#NeuroEnhancement

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[phonemantra-blog]

Benefits of Nootropics: Unlocking Your Cognitive Potential Welcome to our comprehensive guide on the benefits of nootropics. In this article, we will delve into the fascinating world of cognitive enhancement and explore how these supplements can help you unlock your full mental potential. Enhancing Cognitive Function When it comes to optimizing brain health and performance, nootropics have gained significant attention. These supplements are designed to support cognitive function, including memory, focus, creativity, and overall mental clarity. By targeting specific neurotransmitters and brain pathways, nootropics can enhance cognitive abilities, allowing individuals to think more clearly, process information faster, and improve their overall cognitive performance. Improved Memory and Learning One of the key benefits of nootropics is their ability to enhance memory and learning capabilities. By promoting neuroplasticity, these supplements can facilitate the formation of new neural connections, improving memory retention and recall. Studies have shown that certain nootropics, such as piracetam and aniracetam, can positively impact memory and learning by increasing the release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter essential for memory formation. Increased Focus and Concentration In today's fast-paced world, maintaining focus and concentration can be a challenge. Nootropics offer a solution by providing a boost to these cognitive functions. Substances like caffeine, L-theanine, and modafinil are commonly used to enhance focus and attention. They work by stimulating the central nervous system, increasing alertness, and improving cognitive performance. Enhanced Mood and Reduced Stress Another significant benefit of certain nootropics is their ability to enhance mood and reduce stress levels. Supplements like ashwagandha and Rhodiola Rosea have adaptogenic properties, helping the body adapt to stress and promoting a sense of calmness. By modulating neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, these nootropics can alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression, promoting a positive mood and overall well-being. Neuroprotection and Long-Term Brain Health Nootropics not only offer short-term cognitive benefits but also provide long-term neuroprotection. Some compounds, such as omega-3 fatty acids and resveratrol, possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can protect the brain from age-related decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Research suggests that regular consumption of these nootropics may help prevent cognitive decline, improve brain health, and promote healthy aging. [caption id="attachment_77479" align="aligncenter" width="900"] benefits of nootropics[/caption] In conclusion, nootropics have emerged as a promising tool for enhancing cognitive function and unlocking our mental potential. By improving memory, focus, and mood, and protecting the brain, these supplements offer a comprehensive approach to optimizing brain health. Remember, when considering nootropics, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional to ensure their safe and effective use. So why wait? Start exploring the benefits of nootropics today and take your cognitive abilities to new heights! Frequently Asked Questions about the Benefits of Nootropics 1. What are nootropics? Nootropics are substances that are believed to enhance cognitive functions such as memory, focus, creativity, and motivation. 2. How do nootropics work? Nootropics work by influencing neurotransmitters, enzymes, and other factors in the brain to improve cognitive performance and brain health. 3. What are the potential benefits of taking nootropics? The potential benefits of taking nootropics include improved memory, increased concentration, enhanced mental clarity, faster learning, and better mood. 4. Are nootropics safe to use? When used responsibly and in recommended doses, nootropics are generally considered safe. However, it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement. 5. Can nootropics help with anxiety and stress? Some nootropics have been found to have anxiolytic properties, which means they can help reduce anxiety and stress levels. 6. Are nootropics addictive? Most nootropics are not considered addictive, but some substances may have a potential for dependence if misused or abused. 7. Can nootropics improve sleep quality? Certain nootropics, such as those that promote relaxation and reduce anxiety, may indirectly improve sleep quality by helping individuals relax and fall asleep more easily. 8. Are there any side effects of using nootropics? While side effects can vary depending on the specific nootropic and individual, common side effects may include headaches, digestive issues, and insomnia. It's important to start with low doses and monitor your body's response. 9. Are nootropics suitable for everyone? Nootropics may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with underlying health conditions or who are taking certain medications. It's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating nootropics into your routine. 10. How long does it take to experience the benefits of nootropics? The onset and duration of the benefits of nootropics can vary depending on the individual, the specific nootropic, and the dosage. Some people may experience immediate effects, while others may need to take them consistently for a few weeks to notice significant improvements.

[hirearticlewriter]

Navigating Neuroscience: A Comprehensive Exploration of Research Topics

Introduction

Embarking on a journey into the expansive realm of neuroscience is a venture into the intricate workings of the human brain and nervous system. The selection of a research topic is a pivotal step, setting the course for scientific exploration. In this comprehensive guide, we unveil 50 diverse neuroscience research topics spanning various categories, each beckoning researchers to unravel the mysteries of the mind. Additionally, we provide invaluable tips to guide aspiring neuroscientists in choosing the right research topic, ensuring a purposeful and impactful scientific odyssey.

Tips for Choosing the Right Neuroscience Research Topic

1. Follow Your Passion:

Choose a topic that genuinely excites and intrigues you. Passion fuels dedication and perseverance, making the research journey more fulfilling.

2. Relevance to Society:

Consider the societal impact of your research. Aim for topics that address real-world issues, contribute to medical advancements, or enhance our understanding of neurological disorders.

3. Interdisciplinary Exploration:

Explore topics that bridge neuroscience with other disciplines such as psychology, computer science, or medicine. Interdisciplinary research often leads to innovative breakthroughs.

4. Feasibility and Resources:

Assess the practical feasibility of your research. Consider the availability of resources, laboratory equipment, and ethical considerations to ensure successful execution.

5. Innovation and Novelty:

Seek out topics that push the boundaries of current knowledge. Innovative research not only advances the field but also captivates the attention of the scientific community.

6. Alignment with Career Goals:

Choose a topic that aligns with your long-term career aspirations. This ensures that your research contributes meaningfully to your professional development and expertise.

7. Consultation and Collaboration:

Discuss potential topics with mentors, colleagues, or interdisciplinary experts. Collaborative insights can provide diverse perspectives and enrich your research direction.

8. Ethical Considerations:

Be mindful of the ethical implications of your research. Consider the potential impact on individuals and communities, and ensure that your study adheres to ethical standards.

9. Scope Definition:

Define a research scope that is realistic and achievable within the given time frame and resources. A well-defined scope enhances clarity and facilitates the accomplishment of research objectives.

10. Literature Review:

Conduct a thorough review of existing literature in your chosen area. Identify gaps, controversies, or emerging trends that can inspire and guide your research, ensuring it contributes to the current scientific discourse.

50 Diverse Neuroscience Research Topics

Neuroplasticity and Learning Enhancement

Mechanisms of Neuroplasticity in Learning and Memory

Cognitive Training Strategies for Neuroplasticity Enhancement

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and Technology Integration

Advancements in Brain-Computer Interface Technology

The Integration of BCIs for Cognitive Enhancement

Emotion and Social Cognition

Neural Mechanisms of Emotional Regulation

Social Cognition and the Mirror Neuron System

Neurological Disorders and Therapeutics

Innovative Therapies for Neurodegenerative Disorders

Neurobiological Insights into Autism Spectrum Disorders

Sleep, Dreams, and Memory Consolidation

The Role of Sleep in Memory Consolidation

Neural Processes Underlying Dream Formation

Addiction and Reward Circuits

Neurobiology of Drug Addiction: Insights from Reward Circuits

Intervention Strategies for Substance Use Disorders

Neuroethics and Ethical Considerations

Ethical Implications of Brain-Computer Interface Technologies

Neuroenhancement and Ethical Decision-Making

Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience

Physiological Responses to Stress: Neural and Hormonal Interactions

Building Resilience: Neural Circuits and Coping Mechanisms

Sensory Processing and Perception

Neural Mechanisms of Multisensory Integration

Perception and the Brain: Unraveling Sensory Processing

Decision-Making in Neuroscience

Neural Basis of Risky Decision-Making

The Impact of Emotions on Decision-Making Processes

Cognitive Aging and Neuroprotection

Neuroprotective Strategies for Cognitive Aging

Understanding Cognitive Decline: Insights from Aging Brains

Neurobiology of Intelligence

The Neural Basis of Human Intelligence

Enhancing Cognitive Abilities: Neuroscientific Approaches

Neurobiology of Motivation

Motivational Circuits in the Brain: Insights from Neurobiology

Neural Processes Underlying Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

Neurobiology of Creativity

Unlocking Creativity: Neurobiological Foundations

The Role of Dopamine in Creative Thinking

Neurobiology of Learning Disabilities

Neural Basis of Dyslexia: Unraveling Learning Disabilities

Interventions for Improving Learning in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia

Neurochemical and Structural Basis of Schizophrenia

Therapeutic Approaches for Schizophrenia: A Neurobiological Perspective

Neurobiology of Depression and Anxiety

Serotonin and Neurobiology of Depression

Unraveling the Neural Circuits of Anxiety Disorders

Neurobiology of Consciousness

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Consciousness

Disorders of Consciousness: Insights from Neuroscience

Neurobiology of Pain

Neural Processing of Pain Signals in the Brain

Interventions for Chronic Pain: A Neurobiological Approach

Neurobiology of Language Processing

Neural Mechanisms of Language Comprehension

Neurobiological Basis of Language Disorders

Neurobiology of Spatial Navigation

Neural Circuits for Spatial Memory and Navigation

The Role of Hippocampus in Spatial Cognition

Neurobiology of Addiction: From Reward Circuits to Interventions

Neural Pathways Underlying Nicotine Addiction

Innovative Approaches for Treating Substance Use Disorders

Neurobiology of Neurological Disorders: Causes and Potential Treatments

Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease

Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Parkinson's Disease

Neurobiology of Sleep and Dreams

Neural Processes Governing Lucid Dreaming

Sleep Disorders and Their Impact on Brain Health

Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence

Integrating Neural Networks: From Brain to Machine

Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence Inspired by the Brain

Conclusion

As you navigate the depths of neuroscience, these 50 research topics offer a vast panorama of possibilities, each presenting a unique gateway to understanding the complexities of the brain. The choice of your research topic is a compass guiding your scientific voyage, shaping the questions you seek to answer and contributing to the ever-expanding tapestry of neuroscience. Remember, the journey is as enlightening as the destination, and in the pursuit of knowledge, the brain reveals its profound mysteries to those who dare to explore.

[angelo-the-whistleblower]

Incoming Text for Angie Martinez (@angiemartinez) and Misa Hylton (@misahylton) and Julissa Bermudez (@officialjulissab) and Victor Rasuk (@victorrasuk):

A Detailed Overview and 2025 Reboot Plan for the Film Senseless (1998)

🎬 Film Wikipedia Page:

Senseless (1998 film): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senseless - (click on the blue link)

Original Film Summary: Senseless (1998)

1. Actors and Their Roles (with Ages at Time of Filming)

Marlon Wayans as Darryl Witherspoon

Role: A brilliant but broke college student who participates in an experimental drug trial to gain a mental edge.

Born: July 23, 1972

Age during filming (1997): 25

David Spade as Scott Thorpe

Role: Darryl's smug, upper-class rival competing for a Wall Street job.

Born: July 22, 1964

Age during filming: 33

Tamara Taylor as Janice

Role: Darryl's smart and supportive love interest.

Born: September 27, 1970

Age during filming: 26–27

Matthew Lillard as Tim LaFlour

Role: Darryl’s energetic and quirky best friend.

Born: January 24, 1970

Age during filming: 27

Brad Dourif as Dr. Wheedon

Role: The eccentric scientist behind the experimental drug trial.

Born: March 18, 1950

Age during filming: 47

Rip Torn as Interviewer/Executive

Role: Senior executive representing the corporate world Darryl seeks to join.

Born: February 6, 1931

Age during filming: 66

2. Screenwriters: Cormac and Marianne Wibberley (also known for National Treasure) Wikipedia Link - (click on the blue link)

3. Director: Original: Penelope Spheeris Reboot (2025): Halle Berry and Jennifer Lopez (Co-Directors)

4. Studio and Production: Original Production Companies: Dimension Films (under Miramax), Live Entertainment

5. Budget: Estimated at $15 million

6. Box Office: Grossed $13.1 million worldwide

7. Based on a Book? No, Senseless is not based on any novel or previously published material.

8. Who Owns the I.P.? The intellectual property rights are currently owned by Miramax. However, Miramax content distribution is often handled through deals with major streamers and studios like Paramount, Lionsgate, or Netflix.

9. Who to Contact for a Reboot: Initial contact should be made with Miramax Rights and Licensing Department. If working through Netflix, direct negotiation can occur with their acquisitions and original film division. The screenwriters’ agency can also be approached: WME or CAA, depending on the representation of the Wibberleys.

2025 Reboot of Senseless – Vision and New Cast

Reboot Premise: A modern reimagining of Senseless tailored for streaming audiences, with updated themes such as neuroenhancement, influencer culture, and economic disparity in tech-driven education. The comedic tone is retained but elevated with emotional stakes and character depth.

New Cast:

Jacob Latimore (as Darryl Witherspoon)

Will Poulter (as Scott Thorpe)

Yara Shahidi (as Janice)

Josh Brener (as Tim LaFlour)

Martin Starr (as Dr. Wheedon)

Stephen Baldwin (as Senior Executive Interviewer)

Reboot Directors: Halle Berry & Jennifer Lopez (Co-Directors)

Screenwriters: Cormac and Marianne Wibberley

Note to Screenwriters: You are encouraged to reimagine Senseless with entirely new arcs and characters, adapting the core story to reflect modern sensibilities and technological themes. The foundation is ripe for expansion into a multi-film franchise. Think big — beyond comedy — incorporate science fiction, satire, and heartfelt drama. You have full creative liberty to take this project to new heights.

Potential Deal: We envision a three-movie Netflix deal worth $350 million, positioning this reboot as both a commercial and critical success. The streaming giant seeks fresh, character-driven stories that blend genre and emotional resonance — this project fits that mold.

Final Word from Angelo (POW):

"This reboot of Senseless is more than a remake — it’s a creative challenge and a business opportunity. Trust in the Wibberleys' unique voice and let Halle and Jennifer elevate it visually. The success of this reboot depends on sharp writing, strong casting, and a clear vision. Let’s make Senseless smart again."

Sincerely, Angelo (POW)

P.S.:

Here's a list of the Wikipedia pages for the new cast members of the 2025 reboot of "Senseless" (1998), along with the film's Wikipedia page:

🎬 Film Wikipedia Page:

Senseless (1998 film): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senseless​ - (click on the blue link)

🧑‍🎤 New Cast Members:

Jacob Latimore (portraying Darryl Witherspoon): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Latimore​ - (click on the blue link)

Will Poulter (portraying Scott Thorpe): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Poulter​ - (click on the blue link)

Yara Shahidi (portraying Janice): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yara_Shahidi​ - (click on the blue link)

Josh Brener (portraying Tim LaFlour): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Brener​ - (click on the blue link)

Martin Starr (portraying Dr. Wheedon): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Starr​ - (click on the blue link)

Stephen Baldwin (portraying the Interviewer): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Baldwin​ - (click on the blue link)

These links provide comprehensive information about each actor's background, career, and notable works.​

Here is the trailer: "Senseless" (1998) VHS Movie Trailer

[neuroscientistsawards]

Brain Augmentation: Facts, Fiction & Controversy #neuroscience #sciencef...

"Augmentation of Brain Function: Facts, Fiction, and Controversy" explores the evolving landscape of neuroscience, examining advancements in brain-enhancing technologies, pharmaceuticals, and AI-driven methods. This topic delves into the science behind enhancing cognitive abilities, from memory and focus to decision-making, and the ethical debates surrounding these interventions. Are we on the cusp of reshaping human potential, or are the risks and uncertainties too great? This discussion covers the boundaries between achievable reality and speculative fiction, highlighting both scientific promises and ethical concerns. 

#BrainAugmentation #NeuroEnhancement #CognitiveBoosting #Neuroscience #Bioethics #FutureOfMind #BrainTech #AIandBrain #HumanPotential #neurosciencefacts _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

MoreInfo: 

Websiten link: https://neuroscientists.net/ 

Contact: supportteam@neuroscientists.net 

Nomination link: https://neuroscientists.net/award-nomination/?ecategory=Awards&rcategory=Awardee ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Socialmedia: 

Youtube:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZ9RPAjr0vKVJ91LUi4o4ig

Twitter: https://x.com/ScientistsNeuro 

Pininterest: https://in.pinterest.com/neuroscientistsawards/ 

Linked in: https://www.linkedin.com/feed/ 

Instagram link: https://www.instagram.com/laramaria3040/

 blogger:https://www.blogger.com/blog/posts/4217723762166

[techninja]

Human Augmentation: The Future of Human Capabilities

Introduction to Human Augmentation

In today's rapidly evolving world, human augmentation is emerging as a ground breaking field that aims to enhance human abilities through technology and science. This innovative domain encompasses a wide range of advancements, from wearable devices to genetic modifications, all designed to improve human performance and capabilities. As we delve deeper into this transformative area, it's crucial to understand its various aspects and the profound impact it can have on society.

The Concept of Human Augmentation

Understanding Human Augmentation

Human augmentation involves the application of technology to extend and enhance human physical and cognitive abilities. This can include anything from prosthetic limbs that provide mobility to brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that enhance cognitive functions. The goal is to bridge the gap between humans and technology, creating a synergy that enhances our natural capabilities.

Historical Context and Evolution

The idea of enhancing human abilities is not new. Historically, humans have sought ways to improve their performance, from ancient tools and simple machines to modern-day exoskeletons and neuroprosthetics. The evolution of human augmentation has been marked by significant milestones, including the development of bionic limbs, cybernetic implants, and genetic engineering. These advancements have paved the way for more sophisticated and integrated forms of augmentation.

Types of Human Augmentation

Physical Augmentation

Physical augmentation refers to enhancements that improve the body's physical capabilities. This includes:

Prosthetics and Bionic Limbs: Advanced prosthetic devices that mimic natural limb movement and provide sensory feedback.

Exoskeletons: Wearable devices that enhance strength and endurance, often used in industrial and medical settings.

Sensory Augmentation: Devices such as cochlear implants and retinal implants that restore or enhance sensory functions.

Cognitive Augmentation

Cognitive augmentation focuses on enhancing the brain's capabilities. This can be achieved through:

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs): Systems that allow direct communication between the brain and external devices, improving cognitive functions and enabling control of prosthetic limbs.

Neuroenhancement Drugs: Pharmaceuticals designed to improve memory, attention, and other cognitive functions.

Genetic Engineering: Techniques such as CRISPR that can potentially enhance cognitive abilities by modifying genetic structures.

Sensory Augmentation

Sensory augmentation aims to enhance or restore the senses. Examples include:

Visual Augmentation: Technologies like augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) that enhance visual perception.

Auditory Augmentation: Devices like hearing aids and cochlear implants that improve hearing capabilities.

Tactile Augmentation: Haptic feedback systems that enhance the sense of touch.

Applications of Human Augmentation

Medical Field

In medicine, human augmentation has revolutionized the treatment and management of various conditions. Key applications include:

Rehabilitation: Use of exoskeletons and prosthetics to aid in the recovery of patients with mobility impairments.

Sensory Restoration: Cochlear implants and retinal implants that restore hearing and vision.

Neuroprosthetics: Devices that replace or enhance neural functions, helping individuals with neurological disorders.

Military and Defense

The military sector has significantly benefited from human augmentation technologies. Applications include:

Enhanced Soldier Performance: Exoskeletons that improve strength and endurance, allowing soldiers to carry heavier loads and travel longer distances.

Improved Communication: BCIs that enable seamless communication between soldiers and control systems.

Advanced Surveillance: Augmented reality systems that provide enhanced situational awareness.

Industrial and Occupational Uses

In industrial settings, human augmentation technologies improve efficiency and safety. Examples include:

Exoskeletons for Laborers: Devices that reduce the physical strain on workers, decreasing the risk of injury and increasing productivity.

Augmented Reality for Training: AR systems that provide immersive training experiences, enhancing skill acquisition and performance.

Wearable Technology: Smart wearables that monitor health and performance, ensuring worker safety and well-being.

Daily Life and Consumer Applications

Human augmentation technologies are increasingly becoming part of everyday life. Examples include:

Fitness and Health Monitoring: Wearable devices that track physical activity, heart rate, and other health metrics.

Personal Assistants: AI-driven personal assistants that enhance cognitive functions and productivity.

Entertainment: AR and VR systems that provide immersive entertainment experiences.

Ethical and Social Implications

Ethical Considerations

The advancement of human augmentation raises several ethical questions. Key concerns include:

Equity and Access: Ensuring that augmentation technologies are accessible to all, regardless of socioeconomic status.

Privacy and Security: Protecting personal data generated by augmentation devices from misuse.

Consent and Autonomy: Ensuring that individuals have control over their own augmentation and are fully informed about the risks and benefits.

Social Impact

The widespread adoption of human augmentation technologies can have profound social implications, including:

Changing Workforce Dynamics: Augmentation technologies may alter job requirements and create new opportunities, but also pose the risk of job displacement.

Redefining Human Identity: As humans integrate more technology into their bodies, the definition of what it means to be human may evolve.

Enhancing Quality of Life: Augmentation can significantly improve the quality of life for individuals with disabilities, enabling greater independence and participation in society.

Future of Human Augmentation

Technological Advancements

The future of human augmentation is promising, with ongoing research and development in various fields. Anticipated advancements include:

Nanotechnology: Development of nanoscale devices that can enhance cellular functions and repair tissues at a molecular level.

Bioprinting: 3D printing of biological tissues and organs for transplantation and augmentation.

Advanced BCIs: More sophisticated brain-computer interfaces that offer seamless integration with neural networks.

Potential Challenges

Despite the potential benefits, several challenges need to be addressed:

Regulatory Frameworks: Establishing comprehensive regulations to ensure the safe and ethical use of augmentation technologies.

Societal Acceptance: Promoting public understanding and acceptance of augmentation technologies to prevent stigma and discrimination.

Technical Limitations: Overcoming technical hurdles to ensure the reliability and effectiveness of augmentation devices.

Conclusion

Human augmentation is poised to redefine the boundaries of human capability, offering unprecedented opportunities to enhance physical, cognitive, and sensory functions. As we embrace this transformative technology, it is essential to address the ethical, social, and technical challenges to ensure that its benefits are realized for all of humanity. The journey towards augmented humanity is just beginning, and its potential impact on our lives and society is profound and far-reaching.

[myenquirypharmacynew]

Modafinil's Impact on ADHD: Exploring Neuroenhancement Strategies

In the ever-evolving landscape of neuroenhancement strategies, Modafinil stands out as a promising agent with its potential impact on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). With over two decades of experience in the medical writing field, I've witnessed the growing interest in cognitive enhancers like Modafinil and the intriguing possibilities they present. This blog aims to delve into the introduction of Modafinil, its impact on ADHD, the benefits it offers, and insights from user experiences.

Introduction to Modafinil

Modafinil, a eugeroic medication primarily prescribed for narcolepsy and other sleep disorders, has garnered attention beyond its intended use. Its mechanism of action involves modulating neurotransmitter levels in the brain, particularly dopamine, which plays a crucial role in attention, motivation, and reward pathways. This mechanism has sparked interest in its potential application for cognitive enhancement in individuals with ADHD.

Impact on ADHD

The impact of Modafinil on ADHD stems from its ability to improve cognitive function, including attention, concentration, and executive function. Studies have shown that Modafinil can enhance cognitive performance in individuals with ADHD, with some research suggesting improvements in symptoms such as impulsivity and hyperactivity.

Benefits of Modafinil for ADHD

One of the key benefits of Modafinil for individuals with ADHD is its potential to mitigate the symptoms that interfere with daily functioning. By enhancing attention and cognitive control, Modafinil may help individuals with ADHD stay focused, organized, and better able to manage tasks and responsibilities. Moreover, its longer duration of action compared to traditional stimulant medications offers the advantage of sustained symptom relief without the risk of rebound or withdrawal effects.

User Experiences

While scientific research provides valuable insights into the potential benefits of Modafinil for ADHD, user experiences offer a nuanced perspective on its real-world impact. Many individuals with ADHD report positive experiences with Modafinil, describing improvements in focus, productivity, and overall cognitive function. Some users also highlight the advantage of reduced side effects compared to traditional stimulant medications, such as jitteriness or insomnia.

However, it's essential to acknowledge that individual responses to Modafinil can vary, and not everyone may experience the same level of benefit. Factors such as dosage, underlying health conditions, and concurrent medications can influence the effectiveness and tolerability of Modafinil. Additionally, long-term safety and efficacy data are still limited, warranting caution and close monitoring when using Modafinil for ADHD management.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Modafinil represents a promising avenue for neuroenhancement in individuals with ADHD, offering potential benefits in improving attention, concentration, and executive function. While scientific evidence supports its efficacy, user experiences underscore its real-world impact on daily functioning. However, it's crucial to approach the use of Modafinil for ADHD with careful consideration of individual factors and in consultation with a healthcare professional.

As the field of neuroenhancement continues to evolve, ongoing research into the safety, efficacy, and long-term effects of Modafinil will provide further insights into its role in ADHD management. By exploring novel strategies like Modafinil, we can strive to enhance the lives of individuals affected by ADHD and empower them to reach their full potential.

[rebootyourbrain03]

Neuroscience weight loss Illumination: Shedding Light on Cognitive Processes

Step into the world of neuroscience weight loss, where the intricate mechanisms of the brain are illuminated, revealing the inner workings of cognitive processes that shape our perceptions, thoughts, and behaviors. Through the lens of scientific inquiry, we embark on a journey to unravel the mysteries of the mind and understand the neural underpinnings of human cognition.

The Radiance of Neurons: A Symphony of Signals At the heart of neuroscience weight loss lies the study of neurons, the electrically excitable cells that form the foundation of the nervous system. These remarkable cells communicate through a complex network of electrical impulses and chemical signals, orchestrating the symphony of activity that underlies every aspect of cognition. From the firing of neurons in response to sensory stimuli to the intricate patterns of neural activation during higher-order thinking, the radiance of neurons illuminates the pathways of cognitive processes.

Enlightening Connections: The Dance of Synapses Central to our understanding of cognitive processes is the exploration of synapses, the microscopic junctions where neurons communicate with one another. Through the release of neurotransmitters, synapses enable the transmission of signals that propagate through neural circuits, connecting different regions of the brain in a delicate dance of information processing. By tracing the flow of neural activity across these interconnected pathways, neuroscience weight loss sheds light on how memories are formed, decisions are made, and emotions are experienced.

Shining a Spotlight: Advances in Brain Imaging The advent of advanced brain imaging techniques has transformed the field of neuroscience weight loss, allowing researchers to peer inside the living brain with unprecedented clarity. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) are just a few of the tools that enable us to map the brain’s structure and function in exquisite detail. By shining a spotlight on the neural correlates of cognitive processes, these techniques provide invaluable insights into the organization and operation of the human mind.

Illuminating Discoveries: From Bench to Bedside Beyond its theoretical pursuits, neuroscience weight loss has practical implications for healthcare and medicine. By illuminating the neural basis of cognitive processes, researchers develop new strategies for diagnosing and treating a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. From Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression, neuroscience weight loss offers hope for improved outcomes through targeted interventions that address the underlying mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction.

The Dawn of Understanding: Charting the Future of neuroscience weight loss As we stand on the threshold of a new era in neuroscience weight loss, the potential for illumination is greater than ever before. From the mysteries of consciousness and creativity to the ethical implications of neuroenhancement and artificial intelligence, the frontier of cognitive research beckons us onward. By continuing to shed light on the intricate workings of the brain, neuroscience weight loss holds the promise of a brighter future where the depths of human cognition are fully understood and harnessed for the betterment of humanity.

In conclusion, neuroscience weight loss illumination offers a glimpse into the inner workings of the mind, revealing the intricate mechanisms that govern cognitive processes. By shedding light on the neural underpinnings of perception, memory, and decision-making, neuroscience weight loss paves the way for a deeper understanding of what it means to be human. Join us on this enlightening journey as we unravel the mysteries of the brain and illuminate the pathways of cognition.

[geetika02]

Navigating the Nexus: Ethical Considerations in Brain-Computer Interface Trials

Introduction:

In the ever-evolving landscape of medical technology, brain-computer interface (BCI) trials stand at the forefront, promising revolutionary advancements in healthcare. As researchers delve into the realms of neurology and computing, it is crucial to navigate the ethical considerations inherent in BCI trials. This guide unravels the intricacies, innovations, and ethical challenges that shape the landscape of BCI trials. Let's embark on a journey to understand the ethical considerations that accompany the fusion of the human brain and cutting-edge technology.

Understanding the Dynamics of Ethical Considerations in BCI Trials:

Informed Consent in Cognitive Enhancement: BCI trials often involve cognitive enhancement technologies, raising questions about the nature and depth of informed consent. Ethical considerations dictate the necessity of providing participants with a comprehensive understanding of the potential cognitive enhancements, risks, and implications, ensuring voluntary and well-informed participation.

Privacy Concerns and Neurodata Protection: BCI technology collects sensitive neurodata, prompting concerns about privacy. Ethical practices in BCI trials involve implementing robust data protection measures, ensuring participant anonymity, and transparently communicating how neurodata will be handled, stored, and shared.

Equitable Access and Technological Divide: The accessibility of BCI technology introduces ethical considerations related to equitable access. Researchers must strive to avoid exacerbating technological disparities, ensuring that the benefits of BCI trials are accessible to diverse populations. This consideration aligns with the principles of justice and fairness.

Autonomy and Agency in Brain Stimulation: BCI trials may involve interventions that stimulate or modulate brain activity. Ethical considerations center around respecting participants' autonomy and agency in deciding the extent and nature of brain stimulation. Robust protocols for obtaining voluntary consent and continuous monitoring for potential adverse effects are imperative.

Incorporating Clinical Research Training:

Professionals engaged in BCI trials can enhance their understanding of ethical considerations through enrollment in a reputable Clinical Research Training Institute. A comprehensive Clinical Research Course not only covers the fundamentals of ethical conduct in clinical trials but also delves into the unique considerations of BCI research. This training equips researchers with the knowledge and skills needed to navigate the complexities of ethical decision-making in the evolving field of brain-computer interfaces.

Choosing the Best Clinical Research Course:

Selecting the right clinical research training is pivotal for individuals aiming to contribute ethically to BCI trials. Look for a program that offers a curriculum tailored to the ethical challenges of BCI applications, experienced faculty with expertise in both clinical research and neurotechnology, and opportunities for practical application. Consider factors like industry collaborations and placement assistance to ensure you receive the Top Clinical Research Training.

Challenges and Opportunities in Ethical Considerations for BCI Trials:

Long-Term Impact on Neurological Health: Ethical considerations extend to the potential long-term impact of BCI interventions on neurological health. Researchers must adopt a vigilant approach, monitoring participants for any signs of cognitive, emotional, or psychological changes and ensuring appropriate support and intervention if needed.

Neuroenhancement and Societal Implications: The ethical dimensions of BCI trials also encompass broader societal implications. Discussions around neuroenhancement and its potential impact on societal norms, equality, and values require careful consideration. Researchers play a crucial role in contributing to these discussions and addressing concerns responsibly.

Consent Capacity and Vulnerable Populations: BCI trials may involve populations with varying levels of consent capacity, such as individuals with cognitive impairments. Ethical considerations emphasize the need for additional safeguards and considerations to protect the rights and well-being of vulnerable participants.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, ethical considerations in BCI trials form a critical foundation for responsible and impactful research at the intersection of neuroscience and technology. Professionals equipped with a solid foundation from a reputable Clinical Research Training Institute are poised to navigate the ethical complexities within the evolving landscape of brain-computer interface trials. As challenges related to privacy, accessibility, and societal implications persist, the pioneers in BCI-driven clinical research will play a pivotal role in advancing ethical standards and contributing responsibly to the future of neurotechnology.

[donepezilblog]

Für das Neuro-Enhancement, eine umstrittene Praxis zur Verbesserung der kognitiven Fähigkeiten, wird unter anderem das Medikament Donepezil verwendet. Manche Anwender lassen dabei jedoch die möglichen Risiken außer Acht. Lesen Sie hier, was das Medikament Donepezil leisten kann, was dabei zu bedenken ist und wer es unter gar keinen Umständen einnehmen sollte.

Über das Medikament Donepezil

Das Medikament Donepezil wird in der Regel an Menschen verschrieben, die an einer Demenz leiden, die mit der Alzheimer-Krankheit einhergeht. Demenz ist eine Erkrankung des Gehirns, die zu einem allmählichen Verlust der geistigen Fähigkeiten führt. Dazu gehören Probleme mit dem Gedächtnis, dem Verständnis, dem Urteilsvermögen, dem Denken und der Sprache. Donepezil ist kein Heilmittel für Demenz, aber es kann die Symptome lindern, insbesondere die, die mit dem Denken und dem Gedächtnis zu tun haben. Es wirkt, indem es die Konzentration eines natürlichen chemischen Stoffes namens Acetylcholin erhöht. Es ist bekannt, dass Menschen mit Demenz einen niedrigen Acetylcholinspiegel haben.

Für die Annahme, dass eine Erhöhung von Acetylcholin auch bei gesunden Menschen eine Verbesserung der kognitiven Fähigkeiten bewirken kann, gibt es jedoch keine validen Daten. Eine im Mai 2019 erschienene Pilotstudie zeigt zwar, dass sich die Aufmerksamkeit durch Donepezil bei hoher geistiger Belastung verbessern könnte, für eine abschließende Bewertung werden aber noch weitere Forschungen erforderlich sein.

[neuroethikenhancer]

Nicht immer reicht unser Wille aus, um unser Verhalten zu ändern. Neuroenhancement kann helfen, unsere Motivation zu steigern. Doch der Einsatz könne auch dazu führen, dass wir uns in der Arbeit verknechten, warnen Experten in der Podiumsdiskussion.

Oft heißt es, dass man nur genug Hirn oder Herz haben muss, um sein Verhalten zu ändern oder seine Gesundheit zu beeinflussen. Doch macht Hirn wirklich Herz? Welche physischen und psychischen Prozesse steuern unser Verhalten? Inwieweit können wir unsere Lebensweise, unseren Konsum oder unsere Leistung beeinflussen, und ist das eine Frage der Willenskraft und Motivation oder reine Hirnphysiologie? Braucht es materielle und / oder soziale Anreize, wie sie in der Verhaltensökonomie untersucht werden? Diesen und weiteren Fragen widmen sich Experten aus Medizin, Psychologie und Verhaltensökonomie.

Mit: Ludger Tebartz-van Elst, Neurowissenschaftler und Psychiater an der Universität Freiburg, Christiane Schwieren, Verhaltens- und Neuroökonomin an der Universität Heidelberg und Stephan Schleim, Philosoph und Psychologe an der Universität Groningen. Moderation: Kathrin Zinkant, Biochemikerin und Wissenschaftskorrespondentin der SZ.

[lmaonade]

That chip thing makes u neuroenhanced bruh

hi idk what that means

[onceandfutureoshainspector]

- i don’t think i’ve really questioned how V.A.T.S. operates in-universe before - i just sort of approached it as an anachronism that i-the-player know about but i-the-character don’t - but seeing it so obviously alluded to here gives me Questions.

   - if V.A.T.S. is a function of my PIP-BOY, why did KELLOGG and co just leave it lying on the floor of VAULT 111 when they visited? they would’ve had to walk right past it on both the way in and the way out.

       - is this a previously unknown ability of the PIP-BOY, maybe? the INSTITUTE have good enough access to VAULT-TEC’s secret files and messages that they knew that a) 111 was a cryogenesis experiment and b) there was an infant in one of the pods who’d been signed up literally the same morning as the apocalypse. if VAULT-TEC had intentionally developed V.A.T.S. as one of the PIP-BOY’s functions, it would’ve been written down somewhere, so unless the INSTITUTE missed something i guess it could be a spontaneously emergent program? somehow?

           - wait, no, i could use V.A.T.S. before i even reached the entrance of the VAULT, in that tunnel with the RADROACHES - it can’t be a PIP-BOY thing, it has to be a me thing, or at least a VAULT-itself thing. start over.

- hypothesis: the cryopods somehow altered my neurology to allow moments of bullet time in high stress situtations (VAULT-TEC gave me adhd lol).

    -of the four other VAULTS i’ve encountered/heard of so far, two of them seem to have had some relevance to eugenics - 75 with its hitler youth, 81 with the intention of breeding disease-resistant humans - and of the other two, 114 was semi-openly a sham, being built in a subway tunnel and standing no chance of actually being radiation-proof, and i haven’t found 95 yet but i know it had something to do with massive amounts of drugs, so jury’s out. it’s more than possible VAULT-TEC was running an experiment within an experiment with 111, to do with neuroenhancement or something.

        - no, then SHAUN would have access to V.A.T.S. too, and by extention so would all synths through their shared genetics.

            - but he was only frozen in a pod once - i was frozen, thawed, and then frozen again. if the pod had some kind of secondary function, i would’ve gotten a double dose, which might have increased or compounded the effect. i don’t think time spent frozen would matter, the VAULT was only supposed to be active for six months in the first place, which means any extra secret extra treatment would probably have to be administered upon either activation or deactivation, both of which i went through twice as many times as anyone in history.

                - plus, the potential for these upgrades only presents in select synths. the INSTITUTE didn’t just clone SHAUN, not every synth can be carrying his entire genetic makeup with how diverse they are, so maybe whatever altered sequences that lay the foundation for the full V.A.T.S. experience were overlooked as a secondary gene, like his eye or hair colour, maybe presenting once or twice in every handful of synths but not specifically included as a core part of the synthetic genome.

- the only other explanation that springs to mind is that i myself am, somehow, a super-advanced synth, SHAUN is not my son but my father (FATHER?), he built me in the shape of his mother, stuck me in VAULT 111 to wake up thinking i was her (leaving HOWARD-TODD’s corpse undefiled by this treatment for whatever reason, maybe because his brain was too damaged by bullets to be salvaged), had me battle my way through the wasteland alone, and set up the scene with S.J. for some fucked up mind game reason - maybe so that, if S.J. didn’t call out for him, he could watch me raise the kid as an idealised rewrite of his childhood and know that one of the SHAUNS had what the other couldn’t.

    - hahaha, but that’d be ridiculous, right?

        - right??

[owlservice]

Chapter 1: Neurotechnology, Global Relations, and National Security : Shifting Contexts and Neuroethical Demands;

Chapter 2: Transitioning Brain Research : From Bench to Battlefield;

Chapter 3: Neural Systems in Intelligence and Training Applications;

Chapter 4: Neurocognitive Engineering for Systems' Development;

Chapter 5: Neural Mechanisms as Putative Targets for Warfighter Resilience and Optimal Performance;

Chapter 6: Neurotechnology and Operational Medicine;

Chapter 7: "NEURINT" and Neuroweapons : Neurotechnologies in National Intelligence and Defense

Chapter 8: Brain Brinksmanship : Devising Neuroweapons Looking at Battlespace, Doctrine, and Strategy;

Chapter 9: Issues of Law Raised by Developments and Use of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology in National Security and Defense;

Chapter 10: Neuroscience, National Security, and the Reverse Dual-Use Dilemma;

Chapter 11: Neuroskepticism : Rethinking the Ethics of Neuroscience and National Security;

Chapter 12: Prison Camp or "Prison Clinic?" : Biopolitics, Neuroethics, and National Security;

Chapter 13: Between Neuroskepticism and Neurogullibility : The Key Role of Neuroethics in the Regulation and Mitigation of Neurotechnology in National Security and Defense

Chapter 14: Why Neuroscientists Should Take the Pledge : A Collective Approach to the Misuse of Neuroscience;

Chapter 15: Military Neuroenhancement and Risk Assessment;

Chapter 16: Can (and Should) We Regulate Neurosecurity? : Lessons from History;

Chapter 17: Engaging Neuroethical Issues Generated by the Use of Neurotechnology in National Security and Defense : Toward Process, Methods, and Paradigm;

Chapter 18: Postscript : A Neuroscience and National Security Normative Framework for the Twenty-First Century

[shinychopshoptimetravel]

Brain gain

The underground world of drugs that “amplify neurons”.

Margaret Talbot

April 20, 2009

Illustration by Adrian Tomine

Every age has its defining drug. Neuroenhancers are perfectly suited to our office culture obsessed with efficiency and equipped with BlackBerry.

The young man I will call Alex recently graduated from Harvard. As a history lecturer, Alex has written a dozen papers in a semester. He also ran a student organization, for which he often worked more than forty hours a week; when he was not at work, he had classes. The weeks were dedicated to all the schoolwork he couldn’t finish during the day, and he spent the weekends drinking with friends and going to dance parties. "As silly as it sounds," he told me, it seemed important "maybe to appreciate your youth." Since, in essence, this life was impossible, Alex started taking Adderall to make it possible.

Adderall, a stimulant consisting of mixed amphetamine salts, is usually prescribed to children and adults diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. But in recent years, Adderall and Ritalin, another stimulant, have been accepted as cognitive enhancers: drugs that highly functional, overly committed people take to become better functioning and overly committed. (Such use is “off label,” meaning it has no approval from either the drug manufacturer or the Food and Drug Administration.) University campuses have become laboratories for experimenting with neuroimprovement, and Alex was an ingenious experimenter. His brother was diagnosed with A.D.H.D., and in his first year Alex got a prescription for himself for Adderall describing to a doctor the symptoms he knew were typical of the disorder. During his college years, Alex took fifteen milligrams of Adderall most evenings, usually after dinner, guaranteeing that he would maintain intense focus until he lost "any ability to sleep for about eight to ten hours." In his sophomore year, he persuaded a doctor to add a thirty-milligram "prolonged-release" capsule to his daily regimen.

Alex recalled one week during his first year when he was due to receive four seminar papers. A few minutes after waking up Monday morning, around seven-thirty, he swallowed Adderall who was “currently released”. The drug, along with a steady supply of caffeine, helped him concentrate during classes and meetings, but he noticed some unusual effects; in the morning tutorial, he explained to me in an email: "I alternately spoke too quickly and thoroughly on some topics and felt uncomfortably quiet during other points of discussion." Lunch was blurry: "It's always hard to eat a lot when you're at Adderall." That afternoon he went to the library, where he spent "too much time researching the work instead of actually writing it - I assure you, the problem is common to all intellectually curious students on stimulants." At eight, he attended a two-hour meeting "with a group focused on student mental health issues." Alex then “took Adderall with an extended edition” and worked productively on the newspaper all night. The next morning at eight he attended a meeting of his organization; he felt like a "zombie," but "he was there to make sure the semester work didn't fail in vain." After that, Alex explained, "I went back to my room to take advantage of my tired body." He fell asleep by noon, waking up "just in time to polish my first paper and hand it in."

I met Alex one night last summer, at an attractively shabby bar in the New England town where he lives. Skinny and bearded, and dressed in faded hipster jeans, he looked like the lead singer in an indie band. He was polite and articulate, and smoked cigarettes with ironic defiance. Alex was lucky enough to talk about his frequent use of Adderall at Harvard, but he didn’t want to see his name in the press; he is connected to an internet startup and is worried that potential investors might disapprove of his habit.

After we ordered the beer, he said, “One of the most impressive qualities of a student is how aware you are of the twenty-four-hour work cycle. When you imagine what you have to do for school, it's not in terms of nine to five, but in terms of what you can physically do in a week while still achieving different goals in different areas - social, romantic, sexual, extracurricular, resume, academic obligations. ” Alex wanted to dismiss the idea that the students who attended Adderall were “academic automata who use it to be first in their class, or to be obviously admitted to law school or first admitted to a consulting firm”. In fact, he said, "there are often people" - mostly boys - "who in some way seek compensation for activities that are detrimental to their performance." He explained: “At Harvard, at least most people are somewhat realistic about it. . . . I don’t think people taking Adderall want to be the best person in the class. I think their goal is to be among the best. Or maybe not even among the best. At the most basic level, their goal is to be better than they would otherwise be. "He continued:" Everyone is aware of the fact that if you get up at 3 am and write this paper, it will not be as good as it could have been. all weekend or that you spent the last week in madness, watching 'Lost' - it will take a toll. "

Alex's sense of who uses stimulants for so-called "non-medical" purposes is confirmed by about twenty scientific studies. In 2005, a team led by Sean Esteban McCabe, a professor at the Center for Substance Abuse Research at the University of Michigan, reported that 4.1 percent of U.S. undergraduates had taken prescription stimulants for unlabeled use the previous year; in one school that number was twenty-five percent. Other researchers found even higher rates: a 2002 study at a small college found that more than thirty-five percent of students had used prescription stimulants nonmedically in the previous year.

Medications such as Adderall can cause nervousness, headaches, insomnia and decreased appetite, among other side effects. F.D.A. a warning on Adderall’s label notes that “amphetamines have great potential for abuse” and can lead to addiction. (The label also mentions that adults who use Adderall have reported serious heart problems, although the role of the drug in these cases is unknown.) However, students tend to find Adderall and Ritalin benign, in part because they probably know peers who have taken medication since childhood for ADHD Indeed, reports McCabe, most students who use stimulants to improve cognitive abilities get them from acquaintances with prescription. Pills are usually donated, but some students sell them.

According to McCabe’s research team, white undergraduates in highly competitive schools - especially in the Northeast - are the most common university users of neuroamplifiers. Beneficiaries are also more likely to belong to a fraternity or sisterhood and have a G.P.A. of 3.0 or lower. They are ten times more likely to report smoking marijuana in the past year, and twenty times more likely to say they have consumed cocaine. In other words, they are decent students in schools where, to be an excellent student, you have to give up a lot more fun than they are willing to give up.

“I can’t move with this t’ing. We should have dumped him before he had dinner. ”

The BoredAt sites — which allow students to chat idly while pretending to study — are full of messages about Adderall. Posts like these, from BoredAtPenn, are typical: "I have an Adderall — I'm sitting in room 101.10 in a gray shirt and headphones"; “I have Adderall for sale 20mg for $ 15”; "I took Adderall at 8pm, 6:30 in the morning and I barely blinked." On the Columbia website, a poster with the email address of cunya complains that her friends take Adderall “as candy,” adding, “I don’t want to be at a disadvantage compared to everyone else. Is it really that dangerous? Will they fuck me? My grades this year were not so good and I was able to cope. " A Columbia student responds, "It's probably not a good idea if you don't have a prescription," but still offers practical advice: "Keep your dose normal and don't grind or sniff." Occasional disagreements ("I think there should be random drug testing on every exam") are drowned out by testimonies like this one from the BoredAtHarvard site: "I don't want to push or move people to something bad, but Adderall is amazing."

Alex is still thrilled with Adderal, but he also has a bit of a yellowish critique. "It only works as a cognitive enhancer if you are committed to the task at hand," he said. “How many times have I taken Adderall late at night and decided to organize my entire music library instead of starting my own work! I've seen people obsessively clean their rooms on it. " Alex thought drugs in general helped him slow down his work, but he also tended to produce writing with a characteristic flaw. “I have often referred to the works I have written about Adderall, and they are extensive. They make a point, trying to create this impenetrable argument, and if you just got to your point in a more direct way, it would be stronger. But with Adderall, I would make two pages about something that could be said in a few sentences. ” Still, his works with the help of Adderall usually brought him at least B. They did the job. As Alex said, "Productivity is a good thing."

Last April, the scientific journal Nature published the results of an informal online survey asking whether readers tried to sharpen "their focus, concentration or memory" by taking drugs such as Ritalin and Provigil - a newer type of stimulant, commonly known as modafinil, developed for the treatment of narcolepsy. One in five respondents said it was. A majority of 1,400 readers who responded said healthy adults should be allowed to take brain stimulants for non-medical reasons, and sixty-nine percent said mild side effects were an acceptable risk. While most said such drugs should not be available to children who have not been diagnosed with a health condition, a third admitted they would feel pressured to give their children “smart drugs” if they found out other parents were doing so.

Such competitive anxieties are already being felt in the workplace. Recently, a column in Wired’s advice contained a question from a reader concerned about a “rising star in a company” who used over-the-counter modafinil for crazy hours. Our boss started complaining about my case because I'm not that productive. " And on online forums like ImmInst, whose members share a nerdy passion for tweaking their cognitive functions through medications and dietary supplements, people exchange tips on doses and “stacks” - improvised combinations - of neuro-boosters. (“Cut the pill into quarters and take 25 mg every four hours, 4 times today, and we had a great and productive day - no side effects.”) In one recent post, a 52-year-old - who was working full time, is studying for an advanced degree at night and "married, etc." - he wrote that after experimenting with modafinil he decided on two daily doses of one hundred milligrams each. He believed he was "a little better," adding, "I also feel a little more lively when I'm in a debate."

Not so long ago, I met Anjan Chatterjee, a neurologist at the University of Pennsylvania, in his office, tucked away in the Penn Labyrinth Hospital Complex. Chatterjee’s main research interests are in topics like the neurological basis of spatial understanding, but in recent years, as he has heard more about students taking cognitive enhancers, he has begun writing about the ethical implications of such behavior. In 2004, he coined the term “cosmetic neurology” to describe the practice of using drugs developed for recognized medical conditions to enhance common knowledge. Chatterjee cares about aesthetic neurology, but thinks it will become as acceptable over time as cosmetic surgery; in fact, with neuroenhancement it is harder to claim to be frivolous. As he notes in a 2007 paper, "many sectors of society have conditions in which the winner takes all in which small advantages produce disproportionate rewards." At school and at work, the benefits of being "smarter", less sleep and faster learning are "completely clear". In the near future, he predicts, some neurologists will transform into "quality of life consultants", whose role will be to "provide information while removing the ultimate responsibility for those decisions from patients". Demand certainly exists: from an elderly population that will not tolerate memory loss; from overworked parents who give their children every possible advantage; from anxious employees in an office culture obsessed with efficiency and equipped with a BlackBerry, where work never really stops.

Chatterjee told me that many people who come to his clinic are a cognitively preoccupied version of what doctors call “concerned good”. The day I visited his office, he had just seen a middle-aged woman, a successful Philadelphia lawyer, who mentioned that she had to work a little harder to come up with certain names. “Here’s an example of someone who by most measures is perfectly fine,” Chatterjee said. "There are no problems at work. But he notices that there are some problems and it is very difficult to know how old he is. ” Of course, people in her position could strive to exercise regularly and abundant intellectual stimulation, and both have been shown to help maintain cognitive functions. But maybe they are already doing it and they want more mental enthusiasm, or maybe they want something easier than sweaty trainings and Russian novels: a pill.

I recently spoke by phone with Barbara Sahakian, a clinical neuropsychologist at Cambridge University and co-author of a December 2007 article in Nature, "Professor's Little Helper." Sahakian, who also consults for several pharmaceutical companies, and her co-author Sharon Morein-Zamir reported that many of their colleagues used prescription drugs such as Adderall and Provigil. Because drugs are easy to buy online, they wrote, it would be difficult to stop them from spreading: "The drive to self-improve cognition is likely to be just as strong, if not stronger, than in areas of 'improving' beauty and sexual function." (At least in places like Cambridge.)

When I spoke to Sahakian, she had just flown in from England to Scottsdale, Arizona, for a conference, and she was tired. She may, justifiably, have given up on distractions like me, but she had a cell phone with her, and although it was a weekend morning, some hard-working person from the Cambridge office reached Sahakian in her hotel room after taking a shower. and before she had to rush to the first session. “We may be healthy and functioning well and thinking that way about ourselves, but it is very rare that we actually function at our optimal level,” Sahakian said. "Take me. I'm here and I have jet lag and I have to give a speech tonight and perform well, in what will be in the middle of the night, British time." She mentioned business people who have to fly back and forth across the Atlantic: “The difference between making deals and disagreements is huge and sometimes they only have one meeting to try to do it.” She sympathized with them but, she added, “we are a society that he wants a quick solution so much that many people like to take drugs. "

"What should I do? Here's what you should do: invent a time machine, go back sixteen months, and turn everything into cash."

For now, people looking for this quick cure have a limited choice of medications. But given the amount of money and hours of research spent developing drugs to treat cognitive decline, Provigil and Adderall are likely to join a larger pharmacopoeia. Among the drugs in preparation are alinae, which target a type of glutamate receptor in the brain; hopefully they could stop memory loss associated with diseases like Alzheimer’s. But ameines can also give healthy people a tangible cognitive boost. A 2007 study of sixteen healthy elderly volunteers found that five hundred milligrams of one particular amine "undoubtedly" improved short-term memory, although it seemed to diminish episodic memory - recollection of past events. The second class of drugs, cholinesterase inhibitors, which are already used with some success in the treatment of Alzheimer’s patients, have also been promising as neuro-boosters. In one study, donepezil boosted pilot performance on flight simulators; in another, of thirty healthy young male volunteers, he improved his verbal and visual episodic memory. Several pharmaceutical companies are working on drugs that target nicotinic receptors in the brain, hoping to be able to replicate the cognitive growth that smokers get from cigarettes.

Zack and Casey Lynch are a young couple who started NeuroInsights in 2005, a company that advises investors on the development of brain technology. (Since then, they have also founded a lobby group, the Neurotechnology Industry Organization.) Casey and Zack met as students at the U.C.L.A .; she earned a master’s degree in neuroscience from the U.C.S.F., and he became executive director of the software company. I had coffee with them in San Francisco’s Noe Valley last summer, and they both spoke with occasional conviction about the upcoming neuroamplifier market. Zack, whose book Neuro Revolution was published this summer, said: "We live in an information society. What is the next form of human society? _neuro-_society. "In the coming years, he said, scientists will better understand the brain and we will have improved neuro-boosters that some people will use in therapy, others because they are" on the verge of being therapeutically needed "and others solely" for competitive advantage. "

Zack explained that he doesn't like the term "improvement": "We're not talking about superhuman intelligence. Nobody says we're coming up with a pill that will make you smarter than Einstein!... What we're really talking about is enabling people." He sketched a bell curve on the back of the napkin. “Almost any drug in development is something that will take someone working at, say, forty percent or fifty percent, and raise them to eighty,” he said.

New psychiatric drugs have a way of creating a market for themselves. Disorders often become widely diagnosed after the emergence of drugs that can change a number of suboptimal behaviors. In this way, Ritalin and Adderall helped A.D.H.D. a familiar name, and advertisements for antidepressants have helped define shyness as a disease. If there is a pill that can clarify the wavering focus of young sleepless people or alleviate the middle-aged experience, then these fairly common conditions can be considered syndromes. As Casey said, "Drugs are getting better and markets are getting bigger."

"Yes," Zack said. "We call it a lifestyle improvement market."

Lynches said Provigil is a classic example of a related phenomenon: mission crawling. In 1998, Cephalon, the pharmaceutical company that makes it, received government approval to sell the drug, but only because of “excessive daytime sleepiness” due to narcolepsy; by 2004. Cephalon had been granted permission to extend the labeling to include sleep apnea and “shift sleep disorder”. Provigil's net sales rose from one hundred and ninety-six million dollars in 2002 to nine hundred and eighty-eight million in 2008.

Cephalon leaders have repeatedly said they do not approve of off-label use of Provigil, but in 2002 the company was reprimanded by F.D.A. for the distribution of marketing materials that presented the drug as a cure for fatigue, “reduced activity” and other alleged diseases. And in 2008, Cephalon paid four hundred and twenty-five million dollars and pleaded guilty to a federal criminal charge related to promoting the use of Provigil and two other drugs outside the license. Later this year, Cephalon plans to introduce Nuvigil, a longer-lasting variant of Provigil. A spokeswoman for Candace Steele said: "We are exploring its options for treating excessive sleepiness associated with schizophrenia, bipolar depression, traumatic injuries and jet lag." Although she stressed that Cephalon does not develop Nuvigil as a neuro-booster, she noted: "As part of the preparation for some of these other diseases, we are looking to see if there are improvements in cognition."

Unlike many hypothetical scenarios cared for by bioethicists - human clones, "designer babies" - cognitive improvement is already in full swing. Even if today's smart drugs are not as powerful as such drugs might one day be, there are many questions to ask about them. How much do they actually help? Are they potentially harmful or addictive? Then, the question arises as to what we mean by “smarter”. Can improving one type of thinking affect others? All of these questions require appropriate scientific answers, but for now, most debates are taking place in secret, among a growing number of Americans conducting experiments on their own brains on a daily basis.

Paul Phillips was unusual for a professional poker player. By the time he joined the circle, in the late 1990s, he was already a millionaire: a 20-year-old from technology who started writing software, helped set up an Internet portal called go2net and cashed in at the right time. He was cerebral and, at times, rude. His nickname was Dot Com. On the international poker tournament scene - where male players tend to be either openly clumsy or sharply dressed in the manner of a Vegas hotel manager - Phillips nurtured New Wave’s nerdy style. He wore vintage shirts with wild geometric patterns; his hair was dyed orange or silver one week, shaved the next day. Most unusual of all, Phillips was free to talk about taking prescription drugs - Adderall and, in particular, Provigil - to play better cards.

He first started playing the game in 1995, when he was in college, at U.C. San Diego. He recalled: "It was very mathematical, but you could also get into the game and manipulate other types of words" - more than in a game like chess. Phillips soon felt he had mastered the strategic aspects of poker. The key variable was execution. In tournaments, he should have been able to stay focused for fourteen hours in a row, often for several days, but it was hard for him. In 2003, his doctor diagnosed him with A.D.H.D. and he started taking Adderall. Within six months, he had won $ 1.6 million at poker events - far more than he had won in the previous four years. Adderall not only helped him concentrate; it also helped him resist the urge to keep playing lost hands out of boredom. In 2004, Phillips asked his doctor to give him a prescription for Provigil, which he added to his Adderall regimen. He took between two hundred and three hundred milligrams of Provigil a day, which, he thought, helped him calm down to an even calmer and more objective state of consciousness; as he put it, he felt “less like a participant than an observer - and very effective”. Although Phillips considers neuro-boosters essentially brain steroids, they have not yet been banned from participating in poker competitions.

Last summer, I visited Phillips at the high-desert resort of Bend, Oregon, where he lives with his wife Kathleen and their two daughters, Ivy and Ruby. Phillips, now thirty-six, seemed a bit out of place in Bend, where people spend a lot of time skiing and rafting. Among the friendly, faithfully recycling locals, he tried to restrain his biting side. However, when I first sent Phillips an e-mail asking him to explain, more precisely, how Provigil affected him, he could not resist a clever answer: “More precisely: after the pill is taken, tiny molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream, where they eventually cross the blood-brain barrier and affect the operation of wet accessories at the top. "

I said ‘neighborhood guard’; they said 'peeping Tom'. "

He was personally more accommodating. He picked me up at Bend Airport driving a black BMW convertible and we went for coffee at a cheerful coffee shop called Thump. Phillips wore shorts and flip-flops, and his black T-shirt displayed a vague program joke. "Poker means sitting in one place, watching your opponents for a long time and noticing about them better than they do about you," he said. With Provigil, he "could process all the information about what was going on at the table and do something about it." While there is no doubt that Phillips became much more successful in poker after taking neuro-boosters, I asked him if his improvement could be explained by a placebo effect or coincidence. He doubted it, but let it go. Still, he said, “there is a kind of clarity that I get with Provigil. With Adderall, I would characterize the effect as a correction - a correction of the underlying condition. Provigil feels like an improvement. ” And while Adderall made him "upset," Provigil's effects were "completely limited to my brain." He had no trouble sleeping.

On the other hand, Phillips said, Provigil’s effects “have weakened over time. The body is an amazing adjustment machine and there are no benefits I could see that I could just take more. ” A few years ago, Phillips got tired of poker and started playing competitive Scrabble. He was good, but not so good. He was older than many of his rivals and had to take a lot by heart, which was not as easy as it used to be. “I stopped memorizing the whole dictionary, and to be really good, you have to put together words of eight and nine letters,” he told me. "But I learned every word up to five letters, plus maybe ten thousand words of seven and eight letters." Provigil, he said, helped with the memory process, but “it won’t make you smarter. It will allow you to make better use of the tools you have over time. "

Similarly, one acquaintance journalist who takes drugs when he has to stay up all night on time says it doesn’t help at the stage when he’s trying to figure out what he wants to say or how to structure the story; but, after coming to these insights, it helps him remain intent on completing the draft. Similarly, the seventy-four-year-old, who published a letter in Nature last year, offered a charmingly specific description of his modafinil habit: I could continue with modafinil for almost three hours. ”

Cephalon, the manufacturer of Provigil, has publicly downplayed the idea that the drug could be used as a smart pill. In 2007, the company’s founder and CEO, Frank Baldino, Jr., told a reporter from the pharmaceutical magazine Pharmaceutical Executive: “I think Provigil will keep you awake if you’re tired. If you're not tired, nothing will help you. " But Baldino may have been too modest. Only a few studies have been conducted on the effects of Provigil on healthy non-sleep volunteers, but these studies suggest that Provigil provides an advantage, at least for some types of challenges. In 2002, researchers at Cambridge University donated a battery of standard cognitive tests to about sixty healthy young male volunteers. One group received modafinil; the other received a placebo. The modafinil group performed better in several tasks, such as the “numerical range” test, in which subjects were asked to repeat ever longer strings of numbers forward and then backward. They were also better at recognizing repetitive visual patterns and at the spatial planning challenge known as the Tower of London task. (Not nearly as much fun as it sounds.) Writing in the journal Psychopharmacology, the study's authors said the results suggest that "modafinil offers significant potential as a cognitive enhancer."

Phillips told me that, as much as he believes in neuro-boosters, he doesn’t want to be a “poster for smart pills”. At one point, he said, "We really don't know the possible implications for the long-term use of these things." (He recently stopped taking Provigil every day, replacing it with another prescription stimulant.) He found the “arms race aspect” of cognitive improvement distasteful and disliked the idea that parents could force their children to take smart pills. He sighed when I suggested that adults might also feel compelled to use drugs. “Yes, in the competition field - if all of a sudden a quarter of people are better equipped, but you don’t want to take risks with your body - it could start to look terribly unfair,” he said. "I don't think we need to take another step to increase how hard we work. But the fact is that the basic level of competitiveness will be shifted to what these drugs allow, and you can decide to compete or not. ”

In the afternoon we drove to the Phillips House - a large place, beautiful and new, with a spacious deck towering over the Deschutes River. Inside, toys were strewn across the carpet. Phillips was waiting for his wife and daughters to return home from the pool and, sitting in his huge living room with high ceilings, he looked a little bored. He told me that he had recently decided to apply for a graduate degree in computer programming. It will be difficult - to throw out all those applications, to convince graduate programs that he seriously wants to go back to school. But he was, he said, “exhausted on all forms of leisure” and felt nostalgic for the last two years of college, when he discovered computer programming. “It was the most intellectually satisfying period of my entire life,” he said. "It transformed my brain from everywhere into a reasonable structure of knowledge about something." Tada nije uzimao nijednu pametnu tabletu. "Bio bih jebeni dinamo na koledžu da sam ih vodio", rekao je. “Ali, ipak, morao sam pronaći računala. To je napravilo veću razliku od bilo čega drugog – pronaći nešto čega se jednostavno nisam mogao zasititi.”

Provigil može dati privremenu prednost zdravim ljudima, ali to ne znači da je spreman zamijeniti vaš jutarnji espresso. Anjan Chatterjee mi je rekao da "jednostavno nema dovoljno studija o ovim lijekovima kod normalnih ljudi". Rekao je: "U situacijama kada pomažu, koštaju li ih?" Kao što je napisao u nedavnom pismu za Nature, “Većina iskusnih liječnika imala je otrežnjujuće iskustvo propisivanja lijekova koji su, unatoč dobrim namjerama, uzrokovali loše ishode.” S obzirom na to da je kognitivno poboljšanje izbor, a ne nužnost, izračun troškova i koristi za neuropojačivače vjerojatno bi trebao biti drugačiji nego za, recimo, lijekove za srce.

Provigil može izazvati naviku. U studiji objavljenoj nedavno u Journal of the American Medical Association, grupa koju je predvodila Nora Volkow, direktorica Nacionalnog instituta za zlouporabu droga, skenirala je mozak deset muškaraca nakon što su dobili placebo, a također i nakon što su dobio dozu modafinila. Činilo se da modafinil dovodi do povećanja dopamina u mozgu. “Budući da lijekovi koji povećavaju dopamin imaju potencijal za zlouporabu,” zaključuje Volkowovo izvješće, “ovi rezultati sugeriraju da rizik od ovisnosti kod ranjivih osoba zaslužuje povećanu svijest.” (Cephalon, u odgovoru na izvješće, napominje da Provigilova oznaka potiče liječnike da pomno prate pacijente, posebno one s poviješću zlouporabe droga.) Na web stranici Erowid, gdje ljudi živo i anonimno izvještavaju o svojim iskustvima s pravnim i ilegalnih droga, neki korisnici modafinila opisali su ovisnost o drogi. Jedan muškarac, koji se predstavio kao bivši student biokemije, rekao je da je uspio izbaciti navike kokaina i opijata, ali nije mogao prestati koristiti modafinil. Kad god bi ostao bez droge, rekao je: "Počinjem poludjeti." Nakon "4-5 dana" bez njega, "počinje se vraćati magla u glavi."

"Grupa poreznih obveznika je ovdje da vam da vaš bonus, gospodine."

Čini se da je uklanjanje maglovite glave cilj mnogih korisnika neuropojačivača. Ali mogu li današnji lijekovi to zapravo postići? Nedavno sam postavila ovo pitanje kolegici Anjana Chatterjeeja Marthi Farah, koja je psihologinja u Pennu i direktorica Centra za kognitivnu neuroznanost. Ona već nekoliko godina piše o neuropojačivačima iz perspektive koja je duboko fascinirana i blago kritična, ali u osnovi za - uz važno upozorenje da moramo znati mnogo više o tome kako ti lijekovi djeluju. Razgovarao sam s njom jednog poslijepodneva u njenom istraživačkom centru, koji se nalazi u viktorijanskoj kući izrazito nefuturističkog izgleda u ulici Walnut, u Philadelphiji. Farah, koja je energična sugovornica, kupila nam je espresso napitke u konzervi. Iako ne uzima neuropojačivače, otkrila je da je njezin interes za njih obnovio njezinu romansu sa sljedećom najboljom stvari: kofeinom.

Farah je upravo završila rad u kojem je pregledala dokaze o stimulansima na recept kao neuropojačivačima iz četrdeset laboratorijskih studija koje su uključivale zdrave osobe. Većina studija bavila se jednom od tri vrste kognicije: učenjem, radnom memorijom i kognitivnom kontrolom. Tipičan test učenja traži od ispitanika da upamte popis uparenih riječi; sat, nekoliko dana ili tjedan dana kasnije, u parovima im se predoče prve riječi i zamole se da smisle drugu. Studije o učenju pokazale su da neuropojačivači ipak poboljšavaju zadržavanje. Prednosti su bile očitije u studijama u kojima se od ispitanika tražilo da pamte informacije nekoliko dana ili dulje.

Radna memorija je uspoređena s mentalnim blokom za struganje: koristite ga kako biste imali na umu relevantne podatke dok dovršavate zadatak. (Zamislite unakrsno ispitivanje u kojem odvjetnik mora pratiti odgovore koje je svjedok dao i na temelju njih formulirati nova pitanja.) U jednom uobičajenom testu ispitanicima se pokazuje niz stavki – obično slova ili brojeva – a zatim se postavljaju izazovi: Je li ovaj broj ili slovo bio u seriji? Je li ovaj bio? U testovima radne memorije, ispitanici su imali bolji učinak na neuropojačivačima, iako je nekoliko studija sugeriralo da učinak ovisi o tome koliko je radna memorija ispitanika bila dobra u početku: što je bila bolja, lijekovi su imali manje koristi.

Treća kategorija koju su studije ispitivale bila je kognitivna kontrola – koliko učinkovito možete provjeriti sebe u okolnostima u kojima je najprirodniji odgovor pogrešan. Klasični test je Stroop Task, u kojem se ljudima pokazuje naziv boje (recimo narančaste) napisan drugom bojom (recimo ljubičastom). Od njih se traži da pročitaju riječ (što je lako, jer je naš uobičajeni odgovor na riječ da je pročitamo) ili da imenuju boju tinte (što je teže, jer je naš prvi impuls da kažemo "narančasta"). Ove studije dale su mješovitiju sliku, ali su u svemu pokazale neke prednosti "za većinu normalnih zdravih subjekata" - posebno za ljude koji su imali lošiju kognitivnu kontrolu.

Farah mi je rekao: “Ovi lijekovi će definitivno pomoći nekim tehnički normalnim ljudima – to jest, ljudima koji ne zadovoljavaju dijagnostičke kriterije za A.D.H.D. ili bilo koje vrste kognitivnog oštećenja.” Ali, naglasila je, “oni će pomoći ljudima na nižem stupnju sposobnosti više nego u višem”. Jedno od objašnjenja za ovaj fenomen moglo bi biti da, što ste vještiji u datom zadatku, imate manje prostora za poboljšanje. Farah naslućuje da možda postoji još jedan razlog zašto postojeće droge, barem do sada, ne nude toliku pomoć ljudima s većim intelektualnim sposobnostima. Lijekovi poput Ritalina i Adderall djelomično djeluju tako što povećavaju količinu dopamina u mozgu. Dopamin je nešto što želite samo dovoljno: premalo, a možda nećete biti budni i motivirani koliko biste trebali; previše i možete se osjećati prestimulirano. Neuroznanstvenici su otkrili da neki ljudi imaju gen koji tjera mozak da brže razgrađuje dopamin, ostavljajući manje dostupnog; takvi su ljudi općenito malo lošiji u određenim kognitivnim zadacima. Ljudi s dostupnijim dopaminom općenito su nešto bolji u istim zadacima. Stoga je logično da bi ljudi s prirodno niskim dopaminom imali više koristi od umjetnog pojačanja.

Naravno, učenje, radna memorija i kognitivna kontrola predstavljaju samo nekoliko aspekata razmišljanja. Farah je zaključio da su studije koje se bave drugim vrstama spoznaje - na primjer verbalna tečnost - bile premalo i previše kontradiktorne da bi nam mnogo govorile. A učinci neuropojačivača na neke vitalne oblike intelektualne aktivnosti, kao što su apstraktno mišljenje i kreativnost, jedva da su uopće proučavani. Farah je rekao da se postojeća literatura bavi "prilično dosadnim vrstama razmišljanja - koliko dugo možete ostati na oprezu dok buljite u ekran i čekate da malo svjetla trepće". Dodala je: "Bilo bi sjajno imati studije o fleksibilnijim vrstama misli."

I Chatterjee i Farah pitali su se mogu li lijekovi koji povećavaju fokus korisnika umanjiti njihovu kreativnost. Naposljetku, neke od naših najboljih ideja ne dolaze nam kada sjednemo za stol, već kada se tuširamo ili šetamo psa – puštajući svoje misli da lutaju. Jimi Hendrix je izvijestio da mu je inspiracija za “Purple Haze” došla u snu; kemičar Friedrich August Kekule tvrdio je da je otkrio prstenastu strukturu benzena tijekom sanjarenja u kojem je vidio sliku zmije koja grize svoj rep. Farah mi je rekao: “Kognitivni psiholozi su otkrili da postoji kompromis između fokusa pažnje i kreativnosti. I postoje neki dokazi koji upućuju na to da su pojedinci koji se bolje mogu usredotočiti na jednu stvar i filtrirati distrakcije manje kreativni.”

Farah i Chatterjee nedavno su završili preliminarnu studiju koja je proučavala učinak jedne doze od deset miligrama Adderalla na šesnaest učenika koji su radili standardne laboratorijske testove kreativnog razmišljanja. Nisu ustanovili da je ova niska doza imala štetan učinak, ali obojica smatraju da je ovo samo početak provjere koja se mora učiniti. "Sve više naših mladih ljudi koristi ove lijekove kako bi im pomoglo u radu", rekla je Farah. “Imaju svoj laptop, svoj iPhone i svoj Adderall. Ova rastuća generacija radnika i vođa može imati suptilno drugačiji stil razmišljanja i rada, zato što koriste ove droge ili zato što su naučili raditi koristeći te droge, tako da čak i ako oduzmete drogu, i dalje će imati određeni pristup. Malo sam zabrinut da bismo mogli odgojiti generaciju vrlo usredotočenih računovođa.”

Farah je također razmišljao o etičkim komplikacijama koje proizlaze iz porasta pametnih droga. Ne daju li neuropojačivači još jednu prednost ljudima koji si već mogu priuštiti privatne učitelje i pripremne tečajeve? Na mnogim fakultetima, studenti su počeli nazivati ​​neoznačenu upotrebu neuropojačivača oblikom varanja. Pišući prošle godine u Cavalier Dailyu, studentskim novinama Sveučilišta Virginia, kolumnist po imenu Greg Crapanzano tvrdio je da neuropojačivači “stvaraju nepravednu prednost za korisnike koji su spremni prekršiti zakon kako bi stekli prednost. Ovi studenti stvaraju posao koji ovisi o upotrebi tableta, a ne o njihovoj vlastitoj radnoj etici.” Naravno, teško je zamisliti sveučilišnu upravu koja bi zahtijevala od studenata da piški u šalicu prije nego što dobiju svoje plave knjige. I premda se potajno uzimanje neuroenhancera za trosatni ispit čini nepravednim, osuda upotrebe droga čini se ekstremnom. Čak i uz pomoć neuroenhancera, još uvijek morate napisati esej, osmisliti scenarij ili završiti prijedlog za dodjelu bespovratnih sredstava, a ako možete preuzeti zasluge za rad koji ste obavili na kofeinu ili nikotinu, tada možete preuzeti zasluge za rad proizvedeno na Provigilu.

"Ako želiš pozitivan pogled, morat ćeš okrenuti svoju stolicu, Waltere."

Farah dovodi u pitanje ideju da će neuropojačivači proširiti nejednakost. Navodeći "prilično jasan trend u studijama koje kažu da će neuropojačivači biti manje korisni za ljude koji imaju iznadprosječne rezultate", rekla je da bi tablete za poboljšanje kognitivnih sposobnosti zapravo mogle postati izravnavači, ako se daju jeftino. Dokument za raspravu iz 2007. koji je objavilo Britansko liječničko udruženje također ističe ovo: „Jednakost mogućnosti je eksplicitan cilj našeg obrazovnog sustava, dajući pojedincima najbolju šansu da ostvare svoj puni potencijal i da se natječu pod jednakim uvjetima sa svojim vršnjacima. Selektivna upotreba neuropojačivača među onima s nižim intelektualnim kapacitetom ili onima iz depriviranih sredina koji nemaju koristi od dodatne nastave, mogla bi poboljšati obrazovne mogućnosti za te skupine.” Ako se ideja o davanju pilule kao zamjene za bolje podučavanje čini odbojnom - poput zamjene IV. kap sintetičke prehrane za stvarnu hranu — ipak može biti poželjnije od scenarija u kojem samo bogata djeca dobivaju čest mentalni poticaj.

Farah je bio jedan od nekoliko znanstvenika koji su pridonijeli nedavnom članku u Natureu, “Prema odgovornoj upotrebi lijekova za poboljšanje kognitivnih sposobnosti od strane zdravih”. Optimistički ton članka sugerirao je da neki bioetičari naginju podržavanju neuropoboljšanja. “Kao i sve nove tehnologije, kognitivno poboljšanje može se koristiti dobro ili loše”, navodi se u članku. “Trebali bismo pozdraviti nove metode poboljšanja funkcije našeg mozga. U svijetu u kojem se radni i životni vijek ljudi povećavaju, alati za poboljšanje kognitivnih sposobnosti – uključujući farmakološke – bit će sve korisniji za poboljšanu kvalitetu života i produljenu radnu produktivnost, kao i za sprječavanje normalnih i patoloških kognitivnih padova povezanih s dobi. Sigurni i učinkoviti kognitivni pojačivači koristit će i pojedincu i društvu.” Izvješće British Medical Association ponudilo je slično optimistično zapažanje: “Univerzalni pristup poboljšanim intervencijama podigao bi osnovnu razinu kognitivne sposobnosti, što se općenito smatra dobrom.”

Pa ipak, kada entuzijasti podijele svoju viziju naše neuropojačane budućnosti, to može zvučati distopijski. Zack Lynch, iz NeuroInsightsa, dao mi je obrazloženje za pametne tablete koje sam smatrao posebno tmurnim. "Ako ste pedesetpetogodišnjak u Bostonu, sada se morate natjecati s dvadesetšestogodišnjakom iz Mumbaija, a takvi će pritisci samo rasti", počeo je. Države osim SAD-a mogle bi biti malo labavije sa svojim propisima i najprije ponuditi odobrenje novih kognitivnih pojačivača. “A ako ste tvrtka koja ima četrdeset sedam ureda diljem svijeta, i odjednom vaš ured u Singapuru koristi kognitivne alate, a vi kažete Kongresu: 'Premještam sve svoje financijske operacije u Singapur i Tajvan , jer ih je tamo legalno koristiti', kladite se da će Kongres reći: 'Pa, OK' Tada će to biti sporno pitanje. To bi bilo kao da kažete: 'Ne, ne možete koristiti mobitel. To bi moglo povećati produktivnost!’ ”

Ako na kraju odlučimo da neuropojačivači djeluju i da su u osnovi sigurni, hoćemo li jednog dana nametnuti njihovu upotrebu? Zakonodavci bi mogli natjerati određene radnike - liječnike hitne pomoći, kontrolore zračnog prometa - da ih preuzmu. (Uistinu, Zračne snage već stavljaju modafinil na raspolaganje pilotima koji kreću na duge misije.) Za nas ostale, pritisak će biti suptilniji — onaj mučni osjećaj koji imam kad se sjetim da moj mlađi kolega uzima Provigil kako bi ispunio rokove. Sve to može dovesti do neke vrste društva u kojem nisam siguran da želim živjeti: društva u kojem smo još više prezaposleni i vođeni tehnologijom nego što već jesmo, i u kojem se moramo drogirati da bismo bili u toku; društvo u kojem djeci dajemo akademske steroide zajedno s njihovim dnevnim vitaminima.

Paul McHugh, psihijatar sa Sveučilišta Johns Hopkins, skeptično je pisao o kozmetičkoj neurologiji. U eseju iz 2004. napominje da barem jednom godišnje u svojoj privatnoj praksi vidi mladu osobu — obično dječaka — čiji se roditelji brinu da bi njegov školski uspjeh mogao biti bolji i žele lijek koji će to osigurati. U većini ovih slučajeva, “istina je da sin nema superiorni I.Q. svojih roditelja”, iako dječak može imati druge kvalitete koje nadmašuju one njegovih roditelja – može biti “zgodan, šarmantan, atletski, graciozan”. McHugh svoj posao vidi kao pokušaj da roditelje “zaborave prilagoditi svojim ciljevima lijekovima ili bilo čim drugim”. Kad sam razgovarao s njim telefonom, McHugh je proširio ovu točku: “Možda je pogrešno pokušavati ljude uklopiti u svijet, umjesto da pokušavaš svijet učiniti boljim mjestom za ljude. A ako je ideja da je jedini koledž na koji vaše dijete može ići Harvard, pa, možda je to ideja koju treba ispraviti.”

Ako Alex, student Harvarda, i Paul Phillips, igrač pokera, svoju upotrebu neuroenhancera smatraju privatnim činom, Nicholas Seltzer svoju naviku vidi kao potjeru koja ga povezuje s većim pokretom za poboljšanje čovječanstva. Seltzer ima B.A. iz U.C. Davis i magistrirao sigurnosnu politiku na Sveučilištu George Washington. Ali posao koji je dobio s ovim kvalifikacijama – kao istraživač u obrambenom trustu mozgova, u sjevernoj Virginiji – nije ga ostavio da se osjeća intelektualno živim koliko bi želio. Kao kompenzaciju, u slobodno vrijeme piše radove o temama kao što su “ljudska biološka evolucija i ratovanje”. On također priprema svoj mozak umjetnim izazovima; čak i kada ode u toalet u uredu, koristi priliku da igra memorije ili logičke igre na svom mobitelu. Seltzer, koji ima trideset godina, rekao mi je da ga je brinulo da “nije imao mentalnu energiju, izdržljivost, – ne znam kako bih ovo pravilno nazvala – spužvastost koje se sjećam da je imao kad sam bio mlađi .”

Dovoljno je reći da to nije nešto što primijetite kada razgovarate sa Seltzerom. I premda je naše pamćenje vjerojatno na vrhuncu u našim ranim dvadesetima, malo je tridesetogodišnjaka svjesno deficita. Ali Seltzer je Washington-wonk ekvivalent onim manekenkama i glumcima u L.A.-u koji razaznaju sitne bore mnogo prije nego njihov agent. Njegova djevojka, tehnološka savjetnica koju je upoznao u muzeju, mlađa je devet godina, a on je već razmišljao o tome kako će njegova mentalna sposobnost stati uz njezinu. Rekao mi je: “Ona ima dvadeset jednu godinu i želim ostati mlada i energična i ne želim joj biti na teretu kasnije u životu.” Nije se brinuo o vidljivim znakovima starenja, ali je želio zadržati svoj um "spretnim i zdravim što je dulje moguće".

Seltzer sebe smatra “transhumanistom”, po uzoru na oxfordskog filozofa Nicka Bostroma i futurističkog pisca i izumitelja Raya Kurzweila. Transhumaniste zanimaju roboti, kriogenika i život jako, jako dugo; smatraju biološka ograničenja koja bi mi ostali mogli prihvatiti, ili čak cijeniti, kao škripave prepreke koje treba agresivno prevladati. Na forumima ImmInst—"ImmInst" znači "Immortality Institute"—Seltzer i drugi članovi raspravljaju o strategijama produljenja života i potencijalnim prednostima kognitivnih pojačivača. Neki od forumaša ograničavaju se na vitaminske i mineralne dodatke. Drugi koriste Adderall ili modafinil ili, poput Seltzera, lijek zvan piracetam, koji je 1972. godine prvi put prodala belgijska farmaceutska tvrtka, a posljednjih godina postao je dostupan u SAD-u od trgovaca koji prodaju suplemente. Iako F.D.A. nije odobren za bilo kakvu upotrebu, piracetam je eksperimentalno korišten na pacijentima s moždanim udarom - s malim učinkom - i na pacijentima s rijetkim neurološkim stanjem zvanim progresivna mioklonusna epilepsija, za koje se pokazao korisnim u ublažavanju mišićnih grčeva. Podaci o dobrobitima piracetama za zdrave ljude praktički ne postoje, ali mnogi korisnici vjeruju da lijek povećava dotok krvi u mozak.

Od trenutka kada sam prvi put razgovarao sa Seltzerom, bilo je jasno da, iako je smatrao da su kognitivni pojačivači od praktične koristi, oni su mu se svidjeli i na estetskoj razini. Korištenje neuropojačivača, rekao je, "je poput prilagođavanja sebe - prilagođavanja mozga." Nekima je, nastavio je, bilo važno poboljšati raspoloženje, pa su uzimali antidepresive; ali za ljude poput njega bilo je važnije “povećati mentalnu snagu”. Dodao je: "U osnovi je izbor koji donosite o tome kako želite doživjeti svijest." Dok su devedesete bile o "personalizaciji tehnologije", ovo desetljeće bilo je o personalizaciji mozga - što su neki entuzijasti počeli zvati "hakiranje uma".

Naravno, ideja koja stoji iza hakiranja uma nije baš nova. Jačanje mentalne izdržljivosti raznim lijekovima ima dugu povijest. Sir Francis Bacon konzumirao je sve, od duhana do šafrana, u nadi da će mu se svidjeti mozak. Balzac je navodno potaknuo šesnaestosatne napade pisanja obilnim porcijama kave, koja, kako je napisao, “tjera san i daje nam sposobnost da se još malo bavimo vježbanjem našeg intelekta”. Sartre se dozirao brzinom kako bi završio “Kritiku dijalektičkog razuma”. Moji prijatelji i ja pisali smo seminarske radove uz pomoć NoDoz tableta znojnih dlanova. A prije zabrane pušenja, čitave uredske kulture su se družile s kolektivnim nikotinom - barem, ako je vjerovati "Mad Men". Seltzer i njegovi sugovornici na forumu ImmInst samo su najnoviji članovi iskusne skupine, čak i ako na raspolaganju imaju složenije lijekove.

Naposljetku sam sreo Seltzera u podzemnom restoranu nedaleko od Pentagona. Sjeli smo za stol Formica u polumraku. Seltzer je bio vitak, imao je obrijanu glavu i nosio je naočale s metalnim okvirom; odgovarajući njegovom izbirljivom izgledu, govorio je precizno, rijetko se spotičući o svojim riječima. Pitao sam ga ima li ikakvih etičkih briga o pametnim drogama. Nakon stanke, rekao je da bi mogao biti zabrinut ako bi netko ubacio neuroenhancer prije polaganja licencnog ispita koji ga je certificirao kao, recimo, moždanog kirurga, a zatim prestao koristiti lijek. Osim toga, nije mogao vidjeti problem. Rekao je da čvrsto vjeruje u ideju da “trebamo imati pristojan stupanj slobode da radimo sa svojim tijelima i svojim umom kako smatramo prikladnim, sve dok to ne zadire u osnovna prava, slobodu i sigurnost drugih.” Tvrdio je: „Zašto biste željeli povećanje intelektualnih sposobnosti ljudskog bića? I, ako imate vrlo nacionalistički stav, zašto ne biste htjeli da naša zemlja ima prednost u odnosu na druge zemlje, posebno u onome što neki ljudi nazivaju ekonomijom temeljenom na znanju?" Nastavio je: “Razmislite o složenosti intelektualnih zadataka koje ljudi danas trebaju ispuniti. Samo pokušaj razumjeti što Kongres radi nije jednostavna stvar! Složenost razumijevanja raspona znanstvenih, tehničkih i društvenih pitanja je teška. Ako smo imali alat koji je omogućio većem broju ljudi da razumiju svijet na većoj razini sofisticiranosti, kako možemo imati predrasude prema toj ideji, jednostavno zato što ne volimo da sportaši to rade? Meni se to ne čini kao isto pitanje. I zaslužuje vlastitu raspravu.”

Seltzer nikada nije imao dijagnozu bilo kakvog poremećaja učenja. No, dodao je: "Iako ne bih rekao da sam disleksičan, ponekad kada kucam prozu, nakon što se osvrnem i pročitam, često sam izostavio riječi ili umetnuo riječi, a ponekad imam poteškoća s koncentracijom." Na poslijediplomskom studiju dobio je recept za Adderall od liječnika koji nije postavljao puno pitanja. Lijek mu je pomogao, pogotovo kada su mu ambicije bile relativno niske. Prisjetio se: “Imao sam ovaj jedan dokument o nuklearnoj strategiji. Profesor nije blagonaklono gledao na bilo kakvu vrstu kreativnog razmišljanja.” Na Adderallu je ispumpao novine za jednu večer. “Samo sam se ugrizao za jezik, povratio i dobio ocjenu dovoljno dobar.”

S druge strane, Seltzer se prisjetio da je uzeo piracetam kako bi napisao esej o “ideji harmonije kao tropu u kineskom političkom diskursu” – to je bio jedan od radova na koje je bio najponosniji. Rekao je: “Bio je to zaista intelektualni izazov. Osjećao sam da mi je piracetam pomogao da radim u području apstraktnog i stvaram asocijacije koje su mi bile potrebne — slijedeći ovu ideju harmonije iz drevnog religijskog vjerovanja koje je stoljećima prevođeno u vrlo važnu temu u političkom diskurs."

Nakon nekoliko godina pauze, Seltzer je nedavno nastavio uzimati neuropojačivače. Osim piracetama, uzeo je hrpu dodataka za koje je mislio da pomažu njegovom mozgu: riblje ulje, pet antioksidansa, proizvod pod nazivom ChocoMind i niz drugih, a svi dostupni u trgovini zdrave hrane. Razmišljao je o dodavanju modafinila, ali još nije. Za doručak svakog jutra skuhao je kašu od zobenih pahuljica, bobičastog voća, sojinog mlijeka, soka od nara, lanenog sjemena, brašna od badema, sirovih jaja i proteinskog praha. Cilj recepta bio je učinkovitost: osloniti se na “jednu gomilu koju možete pojesti ili popiti i koja će imati sve što vam je potrebno nutritivno za vaš mozak i tijelo”. Objasnio je: “Okus mi je posljednja stvar na pameti; Htio sam to moći zadržati – to je bilo to.” (Ovo mi je rekao u kuhinji svog stana; živi sa cimericom, koja je ušla dok smo razgovarali, na trenutak zbunjeno slušala, a zatim stavila smrznutu pizzu u pećnicu.)

Seltzerova odluka da uzme piracetam temeljila se na njegovom vlastitom online čitanju, koje je uključivalo sažetke iz medicinskih časopisa. Nije se posavjetovao s liječnikom. Otkako je uspostavio dnevni režim suplemenata, osjetio je poboljšanje u svom intelektualnom radu i njegovoj sposobnosti da se uključi u poticajan razgovor. Nastavio je: “Osjećam da sam bolje u stanju izreći svoje misli. Siguran sam da ste bili u zoni - vodite stvarno uzbudljivu raspravu s nekim, vaš mozak se osjeća živim. To više osjećam. Ali ne želim reći da je to ova duboka promjena.”

Pitao sam ga je li se zbog piracetama osjećao pametnijim ili samo budnijim i samopouzdanijim – malo bolje opremljenim za upravljanje resursima koje je prirodno imao. "Možda", rekao je. “Nisam siguran što znači biti pametniji, u potpunosti. Teško je izmjeriti kvalitetu. To je gestalt faktor, sve te kvalitete se spajaju - ne samo vaša sposobnost da zbrkate neke brojeve, ili zapamtite neke brojke ili niz brojeva, već i vašu sposobnost da zadržite određeno emocionalno stanje koje je pogodno za produktivan intelektualni rad. Osjećam da sam inteligentniji s drogom, ali ne mogu vam dati broj I.Q. bodova.”

Učinci piracetama na zdrave dobrovoljce proučavani su čak i manje nego oni Adderall ili modafinil. Većina recenziranih studija usredotočuje se na njegove učinke na demenciju ili na ljude koji su pretrpjeli napadaj ili potres mozga. Mnoge studije koje se bave drugim neurološkim učincima provedene su na štakorima i miševima. Mehanizmi djelovanja piracetama nisu shvaćeni, iako može povećati razinu neurotransmitera acetilkolina. Godine 2008. odbor Britanske akademije medicinskih znanosti primijetio je da su mnoga klinička ispitivanja piracetama za demenciju bila metodološki pogrešna. Drugi objavljeni pregled dostupnih studija o lijeku zaključio je da dokazi "ne podržavaju upotrebu piracetama u liječenju osoba s demencijom ili kognitivnim oštećenjem", ali sugerira da bi daljnja istraga mogla biti opravdana. Pitao sam Seltzera misli li da bi trebao pričekati znanstvenu ratifikaciju piracetama. On se smijao. "Ne želim", rekao je. "Zato što radi."

"U svjetlu nedavnih događaja, bojim se da ću morati pojesti neke od vas."

Nema smisla zabraniti korištenje neuropojačivača. Već ih uzima previše ljudi, a korisnici su obično obrazovani i privilegirani ljudi koji postupaju s dovoljno opreza kako ne bi upali u nevolje. Osim toga, Anjan Chatterjee je u pravu da postoji prikladna analogija s plastičnom kirurgijom. U potrošačkom društvu poput našeg, ako su ljudi pravilno informirani o rizicima i dobrobitima neuropojačivača, mogu sami odlučiti o tome kako promijeniti svoje umove, baš kao što mogu donijeti vlastite odluke o oblikovanju svog tijela.

Ipak, čak i ako priznate da je estetska neurologija tu da ostane, postoji nešto obeshrabrujuća u načinu na koji se lijekovi koriste – vrsta aspiracija koje otvaraju, ili ne. Jonathan Eisen, evolucijski biolog s U.C. Davis, skeptičan je prema onome što podrugljivo naziva "dopingom za mozak". Tijekom nedavnog razgovora govorio je o kolegama koji uzimaju neuropojačivače kako bi izmrvili prijedloge za dodjelu bespovratnih sredstava. "Čudno mi je da ljudi uzimaju ove lijekove da bi napisali potpore", rekao je. “Mislim, da ste došli do nekog stvarno zanimljivog papira koji je potaknut uzimanjem neke stvarno zanimljive droge – čarobnih gljiva ili nečeg – to bi mi imalo više smisla. Na kraju, dobar si onoliko koliko su dobre ideje koje si smislio.”

Ali to više nisu šezdesete koje šire um. Čini se da svako doba ima svoju određujuću drogu. Neuropojačivači su savršeno prikladni za tjeskobu natjecanja bijelih ovratnika u posrnulom gospodarstvu. I imaju sinergijski odnos s našim digitalnim tehnologijama koje se umnožavaju: što više gadgeta posjedujemo, to smo više ometeni i više nam je potrebna pomoć kako bismo se usredotočili. Iskustvo koje neuroenhancement nudi uglavnom se ne odnosi na otvaranje vrata percepcije, ili na razbijanje veza sebe, ili na doživljavanje naleta genija. Radi se o izdvajanju dodatnih nekoliko sati da završite te brojke o prodaji kada biste se stvarno radije srušili u krevet; dobivanje B umjesto B-minusa na završnom ispitu na predavanju gdje si pola svog vremena proveo slajući poruke; trpati za G.R.E.-e noću, jer se posao u informacijskoj industriji koji ste dobili nakon fakulteta pokazao ubitačnim. Neuropojačivači ne nude slobodu. Umjesto toga, oni olakšavaju stisnuti, neromantični, vrlo učinkovit oblik produktivnosti.

Ove zime ponovno sam razgovarao s Alexom, diplomantom Harvarda, i otkrio da se, nakon nekoliko mjeseci pauze, vratio uzimanju Adderall-a - male doze svaki dan. Osjećao je da uči koristiti drogu na "discipliniraniji" način. Sada se, rekao je, manje radilo o tome da ostanem do kasno kako bi završio posao koji je trebao obaviti ranije, a više o tome da ostanem usredotočen na posao, zbog čega želim raditi duže. Koji bi se poslodavac protivio tome? ♦

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