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paganimagevault · 7 months

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Sassanid silver plate 7th C. CE. Decorated with a figure seated on a couch in a crescent moon and a figure standing in an archway. Found in Klimova, Russia in 1907. The base of the vessel appears to have runic script scratched into it. This item is sometimes referred to as The ‘Clock of Khosrow’ or The ‘Throne of Khosrow’ Plate. Diameter: 21.6cm.

I'm just going to do a brief summary of what caused Persia to fall to Islam.

The Islamic invasion of Persia began sometime between 628-632 CE. From 541 CE to this time Persia had been exhausted by an almost constant state of war. Most of the fighting was with the Byzantine Empire in the west: The Lazic War (541-562), Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591, Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628.

However, there were also wars with the Turks to the north and the east: Perso-Turkic war of 588–589, Perso-Turkic war of 606–608, Perso-Turkic war of 627–629. In this final war the Byzantines and Turks were allies. This alliance took time to come into being but had been sought out by the Turks almost immediately after they destroyed the Hephthalites, indicating they planned to do to the Persians what they had done to the Huns. The medieval historian Movses Kaghankatvatsi described the war of 627-629:

"At the arrival of the all-powerful scourge (universal wrath) confronting us, the invaders [Turks], like billowing waves of the sea, crashed against the walls and demolished them to their foundations. [In Partaw], seeing the terrible danger from the multitude of hideously ugly, vile, broad-faced, without eyelashes, and with long flowing hair like women, which descended upon them, a great terror (trembling) seized the inhabitants. They were even more horrified when they saw the accurate and strong [Khazar] archers, whose arrows rained down upon them like heavy hailstones, and how they [Khazars], like ravenous wolves that had lost all shame, fell upon them and mercilessly slaughtered them on the streets and squares of the city. Their eyes had no mercy for neither the beautiful, nor handsome, nor the young men or women; they did not spare even the unfit, harmless, lame, nor old; they had no pity (compassion, regrets), and their hearts did not shrink at the sight of the babies embracing their murdered mothers; to the contrary, they suckled blood from their breasts like milk."

Ironically, the Sassanid ruler Khosrow I had married a Turkic princess to win an alliance with them so the two could destroy the Huns together in 560 CE at the Battle of Gol-Zarriun. Khosrow I chose his Turkic progeny, Hormizd IV, as ruler over his Persian children. From Iranica Online:

"Hormozd’s character displeased everyone. He antagonized the Zoroastrian clergy, allegedly killing many of them, even the chief mowbed, and alienated the nobility by killing thousands of them (Ṭabari, I, p. 991; tr., V, pp. 297-98; Balʿami, ed. Bahār, pp. 1072-73; Masʿudi, Moruj, ed. Pellat, sec. 632; Šāh-nāma, Moscow, VIII, pp. 319 ff.). In diplomacy he showed inflexibility, even poor judgement. He disrupted the peace negotiations with the Byzantines and made demands (payment of “tribute”) that the Romans could not accept (Menander, frag., 23.9-24-12529). His contemporary, Menander Protector, lamented that “the Romans and the Persians would have made peace, had not Ḵosrow left this life and his son, Hormisdas [Hormizd IV], a truly wicked man, assumed the crown” (tr., pp. 207-9)."

Finally the Sassanid Empire went into a civil war from 628-632 CE where it had become politically decentralized. The Plague of Sheroe also occurred in 627-628 CE, most heavily devastating the populations in the western provinces with some areas experiencing a 50% mortality rate. Afterward, the Arab Muslims flooded into an already ravaged Persia like bacteria infesting an open wound.

#iranian #iran #ancient persia #ancient history #antiquities #art #history #zoroastrianism

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thepastisalreadywritten · 21 days

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SAINT OF THE DAY (May 18)

On May 18, the Catholic Church honors the first “Pope John” in its history.

Saint John I was a martyr for the faith, imprisoned and starved to death by a heretical Germanic king during the sixth century.

He was a friend of the renowned Christian philosopher Boethius, who died in a similar manner.

Eastern Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians also honor Pope St. John I on the same date as the Roman Catholic Church.

The future Pope John I was born in Tuscany and served as an archdeacon in the Church for several years.

He was chosen to become the Bishop of Rome in 523, succeeding Pope St. Hormisdas.

During his papal reign, Italy was ruled by the Ostrogothic King Theodoric.

Like many of his fellow tribesmen, the king adhered to the Arian heresy, holding that Christ was a created being rather than the Second Person of the Holy Trinity.

Arianism had originated in the Eastern half of the Roman Empire during the fourth century and subsequently spread among the Western Goths.

By the sixth century, the heresy was weak in the East but not dead.

In 523, the Byzantine Emperor Justin I ordered Arian clergy to surrender their churches into orthodox Catholic hands.

In the West, meanwhile, Theodoric was angered by the emperor’s move and responded by trying to use the Pope’s authority for his own ends.

Pope John was thus placed in an extremely awkward position. Despite the Pope’s own solid orthodoxy, the Arian king seems to have expected him to intercede with the Eastern emperor on behalf of the heretics.

John’s refusal to satisfy King Theodoric would eventually lead to his martyrdom.

John did travel to Constantinople, where he was honored as St. Peter’s successor by the people, the Byzantine Emperor, and the Church’s legitimate Eastern patriarchs.

(The Church of Alexandria had already separated by this point.)

The Pope crowned the emperor and celebrated the Easter liturgy at the Hagia Sophia Church in April 526.

But while John could urge Justin to treat the Arians somewhat more mercifully, he could not make the kind of demands on their behalf that Theodoric expected.

The gothic king, who had recently killed John’s intellectually accomplished friend Boethius (honored by the Church as St. Severinus Boethius on October 23), was furious with the Pope when he learned of his refusal to support the Arians in Constantinople.

Already exhausted by his travels, the Pope was imprisoned in Ravenna and deprived of food.

The death of St. John I came on or around May 18, which became his feast day in the Byzantine Catholic tradition and in the Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite.

In the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite, he is celebrated on May 27, the date on which his exhumed body was returned to Rome for veneration in St. Peter’s Basilica.

#Saint of the Day #Saint John I #Pope Saint John I

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catenaaurea · 1 year

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Pope St. Hormisdas had a son before ordination, who became Pope St. Sylverius.

#not catechism

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studentgarden · 11 months

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Os Papas da Igreja nos 2000 anos

O Sagrado Magistério da Igreja é dirigido pelo Papa, sucessor de Pedro, Cabeça visível do Corpo de Cristo.

A história dos papas é, de certo modo, a história da própria Igreja. Apresentamos em seguida a relação dos Papas, desde Pedro até Francisco, conforme publicação oficial do Vaticano (atualizada). Apresentamos também a relação dos 37 antipapas; foram eleitos sem legitimidade. Esta longa cadeia de 267 Papas da Igreja católica é uma prova inequívoca da Instituição divina do papado, por Cristo, afim de manter a unidade da Igreja e da sua doutrina. Somente a graça de Deus poderia manter esta sucessão ininterrupta de papas, apesar de toda a miséria humana, da qual eles não foram isentos. Nenhuma instituição humana teve tão longa vida e estabilidade.

1. 42-67 – S.PEDRO, de Betsaida (Galileia), morou na cidade de Antioquia e depois foi a Roma (42), onde morreu mártir no ano 67. 2. 67-76 – S. LINO, de Volterra, Toscana 3. 77-88 – S. CLETO ou ANACLETO, romano 4. 89-98 – S. CLEMENTE I, romano 5. 98-105 – S. EVARISTO, grego 6. 105-115 – S. ALEXANDRE I, romano 7. 115-125 – S. SISTO I, romano 8. 125-136 – S. TELÉSFORO, grego 9. 137-140 – S. HIGINO, grego 10. 140-155 – S. PIO I, de Aquiléia, Itália 11. 155-166 – S. ANICETO, Sírio 12. 166-175 – S. SOTERO, de Fondi 13. 175-189 – S. ELEUTÉRIO, de Nicópolis, Grécia 14. 189-199 – S. VÍTOR I, africano 15. 199-217 – S. ZEFERINO, romano 16. 217-222 – S.CALISTO I, romano

Antipapa: Hipólito (217-235)

17. 222-230 – S. URBANO I, romano 18. 230-235 – S. PONCIANO, romano 19. 235-236 – S. ANTERO, grego 20. 236-250 – S. FABIANO, romano 21. 251-253 – S. CORNÉLIO, romano

Antipapa: Novaciano (251)

22. 253-254 – S. LÚCIO I, romano 23. 254-257 – S. ESTÊVÃO I, romano 24. 257-258 – S. SISTO II, grego 25. 259-268 – S. DIONÍSIO, grego 26. 269-274 – S. FÉLIX, romano 27. 275-283 – S. EUTIQUIANO, de Luni, Toscana 28. 283-296 – S. CAIO, Dalmácia (hoje, Iugoslávia) 29. 296-304 – S.MARCELINO, romano 30. 307-309 – S. MARCELO I, romano 31. 309-310 – S. EUSÉBIO, grego 32. 311-314 – S. MELQUÍADES, africano 33. 314-335 – S. SILVESTRE I, romano 34. 336 – S. MARCOS, romano 35. 337-352 – S. JÚLIO I, romano 36. 352-366 – S. LIBÉRIO, romano

Antipapa: Félix II (355- 365)

37. 366-384 – S. DÂMASO I, espanhol

Antipapa: Ursino (366-367)

38. 385-398 – S. SIRÍCIO, romano 39. 399-401 – S. ANASTÁCIO I, romano 40. 401-417 – S. INOCÊNCIO I, de Roma 41. 417-418 – S. ZÓSIMO, grego 42. 418-422 – S. BONIFÁCIO I, romano

Antipapa: Eulálio (418-419)

43. 422-432 – S. CELESTINO I, sul da Itália 44. 432-440 – S. SISTO III, romano 45. 440-461 – S. LEÃO I (Magno), da Túscia (perto de Roma) 46. 461-468 – S. HILÁRIO, Sardenha 47. 468-483 – S. SIMPLÍCIO, de Tívoli (Roma) 48. 483-492 – S. FÉLIX III, romano 49. 492-496 – S. GELÁSIO I, africano 50. 496-498 – S. ANASTÁCIO II, romano 51. 498-514 – S. SÍMACO, da Sardenha

Antipapa: Lourenço (498-505)

52. 514-523 – S. HORMISDAS, de Frisinone 53. 523-526 – S. JOÃO I, da Túscia 54. 526-530 – S. FÉLIX IV, do Sannio (Roma) 55. 530-532 – BONIFÁCIO II, romano

Antipapa: Dióscoro (530)

56. 533-535 – JOÃO II, romano 57. 535-536 – S.AGAPITO I, romano 58. 535-540 – S. SILVÉRIO, de Frosinone 59. 540-555 – VIRGÍLIO, romano 60. 556-561 – PELÁGIO I, romano 61. 561-573 – JOÃO III, romano 62. 574-578 – BENTO I, romano 63. 578-590 – PELÁGIO II, romano 64. 590-604 – S. GREGÓRIO I, Gregório Magno, romano 65. 605-606 – SABINIANO, de Túsculo-Roma 66. 607 – BONIFÁCIO III, romano 67. 608-615 – S. BONIFÁCIO IV, de Valéria dei Marzi 68. 615-618 – S. ADEODATO I, romano 69. 619-625 – BONIFÁCIO V, Nápoles 70. 625-638 – HONÓRIO I, Campânia 71. 640 – SEVERINO, romano 72. 640-642 – JOÃO IV, dálmata 73. 642-649 – TEODORO I, grego 74. 649-655 – S. MARTINHO I, de Todi 75. 655-657 – S. EUGÊNIO I, romano 76. 657-672 – S. VITALIANO, de Segni 77. 672-676 – ADEODATO II, romano 78. 676-678 – DONO, romano 79. 678-681 – S. AGATÃO, siciliano 80. 682-683 – S. LEÃO II, siciliano 81. 684-685 – S. BENTO II, romano 82. 685-686 – JOÃO V, da Síria 83. 686-687 – CÓNON, grego

Antipapas: Teododoro (687), Pascoal (687-692)

84. 687-701 – S. SÉRGIO I, da Síria 85. 701-705 – JOÃO VI, grego 86. 705-707 – JOÃO VII, grego 87. 708 – SISÍNIO, da Síria 88. 708-715 – CONSTANTINO, da Síria 89. 715-731 – S.GREGÓRIO II, romano 90. 731-741 – S. GREGÓRIO III, Síria 91. 741-752 – S. ZACARIAS, grego 92. 752 – ESTÊVÃO, romano 93. 752-757 – S.ESTÊVÃO II (III), romano 94. 757-767 – S. PAULO I, romano

Antipapas: Constantino II (767-768), Filipe (768)

95. 768-772 – S. ESTÊVÃO III (IV), siciliano 96. 772-795 – ADRIANO I, romano 97. 795-816 – S.LEÃO III, romano 98. 816-817 – S. ESTÊVÃO IV, (V), romano 99. 917-824 – S. PASCOAL I, romano 100. 824-827 – EUGÊNIO II, romano 101. 827 – VALENTIM, romano 102. 827-844 – GREGÓRIO IV, romano

Antipapa: João (844)

103. 844-847 – SÉRGIO II, romano 104. 847-855 – S.LEÃO IV, romano

Antipapa: Anastácio (855)

105. 855-858 – BENTO III, romano 106. 858-867 – S. NICOLAU I, romano 107. 867-872 – ADRIANO III, romano 108. 872-882 – JOÃO VIII, romano 109. 882-884 – MARINO I, de Gallese 110. 884-885 – ADRIANO III, romano 111. 885-891 – ESTÊVÃO V (VI), romano 112. 891-896 – FORMOSO, romano 113. 896 – BONIFÁCIO VI, de Gallese 114. 896-897 – ESTÊVÃO VI (VII), romano 115. 897 – ROMANO, de Gallese 116. 897 – TEODORO II, romano 117. 898-900 – JOÃO IX, de Tívoli 118. 900-903 – BENTO IV, romano 119. 903 – LEÃO V, de Árdea

Antipapa: Cristóvão (903-904)

120. 904-911 – SÉRGIO III, romano 121. 911-913 – ANASTÁCIO III, romano 122. 913-914 – LÂNDON, de Sabina (Lácio) 123. 914-928 – JOÃO X, de Ravena 124. 928-929 – LEÃO VI, romano 125. 929-931 – ESTÊVÃO VII (VIII), romano 126. 931-935 – JOÃO XI, romano 127. 936-939 – LEÃO VII, romano 128. 939-942 – ESTÊVÃO VIII (IX), romano 129. 942-946 – MARINO II, romano 130. 946-955 – AGAPITO II, romano 131. 955-963 – JOÃO XII, romano 132. 963-964 – LEÃO VIII, romano 133. 964-965 – BENTO V, romano 134. 965-972 – JOÃO XIII, romano 135. 973-974 – BENTO VI, romano

Antipapa: Bonifácio VII (974)

136. 975-983 – BENTO VII, romano 137. 983-984 – JOÃO XIV, de Pavia 138. 985-996 – JOÃO XV, romano 139. 996-999 – GREGÓRIO V, de Caríntia, Alemanha

Antipapa: João XVI (997- 998)

140. 999-1003 – SILVESTRE II, francês 141. 1003 – JOÃO XVII, romano 142. 1003-1009 – JOÃO XVIII, de Áscoli Piceno 143. 1009-1012 – SÉRGIO IV, romano 144. 1012-1024 – BENTO VIII, romano

Antipapa: Gregório (1012)

145. 1024-1032 – JOÃO XIX, romano 146. 1033-1044 – BENTO IX, romano (primeiro pontificado) 147. 1045 – SILVESTRE III, romano 148. 1045 – BENTO IX, romano (segundo Pontificado) 149. 1045-1046 – GREGÓRIO VI, romano 150. 1046-1047 – CLEMENTE II, alemão 151. 1047-1048 – BENTO IX (terceiro pontificado) 152. 1048 – DÂMASO II, alemão 153. 1049-1054 – S. LEÃO IX, de Egisheim, Alemanha 154. 1054-1057 – VÍTOR II, de Dollestein, Alemanha 155. 1057-1058 – ESTÊVÃO IX (X), de Lorena, Alemanha

Antipapa: Bento X (1058)

156. 1059-1061 – NICOLAU II, de Borgonha, França 157. 1061-1073 – ALEXANDRE II, Milão

Antipapa: Honório II (1061-1072)

158. 1073-1085 – S. GREGÓRIO VII, de Soana, perto de Sena

Antipapa: Clemente III (1080 e 1084-1100)

159. 1086-1087 – B.VÍTOR III, de Benevento 160. 1088-1099 – B.URBANO II, francês 161. 1099-1118 – PASCOAL II, de Viterbo

Antipapas: Teodorico (1100-1102), Alberto (1102), Silvestre IV (1105-1111)

162. 1118-1119 – GELÁSIO II, de Gaeta

Antipapa: Gregório VIII (1118-1121)

163. 1119-1124 – CALISTO II, de Borganha, França 164. 1124-1130 – HONÓRIO II, de Ímola

Antipapa: Celestino II (1124)

165. 1130-1143 – INOCÊNCIO II, romano

Antipapas: Anacleto II (1130-1138), Vítor IV (1138)

166. 1143-1144 – CELESTINO II, de Cittá di Castello 167. 1144-1145 – LÚCIO II, de Bolonha 168. 1145-1153 – B.EUGÊNIO III, de Pisa 169. 1153-1154 – ANASTÁCIO IV, romano 170. 1154-1159 – ADRIANO IV, inglês 171. 1159-1181 – ALEXANDRE III, Sena

Antipapas: Vítor IV (1159-1164), Pascoal III (1164-1168), Calisto III (1168-1178), Inocêncio III (1179-1180)

172. 1181-1185 – LÚCIO III, de Lucca 173. 1185-1187 – URBANO III, de Milão 174. 1187 – GREGÓRIO VIII, de Benevento 175. 1187-1191 – CLEMENTE III, romano 176. 1191-1198 – CELESTINO III, romano 177. 1198-1216 – INOCÊNCIO III, Anagni 178. 1216-1227 – HONÓRIO III, romano 179. 1227-1241 – GREGÓRIO IX, Anagni 180. 1241 – CELESTINO IV, Milão 181. 1243-1254 – INOCÊNCIO IV, de Gênova 182. 1254-1261 – ALEXANDRE IV, de Anagni 183. 1261-1264 – URBANO IV, francês 184. 1265-1268 – CLEMENTE IV, francês 185. 1271-1276 – B. GREGÓRIO X, de Piacenza 186. 1276 – B. INOCÊNCIO V, de Savóia, França 187. 1276 – ADRIANO V, de Gênova 188. 1276-1277 – JOÃO XXI, português 189. 1277-1280 – NICOLAU III, romano 190. 1281-1285 – MARTINHO IV, francês 191. 1285-1287 – HONÓRIO IV, romano 192. 1288-1292 – NICOLAU IV, de Áscoli Piceno 193. 1294 – S.CELESTINO V, de Isérnia 194. 1294-1303 – BONIFÁCIO VIII, de Anagni 195. 1303-1304 – B.BENTO XI, de Treviso 196. 1305-1314 – CLEMENTE V, francês 197. 1316-1334 – JOÃO XXII, francês

Antipapa: Nicolau V (1328-1330)

198. 1334-1342 – BENTO XII, francês 199. 1343-1352 – CLEMENTE VI, francês 200. 1352-1362 – INOCÊNCIO VI, francês 201. 1362-1370 – B. URBANO V, francês 202. 1370-1378 – GREGÓRIO XI, francês 203. 1378-1389 – URBANO VI, de Nápoles 204. 1389-1404 – BONIFÁCIO IX, Nápoles 205. 1404-1406 – INOCÊNCIO VII, de Sulmona 206. 1406-1417 – GREGÓRIO XII, veneziano

Antipapas: Clemente VII (1378-1394), Bento XIII (1394-1423), Alexandre V (1409-1410), João XXIII (1410-1415)

207. 1417-1431 – MARTINHO V, de Genazzano (Roma) 208. 1431-1447 – EUGÊNIO IV, de Veneza

Antipapa: Félix V (1439-1449)

209. 1447-1455 – NICOLAU V, de Sarzana, Gênova 210. 1455-1458 – CALISTO III, espanhol 211. 1458-1464 – PIO II, de Pienza, Sena 212. 1464-1471 – PAULO II, de Veneza 213. 1471-1484 – SISTO IV, de Celle Lígure (Savona) 214. 1484-1492 – INOCÊNCIO VIII, de Gênova 215. 1492-1503 – ALEXANDRE VI, espanhol 216. 1503 – PIO III, de Sena 217. 1503-1513 – JÚLIO II, de Savona 218. 1513-1521 – LEÃO X, de Florença 219. 1521-1523 – ADRIANO VI, holandês 220. 1523-1534 – CLEMENTE VII, de Florença 221. 1534-1549 – PAULO III, de Viterbo 222. 1550-1555 – JÚLIO III, romano 223. 1555 – MARCELO II, de Montepulciano (Sena) 224. 1555-1559 – PAULO IV, de Nápoles 225. 1559-1565 – PIO IV, de Milão 226. 1566-1572 – S. PIO V, de Bosco Marengo, perto de Alexandria, Itália 227. 1572-1585 – GREGÓRIO XII, de Bolonha 228. 1585-1590 – SISTO V, de Grottammare 229. 1590 – URBANO VII, romano 230. 1590-1591 – GREGÓRIO XIV, de Cremona 231. 1591 – INOCÊNCIO IX, de Bolonha 232. 1592-1605 – CLEMENTE VIII, de Florença 233. 1605 – LEÃO XI, de Florença 234. 1605-1621 – PAULO V, romano 235. 1621-1623 – GREGÓRIO XV, de Bolonha 236. 1623-1644 – URBANO VIII, de Florença 237. 1644-1655 – INOCÊNCIO X, romano 238. 1655-1667 – ALEXANDRE VII, de Sena 239. 1667-1669 – CLEMENTE IX, de Pistóia 240. 1670-1676 – CLEMENTE X, romano 241. 1676-1689 – INOCÊNCIO XI, de Como 242. 1689-1691 – ALEXANDRE VIII, de Veneza 243. 1691-1700 – INOCÊNCIO XII, de Nápoles 244. 1700-1721 – CLEMENTE XI, de Urbino 245. 1721-1724 – INOCÊNCIO XIII, romano 246. 1724-1730 – BENTO XIII, de Bari 247. 1730-1740 – CLEMENTE XII, de Florença 248. 1740-1758 – BENTO XIV, de Bolonha 249. 1758-1769 – CLEMENTE XIII, e Veneza 250. 1769-1774 – CLEMENTE XIV, de Forli, Rímini 251. 1775-1799 – PIO VI, de Cesena 252. 1800-1823 – PIO VII, de Cesena 253. 1823-1829 – LEÃO XII, de Genga, Ancona 254. 1829-1830 – PIO VIII, de Cíngoli, Macerata 255. 1831-1846 – GREGÓRIO XVI, de Belluno 256. 1846-1878 – PIO IX, de Senigallia, Ancona 257. 1878-1903 – LEÃO XIII, de Carpineto 258. 1903-1914 – S. PIO X, de Riese, Treviso 259. 1914-1922 – BENTO XV, de Pegli, Gênova 260. 1922-1939 – PIO XI, de Désio, Milão 261. 1939-1958 – PIO XII, romano 262. 1958-1963 – JOÃO XXIII, de Sotto il Monte, Bérgamo 263. 1963-1978 – PAULO VI, de Concésio, Bréscia 264. 1978 – JOÃO PAULO I, de Canale D’Agordo*, Belluno 265. 1978-2005 – JOÃO PAULO II, de Cracóvia, Polônia 266. 2005-2013 – BENTO XVI, de Baviera, Alemanha 267. 2013-atualmente – FRANCISCO, de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

* Canale d’Agordo chamava-se, até 1964, Forno de Canale.

Nacionalidade dos Papas

Italianos (211), franceses (15), gregos (14), sírios (6), alemães (6), africanos (3), espanhois (3), dálmatas (2- iuguslavos), português (1), palestino (1), ingles (1), holandes (1), polonês (1), argentino (1).

Duração dos Pontificados

Os mais longos

Pio IX 32 anos João Paulo II 27 anos Leão XIII 25 anos Pio VI 24 anos Adriano I 23 anos Pio VII 23 anos Alexandre II 22 anos Clemente IX 21 anos Urbano VIII 21 anos S. Silvestre 21 anos S. Leão I (Magno) 21 anos S. Leão III 21 anos Pascoal II 19 anos Pio XII 19 anos Inocêncio II 18 anos João XXII 18 anos Bento XIV 18 anos Pio XI 17 anos

Os mais curtos

Estevão 3 dias Bonifácio VI 10 dias Urbano VII 15 dias Marcelo II 20 dias Teodoro II 20 dias Celestino IV 20 dias Dâmaso II 20 dias Pio XIII 26 dias Leão XI 26 dias Adriano V 28 dias João Paulo I 33 dias Gregório VIII 57 dias Inocêncio IX 62 dias Vitor III 113 dias

Número de papas por século

Século – Número de papas

I 5 II 10 III 14 IV 10 V 12 VI 13 VII 20 VIII 13 IX 20 X 23 XI 21 XII 16 XIII 17 XIV 10 XV 11 XVI 17 XVII 11 XVIII 8 XIX 6 XX 8 XXI 3

Assista também: Por que Cristo deixou o Papa?

Por que existem Papas? Por que o Papado foi instituído?

Papas que renunciaram

– Ponciano, em 235 – Celestino V, em 1294 – Gregório XII, 1415 (havia sido deposto pelo Concílio de Pisa, depois renunciou espontaneamente). – Bento XVI, 2013

Papas que foram depostos

– Silvério, em 537 – João X, em 928 – João XI, em 935 – João XII, em 963 – Bento V, em 964 – Leão VIII, em 964 – Gregório XII, deposto ilegalmente pelo Concílio de Pisa em 1409, abdicou em 1415.

– Bento IX, deposto três vezes, em 1044, 1045 e em 1047.

Papas irmãos

S. Paulo I, sucedeu em 757 ao seu irmão S. Estevão II (III). João XIX, sucedeu em 1024 ao seu irmão Bento VIII.

Papas que reeleitos

– Bonifácio VII (antipapa), foi eleito a primeira vez em 974 e novamente eleito em 978. – Bento IX (1032 – 1044), foi reeleito depois de ter sido deposto (1045), mais tarde foi novamente deposto e novamente reeleito (1047 – 1048).

#Igreja #Papado #Papas #sagrado Magistério.#biblia #devocional #catolico #jesus #cristao #canção nova #católico #deus #estudo biblico #eucaristia

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graminhani · 1 year

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The Godfather: Part III (USA, 1990): 🙂

“Just when I thought I was out, they pull me back in.”

A saga final de Michael Corleone. Me pareceu melhor do que eu me lembrava. De fato, Sofia Coppola como atriz é uma excelente diretora.

O filme trata da sucessão no Vaticano do papa Paulo VI para João Paulo I. Este, além de ser o primeiro a escolher um nome composto, quis também ter o “primeiro” no fim do nome. Eu achava que esse “primeiro” só aparecia depois que um outro papa escolhesse o mesmo nome pela segunda vez. Afinal de contas o atual se chama apenas Francisco e não Francisco I. Por causa disso fiquei curioso e resolvi fazer meus cinco minutos de pesquisa na Wikipedia acerca de todos os papas ao longo da história.

Encontrei uma lista de 266 papas até agora de São Pedro a Francisco. O apóstolo, aliás, foi o mais longevo de todos com um papado de cerca de 37 anos (do ano 30 ao ano 67). Apenas mais um (Pio IX) passou dos 30 anos e João Paulo II vem em terceiro nessa lista com mais de 26 anos. O tempo médio de pontificado é de 7 anos e 4 meses.

81 nomes já foram utilizados pelos papas sendo que 7 deles mais de 10 vezes:

João (x21), Bento (x17), Gregório (x16), Clemente (x14), Inocêncio (x13), Leão (x13) e Pio (x12).

Na minha opinião, os 15 nomes mais diferentes já utilizados são: Adeodato, Agapito, Agatão, Aniceto, Cónon, Dâmaso, Dono, Eutiquiano, Gelásio, Hormisda, Sabiniano, Símaco, Sirício, Sisínio e Telésforo.

A numeração após os nomes nem sempre é “certinha”. No passado existiu muito a figura do antipapa que, às vezes, entrava na lista e tomava um nome. Mais tarde, em novas revisões históricas, eles foram removidos e o nome acabou vago. Isso aconteceu com Félix II, João XVI, Bonifácio VII, Bento X e Alexandre V. Houve também casos em que, por conta de um erro qualquer, alguns nomes nunca existiram. Isso aconteceu com João XX, Martinho II e Martinho III.

Por fim, você deve estar se perguntando. Se “Bento” foi usado 17 vezes e Bento X foi um antipapa, como é possível que Joseph Ratzinger tenha sido Bento XVI? Não deveria ter sido XVIII? Acontece que o papa Bento IX aparece 3 vezes na lista! Em duas oportunidades ele foi expulso do cargo e, em outra, ele vendeu sua posição.

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if-you-fan-a-fire · 1 year

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“CHARTRAND FOUND GUILTY OF ATTEMPT TO KILL CONSTABLE,” Montreal Gazette. June 7, 1933. Page 6. ----- Jury Returns Verdict Against Bandit Without Leaving Their Places ==== TWO SENTENCES COMING --- Shooting of Policeman Jacques Took Place During Hold-up of Store - Has Bad Record --- At 3.20 o'clock yesterday afternoon is the court of King's Bench, Hormisdas Chartrand went on trial on a charge of attempting to murder Constable Jacques at 10 o'clock on the night of January 30, last, less than an hour later. 4.10 o'clock, a jury under Mr. Justice Charles A. Wilson, without retiring to deliberate returned a verdict of guilty against the accused who will he sentenced at the end of the present term of the Assizes.

The prisoner has yet to be sentenced by a judge of the Court of Sessions on a charge of hold-up. out of which arose the attempted murder accusation, of which he was found guilty yesterday after of the speediest trials on record. Chartrand admitted to His Lordship that in 1927 he was sentenced to five years in the penitentiary for hold-up and that previous to that he had stood trial on a charge of murder but had been acquitted.

Story of the crime committed by Chartrand was told by Constable Jacqure and Constable Caron, and 1 Mr and Mrs. David Fine, 757 Aqueduct street. Fine, who owns grocery at the address mentioned, said he was alone with his wife in tho shop about 10 o'clock on the night of January 30, 1933, when the prisoner entered. "He had a revolver," witness related, "and wife he was going to shoot. He fired one shot on the ground. Turning to me ho told me to give him the money in the ash register--which I did. When ho walked out he grabbed four packages of cigarettes." Fine’s evidence was corroborated by his wife. Constable Jacques picked up the threads of the story at this point. He said that he was patrolling Aqueduct street with Constable Caron and was attracted to Fine's grocery store by the shot which, as was the case, Chartrand had ftired on the ground. Jacques said he ordered Caron to the rear of the store, while he stationed himself outside the front door.

STORY OF CONSTABLE “I was in civilian clothes," the constable stated, “but I had my revolver. When the accused emerged I ordered him to put his hands up at the point of my gun, but he had his gun ready, too, and fired at me three times. I yelled to Caron who came running from the rear and he knocked Chartrand to the ground." This evidence was corroborated by Caron.

Dr. Guy Johnston who attended Jacques at the Western Division of the Montreal General Hospital told the court that wounds inflicted on the constable had been caused by at least three bullets. He extracted one bullet from the man's chest, he said, only about one-half inch from the heart. The other wounds, he testified, were on Jacques' right shoulder and on the thumb of the right hand.

Chartrand himself took the stand as the only witness for the defence right at the outset of his testimony he admitted having deliberately shot Jacques twice in the hand. The other shot, for which he was also responsible, he said, was discharged accidentally.

In cases where accused are unrepresented by counsel, it is not customary for the Crown Prosecutor to deliver an address, Gerald Fauteux, K.C. upheld the custom and Mr. Justice Wilson in the course of a three-minutecharge remarked to the jurors that he could not see any possible verdict other than one of guilty. Chartrand's evidence on the stand said His Lordship, was as complete an admission of guilt as he had ever heard. Jury returned their verdict without leaving their places.

#montreal #court of king's bench #armed robbery #armed robber #attempted murder #shooting a policeman #wounding with intent #without legal representation #eyewitness testimony #caught in the act #great depression in canada #crime and punishment in canada #history of crime and punishment in canada

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silvestromedia · 22 days

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SAINTS OF THE DAY FOR MAY 18

ST.JOHN I, POPE AND MARTYR-St. Pope John I, Roman Catholic Pope and Martyr. John was elected Pope while he was still an archdeacon upon the death of Pope Hormisdas in 523. Feast May 18

St. Theodotus of Ancyra, and Companions Theodotus was an innkeeper at Ancyra, Galatia (modern Turkey), who gave burial to seven virgins, Thecusa, Alexandra, Claudia, faina (Phaina), Euphrasia, Matrona, and Julitta after their martyrdom for refusing to wear pagan priestess robes and take part in a pagan festival. Theodotus was himself betrayed by an apostate and was martyred. In turn, his remains were gathered up by a Christian and sent to Malus where they received a proper burial and were enshrined in a chapel. May 18

St. Merililaun, 8th century. Martyred pilgrim. He was from England, journeying to Rome, when he was slain at Reims, France, under circumstances that warranted his being considered a martyr.

ST. FELIX OF CANTALICE, CAPUCHIN FRIAR

St. Elgiva of Shaftesbury, Roman Catholic Queen and mother of Kings Edwy of the Saxons and Edgar, King of England, and wife of Edmund the First. She gave up public life and became a Benedictine nun at Shaftesbury. May 18

St. Feredarius, 863 A.D. Irish abbot of lona, Scotland, in 863. He moved the relics of St. Columba to Ireland because of Danish raids.

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brookstonalmanac · 10 months

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Events 8.13 (before 1900)

29 BC – Octavian holds the first of three consecutive triumphs in Rome to celebrate the victory over the Dalmatian tribes. 523 – John I becomes the new Pope after the death of Pope Hormisdas. 554 – Emperor Justinian I rewards Liberius for his service in the Pragmatic Sanction, granting him extensive estates in Italy. 582 – Maurice becomes Emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 900 – Count Reginar I of Hainault rises against Zwentibold of Lotharingia and slays him near present-day Susteren. 1099 – Raniero is elected as Pope Paschal II, who would become deeply entangled in the Investiture Controversy. 1516 – The Treaty of Noyon between France and Spain is signed. Francis I of France recognizes Charles's claim to Naples, and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, recognizes Francis's claim to Milan. 1521 – After an extended siege, forces led by Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés capture Tlatoani Cuauhtémoc and conquer the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. 1532 – Union of Brittany and France: The Duchy of Brittany is absorbed into the Kingdom of France. 1536 – Buddhist monks from Kyoto, Japan's Enryaku-ji temple set fire to 21 Nichiren temples throughout Kyoto in what will be known as the Tenbun Hokke Disturbance. 1553 – Michael Servetus is arrested by John Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland as a heretic. 1624 – The French king Louis XIII appoints Cardinal Richelieu as prime minister. 1645 – Sweden and Denmark sign Peace of Brömsebro. 1650 – Colonel George Monck of the English Army forms Monck's Regiment of Foot, which will later become the Coldstream Guards. 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Blenheim: English and Imperial forces are victorious over French and Bavarian troops. 1779 – American Revolutionary War: The Royal Navy defeats the Penobscot Expedition with the most significant loss of United States naval forces prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. 1792 – King Louis XVI of France is formally arrested by the National Tribunal, and declared an enemy of the people. 1806 – Battle of Mišar during the Serbian Revolution begins. The battle ends two days later with a Serbian victory over the Ottomans. 1814 – The Convention of London, a treaty between the United Kingdom and the United Netherlands, is signed in London, England. 1868 – The 8.5–9.0 Mw  Arica earthquake struck southern Peru with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), causing 25,000+ deaths and a destructive basin wide tsunami that affected Hawaii and New Zealand. 1889 – William Gray of Hartford, Connecticut is granted United States Patent Number 408,709 for "Coin-controlled apparatus for telephones." 1898 – Spanish–American War: Spanish and American forces engage in a mock battle for Manila, after which the Spanish commander surrendered in order to keep the city out of Filipino rebel hands. 1898 – Carl Gustav Witt discovers 433 Eros, the first near-Earth asteroid to be found. 1900 – The steamer Deutschland of Hamburg America Lines set a new record for the eastward passage when it docked on Plymouth, England, five days, 11 hours and 45 minutes after sailing from New York, breaking by three hours, six minutes its previous mark in its maiden voyage in July.

#Events

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brookston · 10 months

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Holidays 8.8

Holidays

Abbey Road Crossing Day

Agricultural Worker Health Center Day

Anjin Matsuri (Ito City, Japan)

ARDS Awareness Day

ASEAN Day

Bā bā Day (Father's Day; Taiwan)

Bonza Bottler Day

Bullet Journal Day

Burry Man Festival (Scotland)

Ceasefire Day (Iraqi Kurdistan)

Dalek Day

The Date To Create

Digital Nomad Day

Dying to Know Day (Australia)

Eleanor Roosevelt Day

Father's Day (a.k.a. Bā bā Day or 爸爸節; Mongolia, Taiwan)

Five Night’s at Freddy’s Day

Flag Day (Sweden)

Global Infinite Possibilities Day

Global Sleep Under the Stars Night

Happiness Happens Day

Horticulture Day (India)

International Cat Day

International Character Day

International Consensual Spanking Day

International Female Orgasm Day [a.k.a. 7.31]

International Ophthalmologist Day

International War Folly Day

Karkidaka Vavu Bali (Kerala, India)

Kranti Diwas (a.k.a. Freedom Day or Quit India Day; Mumbai, India)

Lion’s Gate Day

Mar-A-Lago Search and Seizure Day

Moon Bear Day

Namesday of the Queen (Sweden)

Nane Nane Day (Farmers' Day; Tanzania)

National Africa-US Rising Cashew Day

National Anne Day

National Assistance Dog Day

National Boundaries Awareness Day

National Braiders Day

National CBD Day (a.k.a. National Cannabidiol Day)

National Clog Dancing Day

National Dollar Day

National Garage Sale Day

National Infinite Possibilities Day

National Liam Day

National Love Your Inmate Day

National Melvin Day

National Perler Day

National Pickleball Day

National Tarantula Appreciation Day

National Taxi Day (Japan)

National Vaping Day

Odie Day

Panda Cares Day

Peace Festival (Augsburger Friedensfest; Germany)

Safe Sport Day

Salt Water Day (Uruguay)

Scottish Wildcat Day (UK)

Severe ME Awareness Day

Signal Troops Day (Ukraine)

Tendong Lho Rum Fiat (Sikkim, India)

Thistle Day (French Republic)

Top 8 Challenge Day (Australia)

TR-808

Universal and International Infinity Day

Vore Day

Wakulima ya Nane Nane (Peasants’ Day or Farmers’ Day; Tanzania)

Wear Your Mother’s Jewelry Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

Frozen Custard Day

National Africa-US Rising Cashew Day

National Fried Chicken and Waffles Day

National Mochi Day

National Oatcake Day (UK)

National Spam Musubi Day

National Whataburger Day

National Zucchini Day

Sneak Some Zucchini Onto Your Neighbors Porch Night

2nd Tuesday in August

Emancipation Tuesday (British Virgin Islands) [2nd Tuesday]

Erie Gives Day (Pennsylvania) [2nd Tuesday]

Fox Hill Day (Bahamas) [2nd Tuesday]

Independence Days

Batavia (a.k.a. Duchy of Batavia; Declared; 2019) [unrecognized]

Cote d'Ivoire (a.k.a. Ivory Coast, from France, 1960)

Majerówka (Declared; 2022) [unrecognized]

Montosh (Declared; 2009) [unrecognized]

Poulo Wai (Declared; 1995) [unrecognized]

Feast Days

Altmann of Passau (Christian; Saint)

British Thermal Unit Day (Church of the SubGenius)

Cyriacus, Largus, Smaragdus, and companions (Christian; Martyrs)

Dominic de Guzmán, founder of the Dominican Order (Christian; Saint)

Festival for Venus (Ancient Rome)

Four Crowned Martyrs (Christian; Martyrs)

Fourteen Holy Helpers’ Day

Godfrey Kneller (Artology)

Hormisdas, Pope (Christian; Saint)

International Cat Day (Pastafarian)

International Goat Day (Pastafarian)

Mme. de Lafayette (Positivist; Saint)

Mary MacKillop (Christian; Saint) [Australia]

Rye Day (Pagan)

Season of Bureaucracy begins (Discordian)

Smaragdus and companions (Christian; Martyrs)

Spaghettini (Muppetism)

Venus Festival (Ancient Rome; from sunset to sunset)

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Sakimake (先負 Japan) [Bad luck in the morning, good luck in the afternoon.]

Unluckiest Day of the Year (India)

Premieres

The Boss (Film; 2016)

Bully for Bugs (WB LT Cartoon; 1953)

Cardigan, by Taylor Swift (Song; 2020)

Eleanor Rigby, by The Beatles (Song; 1966)

Farewell, My Lovely (Film; 1975)

Folklore, by Taylor Swift (Album; 2020)

Gangsta’s Paradise, by Coolio (Song; 1995)

Another Side of Bob Dylan, by Bob Dylan (Album; 1964)

An Innocent Man, by Billy Joel (Album; 1983)

Joltin’ Joe DiMaggio, recorded by Les Brown (Song; 1941)

Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Brain Drain (WB Animated Film; 2017)

Lookin’ Out My Back Door, by Creedence Clearwater Revival (Song; 1970)

One Crazy Summer (Film; 1986)

Revolver, by The Beatles (Album; 1966)

She’s Gotta Have It (Film; 1986)

Stand By Me (Film; 1986)

A Storm of Swords, by George R.R. Martin (Novel; 2000) [A Song of Fire and Ice #3]

Straight Outta Compton, by N.W.A. (Album; 1988)

Sunday Go to Meeting’ Time (WB MM Cartoon; 1936)

Whiplash, by Metallica (Song; 1983)

Xanadu (Film; 1988)

Yellow Submarine, by The Beatles (Song; 1966)

Today’s Name Days

Cyriak, Dominik, Elgar, Gustav (Austria)

Emil, Emilian, Emiliya (Bulgaria)

Dinko, Dominik, Nedjeljko (Croatia)

Soběslav (Czech Republic)

Ruth (Denmark)

Silva, Silve, Silvi, Silvia (Estonia)

Silva, Sylvi, Sylvia (Finland)

Dominique (France)

Cyriak, Dominik, Elgar (Germany)

Triantafilia, Triantafilos Triantafyllos (Greece)

László (Hungary)

Domenico, Emiliano (Italy)

Gotlibs, Mudite, Vladislavs (Latvia)

Daina, Domas, Dominykas, Elidijus, Gustavas, Tulgirdas (Lithuania)

Evy, Yvonne (Norway)

Cyprian, Cyriak, Cyryl, Emil, Emilian, Emiliusz, Niezamysł, Olech, Sylwiusz (Poland)

Oskár (Slovakia)

Domingo (Spain)

Silvia, Sylvia (Sweden)

Amelia, Amillian, Emil, Emily, Fedir, Leonid, Theodore (Ukraine)

Dustin, Dusty, Merrill, Meryl, Muriel, Myron, Myrta, Myrtle, Vic, Vick, Vicki, Vicky, Victor, Victoria (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 220 of 2024; 145 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 2 of week 32 of 2023

Celtic Tree Calendar: Coll (Hazel) [Day 1 of 28]

Chinese: Month 6 (Ji-Wei), Day 22 (Wu-Xu)

Chinese Year of the: Rabbit 4721 (until February 10, 2024)

Hebrew: 21 Av 5783

Islamic: 21 Muharram 1445

J Cal: 10 Hasa; Threesday [10 of 30]

Julian: 26 July 2023

Moon: 50%: 3rd Quarter

Positivist: 24 Dante (8th Month) [Mme. de Lafayette]

Runic Half Month: Thorn (Defense) [Day 11 of 15]

Season: Summer (Day 49 of 94)

Zodiac: Leo (Day 18 of 31)

Calendar Changes

Coll (Hazel) [Celtic Tree Calendar; Month 8 of 13]

#calendar #Holidays

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