#Magnetic Binary adder

[prakashymtsdm]

10 Fun and Easy Electronic Circuit Projects for Beginners

Check out the interesting electronics journey via these beginner projects! Learn about potentiometers, LED blinkers and simple amplifiers. Get hands on how mechanics of electronics work. Novices would definitely love doing these projects as they are both fun and medium to learn about circuitry

1. Low Power 3-Bit Encoder Design using Memristor

The design of an encoder in three distinct configurations—CMOS, Memristor, and Pseudo NMOS—is presented in this work. Three bits are used in the design of the encoder. Compared to cmos and pseudo-nmos logic, the suggested 3-bit encoder that uses memristor logic uses less power. With LTspice, the complete encoder schematic in all three configurations is simulated.

2. A Reliable Low Standby Power 10T SRAM Cell with Expanded Static Noise Margins

The low standby power 10T (LP10T) SRAM cell with strong read stability and write-ability (RSNM/WSNM/WM) is investigated in this work. The Schmitt-trigger inverter with a double-length pull-up transistor and the regular inverter with a stacking transistor make up the robust cross-coupled construction of the suggested LP10T SRAM cell. The read-disturbance is eliminated by this with the read path being isolated from real internal storage nodes. Additionally, it uses a write-assist approach to write in pseudo differential form using a write bit line and control signal. H-Spice/tanner 16mm CMOS Technology was used to simulate this entire design.

3. A Unified NVRAM and TRNG in Standard CMOS Technology

The various keys needed for cryptography and device authentication are provided by the True Random Number Generator (TRNG). The TRNG is usually integrated into the systems as a stand-alone module, which expands the scope and intricacy of the implementation. Furthermore, in order to support various applications, the system must store the key produced by the TRNG in non-volatile memory. However, in order to build a Non-Volatile Random Access Memory (NVRAM), further technological capabilities are needed, which are either costly or unavailable.

4. High-Speed Grouping and Decomposition Multiplier for Binary Multiplication

The study introduces a high-speed grouping and decomposition multiplier as a revolutionary method of binary multiplication. To lower the number of partial products and critical path time, the suggested multiplier combines the Wallace tree and Dadda multiplier with an innovative grouping and decomposition method. This adder's whole design is built on GDI logic. The suggested design is tested against the most recent binary multipliers utilizing 180mm CMOS technology.

5. Novel Memristor-based Nonvolatile D Latch and Flip-flop Designs

The basic components of practically all digital electrical systems with memory are sequential devices. Recent research and practice in integrating nonvolatile memristors into CMOS devices is motivated by the necessity of sequential devices having the nonvolatile property due to the critical nature of instantaneous data recovery following unforeseen data loss, such as an unplanned power outage.

6. Ultra-Efficient Nonvolatile Approximate Full-Adder with Spin-Hall-Assisted MTJ Cells for In-Memory Computing Applications

With a reasonable error rate, approximate computing seeks to lower digital systems' power usage and design complexity. Two extremely effective magnetic approximation full adders for computing-in-memory applications are shown in this project. To enable non-volatility, the suggested ultra-efficient full adder blocks are connected to a memory cell based on Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ).

7. Improved High Speed or Low Complexity Memristor-based Content Addressable Memory (MCAM) Cell

This study proposes a novel method for nonvolatile Memristor-based Content Addressable Memory MCAM cells that combine CMOS processing technology with Memristor to provide low power dissipation, high packing density, and fast read/write operations. The suggested cell has CMOS controlling circuitry that uses latching to reduce writing time, and it only has two memristors for the memory cell.

8. Data Retention based Low Leakage Power TCAM for Network Packet Routing

To lessen the leakage power squandered in the TCAM memory, a new state-preserved technique called Data Retention based TCAM (DR-TCAM) is proposed in this study. Because of its excellent lookup performance, the Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) is frequently employed in routing tables. On the other hand, a high number of transistors would result in a significant power consumption for TCAM. The DR-TCAM can dynamically adjust the mask cells' power supply to lower the TCAM leakage power based on the continuous characteristic of the mask data. In particular, the DR-TCAM would not erase the mask data. The outcomes of the simulation demonstrate that the DR-TCAM outperforms the most advanced systems. The DR-TCAM consumes less electricity than the conventional TCAM architecture.

9. One-Sided Schmitt-Trigger-Based 9T SRAM Cell for NearThreshold Operation

This study provides a bit-interleaving structure without write-back scheme for a one-sided Schmitt-trigger based 9T static random access memory cell with excellent read stability, write ability, and hold stability yields and low energy consumption. The suggested Schmitt-trigger-based 9T static random access memory cell uses a one-sided Schmitt-trigger inverter with a single bit-line topology to provide a high read stability yield. Furthermore, by utilizing selective power gating and a Schmitt-trigger inverter write aid technique that regulates the Schmitt-trigger inverter's trip voltage, the write ability yield is enhanced.

10. Effective Low Leakage 6T and 8T FinFET SRAMs: Using Cells With Reverse-Biased FinFETs, Near-Threshold Operation, and Power Gating In this project, power gating is frequently utilized to lower SRAM memory leakage current, which significantly affects SRAM energy usage. After reviewing power gating FinFET SRAMs, we assess three methods for lowering the energy-delay product (EDP) and leakage power of six- and eight-transistor (6T, 8T) FinFET SRAM cells. We examine the differences in EDP savings between (1) power gating FinFETs, (2) near threshold operation, and alternative SRAM cells with low power (LP) and shorted gate (SG) FinFET configurations; the LP configuration reverse-biases the back gate of a FinFET and can cut leakage current by as much as 97%. Higher leakage SRAM cells get the most from power gating since their leakage current is reduced to the greatest extent. Several SRAM cells can save more leakage current by sharing power gating transistors. MORE INFO

[roll-a-troll]

Name: Miss Alfonz Pedbls Ancestor: The Treasury Strife Specibus: chainsawkind Blood Color and Sign: Bronze; Taurcer Handle: talentedAgelast Lusus: bobcatparent Pronouns: mu/mur/mur/murs/murself (not to be used by those who are primarily a binary gender. the goal of these pronouns is to be completely nongendered) Age: 10 sweeps Interests: magnet fishing and groundhopping Sexuality: bisexual Class: Rogue Land: Land of Magma and Chemicals, a putrid place, with deceptive Many-horned adder consorts. It is a place full of deserts and stranded ships. Echidna is lonely. Quirk: use 2 to replace s via roll-a-troll https://ift.tt/LiGfl5I, do as you please

[ryoung39-blog]

Magnet Binary Adding Machine

Our efforts to design a magnetically based binary adding machine have resulted in this system. Compromised of several modular parts, this whole system is actually a number of individual pieces that when used in conjunction, create the workings of a complete half adder. When run through the system multiple times, one can continuously add binary digits, therefore working as a full adder. 

Its important to note how we coded these pods. A vertical pod can be read as a “1″ and a horizontal can be read as a “0″. In prior experiments, we had coded magnetic polarity as either a one or a zero (North side being “1″ and South side being “0″), but labeling them as such gave us limited options. Namely, this only resulted in a natural XOR gate. This made it extremely difficult to develop any other system than this. 

In order to accomplish a new method of inputs and outputs, we used two forms of magnet pods. The first one (on the left side) functions as the initial input. These are fixed values, incapable of rotating around within their housing. The second (on the right) can spin, thus rotating itself into the proper orientation.

When the rotating output pod leaves the gate, it is lock in place using piece like the one pictured. This allows the output pod to work in the same fashion as the initial fixed inputs. 

The AND gate is our simplest mechanism. Two inputs placed on the outside slides control the orientation of a single magnet. Every placement of the input except a “1″ and “1″ result in a “0″. The is due to the proximity of the horizontal “0″ input. Because it is closer to the rotating output pod, the output pod rotates closer to the horizontal. 

Our XOR and OR gates function as identical mechanisms with very small differences in their locking mechanisms. 

Our gates would sometimes result in undesirable outputs, namely 45 degree angles. This was an issue, since we can only work in horizontal and vertical variables. In order to solve this, each gate was given a different locking mechanism for its output pod. 

These output mechanisms had extending arms that, when entered into the second stage of the gate, would push out either a fixed “1″ or “0″ pod. 

In essence, if the output pod is rotated at a 45 degree angle, the arm is as well, therefore bypassing the adjacent output arm and directly coming into contact with the opposing output. 

Our system did not come with out issues. Although we were able to work out some of the larger problems of polarity (and magnetism in general). Our system lacks an infrastructure to clearly denote and mark the path of the outputs. Perhaps a railing system could be of some use in the next draft. 

Its hard to avoid the fact that our locking arm solution was more of a fix for an existing problem rather than a cohesive part of the system. It was, in fact, a method proposed to resolve an undesirable outcome that happened to be in inherent issue of our machine. 

E+R

[serviceexpert]

Celebration Clean Up Your Computer Month January 2021

Computers 13 we have all had to deal with them one way or another. From video games to social media, these technological creations also come with an important note. If we want to keep our computers running at optimum capacity, we have to keep them clean.

Both the components and the internal memory have to be cleaned regularly if we want our machines to operate properly. So, on that note, let us look into the ideals of Clean Up Your Computer Month!

History of Clean Up Your Computer Month

The first substantial computer was the giant ENIAC machine, created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) used a word of 10 decimal digits instead of binary ones like previous calculators/computers. ENIAC was also the first machine to use more than 2,000 vacuum tubes, using nearly 18,000 vacuum tubes instead.

Storage in those vacuum tubes require the machinery to keep cool, taking up over 167 square meters (1800 square feet) of floor space. Nonetheless, it had punched-card input and output. It also arithmetically had 1 multiplier, 1 divider-square rooter, and 20 adders employing decimal 1Cring counters, 1D which served as adders and quick-access (0.0002 seconds) read-write register storage. ENIAC was productively used from 1946 to 1955. The 1960 19s saw large mainframe computers become more common in large industries, the US military, and space program. IBM became the unquestioned market leader in selling these large, expensive, error-prone, and very hard to use machines.

A veritable explosion of personal computers occurred in the early 1970s, starting with Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak exhibiting the first Apple II at the first West Coast Computer Faire in San Francisco. The Apple II boasted built-in BASIC programming language, color graphics, and a 4,100 character memory for only $1,298. Programs and data could be stored on an everyday audio-cassette recorder. Before the end of the fair, Wozniak and Jobs had secured 300 orders for the Apple II and from there Apple took off.

Also introduced in 1977 was the TRS-80. This was a home computer manufactured by Tandy Radio Shack. In its second incarnation, the TRS-80 Model II, came complete with a 64,000 character memory and a disk drive to store programs and data on. At this time, only Apple and TRS had machines with disk drives. With the introduction of the disk drive, personal computer applications took off as a floppy disk was a most convenient publishing medium for distribution of software.

IBM, which up to this time had been producing mainframes and minicomputers for medium to large-sized businesses, decided that it had to get into the act and started working on the Acorn, which would later be called the IBM PC. The PC was the first computer designed for the home market which would feature modular design so that pieces could easily be added to the architecture.

Most of the components surprisingly came from outside of IBM, since building it with IBM parts would have cost too much for the home computer market. When it was introduced, the PC came with a 16,000 character memory, keyboard from an IBM electric typewriter, and a connection for tape cassette player for $1,265.

By 1984, Apple and IBM had come out with new models. Apple released the first generation Macintosh, which was the first computer to come with a graphical user interface(GUI) and a mouse. The GUI made the machine much more attractive to home computer users because it was easy to use.

Sales of the Macintosh soared like nothing ever seen before. IBM was hot on Apple 19s tail and released the 286-AT, which with applications like Lotus 1-2-3, a spreadsheet, and Microsoft Word, quickly became the favorite of business concerns.

That brings us up to about ten years ago. Now people have their own personal graphics workstations and powerful home computers. The average computer a person might have in their home is more powerful by several orders of magnitude than a machine like ENIAC. The computer revolution has been the fastest growing technology in man 19s history.

How to celebrate Clean Up Your Computer Month

To celebrate, all we have to do is turn off our computers and makes sure that the inside is clean and free from dust. Afterwards we need to reactivates our computers and clear up any space on the hard drives that we possibly can, and let 19s not forget to close up our computers after cleaning out the interior.

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[nuadox]

Building computer circuits with magnons

- By University of Vienna -

Researchers led by Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK) and the University of Vienna successfully constructed a basic building block of computer circuits using magnons to convey information, in place of electrons. The "magnonic half-adder" described in "Nature Electronics", requires just three nanowires, and far less energy than the latest computer chips.

A team of physicists are marking a milestone in the quest for smaller and more energy-efficient computing: they developed an integrated circuit using magnetic material and magnons to transmit binary data, the 1s and 0s that form the foundation of today’s computers and smartphones.

The new circuit is extremely tiny, with a streamlined, 2D design that requires about 10 times less energy than the most advanced computer chips available today, which use CMOS technology. While the current magnon configuration is not as fast as CMOS, the successful demonstration can now be explored further for other applications, such as quantum or neuromorphic computing.

Successful collaboration

The prototype is the culmination of four years of effort funded through Andrii Chumak’s European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant, and close collaboration with Jun.-Prof. Dr. Philipp Pirro at TUK, and Dr. Qi Wang, who is currently a postdoc at University of Vienna. Univ.-Prof. Chumak started the work at TUK and now leads a research group at University of Vienna.

"We are very happy since we managed to do what was planned several years ago and it works even better than we expected", Chumak says. When he first proposed the magnon circuit, his design was very complex. He credits Wang, the lead author of the paper, with making the design "at least 100 times better." "We see now that magnonics circuits can be as good as CMOS, but this is probably not yet enough if you want to trigger industry. I would assume you have to be still at least 100 times smaller and faster", says Chumak. "But this circuit opens up fantastic opportunities beyond binary data, for example to quantum magnonic computing at very low temperatures." Pirro adds: "We are also interested in adapting the circuit for neuromorphic magnonic computers inspired by the functionality of our brain."

How it works

The nanocircuit components measures less than one micrometer, far thinner than a human hair and hardly visible even under a microscope. It comprises of three nanowires made of a magnetic material called yttrium iron garnet. The wires are positioned precisely in relationship to each other to create two "directional couplers" which guide magnons through the wires. Magnons are quanta of spin waves – think of them like ripples on the surface of pond after throwing in a rock, but in this case, the waves are formed by distortions in the magnetic order of a solid material on the quantum level. It took a lot of time and effort to figure out the best nanowire length and spacing to generate the desired outcomes. Wang worked on the project for his Ph.D. at TUK. "This is the 3rd or 4th design", he says. "I ran a few hundred simulations for different types of half-adders."

At the first coupler, where two wires are very close together, the spin wave is split in half. One half proceeds to the second coupler, where it jumps back and forth between the wires. Depending on the amplitude, the wave will exit either the top or bottom wire, which corresponds to binary "1" or "0", respectively. Since the circuit contains two directional couplers that add together two streams of information, it forms a "half-adder", one of the most universal components of computer chips. Millions of these circuits can be combined to conduct increasingly complex calculations and functions.

"What typically requires hundreds of components and 14 transistors in regular computers, here only requires three nanowires, a spin wave, and nonlinear physics", Pirro says.

Future applications

Pirro, who is currently leading the direction of spintronic computing at TUK in the frames of the collaborative research center "Spin+X", will now explore using the magnon circuit for neuromorphic computing, which approaches data processing not as binary, but more like the human brain. Spin waves are much better suited for the more complex systems and have the potential to carry a great deal more information because they have two parameters – amplitude, which is wave height, and phase, which is the wave angle. In the current demonstration, the team did not use phase as a variable in order to keep it simple for binary data processing.

"If this device can already compete with CMOS, even if it is not using the full power of the wave-based approach, then we can be quite confident a scheme using the full power of the spin wave can be more efficient than CMOS for certain tasks", Pirro says. "And the ultimate goal, of course, is to combine the strengths of both CMOS and magnonics technologies together."

--

Header image: The directional coupler with a visible atomic structure is depicted. Spin wave jumps from one nanowire conduit to another nanowire at the point where the conduits are getting closer one to another. Credit: © Niels Paul Bethe.

Source: University of Vienna

Full study: “A magnonic directional coupler for integrated magnonic half-adders”, Nature Electronics.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-020-00485-6

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[connective-environments-fall2019]

MERLE Lessons Learned

Eliot Ball

A reflection on the series of logic gates that make up an adder.

The biggest critic we got from our review, was about the integration of object itself into the computation. This is something that we had left out of our discussion, but it didn’t come through the project as a priority. We faced many problems with just getting this thing to function and we were told to imagine a large picture for our ideas. We stayed close to the functional side and created something that functioned as it was told, but fell short of anything more. 

The magnets were promising from the beginning, but we had trouble getting them to perform as anything but their own system, attract opposites, repel similar. The system that we used took the outcomes of a two input system and applied a secondary logic to the output. The turning point for this system was when we started observing what happened then designed with the rules observed instead of trying to predict then force the outcomes to functioned as we imagined them.

After the review, reflecting on the object created, I saw the missed opportunity, but also herds of possibilities. Our final product used magnets and hands to move the outcomes of the compartments through the system. If we had leaned into this idea and really started to engage the hand rather than having it as just a tool, the project could have taken a different direction. We should have been thinking about the spatial and individual level affects the object would have throughout the design sequence. This mode of thought could have proved useful in the function of the prototypes as well as a transition to a larger idea and goal for this project. 

My understanding of binary logic and formal geometric relationships deepen along the course of this assignment. The most influential aspect that I took from this process was the relationship between how forces can start to inform spaces and how the form of something can directly affects its function.