 Gun-R
546 Terminus
547 Achebe
548 Llyra
549 Bushmaster (John)
550 Sugar Man
551 Great Lakes Avengers
552 Xarggu
553 Human Fly (Deacon)
554 Shogun
555 Plantman
556 Brawn
557 Elixir
558 Litterbug
559 Smasher (Rokk)
560 Bug
561 Mammomax
562 Synch
563 Anaconda
564 Wolvie
565 Dirk Anger
566 Captain [****]
567 Ezekiel
568 Diamondback (Stryker)
569 Unworthy Thor
570 Master Mold
571 Masked Marauder
572 M.O.D.A.M.
573 Hellsgaard
574 Hulkbuster 2.0
575 Forgetmenot
576 Ghaur
577 Arcturus Rann
578 Ultimate Green Goblin (Movie)
579 Dragoness
580 Porcupine
581 M-11
582 Taskmaster MCU
583 Dansen Macabre
584 Lady Bullseye
585 Harpoon
586 Unicorn
587 Bushwacker
588 Loki variant
589 Night Nurse
590 Psyklop
591 Mack
592 Eel
593 Water Snake
594 Chaos King
595 Red Hulk (Maverick)
596 Kaluu
597 The Russian
598 Geena Drake
599 Jimmy Hudson
600 Slayback
601 Mentallo
602 Skull the Slayer
603 Karkas
604 Dominic Fortune
605 The Buzz
606 Doctor Crocodile
607 Ox
608 Dorrek VII
609 Needle
610 Krang
611 Dino-Thor
612 Stegron
613 Zeitgeist
614 [VACANT]
615 [VACANT]
616 [VACANT]
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