#Multi Gas Torch

[anbi-group]

ROTHENBERGER Multi Gas Torch RO Flame Gun Piezo 7/16inch 35557

[digitalgowth]

Why Camping in India Feels Better with the Right Gear

There’s something special about camping in India. From the green forests of Himachal to the desert nights in Rajasthan or the breezy coastlines of Maharashtra—every trip feels different. But one thing always stays the same: without the right Camping Equipment, even a beautiful setting can feel like a chore.

If you’ve ever fumbled with a leaky tent or hiked with the wrong shoes, you already know how important good gear is. Let’s break down how the right items make every camping trip feel smoother, safer, and honestly, way more fun.

One Tent Doesn’t Fit All

A tent isn’t just where you sleep. It’s your only shelter when things get windy, wet, or chilly. Picking the right one makes a big difference.

In India, weather can shift quickly—sunny mornings, surprise showers in the afternoon. That’s why waterproof tents should be at the top of your Camping Equipment list.

A few things to check for:

Easy setup (especially if you arrive close to sunset)

Ventilation to avoid that stuffy feeling inside

Enough room for you and your backpack

For solo trips, a compact tent is great. For groups, go bigger with added space for gear and movement.

Shoes That Can Handle Real Trails

Whether you're climbing a hill, walking through grass, or crossing a rocky path, good shoes can save your trip.

Trekking shoes are a must for uneven ground. They’re built to support your ankles, offer grip, and last through long walks. If there’s a chance of rain or wet soil, switch to waterproof shoes to keep your feet dry and blister-free.

It might not seem like a big deal before the trip—but once you're out there, this part of your Camping Equipment can make or break your day.

Sleep is Not a Luxury, It’s a Need

It’s hard to enjoy your morning chai with a stiff back and zero sleep. That’s why you should invest in:

A quality sleeping bag (check for temperature rating)

A roll mat or sleeping pad

A compact pillow or soft cloth to use as one

Camping doesn’t have to mean sacrificing comfort. With the right Camping Equipment, you can wake up feeling fresh—even if you’re on rocky ground.

Cooking at Campsites Doesn’t Have to Be Complicated

Camp food can be tasty and easy. You just need the right tools.

Your basic cooking Camping Equipment should include:

A small gas burner or camp stove

A pot or pan that’s lightweight and easy to clean

A set of reusable utensils and cups

A lighter or matches in a waterproof bag

Ready-to-cook items (like soup packets or noodles)

Avoid bringing items that take too long or need fancy prep. Keep it simple and satisfying.

The Small Extras That Make a Big Difference

There are some things you don’t realize you need—until you’re out in the wild. Here’s what you should never skip:

A torch or headlamp (plus spare batteries)

A multi-tool or basic knife

Mosquito repellent

A tarp or extra sheet (good for sitting or rain cover)

Dry bags for clothes and electronics

Each of these might be small, but they belong in your Camping Equipment checklist if you want to stay worry-free.

Weather Changes Fast—Be Ready for It

You might start the day in the sun and end up under thick clouds. That’s India. Carry light jackets, an extra set of socks, and a raincoat or poncho.

Water-resistant clothes and quick-dry fabric make all the difference. And if you’re heading into colder areas, gloves and wool caps can be lifesavers.

Don’t forget to layer smartly—and remember, your Camping Equipment should be built to keep up with unpredictable weather.

Travel Light, But Don’t Miss the Essentials

There’s always a balance between carrying too much and forgetting the basics. Here’s a tip: lay out everything you think you need, then remove 20%.

Stick to multi-use items and things that fold or collapse easily. That way, you get full use from your Camping Equipment without breaking your back carrying it all.

Why Himmaleh is Worth Your Attention

Himmaleh creates camping gear with real Indian campers in mind. That means durable tents, supportive footwear, and useful tools that actually make sense for local terrains and weather.

When you invest in Himmaleh’s Camping Equipment, you’re not just buying gear—you’re buying peace of mind for your trip.

Final Words

Camping in India is a mix of beauty, challenge, and reward. The forests, hills, and open spaces all offer something special. But to truly enjoy it, you need to be ready for what the outdoors throws at you.

With dependable Camping Equipment, you get more than just comfort—you get confidence. And that’s what makes every trip a good one.

[srishti9]

Making Every Camping Trip Count with the Right Gear

Camping is more than just spending time outdoors. It’s a way to reset, enjoy nature, and live simply for a while. But without the right Camping Equipment, the trip can become more stressful than relaxing. That’s why preparing properly is key.

What You Truly Need

Before anything else, think about where you’re going. Is it cold? Wet? Hot? Each place may require different types of Camping Equipment. But there are some basics you always need:

Tent and groundsheet

Sleeping bag suited for weather

Sleeping pad or mat

Light source (headlamp, torch, or lantern)

Stove and fuel

Cookware and basic utensils

Clean water system

First-aid kit

With the right Camping Equipment, you can stay safe, eat well, and sleep comfortably.

Picking the Right Tent

Your tent is your home during the trip. Pick one that fits your group size, is easy to set up, and holds up against wind or rain. A good tent is one of the most important pieces of Camping Equipment you’ll carry.

Cooking Out in the Wild

Cooking while camping isn’t about being fancy—it’s about being practical. A small gas stove or camping grill will do just fine. Your Camping Equipment should include:

Stove or grill

One or two pots/pans

Reusable plates and spoons

Fuel, matches, or lighter

Dry snacks, instant food, rice, and canned items are perfect. Don’t forget clean water or a water purifier.

Sleeping Right Every Night

Good sleep matters. After a full day outdoors, your body needs rest. Your sleeping Camping Equipment should include a reliable bag and sleeping pad. Choose one based on season and area. Cold nights in the hills are no fun without a warm bag.

What Goes in Your Backpack

Packing smart is part of the fun. Divide items into groups—sleeping, cooking, safety, clothing. Use dry bags or plastic covers to keep things protected. All of your Camping Equipment should have its place.

Personal Care and Cleanliness

It’s easy to forget hygiene when you’re outside, but it’s important. Always include the following in your Camping Equipment:

Biodegradable soap

Wet wipes

Small towel

Toothbrush and paste

Hand sanitizer

Trash bag

Clean gear lasts longer, and a clean camper is a happy one.

Safety Must-Haves

Nature can surprise you, so staying safe is a must. Some of the most useful safety Camping Equipment includes:

Map and compass

Whistle

Pocket knife

Rope or cord

Emergency blanket

Extra batteries

Prepare for the small things, and the big problems stay away.

Planning for the Weather

Always check the weather before leaving. Add extra tarps or rain covers to your Camping Equipment list. Sunscreen and insect repellent also go a long way.

Sharing Gear with Friends

If you’re camping in a group, share the load. Not everyone needs to bring everything. One person can bring the stove, another the tent. Divide your Camping Equipment evenly.

Caring for Your Gear

After each trip, take time to clean and dry your gear. This makes your Camping Equipment last longer. Store everything in a cool, dry place.

Making Checklists

A checklist saves you from forgetting small things. Write down your full Camping Equipment list, and check it before packing. Do this every trip.

Small Additions That Help Big

Some small items can make a big difference:

Duct tape (for repairs)

Extra zip-lock bags

Clothespins and a line

Multi-tool

Camp chair

These don’t weigh much but come in handy.

Camping with Kids or Pets

Extra planning helps. Bring extra snacks, warm clothes, and their own sleeping gear. Make sure their Camping Equipment is suitable for size and age.

Finding Your Style

As you camp more, you’ll know what works best. Some like light packing; others want comfort. Adjust your Camping Equipment to suit your way of camping.

Staying Connected (Just Enough)

While camping is for disconnecting, you might still carry a phone or GPS. Keep a small power bank in your Camping Equipment just in case.

Wrapping It Up

Camping gives us a break from regular life. But it takes planning to enjoy it. The right Camping Equipment makes your trip smoother, safer, and more fun.

[adchemgas]

Pure Butane 99.5%: A High-Quality Solution for Industrial and Commercial Applications

Pure butane 99.5% is a highly refined hydrocarbon gas used across various industries, from fuel applications to chemical extractions. With a purity level of 99.5%, it ensures minimal contaminants, making it a preferred choice for businesses that require clean, efficient, and safe operations.

What is Pure Butane 99.5%?

Butane is a hydrocarbon compound belonging to the alkane family. It is commonly derived from natural gas processing and crude oil refining. Pure butane 99.5% refers to butane that has been refined to contain at least 99.5% pure butane, with very low levels of impurities such as propane, isobutane, and other hydrocarbons. This high purity level ensures better performance, efficiency, and safety in various applications.

One of the key characteristics of butane is its ability to exist as both a gas and a liquid under moderate pressure. This makes it an ideal choice for applications where portability and controlled combustion are required.

Applications of Pure Butane 99.5%

Fuel for Heating and Cooking

Pure butane is widely used as a fuel source for portable stoves, lighters, and torches. Its clean-burning properties make it an efficient energy source for both indoor and outdoor cooking. Many campers and outdoor enthusiasts rely on butane canisters for their lightweight and easy-to-use fuel options.

Additionally, butane is commonly used in home heating systems and as a backup fuel source in emergency situations. Its ability to produce a consistent and controlled flame makes it a safe and reliable choice for heating applications.

Extraction and Solvent Applications

Pure butane 99.5% is a popular solvent in the extraction industry, particularly in the production of essential oils, fragrances, and cannabis concentrates. The high purity level ensures minimal residue, resulting in a cleaner final product. In the cannabis industry, butane extraction is used to produce butane hash oil (BHO), a concentrated form of cannabis that requires high-purity solvents for safe and efficient extraction.

Aerosol Propellant

Due to its low boiling point and ability to remain in liquid form under pressure, pure butane is commonly used as a propellant in aerosol products. This includes spray paints, deodorants, air fresheners, and other consumer goods that require a pressurized delivery system.

Refrigeration and Cooling

Butane is used as a refrigerant in some cooling systems, particularly in environmentally friendly applications where traditional refrigerants are being phased out. Its low environmental impact compared to older refrigerants makes it a preferred choice for modern refrigeration systems.

Industrial and Chemical Processes

In industrial settings, pure butane is used as a feedstock for the production of other chemicals, including isobutene, which is used in the production of rubber, plastics, and fuel additives. Its consistent quality and high purity make it an essential raw material in chemical manufacturing.

Benefits of Using Pure Butane 99.5%

High Purity – With a 99.5% purity level, it ensures minimal impurities, making it safe and efficient for various applications.

Clean Combustion – Produces minimal soot and emissions, making it an environmentally friendly fuel option.

Versatile Applications – Used in multiple industries, including fuel, extraction, aerosol, and refrigeration.

Cost-Effective – Provides an efficient and affordable energy source for both commercial and industrial uses.

Conclusion

Pure butane 99.5% is a high-quality, multi-purpose hydrocarbon that serves as a crucial component in various industries. Whether used as a fuel, solvent, or industrial feedstock, its high purity level ensures efficiency, safety, and performance. As industries continue to evolve, the demand for pure butane remains strong, solidifying its role as a valuable resource in modern applications. For more details visit our website: www.adchemgas.com

[atplblog]

Price: [price_with_discount] (as of [price_update_date] - Details) [ad_1] This Violin Shape key chain Lighter is creative and charming. The musical instrument design is novel and attractive,Guitar Lighter KeyRing adding more points to your keys and bags,Flame Lighter portable to carry and can decorate your bag and car. It also can be a perfect and delicate gift to your friends. Creative cute Plastic keychain, Violin Shape and other keys . Convenient EDC tool and simple to operate. Durable and fuel refillable, can be used for thousands of times. Applicable at anywhere, anytime and any condition. Feature:Material: Zinc Alloy + ABSLighter is easy to completekeychain flint fire starterCompact and lightweight design, very handy and easy to carryMultiple functions in one (keychain, flint fire starter)This is mainly for outdoor or immediate fire use.Package Includes:1 X Violin Style Open Flame Lighter(Gas Not Included) Amaze Friends And Family. Perfect campout gadget for campfires, grilling, stoves, gas grills and barbecues. No match sticks, it’s forever matchless and relightable! Replace your match box or case with this. Take it anywhere with you to camp, to BBQ, or for survival kits and emergency home preparedness sets. Versatile: This keychain is a perfect tool as it combines utility and convenience, which makes it a must-have hiking or camping gear for hunting, traveling and other outdoors activities. Works equally well even when wet or cold. Small and easy to carry: Mini portable Tiny, put it in your pocket, personal everyday carry. Lightweight, water proof, weatherproof, windproof, storm proof, infinite sparks in wind while wet or cold in all types of weather. key chains are easy to throw on your key ring, lanyard, backpack or in your car with your gear for a day hike or backpacking. perfect Gift for men and women, yourself and loved ones for the outdoors, adventurers, mountain hikers, military, camping, hiking, hunting, boating or travel. Multitool design. Prime tool for Boy Scouts, survivalists and outdoorsmen. Essential item for the camper or RV. Keep away from kids. Not a toy. Multi Uses: The unlimited never ending fire-starter Lighter KeyChain works like magic! It’s fast and quick to start a hot fire with the eternal flame. Multipurpose for barbecues, propane, lanterns, oil lamps, bunsen burners, blow torch, fire pit, fireplace, bonfires, candles,smoke. [ad_2]

[labotronicsscientific]

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry is a compact, bench-top device for simultaneous qualitative analysis of metals and some non-metals. It features an adjustable torch position, echelle grating, and optimized optical design for high image quality. The system includes a modular electrical control system, intelligent multi-point charge system, and precise 3D temperature control. It comes with three operational software modules, a multi-channel 12-roller peristaltic pump, and various fog chambers. Safety features include electromagnetic shielding, a UV-proof observation window, and built-in protection for gas, water, temperature, and door switches.

[survivalprostore]

Survival Kit Essentials: What You Need to Know

Survival Kit Essentials: What You Need to Know

Emergency survival kits come in various shapes and sizes. It could be a bunker that is stocked with months or years' worth of a supply of food, water, and equipment to a credit-card-sized multi-tool in your wallet and the clothes on your back, these kits are essential. If you are not prepared for an emergency, you become a burden to those who have taken the time to set aside supplies and equipment. This article will focus on assembling a basic short-term emergency kit, designed to sustain you for approximately three days.

Food and Water for at Least Three Days

Non-perishable food: Canned goods, dried food, or Meal, Ready-to-eat. Special needs: Food, formula, and drinks for small children or babies.

Water for drinking: At least 3 liters per person, per day.

Water purification and Hydration: A means to purify the water.

Water for washing and cooking.

Cooking equipment: Gas cooker, alcohol/fuel burner, or even an open fire.

Can opener: Compact can opener.

Pet supplies: Don't forget food for your beloved pets.

Warmth/Protective Clothing and Footwear

Sleeping gear: A sleeping bag or wool blanket is crucial.

Footwear: Sturdy boots or shoes are essential for walking through difficult terrain.

Socks: Warm, dry socks are extremely important.

Hygiene

Toilet paper.

Soap and/or hand sanitizer.

Paper towels, tissues, and/or moist wipes.

Sanitary products: For the women in the family.

Nappies: For those with children.

Oral hygiene: Toothbrush and toothpaste.

Plastic rubbish bags: Besides the obvious uses, they have a multitude of survival uses.

Medical

First-Aid Kit: first-aid kits come in various sizes; get a few to keep in different locations.

Medications: Prescriptions, pain relief, allergy medication, etc.

Natural remedies: Herbs and remedies to help soothe and calm you both physically and emotionally.

First-aid knowledge: Carry a basic first-aid book.

Optional: A lightweight titanium hip flask with a distilled solution of your choice can help calm nerves after a traumatic experience

Communications

Radio: A battery, hand-cranked, or solar-powered radio to get updates on the situation.

Cell phone: If cellular communications are available, a charged cell phone is necessary and a means to charge via solar.

Lighting

Battery-powered lighting: Lanterns are safer than candles.

Variety of lights: A good torch, headlamp.

Batteries: A supply of batteries for all your devices.

Tools

Multi-tool: Such as those made by Leatherman or similar, which are versatile and useful in various scenarios.

Knife: A multi-purpose knife or survival tool.

Digging tool: Folding shovels are extremely useful and can be easily stored in your vehicle, carried or in other convenient locations.

General Equipment

Cordage: A good length of paracord, a popular and versatile choice for your emergency or survival kit.

Go where you feel most alive and be prepared with a comprehensive 3-day kit will undoubtedly make a significant difference in your ability to survive and stay comfortable during an emergency. Check out more survival gear on our website Survival Pro Store

[metweld]

Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machine: Revolutionizing Precision Cutting

In the realm of industrial cutting technology, the Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machine stands out as a pinnacle of precision and efficiency. As manufacturers seek to streamline their production processes and elevate the quality of their output, this advanced machinery emerges as a game-changer. Let's delve into the intricacies of this technology, exploring its features, benefits, and the leading manufacturers in the field.

Understanding Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machines

What sets Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machines apart?

Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machines are characterized by their robust gantry structure, which provides exceptional stability and precision during the cutting process. Equipped with Computer Numerical Control (CNC) technology, these machines offer unparalleled accuracy and repeatability, making them ideal for a wide range of cutting applications across various industries.

How do Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machines operate?

Utilizing a high-velocity jet of ionized gas (plasma), these machines can effortlessly slice through conductive materials such as steel, aluminum, and brass with remarkable speed and precision. The CNC system coordinates the movement of the cutting torch with precision, ensuring intricate shapes and designs are executed flawlessly.

Key features of Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machines:

Robust Gantry Structure: Provides stability and rigidity for precise cutting.

High-Definition Plasma Cutting Technology: Delivers clean, sharp cuts with minimal dross.

CNC Control: Enables automated operation and precise control over cutting parameters.

Multi-Axis Cutting Capability: Facilitates complex cutting geometries and beveling.

Integrated Fume Extraction Systems: Ensures a clean and safe working environment.

Advantages of Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machines

1. Precision: The CNC-controlled system ensures consistent and accurate cuts, minimizing material wastage and rework. 2. Versatility: Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machines can handle a wide range of materials and thicknesses, making them suitable for diverse applications. 3. Efficiency: With high-speed cutting capabilities, these machines enhance productivity and reduce turnaround times. 4. Cost-Effectiveness: By optimizing material usage and minimizing labor costs, Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machines offer a compelling return on investment.

Leading Manufacturers of Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machines

When it comes to investing in cutting-edge technology, choosing a reliable manufacturer is paramount. Here are some of the leading manufacturers of Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machines:

Metweld Industries: Renowned for their commitment to quality and innovation, Metweld Industries offers a comprehensive range of Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machines tailored to meet the diverse needs of modern industries.

Hypertherm: With a legacy of excellence spanning decades, Hypertherm is a trusted name in the realm of plasma cutting technology. Their Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machines are renowned for their precision, reliability, and advanced features.

In conclusion, Gantry Type CNC Plasma Cutting Machines represent the epitome of precision cutting technology, empowering manufacturers to elevate their productivity and efficiency. With their advanced features, unmatched accuracy, and the backing of reputable manufacturers, these machines are poised to revolutionize the industrial landscape.

[ask-marios-apprentice]

The worst weekend ever

I'm glad to be back home. I never want to go to that mall ever again. Good thing to, I'm pretty sure I'm banned

I guess I should explain what happened.

Throughout the weekend. I had a bus trip with Mario and his family. That being himself, Peach, Luigi, Meggy, and Toadsworth. We were going to spend a weekend shopping.

While on the bus I held a Q&A.

I had never felt such cold before Im glad that I was wearing some new clothes

I got a picture drawn by Lady Eggy with my new clothes

I had ended the Q&A after arriving in Mount Kracuchul (pronounced Krack-a-skull) and the city built around it. We had gotten out of the van. peach had started planning out their route. Mario had set me aside. He had explained to me that my mission was to collect five items throughout the mall over the course of the weekend. For each item, I will help one of the people in Mario's family.

And so...we went in.

Thank you Armonia. They drew this nice picture of us walking into the mall.

Peach: A Blow torch

Hardware was where I first had to go. I had to get a large blow torch. I saw chaos in this 2 story MoterMaster store. Peach had told me to go to the jumper cables, hook one up to f breath mint and the other to a bottle of air freshener she had bought.

I had made tear gas. I had no productive year in which my eyes were burning. It was basically just a crying-fueled mad dash to a blow torch. I'm pretty sure I stepped on someone's foot and another glasses. I finally managed to get the blow torch

Luigi: Light Bulb.

In the department store section of the mall. I had to collect a bunch of coupons, Luigi apparently broke his book containing them in the van. I swear it was like that game where the Ghost monsters chase that dot/cookie/berry/pellet muncher. The people who were chasing me and Luigi were pretty angry due to the knocking over of them. I never thought that I would make it out. We

I had run for a few hours while collecting multiple coupons. it was tough as nails, and I mean like nails that were coated in titanium, like some salon for mechanical beings like Meggy's friend or Merida.

I was glad when we had bought it. Because that meant we got to go... to a hotel and do the same thing the next day.

I am glad I had brought some extra clothes. Unfortunately, that was the only reason to be glad.

We had to leave first thing in the morning. I was already awake so was reluctantly anticipating the day.

Meggy: A Set of Head Phones

I have never seen so much colored hair in my life. The tech store we had entered was basically what I thought a dystopian future would be if only the populous fought over products and the companies looked more moral in comparison. (It makes more sense in my head).

Meggy said all I had to do was create a path for her. She only came to this store for the Headphones and had ordered them for pick up. She just needed to head to the pickup desk at the back. The massive sea of people in the store was discerning. I had wish I brought the Polterflud or something similar. My only way through was to, unfortunately, fight.

I have not had much fighting experience aside from a small karate class I took during summer in elementary school. But I had forgotten the moves. The Fighting was Brutal. I swear if I did not have a mushroom afterward, I would have been in the infirmary. It took me most of the day to get through the fierce mass of people.

Toadsworth: Miniatures

Toadsworth was very simple. Walked into a book/hobby store. Sorted through some Civil War Miniatures. Bought some. And left.

The next day. We all stood together to get one last thing.

EVERYONE: A GIANT SPEAKER SYSTEM.

We had to get a Speaker system that would be considered "a bit much" by a band consisting of the greatest rock legends of all time. FROM THE OPPOSITE END OF THE MALL TO THE VAN. A speaker system that everyone would want. It would be a mission that would basically be impossible. but it was the one we will be doing.

I said a prayer to myself.

We made our way through the mall. I'm pretty sure Toadsworth broke an arm. I hope he sent the person a get-well card at least.

We just bought the speaker. And people had started swarming us. It was chaos.

I swear if it was not for the fact that Mario went and crashed the van through the wall. I would not be in my home writing this.

I'm going to go back to recovring mentally from that chaos.

Garth signing out.

[anbi-group]

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[arctic-hands]

TWO WOMEN WHO vandalized the Dakota Access pipeline in an effort to halt construction have been indicted on charges that carry up to 110 years in prison and hundreds of thousands of dollars in fines. They are among the harshest penalties environmental activists have faced in the last decade.

Civil liberties lawyers say the charges are in line with industry-inspired scare tactics meant to deter citizens from participating in direct-action protests or acts of sabotage against oil and gas companies. As the deadly impacts of carbon emissions grow ever clearer, the fossil fuel industry has increased pressure on lawmakers and government officials to penalize those who would inhibit their projects’ operations.

At the same time, a growing number of activists have demonstrated willingness to break laws in order to highlight the urgency of the climate emergency and other ecological crises. Ruby Montoya and Jessica Reznicek, who stand accused of damaging pipeline valve sites using a welding torch, “tires ignited by fire, and gasoline-soaked rags,” are part of that trend.

The arrests come more than two years after Montoya, 29, and Reznicek, 38, publicly took responsibility for a series of acts of sabotage that they said was necessary to protect the rivers and waterways under which the Dakota Access pipeline passes. Both women had been involved in the Indigenous-led struggle to stop the pipeline, which attracted thousands of people to opposition camps in North Dakota and Iowa in 2016 and 2017.

“We are speaking publicly to empower others to act boldly, with purity of heart, to dismantle the infrastructures which deny us our rights to water, land, and liberty,” Montoya and Reznicek stated at a press conference in July 2017.

They told The Intercept at the time that they planned to use a necessity defense to argue that they had no choice but to act. Civil liberties attorneys said they are not aware of such a defense being accepted in a federal case related to climate change or environmental issues. It has, however, begun to gain traction in lower courts, where a handful of pipeline protesters have successfully argued that they acted out of necessity.

...

“I wish the government would use the same resources to go after the oil companies and pipeline companies, but clearly they’re not interested in that,” said Bill Quigley, an attorney who previously represented Montoya and Reznicek. “They shouldn’t be prosecuted; they should be praised. They’re trying to stop the destruction of the human race.”

...

By the spring of 2017, however, the pipeline company had overcome the water protectors; construction was all but complete and the camps mostly cleared. It was then that a series of above-ground valves along the pipeline route were pierced by welding tools.

In response, the mercenary security company TigerSwan launched a multi-state dragnet in search of the saboteurs, who they referred to as eco-terrorists. Montoya and Reznicek were their primary suspects, but internal reports TigerSwan filed to Energy Transfer Partners also described how security personnel cast suspicion on an array of other activists. They reached out to pipeline opponents’ neighbors and local businesses for help in their search. They surveilled one Native couple’s private home and photographed their property. A TigerSwan contractor posing as a water protector sought information about Montoya and Reznicek from pipeline opponents who believed him to be a friend. The documents show repeated instances of the company attempting to feed information to local and federal investigators.

...

At an energy industry conference in 2018, Kelcy Warren, CEO and board chair of Energy Transfer, mentioned Reznicek and Montoya’s actions. “I think you’re talking about somebody who needs to be removed from the gene pool,” he said.

The oil industry used the acts of sabotage to push for a crackdown on pipeline opponents. In 2017, the American Legislative Exchange Council introduced model legislation that would increase penalties for anyone who interfered with oil industry operations. Iowa and at least seven other states have passed related anti-protest laws. More recently, industry lobbyists, as well as members of the Trump administration, have proposed federal legislation to make it a felony to inhibit pipeline operations. Most of the legislative proposals are broad enough to net individuals who commit no acts of property destruction.

Meanwhile, since it started operating, the Dakota Access pipeline has had at least 10 spills, and this past June, Energy Transfer announced plans to nearly double the pipeline’s capacity. A recent study indicated that current fossil fuel infrastructure leaves humanity with less than a 50 percent chance of avoiding unmanageable climate crises.

Energy Transfer did not respond to a request for comment.

In parallel to industry lobbying, fossil fuel opponents have advanced their own efforts to set legal precedents that protect dissent. “The state of the necessity defense in climate cases is emerging, and it is gaining acceptance in state courts across the country,” said Quigley.

Pipeline protesters in Massachusetts have had the most significant success in mounting the climate necessity defense. In March 2018, a judge found 13 opponents of a Spectra gas pipeline not responsible for civil charges related to their attempts to block construction, because the environmental risk posed by the pipeline made their actions necessary.

...

Meanwhile, the most severe penalties for participants in the movement against the Dakota Access pipeline have been borne by Indigenous opponents. Red Fawn Fallis, for example, faced a potential life sentence after a gun in her possession went off as she was tackled to the ground by police. The Oglala Lakota Sioux water protector is serving a five-year sentence.

...

It’s unclear why the investigation took more than two years, but a possible historical parallel can be found in a string of arrests in the mid-2000s, during a period known as the Green Scare. Law enforcement officers arrested environmental activists accused of involvement in arsons, years after they committed the alleged crimes. The FBI had used that time to build cases against an array of actors. “Based on past experience and based on some of the other clues that I’m seeing, I certainly have a concern that there may be more than two defendants, but that is real speculation,” said Regan, who represented many Green Scare defendants.

The indictment against Reznicek and Montoya claims that the acts were carried out “with other persons known and unknown by the Grand Jury.” In an interview shortly after their confession, Reznicek told The Intercept, “At no point was anyone else involved in these activities. Not even in consultation. Not in anything.”

A spokesperson for the U.S. Attorney’s Office of the Southern District of Iowa declined to comment.

Regan called the charges against Reznicek and Montoya evidence that the industry’s legislative initiatives are a public relations stunt. “What these charges indicate to me is that the state does not need any of these gifts to the fossil fuel industry. The existing crimes are more than adequate, because obviously ‘malicious use of fire’ is not a crime that was drafted by ALEC,” Regan said.

Montoya remains in jail in Arizona, awaiting a hearing, while Reznicek was released on bail Tuesday, on house arrest with an ankle monitor. Her trial is scheduled for December 2.

[rjzimmerman]

A few years ago, we experienced a fire resulting from a storm that knocked down a giant tree which pulled down power lines. The live wires were dancing over our neighbor’s house, and the house started burning. The fire fighters were doing their best to contact the local utility (Exelon/Commonwealth Edison), but it took the utility several hours to turn off the electricity feeding into the neighborhood. In the meantime, the fire spread to our fence and was charring our garage, in which were our cars (meaning gasoline). By the time that was all sorted out, we had incurred thousands of dollars of damage and the neighbor’s house had to be completely renovated. As a consequence, the utility erected utility poles that are much taller and sturdier and have bundled the wires together using these huge clips, which theoretically strengthens the overhead power lines. We’ll see. Since then, no trees have yanked down the lines. Moral of the story: yes, bury the lines.

Excerpt from this story from Grist:

On July 18, California’s Pacific Gas & Electric revealed that its electrical equipment might have sparked the Dixie Fire, a blaze that has since become the second-largest in the state’s history, torching 700,000 acres and destroying more than 1,200 structures. Three days later, PG&E, which emerged from bankruptcy last year after amassing some $30 billion worth of liabilities from wildfires, announced something more surprising: To prevent future blazes, the state’s largest utility plans to rip out 10,000 miles of overhead power lines in high fire risk areas and bury them underground.

The plan caps a years-long push by utilities to bury more power lines in the face of worsening weather and rising risks from climate change. According to PG&E, it’s the largest such effort ever announced by a U.S. utility: Pattie Poppe, the company’s CEO, described as a “moonshot” on a call with reporters, But whether PG&E can turn its announcement into action is a big “if,” as the utility has not estimated a timeline for the project, and it’s not clear that the benefits will outweigh the multi-billion dollar cost.

PG&E’s announcement, nearly two years after its equipment sparked the deadly Camp Fire, was “a clear recognition that something has to change,” said Julie McNamara, a senior energy analyst at the Union of Concerned Scientists. “But if this is not part of a holistic plan that is clearly reckoning with all of the challenges afoot, then this is a distraction.”

Burying power lines isn’t a new idea. The majority of electrical distribution lines, as well as the larger, higher voltage transmission lines that carry electrons over longer distances, remain overhead, said Sadrul Ula, an energy infrastructure researcher at the University of California, Riverside. But utilities have long buried lines in city centers, as well as parks and recreation areas like golf courses, largely for aesthetic reasons. Even though it can cost as much as ten times more than installing power lines overhead, utilities are now burying an increasing number of new lines. That includes power lines serving nearly all new residential and commercial developments in the U.S. They do it to meet customer preferences, help keep the lights on, reduce maintenance needs, and to protect against the growing threat of extreme weather.

[eryiss]

Chapter Three - The Visitor

Summary: Freed and Laxus live incredibly different lives. Freed is a corporate lawyer in the capital city, and Laxus works as a handyman in a countryside hotel. Despite their differences, their lives collide when Freed inherits a house in Laxus’ village, and hires him to make the derelict building liveable. But the closer they get, the more they seem to offer each other. [Fraxus Multi-Chapter]

This was written as my admission for Fraxus Day 2020, hosted by @fuckyeahfraxus​. This is the third chapter, and you can find the rest in the masterlist below.

You can read this under the cut, on Fanfiction, or on Archive of Our Own. You can find the chapter masterpost here.

Chapter Three – The Visitor

"Here. I wasn't entirely sure what you wanted, so I hope you don't mind black coffee with sugar."

As he spoke, Freed placed the coffee cup onto the splintering kitchen counter, taking a step back and looking down at Laxus. The blonde was lying face up under the sink, a wrench in one hand and a torch in the other. He made a slight noise of affirmation to let Freed know that he had heard him, but didn't make a move to leave his spot under the counter. Freed stepped back, watching the man with a slight raised eyebrow as he grunted.

A moment later, a creaking, snapping sound filled the quiet room and Laxus let out a sound of approval. The wrench was dropped, and after some further grunting and movements that Freed couldn't see, a large crack sounded. Freed winced, but Laxus seemed pleased with it.

"Ha," Laxus almost cheered as he shuffled from under the sink. "Got ya, rusty fucker."

After removing himself entirely from below the kitchen sink, Laxus presented a large curved piece of piping, made presumably out of tin but rusted to the point where it was unrecognizable. Flecks of orange dust fell from it as Laxus tossed it into the large bucket he was using in place of a trash can. He sat up straight, rolled his shoulders, and looked to Freed with a satisfied grin.

"Was working on the bastard all morning," Laxus explained. "And black coffee's great, thanks."

"I assume by the fact you've been working on a single piece of piping all day, we're progressing well?" Freed joked, laughing slightly resignedly at his statement. Laxus sent him an amused grin as he cracked his back and stood up.

"This was keeping them all in place," He nudged the bucket containing the pipe. "The rest 'll be a lot easier. I'll have them all out before lunch and the new ones in by mid-afternoon."

Freed nodded, silently thankful that actual noteworthy work was taking place. He had been in Magnolia for a week at this point, and he and Laxus had spent a lot of time together trying to make any real progress on the house. It was an overwhelming thing to start, and when Laxus had written out a full list of what needed to be done after he'd looked through the place for the first time, the task seemed practically undoable.

But they were working on it. They had decided to take things room by room, starting first on the kitchen as it was both an important room and needed the most work. It was a coin toss between starting there or in the bathroom, and Freed was fairly certain the deciding factor was Laxus' lack of trust for the upstairs floorboards.

The lawyer wondered if Laxus yet regretted it, given he now had a fifteen-minute walk to the nearest public bathroom.

Once they'd started, they'd gotten into a quick routine. Laxus had made it clear that he needed to prioritise his work at the hotel, given that was his more permanent job, and Freed had been fine with it. But apparently Fairy Tail was better managed than Freed had given them credit for, because there had only been two instances where Laxus had been called away from his work at the house, so they had actually managed to do a good amount of work so far.

Not that it looked like that, of course. The kitchen wasn't as derelict looking as it had before, but that was born out of practicality. Laxus couldn't do anything technical with bricks, shattered tiles and awful smelling trash bags covering the floors. Once it had been cleaned to a workable state, Laxus checked over the electrics and the gas to make sure that nothing was going to electrocute them or set off an explosion; he joked that it might damage the property value slightly had someone been enveloped in a fireball.

Freed laughed. Laxus had a good sense of humour.

The sink was the first thing he'd decided to work on. Already he'd installed new faucets, which were working as intended. Unfortunately, this had caused an issue in that the drainage pipe was completely corroded to the point where it was completely useless. This wouldn't have been a problem, had it not been for the fact the water pressure was so high that the faucets wouldn't turn off, and thus the kitchen was flooded with an inch of cold, slightly dirty water.

It hadn't been a good day, but at least it had confirmed that Laxus was the perfect employee for Freed. Because, as Freed angrily stomped through the water and snapped his anger at both the blonde and the room alike, Laxus had openly laughed at him and mocked him for getting so 'pissy about a little bit of water' and claimed 'you are definitely helping when we get to the toilet.'

Freed couldn't work with people who couldn't deal with his temper, as rare as he might show it.

"Didn't think you were gonna be here today," Laxus continued, picking up his coffee and raising it to his lips.

"Evergreen's train got delayed," Freed explained, drinking his own coffee; he would have preferred something a little more interesting, but branded coffee shops apparently hadn't broken into Magnolia yet. "I told her to get a taxi and come here, since she so clearly wants to see the place."

"You know you really ought to be more houseproud," Laxus said in a teasing tone. "A guy your age on the property ladder, ain't nothing to be ashamed of."

"My house is a large gust of wind away from being knocked over and making me liable for the manslaughter of an entire flock of sheep," Freed deadpanned. "And the only reason she's even considering coming here is purely so she can make fun of the fact I now have to deal with this place."

"You don't know that."

"Her last text said she 'was looking forward to seeing the house that the big bad wolf ignored because it was so shit no self-respecting pig would use it,'" Freed said, though a little smile did fight its way onto his face. "She has a habit of being oddly specific when she wants to annoy you or get under your skin. I think it's a trait in all prosecution lawyers. She won't be in here for long though, so don't worry. No doubt she'll start missing the luxuries of the city and demand I take her to the nearest branded store. Unfortunately for her that's a McDonalds, which she hates."

"You can tell you really like all yer friends," Laxus grinned. "The compliments are just flying out of ya."

"She's a wonderful person, but she's definitely a city girl," Freed chuckled. "She probably memorised the map of the subway before she saw an animal that wasn't a pet or in a zoo."

"Big talk coming from a guy who wears Armani to a building site," Laxus smirked, placing his empty coffee cup on the side counter. "You own any clothes that ain't a suit?"

"No," Freed said plainly, and Laxus looked shocked and amused in equal parts. "I wear them for work, I work most days and long hours. Why waste money on things I would only wear in my apartment?"

"I would pay a lot of money to see you in some ratty grass-stained jeans and a fraying old sweater," Laxus laughed, crouching down, and looking at the pipes again. "Just to see what your like without all that city-boy armour and shiny shoes."

Freed frowned a little at that.

He was being judged; that much was obvious. But the flippant way in which Laxus did it, as well as the lack of malice in his tone felt as though it wasn't with ill intent. There didn't seem to be any sense of class-based antagonism, rather just some kind of observation Laxus had made. Of course it was entirely possible that Freed was accustomed to arguments being open and without subtlety because of his work, and Laxus was actually-

"You wanna know how to take out a pipe?" Laxus spoke up again, cutting off Freed's thoughts. "Might save you some money on a plumber if you're ever having trouble at home."

"Of course," Freed said, forgetting the possible insult as he lowered himself to beside Laxus.

The blonde gave a quick explanation as to what Freed needed to do, and what everything under the sink was. There was no level of patronising to his words, and he didn't treat Freed with anything similar to kid gloves. Apparently Freed had proven his practical worth already, and Laxus saw him as something of an equal when it came to getting his hands dirty. He just needed to understand what he needed to do, and he could do it.

Freed found himself quite enjoying some of the practical work that Laxus was teaching him. He had no doubt he was getting the easy jobs – taking out the pipe only required the turning of a wrench at this point – but it was rather satisfying to do something like this.

If nothing else, it was a good distraction.

Under Laxus' instructions, Freed managed to remove the remaining rusted pipes from under the sink. This no doubt took longer than it would have if Laxus had done it himself, but the blonde had seemed willing to act as some kind of plumbing mentor to Freed when he felt it right. A small voice in Freed's mind told him that perhaps Laxus was doing so to get out of working himself, but he shut that thought down quickly. Without Laxus, the work wouldn't be getting done at all. And if Freed ever did need to do any plumbing in his actual life when he returned to the city, he would have the skills to do it himself.

After the pipes had been removed, they both left the shelter of the kitchen sink and stood up again. Laxus went to discard the useless plumbing while claiming he was going to call his supplier to check when the new pipes were coming in. Freed nodded, and walked to the front garden of the house to wash his hands; the hosepipe was working, and the grass was the closest thing to plumbing they had.

As the cold water removed the dirt, he heard a car approaching. The road, he'd found out, didn't lead to much past Albion House, and therefore few cars drove it. When he saw the Taxi's insignia, he smiled. Evergreen left the car a moment later.

"Freed," She shouted with a grin. "Well… holy shit! This is not what I expected."

"Is it better or worse than you thought," Freed smiled, looking over his shoulder at the house.

"I meant your clothes actually," Evergreen laughed, walking forward, and dragging her suitcase behind her. She looked over the house and smiled. "This is pretty much as crappy as I thought it would be, though."

Freed snapped his head up, having been looking down at his outfit and wondering what Evergreen meant. He wasn't wearing anything different from what he normally would, though he had left his jacket over the back of a chair in the kitchen, and he'd rolled his sleeves up so that he could work on the plumbing. But other than that, he wasn't any different to- why were his pants so stained? What even was it? Oil? Where had that come from?

"This is the most presentable part of it, I'm afraid," Freed said, trying not to focus on the oil.

The garden was cleaner than it had been when Freed first saw the house. Just as with the kitchen, practicality dictated that the garden be cleaned up to a point where it wasn't a hazard. There had been lots of thorns, thick grass, and uneven paving. Walking through it was bad enough, but when it came to the point where they needed to bring things into the house, it would be unusable.

Now, it was just an ugly patch of dirt with small patches of badly trimmed grass. Cleaning it, oddly, had been one of the most satisfying things he'd done. It also seemed to be what made Laxus respect his potential for practical skills. Freed was oddly effective with a chainsaw when called upon it.

And Laxus was rather… distracting while wielding a hatchet.

"Would you like a tour, so you can make your mocking accurate?" Freed suggested, snapping his eyes away from the mound of dried dirt. "Laxus is working today, but as long as you don't get in his way it won't matter."

"Sure," Evergreen grinned. "Anything to get away from the smell of manure. How do you deal with it?"

"I suppose I'm getting used to it," Freed shrugged.

He guided his friend into the house, and up the stairs to begin the tour. It didn't take long to show her all of the rooms, all the while explaining what he had planned for each of them while also pointing out anything that could either collapse or hurt her in some way. It was an annoyingly large list; Freed had forgotten just how much needed to be done on the upper floors. Hopefully, it wouldn't be as intricate as the work downstairs at least.

With every room they went into, Evergreen had a comment purpose built to annoy him; all of which he found annoyingly funny. Between the comments, she was informing him on the few things that he had missed both at work and personally. It was nice to have her here, even if just for the day.

"And, as I've mentioned, this is Laxus," Freed made a motion with his hand as they entered the kitchen. "Laxus this is- oh you're under the sink again."

"Give me a second," Laxus muttered from under the sink. He shifted out, standing upright, and looking towards Evergreen with a pleasant smile. "Hey, nice to meet ya. I'd shake your hand, but I've got rust and shit on it, don't wanna give you tetanus or anything."

"It's a pleasure to meet you too," Evergreen smiled. "I hope you don't mean you've got literal shit on your hands."

"Well, I don't think so," Laxus laughed. "But I'm pretty sure a bird was living in the sink at some point, so bird crap is a real possibility."

Evergreen laughed, and Freed found himself smiling slightly. He didn't question why, and instead walked to the shoddy old table that was barely standing, picking up his suit jacket from the chair it was resting on and slipping his arms through it. As they walked through the house, Freed had realised that the charm of the rotting old house – her words, not his – was wearing thin, and she would want to go into the town again. He planned on taking her to a nice tea room, a perfect little middle-class café that she would love. Freed had visited it when the coffee shop had been closed on Sunday; Laxus had recommended it. It was good.

They probably wouldn't allow him to get inside in the state he was in. He really had to wonder exactly how he had gotten in such a state of disrepute. He was normally rather image conscious, as was required of a lawyer. How he'd gotten covered in oil – if that's what it was – was something he couldn't yet fathom.

"We should leave you to your work," Freed interjected as he shucked his jacket to have it better rest on his shoulders. "If you need anything, you know how to reach me."

"Sure," Laxus nodded, reaching for a towel, and rubbing his hands. "Have fun, and it was nice meeting ya Evergreen."

"You too," Evergreen smiled.

After saying their goodbyes, Freed guided Evergreen out of the house and towards the car that he had hired for his time in Magnolia; getting taxis to and from the house every day would be impractical. They climbed into the car together – he even had oil on his face, he realised when he glanced at the mirror – and Freed started the engine.

"I need to go to my room before we go anywhere, make myself more presentable," Freed explained as they left the driveway.

"Sure, that's absolutely fine," Evergreen said, her voice smugger than Freed wanted it to be. "You make yourself nice looking, we'll get some tea and scones, get into a private little corner of the tea room, and then we can talk about the handsome little treat that you've hired for yourself."

Freed's hands clenched around the steering wheel, and let out an annoyed sigh. He supposed this was inevitable.

~~~

The tea rooms were almost painfully middle-class. They wouldn't look at all out of place were they in a soft crime drama shown in the early afternoon of a Sunday. Tablecloths were neatly strewn across tables, with ornate china set before each customer. The smell of freshly baked pastries and cakes, and the gentle heat of a teapot placed before them was a nice treat for Freed's senses; particularly after a morning of smelling mould and dried out dirt.

It would have been ideal, had it not been for the company.

While driving back from the house, Evergreen hadn't been even slightly subtle with her enjoyment of the situation. She was… a good friend to Freed, but often used that position to strongarm her way into his life a little too far. Bickslow did it too, and no doubt that, had he been there with them, he would be just as joyful as Evergreen was.

Freed didn't understand why she was fixating on Laxus in the way she was. Yes, the man was handsome in a conventional way. Yes, they did have something of a rapport between them. Yes, Freed had once confessed he had an odd attraction to men of practicality.

Oh dear god, she was going to be unendurable.

As a member of the staff brought them over their orders – two teas, a slice of chocolate gateau and a cheese scone – Evergreen began grinning unabashedly at Freed. The lawyer looked back at his colleague with an unimpressed expression as he cut into his food. He hoped that his uninterest and distain for what she was doing would be enough of a deterrent to stop her from bringing up Laxus, but obviously luck wasn't on his side.

"Your workman seems nice," She smiled, leaning forward and picking up her teacup. "How did you meet?"

"He works for the hotel," Freed said simply. "He wants to expand his portfolio, I needed assistance. It made sense."

"Well, he certainly seems to be filling your briefs," Evergreen grinned – and oh dear, she was making pseudo-sexual puns. Unendurable indeed. "Almost as well as he was filling out that shirt he was wearing, actually. You could actually see his-"

"I think it's best we begin this conversation by setting up some ground rules for how we can converse when it comes to Mr Dreyar," Freed began, ignoring the muttered 'lawyer voice' under Evergreen's breath. "You may not objectify him, whether in his presence or not. You may not do or say anything to him that would make him uncomfortable or consider ending his employ with me. You may also not imply anything about our relationship, which I feel the need to add, is entirely platonic. He is my employee, we get along well enough, but there is nothing more than that," Freed then glared a little. "And I do not have a lawyer voice. Stop telling people that I do."

"I'll agree to the first two terms without addendum, so long as the latter too are stricken from the record," Evergreen spoke in an actual 'lawyer voice,' unlike Freed, who only had one voice. "Because that is an infringement of both my freedom of speech-"

"Oh for goodness sake."

"My freedom of speech," Evergreen repeated calmly. "As well as a flagrant disregard of my god given right-"

"You're an atheist."

"To annoy my best friend in whatever way possible," Evergreen concluded, and Freed attempted to chastise her with a levelled expression.

"Bickslow is my best friend," Freed said flatly. "You just won't leave me alone."

"If you'd like I can call Bickslow and we can see how he reacts to finding out you've hired the reincarnation of Adonis and made him work on your faulty plumbing, putting him at a high chance of getting wet while he wears jeans tight enough to show off the crease of his ass."

"You're objectifying him again," Freed said, a little firmer this time. "And how closely were you looking?"

"I retract my previous comment," Evergreen nodded, but then smiled without malice and laughed to herself. "Do you think anybody else thinks that our little lawyer arguments are as funny as we do?"

"I doubt it," Freed said, grinning.

They both relaxed into their seats, and Freed brought a small piece of the gateau to his lips. He had been to a good many of the luxurious patisseries in the city, and this was seemingly a good rival for their infinitely more expensive cakes. Though, he wasn't anywhere near an expert on baking, and had someone who knew what they were doing tasted it they could no doubt list off everything wrong with it. But Freed didn't care about that. Those people were miles away.

Evergreen slowly began to nibble away at her own food, and they fell into a comfortable quiet. It was something Freed appreciated with his friends, that they could both allow for silence without seeing it as conversational failure. Their jobs were stressful, it was nice that they could be allowed to decompress around one another.

Though, he knew that Evergreen's teasing wouldn't end. It was just pushed back temporarily.

For a while, that was true. They spoke pleasantly about what Freed had missed while in Magnolia; not much, really. The most interesting thing was that Bickslow had gotten a new case where he would be suing the city for the treatment of children in state funded care homes. Evergreen hadn't been able to give many details of this, however, as they worked for different offices; Bickslow had long since left corporate law and was working for a children's charity as legal counsel. It worked for him, even with a significant pay cut. It was an admirable thing to do.

Unfortunately, news from the city was a limited distraction, and eventually the topic of Freed's new workman reared its ugly head.

"So, let's talk about Laxus," Evergreen began with a smile.

"If we must," Freed gently placed down his fork with a sigh.

"He seems like a nice man," She spoke with an insulation in her voice, but Freed didn't care enough to find out what exactly it was insinuating. "A good sense of humour, he seems to take problems in his stride, good with a tool," Freed raised an eyebrow in warning. "I meant wrenches and hammers and the like. No need to get defensive."

"I wasn't being defensive, I was just maintaining the 'no objectifying' part of our agreement," Freed replied, calmly. "And wondering where exactly you're going with this."

"Well, he's your type," Evergreen shrugged. "I was only joking about you hiring him because of his looks, you know. But, if you wanted to try something with him, I can see why."

"You spoke to him for less than five minutes; you hardly know anything about him."

"I know that you're still here, so you must like him a little bit. Even if it's just platonically," Evergreen smiled. "You're a workaholic Freed, the fact you had a day off to deal with the house at all is kind of surprising. And now you've nearly had two weeks here, and I know that's mainly because of the house but, if you couldn't stand Laxus or he just wasn't interesting, then you would have come back to the city by now."

"So you're implying I should start a relationship with a man because he isn't annoying me to the point where I'll leave him alone in my property just to get away from him?" Freed laughed slightly. "Your view on relationships is concerning."

"Fine fine," Evergreen waved a hand. "I'll let it go. But you could do a lot worse."

Freed, thankful that the topic had been abandoned, lifted the tables teapot into the air to fill his cup again. For the rest of the afternoon tea, they spoke about everything and nothing. Freed, as petty as it might have been, decided to inquire into Evergreen's own relationship status. This was made significantly easier when he saw her eyes wander to a waiter while they were talking. Oddly, after that, she was rushing her drink and wanted to leave. She was red as well.

Her return train was soon arriving at the station, so Freed decided to drive her there rather than making her get another taxi. The traffic was forgiving, meaning that they didn't need to rush. As they walked towards the station, Evergreen hooked her hand between Freed's arm.

"I know you don't like talking about it, but how are you?"

Freed paused for a moment, before speaking. "I'm fine."

"Are you sure?" Evergreen said in an insistent tone. "Because it's okay if you're struggling, or if you don't know-"

"I'm fine," Freed repeated.

"She was your mother, Freed," Evergreen said in a tone so gentle that Freed found himself wishing for the return of her teasing about Laxus. "I know you're not the most… open man with your emotions, but it's overwhelming."

"It's not like we were close," Freed shrugged a little as he spoke. "I'm not going to have a break down because of it. I'll grieve, I'll visit her grave, and I'll be sad. But I won't become an inconsolable mess."

"You can call me if you need to," Evergreen promised, and Freed smiled.

"Your train is coming," He said in response.

Evergreen sighed, accepting that Freed wasn't going to stop being defensive about the situation. She leant up and kissed the man on the cheek, allowing him to do the same in place of a goodbye. She quickly walked towards the train and climbed aboard it, and Freed watched as she left. He smiled, watching as the train went but deciding not to wave as it left. It was pointless to do so, she wouldn't see him. It wasn't that his hand was shaking slightly.

Swallowing slightly, he turned and began to walk back to his car. He busied his mind with the plans of what he would do tomorrow with the house. He didn't have long left before returning to the city, he had to make it count. As he walked, his finger drew patterns on his palm, a habit he started after his father's death, and thought he'd stopped.

[redemptionva]

                                                          Quin

“I promise you - just look for yourself,” Gref insisted as the squeak of the monitor accompanied his voice, “all there, and it looks pretty big. Plenty of opportunities to find whatever you’re looking for.” Gref’s mouth curled into a grin that showcased his crooked teeth and stressed the creases in his homely sun-burned skin. A crackle came from my helmet - beneath the noise lay my mirthless chuckles.

“Fine, fine” I asked as my voice was tenuously doubled through two channels, “How old is this thing? I don’t really want to dig through a rusted bucket again”  “At least a century, so any fuel-fires or fumes are bound to have gone out by now. If you’re so worried about it, just toss a match down before you go spelunkin’.” I turned my head and mulled over the perpetually decent finds Gref had “found” for me over the past few months or so. “Sure,” I shrugged, gesturing to the antiquated speeder-bike that Gref had been eyeing since I arrived, “you really want that, huh?” With a nearly wordless exchange, I traded the speeder that had surely seen better days for a chance at finding something worthwhile. At least more worthwhile than a Vekog Mk. III Gravbike.

The sight was something to behold if you hadn’t seen the work a scrapper does almost weekly: a massive freighter-ship the size of a tower dug deep into the earth perpendicular to the ground. It awkwardly protruded from the ground laden in a rust and moss. Despite Gref’s description, very little paint survived the century (at least) of storms and meteor-showers. Its nose was lost to the earth, leaving the majority of the vessel beneath the cracked earth. Quin wasn’t a tourist; they knew better than to waste time sight seeing. I didn’t let myself get distracted by such an uncanny scene. After my first few months out here, I pushed the thoughts of the poor souls that perished here. Gref told me not to be too upset about it. They were a bunch of rich people from a “lost civilization of terrible proportions that were slain by the mighty LLF”. He knows that the thought of those bastards makes me itch, but he thinks he’s funny and I won’t take that away from him. 

After getting a lay of the land, I pried my way inside of the beast after taking a torch to this damaged port a story above the ground. Inside was musty as I expected. Stale air couldn’t touch me beneath the helmet. The floor was at an angle, leaving me hanging on door frames like a ladder for a giant. As I slowly made my way deeper into the belly, the glow of my headlamp kept things mostly visible until I encountered a map on the wall. It was one of those maps that had the big “you are here” thing on it, but that didn’t help a whole lot  considering I had no clue where the hell I was to begin with. Seemed I was near the back where the engines died. That’d explain the stains on the wall and floor. Despite the age, I was surprised how untouched everything was. The doors I managed to get open (or the ones that were already open) lead to nothing impressive. I found a few thousand in a currency I’ve never heard of and metal jewelry. A jumpsuit with a label on the breast that was probably a name and number. Despite how much I’ve scrapped through ships like this, I don’t think I’ve ever been this disoriented. Seeing beds flipped and against the wall made my stomach churn. Damned if I knew why. It just did. 

The deeper I went, the harder it was to see. Something lingered in the air. Some sort of gas. It had a color like mud and the density of moderate fog. I descended further and yeah, still plenty of this gas. Paranoid thoughts about the filters on my helmet filled my mind. I couldn’t remember the last time I changed them. Last week? A month? Fuck, I hope it hasn’t been a month. What else had I not ran diagnostics on? My feet. My feet hit the bottom. The side? The side was the bottom in this case. I’m breathing to much. I need to breathe. I can’t breathe. Am I choking? Choking on nothing. Choking like a baby on spit. Fucking mercy. My head hurts. Like someone stuck jumpers to my temples. I can’t. I can’t, I can’t. My head is heavy. It’s full of the charge from the jumpers. The jumpers that the baby choked on. I reached the side only to choke on the bottom.

What the fuck happened. One minute I was running diagnostics and the next my mind went from solid to liquid out my ears. Splitting headache. I’m on the floor looking up at the fog that became harder to see through. Not even my lamp helped. I was the last bean in the can and there was only a fart from what was already eaten above me. Never thought I’d feel so small yet so big at the same time. I have all this space to move around yet nowhere to go. I’m not standing up. I’ll just crawl. Yeah, what could go wrong? Crawl on the bottom (side) of a totaled ship that had sharp rock and glass all over the place to grate me like cheese.

Left, right, left, right. My head was pounding. At least I could feel something in my head. The rest of my body tingled with the frigid chill of ice water, but it was something. Something was better than nothing. A box. The thing of my search. A fucking box. I reached for it with my stiffened arms to grab it. Click. It opened. Small tubes with clear liquid. A small container full of sterilized needles. Some other bottle of liquid. Good enough. Meds. Gref will know. Gref. Is he even alive? How long have I been down here? Fuck. Maybe I’m dead. Maybe I died after that fall. Come to think of it, I never actually reached the bottom. Did I fall? I need to get the hell out of here.

I fell asleep, but only for a few hours. My blurred vision cleared around the center, leaving me with two inconvenient tunnels of perception. Yeah, I must’ve fallen. Whole body hurts and it hurts to stand. There’s a particularly bad pain in my back, but it isn’t stopping me from trying to climb out. 

The walls down here weren’t like the ones up a ways; they’re rusted and dented down here. Wrapped around the earth like tinfoil. The rest of the ship seemed inaccessible from here. There is far too much in the way for me to ever possibly dig through. Fucking Gref. I guess I can’t blame him for my stupidity. I don’t know why I go on these dangerous dives in the condition I’m in. I guess a greater part of me wants to make sure the old bastard doesn’t worry about me. I don’t know why. I don’t have anything to prove. Hell, maybe I do. I’ll be damned if I tell him about what happened though.

I’m lucky to be alive at this point. I just rested as much as I could before I began to climb with my hook and cables. With all the things that happened here, I wondered why I hadn’t seen a body yet. There’s no way that someone survived this crash. Stop. Stop. Left, right, left, right. I’m not fucking falling again. Left, right, left right. The gas is thinning. It’s easier to see. Left, right, left, right. I can see light. How long was I - No. Left, right, left right. I finally sat myself down near the port I burned through to get in. I threw my helmet off and finally took a drink and had another sawdust protein-bar. Last thing I wanted to do at the bottom was have to inhale all that shit when I was trying to eat this garbage. That’d really make me sick. Just seeing light eased my pain. The pain in the head, I mean. My back still hurt like a sonuvabitch.

As much as I wanted to rest, I didn’t want to stay in this metal tomb for another minute. Even the smallest pebble made a deafening echo as it banged against the metal on the way down. It didn’t bother me at first, but my amateur scrapper was showing. I was honestly disheartened and afraid. Helmet on. Hooks and ropes are ready to go.

I hopped on my bike, looking up at the thing that nearly killed me. I coughed, looking at the box I found before tucking it away again. I had at least two weeks. That was good enough. Despite getting what I was looking for, that wasn’t worth the scare. I drifted with great speed over the craggy landscape. The last thing I wanted was a ship like that to be my over-sized titanium casket. -Note from the Author- Hey there! My name is Redemption (Red for short), and I’m a writer and aspiring voice actor. The kind of things that I’ll be posting here are going to vary. Some stuff may be more silly like outtakes and what have you and others may be like this; short stories or even multi-part stories. Please let me know what you lot would like to see in the future. Thanks! Link to my Fiverr page (I use this as a portfolio since I can’t seem to get any orders anymore): https://www.fiverr.com/share/plxaDZ

[annieboltonworld]

Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Status of Edible Fishes of Lower Gangetic Delta In Terms of Heavy Metalss

Authored by Abhijit Mitra

Abstract

We analyzed concentrations of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium in ten commercially valuable finfish and shellfish species in the lower stretch of the River Ganga in April, 2016 using a Perkin-Elmer Sciex ELAN 5000 ICP mass spectrometer and expressed as mg kg-1 dry weight.In finfish species the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd ranged from 2.05±0.13 - 111.55±1.38, 1.26±0.11 - 53.15±0.60, BDL - 3.05±0.21 and BDL - 1.32±0.11 respectively. Concentrations in shrimp species ranged as follows: Zn: 1.19±0.06 - 141.21±1.50, Cu: 1.02±0.05 - 92.40±0.93, Pb: BDL - 2.01±0.17 and Cd: BDL in all the sampling stations. In crab the concentrations ranged from 11.65±0.10 - 213.66±1.60 for Zn, 6.18±0.11 - 109.23±1.00 for Cu, BDL - 9.99±0.79 for Pb and BDL - 1.48±0.07 for Cd. Metals in the soft body mass of oyster ranged from 21.44±0.28 - 202.78±1.49 for Zn, 8.66±0.09 - 69.14±0.79 for Cu, BDL - 8.02±0.26 for Pb and BDL for Cd. The concentration of metals was significantly affected by the sampling site and fish species. Heavy metals in the edible parts of the investigated fish species were compared with the permissible safety levels for human uses.

Introduction

Pollution of environment represents a major problem in both developed and underdeveloped countries. Among the different categories of pollutants persistent environmental contaminants are the worst in context to human health. Emissions of harmful substances have negative effects on the natural environment and human health [1]. When the consequences of environmental pollution become visible, it is often too late to prevent and chronic toxic effects, impossible to notice at the initial stage of the process, may manifest themselves after many years [2]. That is the main reason why it is imperative to conduct periodic pollution monitoring of aquatic environments. Heavy metals are stable and persistent environmental contaminants of aquatic environments. They occur in the environment both as a result of natural processes and as pollutants from human activities [3,4]. Some metals like Zn and Cu, which are required for metabolic activity in organisms, lie in the narrow "window" between their essentiality and toxicity. Other heavy metals like Cd and Pb, may exhibit extreme toxicity even at low levels under certain conditions, thus necessitating regular monitoring of sensitive aquatic environments [5-7]. From an environmental point of view, coastal zones can be considered as the geographic space of interaction between terrestrial and marine ecosystems that is of great importance for the survival of a large variety of plants, animals and marine species [8]. The coastal zone receives a large amount of metal pollution from agricultural and industrial activity [9]. Adverse anthropogenic effects on the coastal environment include eutrophication, heavy metals, organic and microbial pollution and oil spills [10]. The discharge of these wastes without adequate treatment often contaminate the estuarine and coastal water with conservative pollutants (like heavy metals), many of which accumulate in the tissues of resident organisms like fishes, oysters, crabs, shrimps, seaweeds etc. In many parts of the world, especially in coastal areas and on smaller islands, shellfish is a major part of food, which sulies all essential elements required for life processes in a balanced manner [11]. The shellfish (particularly the shrimp) is also the major exportable item of countries like India and therefore keenly related to economy of the country. Hence, it is important to investigate the levels of heavy metals in these organisms to assess whether the concentration is within the permissible level and will not pose any hazard to the consumers [12].

In Indian sub-continent the mighty River Ganga (~ 2500 km) is the reservoir of a wide spectrum of fishes distributed in different ecological habitats. The lower stretch of the River Ganga (known as Hooghly estuary) sustains about 256 species of finfish and is the breeding ground of several commercially important shellfish like shrimps, crabs and oysters (Penaeus s., Scylla serrata, Saccostrea sp., Crassostrea sp. Etc.). The River Ganga emerges from a glacier at Gangotri, about 7010 m above mean sea level in the Himalayas and flows down to the Bay of Bengal covering a distance of 2525 km. In this length, Ganga passes along 29 class-I cities (population over 1,00,000), 23 class-II cities (population between 50,000-1,00,000) and 48 towns having less than 50,000 population. About 50% of Indian population lives in the Ganga basin, and there are about 100 urban settlements with a total population of about 120 million on its banks [13]. The delta of Ganga may be said to start from Farakka in the maritime state of West Bengal.

The Gangetic delta, at the apex of Bay of Bengal is recognized as one of the most diversified and productive ecosystems of the Tropics. The deltaic lobe is unique for its wilderness, mangrove gene pool and tiger habitat. However due to intense industrial activities in the upstream zone, and several anthropogenic factors, the western part of the deltaic complex is exposed to pollution from domestic sewage and industrial effluents leading to serious impacts on biota [14]. The presence of Haldia port- cum-industrial complex in the downstream region of the River Ganga (also known as the Hooghly River) has accelerated the pollution problem with a much greater dimension [15]. The organic and inorganic wastes released from these industries and urban units contain substantial concentrations of heavy metals. The central part of the delta (encompassing the surroundings of Matla River) is relatively less stressful in terms of industrial discharge. Due to siltation of the Bidyadhari channel the area does not receive any water suly from the Hooghly River in the western sector and is therefore tide-fed in nature receiving the tidal flux from the Bay of Bengal (average salinity = ~32 psu). The present paper aims to highlight the concentration of selective heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) in the muscle tissue of five common finfish species namely Polynemusparadiseus, Tenualosa ilisha, Liza parsia, Liza tade and Stolephorus commersonii, two commonly edible shrimp species Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus, crab species Scylla serrata and soft body parts of two oyster species Saccostrea cucullata and Crassostrea madrasensis collected from four stations distributed in two sectors (western and central Indian Sundarbans) of the lower Gangetic region.

Materials and Methods

Description of the study site

Two sampling sites were selected each in the western and central sectors of Indian Sundarbans, a Gangetic delta at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. The deltaic complex has an area of 9630 sq. Km and houses 102 islands. The western sector of the deltaic lobe receives the snowmelt water of mighty Himalayan glaciers after being regulated through several barrages on the way. The central sector on the other hand, is fully deprived from such suly due to heavy siltation and clogging of the Bidyadhari channel since the late 15th century [16]. The western sector also receives wastes and effluents of complex nature from multifarious industries concentrated mainly in the upstream zone. On this background four sampling stations (two each in western and central sectors) were selected (Table 1) and (Figure 1) to analyze the concentrations of heavy metals in the common edible finfish and shellfish species inhabiting the zone.

Sampling of Specimen

Five commonly edible finfish species (Polynemus paradiseus, Tenualosa ilisha, Liza parsia, Liza tade and Stolephorus commersonii), two shrimp species (Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus), crab species (Scylla serrata) and two oyster species (Saccostrea cucullata and Crassostrea madrasensis) were collected during low tide condition from the selected stations (Table 1) during a rapid EIA study from 10th April to 25th April, 2016. The collected samples were stored in a container, preserved in crushed ice, and brought to the laboratory for further analysis. Similar sized specimens of each species were sorted out for analyzing the metal level in the muscle of finfish, shrimps, crabs and soft body parts of oyster.

Analysis

a) Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is now - a - day accepted as a fast, reliable means of multi-elemental analysis for a wide variety of sample types [17]. A Perkin-Elmer Sciex ELAN 5000 ICP mass spectrometer was used for the present analysis. A standard torch for this instrument was used with an outer argon gas flow rate of 15 L/min and an intermediate gas flow of 0.9 L/min. The alied power was 1.0 kW. The ion settings were standard settings recommended, when a conventional nebulizer/spray is used with a liquid sample uptake rate of 1.0 mL/min. A Moulinex Super Crousty microwave oven of 2450 MHz frequency magnetron and 1100 Watt maximum power Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) reactor of 115 ml volume, 1 cm wall thickness with hermetic screw caps, were used for the digestion of the collected biological samples. All reagents used were of high purity available and of analytical reagent grade. High purity water was obtained with a Barnstead Nanopure II water-purification system. All glass wares were soaked in 10% (v/v) nitric acid for 24 h and washed with deionized water prior to use.

The analyses were carried out on composite samples of 10 specimens of each species having uniform size. This is a measure to reduce possible variations in metal concentrations due to size and age. 20 mg composite sample from each species of finfish and shellfish were weighed and successively treated with 4 ml aqua regia, 1.5 mL HF and 3 ml H2O2 in a hermetically sealed PIFE reactor, inside a microwave oven, at power levels between 330-550 Watt, for 12 min to obtain a clear solution. The use of microwave-assisted digestion aears to be very relevant for sample dissolution, especially because it is very fast [18-20].

After digestion, 4 ml H2BO3 was added and kept in a hot water bath for 10 min, diluted with distilled water to make up the volume to 50 ml. Taking distilled water in place of biological samples and following all the treatment steps described above the blank process was prepared. The final volume was made up to 50 ml. Finally, the samples and process blank solutions were analyzed by ICP-MS. All analyses were done in triplicate and the results were expressed with standard deviation.

The accuracy and precision of our results were checked by analyzing standard reference material (SRM, Dorm 2). The results indicated good agreement between the certified and the analytical values (Table 2).

b) Statistical analysis

A logarithmic transformation was done on the data to improve normality. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to assess whether heavy metal concentrations varied significantly between sites and species; possibilities less than 0.01 (p < 0.01) were considered statistically significant. All statistical calculations were performed with SPSS 9.0 for Windows.

Results and Discussion

Heavy Metals in Finfish

The species-wise variation was not uniform for all the metals. Zn accumulated as per the order Liza parsia > Liza tade > Tenualosa ilisha > Polynemus paradiseus > Stolephorus commersonii (Figure 2). Cu accumulated as per the order Liza parsia > Tenualosa ilisha > Polynemus paradiseus > Liza tade > Stolephorus commersonii (Figure 3). Pb accumulated as per the order Liza parsia > Tenualosa ilisha > Polynemus paradiseus > Liza tade > Stolephorus commersonii (Figure 4). In case of Cd the order was Liza parsia > Tenualosa ilisha > Liza tade (Figure 5) [21] pointed out that the affiance of metal uptake from contaminated water and food may differ in relation to ecological needs, metabolism, and the contamination gradients of water, food and sediment, as well as other factors, such a salinity, temperature and interacting agents.

The selected finfish species in the present study have different food preference and different behavioral pattern e.g., Liza parsia, Liza tade, Polynemus paradiseus, and Stolephorus commersonii are resident fish species in the study area, while Tenualosa ilisha exhibit migration from coastal region (~ salinity = 20-30 psu) to freshwater system in the upstream zone of the River Ganga for breeding. These factors may be attributed to species-wise variation of heavy metals in the study zone.

The spatial variation of bioaccumulation followed the order station 1 > station 2 > station 3 > station 4, which may be related to different degree of contamination in different location. The Zn concentration in all the finfish species (except Liza parsia in station 1) were found to be lower than the recommended maximum level allowed in food as prescribed by the World Health Organization [22]. Furthermore the selected heavy metals in finfish muscle (except Zn in Liza parsia in station 1) were also within the permissible limits for human consumption as indicated by the Food and Agricultural Organization [23]. In case of Cu, the concentration in Polynemus paradiseus (in station 1), Tenualosa ilisha (in stations 1 and 2), Liza parsia (in stations 1 and 2) were higher than the WHO (1989) limit, but the Cu concentration in all the fish samples were within the FAO (1992) limit. Pb concentration in Polynemus paradiseus, Tenualosa ilisha and Liza parsia in station 1 and Liza parsia in station 2 exceeded the WHO (1989) limit, but they were all within the limit of FAO (1992). Cd concentration in Tenualosa ilisha, Liza parsia and Liza tade in station 1 exceeded the WHO (1989) limit, but remained within the 0.05 - 5.5 m range of FAO (1992) for Cd in fish.

Heavy metals in shrimp

Zn being an essential element for normal growth and metabolism of animals, exhibited highest accumulation in the shrimp muscle when compared with the other three metals. According to the results obtained, the zinc levels in the shrimps from station 1 (Nayachar Island) facing the Haldia port-cum- industrial complex were highest, which were higher than the permissible level, i.e., 400 m in crustacean tissue [24].

These levels also exceeded the recommended maximum level of Zn allowed in food by World Health Organization which is 100 m [22]. The concentrations of Zn in shrimps from other three stations were much below the permissible limit for human consumption (Figure 6). We observed significant variations of Zn in shrimp muscle between the stations and also between the shrimp species (p < 0.01).

Levels of Coer in shrimps from the selected stations (except for station 1) ranged from 1.02±0.05 to 17.02±0.31 ng/g, far below the normal permissible range, i.e., 120 m as recommended for the crustacean tissue (Franklin, 1987). In case of station 1 the value ranged from 70.88±0.89 to 92.40±0.93 ng/g (Figure 7). These values are higher than the recommended value of Cu in food, which is 30 m as prescribed by WHO (1989).

High concentration of Pb was observed in shrimp muscle from station 1 (1.38±0.10 in Penaeus monodon and 2.01±0.17 in Penaeus indicus). Station 2 is within the navigational route of the ships and tankers in the Hooghly channel through which the wastes of the upstream region find way to Bay of Bengal. Hence shrimps sampled from this station exhibited considerable concentrations of Pb in the muscle. Stations 3 (Gosaba) and 4 (Satjelia island) are in the central sector of Gangetic delta, almost without any industrial activities which may be attributed to low concentrations of lead in the shrimp samples collected from these areas (Figure 8).

We also observed significant statistical differences in Pb concentrations in shrimp muscle between the stations and also between the selected shrimp species (p < 0.01). Except for station 1, levels of lead in shrimp muscle from three locations were below the permissible level which is 4.0 μg/g for crustacean tissue [24]. When compared with the recommended value of WHO (1989) in context to consumption of shrimp as food (2 m for Pb), the concentrations in Penaeus indicus in station 1 was above this level (Figure 4). All the shrimp species of stations 1 and 2 exhibited higher value than recommended by FAO (1992). Concentration of Cd was below detectable level (BDL) in shrimp tissue in all the sampling stations (Figure 9).

Heavy metals in crab

In Scylla serrata heavy metals accumulated as per the order Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. The metal level in this group of crustacean is influenced by moulting as the process is known to play a major role in metal mobilization. Hence in the present study we considered marketable sized crab (aroximately 120 gm in weight) to avoid the interference of the ecdysis process. The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in the muscle ranged from 11.65±0.10 - 213.66±1.60 for Zn, 6.18±0.11 - 109.23±1.00 for Cu, BDL - 9.99±0.79 for Pb and BDL - 1.48±0.07 for Cd respectively. These values are much higher (except stations 3 and 4) in most cases than the recommended levels of WHO (1989) for heavy metals in food (Figure 6-9). Reports on metal concentration in crabs under natural conditions for coastal waters of India are limited [25-27] and the present data therefore can serve as a baseline figure for the species particularly in the Gangetic delta region.

Heavy metals in oyster

The trace metal in soft mass of oyster results from the net balance between the process of metal uptake and metal loss [28]. The distribution of trace metals followed the order Zn > Cu > Pb> Cd. Oyster species could not be collected from station 1 because of their absence due to low aquatic salinity (~ 6.50 psu). The low salinity of station 1 due to freshwater discharge from the Farakka barrage has made the habitat unsuitable for the survival of oysters (that normally require salinity between 10 - 32 psu).

In the present study area oyster is not consumed as food by the local inhabitant, but considering its wide use as seafood in other parts of the world the soft body tissue was examined for Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd whose values ranged from 21.44±0.28 - 202.78±1.49 mg kg-1, 8.66±0.09 - 69.14±0.79 mg kg-1, BDL - 8.02±0.26 mg kg-1 and BDL respectively. The concentrations of Zn, Cu and Pb in oysters of station 2 exceeded the permissible limits of WHO (1989).

Spatial variation of heavy metals in finfish and shellfish

Heavy metal contamination of the environment has been occurring for centuries, but its extent has increased markedly in the last fifty years due to technological developments and increased consumer use of materials containing these metals. Pollution by heavy metals is a serious problem due to their toxicity and ability to accumulate in the biota [29]. There is still a general concern about the impact of metals in the aquatic environment [30]. Heavy metals have contaminated the aquatic environment in the present century due to intense industrialization and urbanization. The Gangetic delta is no exception to this usual trend. The rapid industrialization and urbanization of the city of Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta), Howrah and the newly emerging Haldia complex in the maritime state of West Bengal has caused considerable ecological imbalance in the adjacent coastal zone [31]. The Hooghly estuary, situated on the western sector of the Gangetic delta receives drainage from these adjacent cities, which have sewage outlets into the estuarine system. The chain of factories and industries situated on the western bank of the Hooghly estuary is a major cause behind the gradual transformation of this beautiful ecotone into stinking cesspools of the megapolis [31]. The lower part of the estuary has multifarious industries such as paper, textiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, plastic, shellac, food, leather, jute, tyres and cycle rims [32]. In addition to industrial discharges, proliferation of tourism units has also contaminated the environment to a great extent particularly around Digha (station 2).

These units are point sources of heavy metals in the estuarine and coastal waters. Due to toxic nature of certain heavy metals, these chemical constituents interfere with the ecology of a particular environment and on entering into the food chain they cause potential health hazards, mainly to human beings. It was reported by several workers that the discharge of heavy metals into the sea through rivers and streams results in the accumulation of pollutants in the marine environment especially within shrimps [33]. Thus shellfish and shellfish products can be used for monitoring potential risk to humans because these are directly consumed by a large population [34]. Bioaccumulation patterns of metals in shellfish muscle can be utilized as effective indicators of environmental metal contamination [35,36]. According to many researchers, some shellfishes by virtue of their mobile nature are not fair indicator of aquatic contamination, but their regular consumption by human beings makes it absolutely necessary to monitor their different organs, particularly the muscles. The present study is therefore important not only from the safety point of view of human health, but also from the quality point of view as many of these shellfish species have high export value.

Of the four metals studied in the present work, Zn and Cu are essential elements while Pb and Cd are non-essential elements for most of the living organisms. The concentrations of zinc and coer in all the finfish and shellfish species were relatively higher, compared to the concentration of other metals in same samples. It can be explained because these metals (Cu and Zn) are essential elements required by animals for metabolic process. Zinc and coer aear to diffuse passively (probably as a soluble complex) the gradients created by adsorption of membrane surfaces and are found in blood proteins metallothioneins [37] concluded that different tissues of aquatic animals provide and/or synthesize non-exchangeable binding sites resulting in different accumulation levels.

The primary sources of Zn in the present geographical locale are the galvanization units, paint manufacturing units and pharmaceutical processes, which are mainly concentrated in the Haldia industrial sector (Station 1). Reports of high concentrations of Zn were also highlighted in the same environment by earlier workers [14,15,31].

The main sources of Cu in the coastal waters are antifouling paints [38], particular type of algaecides used in different aquaculture farms, paint manufacturing units, pipe line corrosion and oil sludges (32 to 120 m). Ship bottom paint has been found to produce very high concentration of Cu is sea water and sediment in harbours of Great Britain and southern California [39,40]. In the present study area, the major source of Cu is the antifouling paints used for conditioning fishing vessels and trawlers apart from industrial discharges (that is predominant around station 1). Station 2 (Digha) is not only the site for tourism and beach recreational activities, but it is also a major fish landing station in northeast coast of India, where large number of fishing vessels and trawlers contaminate the water with Cu. This is the reason why Cu was detected in considerable quantity in the fish muscle of station 2. Traces of Cu in the samples of stations 3 and 4 (which is totally an industry- free zone) may also be related to use of antifouling paints to keep the fishing vessels and passenger boats free from biofoulers.

Pb is a toxic heavy metal, which finds its way in coastal waters through the discharge of industrial waste waters, such as from painting, dyeing, battery manufacturing units and oil refineries etc. Antifouling paints used to prevent growth of marine organisms at the bottom of the boats and trawlers also contain lead as an important component. These paints are designed to constantly leach toxic metals into the water to kill organisms that may attach to bottom of the boats, which ultimately is transported to the sediment and aquatic compartments. Lead also enters the oceans and coastal waters both from terrestrial sources and atmosphere and the atmospheric input of lead aerosols can be substantial. Station 1 is exposed to all these activities being proximal to the highly urbanized city of Kolkata, Howrah and the newly emerging Haldia port - cum - industrial complex, which may be attributed to high Pb concentrations in the finfish, shrimp and crab muscle. Because of the low salinity of station 1 (~6.5 psu during the study period) oyster could not be found in this zone.

The main sources of Cd in the present geographical locale are electroplating, manufacturing of Cd alloys, production of Ni- Cd batteries and wielding. No trace of Cd was recorded in the shrimp muscle from stations 3 and 4, which are located almost in industry-free zone surrounded by mangrove vegetation. The accumulation of Cd in the soft body parts of oyster is a cause of concern as many Government departments and NGOs have initiated pilot scale oyster culture in the lower Gangetic region as means of alternative livelihood [41].

Conclusion

Sea foods are a cheap and the most accessible source of animal protein for the coastal inhabitants. However, there is a growing amount of evidence that seafood could be potentially harmful to human health as these are contaminated from heavy metals. In the Gangetic delta region of the tropics few studies have been carried out to assess the magnitude of contamination in commercially important finfish and shellfish species. This study revealed that the commercially important marine organisms in the lower Gangetic delta, at the apex of Bay of Bengal have been contaminated by heavy metals to a greater degree and exceeds the recommended safety levels for consumption at station 1 in the western sector owing to intense industrialization. Antifouling paints used for conditioning vessels and trawlers are also the major sources of heavy metals in the system that is ultimately deposited in the organisms. Strict regulation for the usage of heavy metals and frequent monitoring and controlling programmes are needed to check heavy metal contamination of marine organisms in the area that may potentially cause greater threats to human and ecological health [42].

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