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everythinginnepal · 5 years

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Nepal Bangladesh Bank Ltd.

Nepal Bangladesh Bank Ltd. is a leading ‘A’ class commercial bank licensed by Nepal Rastra Bank. Nepal Bangladesh Bank was registered with Office of Company Registrar (50-050/051, Dated January 14, 1994) as a public company limited by shares. Nepal Bangladesh Bank started its banking operation from 6th June, 1994. Nepal Bangladesh Bank was established as a joint venture bank with IFIC Bank Ltd., Bangladesh. Shares of the bank are listed in Nepal Stock Exchange Ltd. since 1995. Vision The bank for everyone Mission of Nepal Bangladesh Bank To offer financial services and become the “bank for everyone" by dedicating the progress and growth of the bank to the community, customers, employees and stockholders by: Fulfilling financial expectation of all level of society Providing excellent customer services by offering personalized quality services and products Giving reasonable returns to all related stakeholders Using the latest technology aimed at customer satisfaction & act as an effective catalyst for socio-economic developments Maintaining high standard corporate governance in all levels Core Values and Code of Conduct/Ethical Principles The Bank has defined following core values for achieving the vision and mission: Deliver quality and complete financial services Provide value to the stakeholders Be accountable for delivering what we promise Demonstrate honesty and integrity in all actions Be balanced in customer orientation and risk consciousness Be efficient and technology oriented Overall Strategic Objectives of Nepal Bangladesh Bank Stick on core values and code of conduct for betterment of the bank Branches Inside Valley S.no. Branch Name Province Province District Local Bodies Local Body Ward Branch Manager Phone Number Branch Email 1 CORPORATE 3 Kathmandu Kathmandu Metroplitian City 28 Rajendra Prasad Adhikari 01-4233780/81/82/83/84/85 [email protected] 2 NEWROAD 3 Kathmandu Kathmandu Metroplitian City 22 Santosh Bhattarai 01-4224477/ 4241368 [email protected] 3 BAHAINSEPATI 3 Lalitpur Lalitpur Metropilitian City 25 Meen Bahadur Rawal 01-5592630/ 5590028 [email protected] 4 MAIN 3 Kathmandu Kathmandu Metroplitian City 10 Ujjwal Bajracharya 01-4780770/ 4782767/ 4781195 [email protected] 5 KALIMATI 3 Kathmandu Kathmandu Metroplitian City 13 Pradeep Poudel 01-4277298/ 4284936 [email protected] 6 LALITPUR 3 Lalitpur Lalitpur Metropilitian City 5 Binod Ranjit 01-5554011/ 5008721 [email protected] 7 BHAKTAPUR 3 Bhaktapur Surya Binayak Municipality 5 Usha Dhungel 01-6613170 [email protected] 8 KAPAN 3 Kathmandu Kathmandu Metroplitian City 10 Sanjeeb Sharma 01-4823335 [email protected] 9 BALAJU 3 Kathmandu Kathmandu Metroplitian City 16 Harish Shrestha 01-4383768/ 4384170 [email protected] 10 JORPATI 3 Kathmandu Gokarneshwor Municipality 5 Nabin Prasad Shrestha 01-4910997/ 4910828 [email protected] 11 KIRTIPUR 3 Kathmandu Kirtipur Municipality 1 Rabin Shakya 01-5195123/ 5195348 [email protected] 12 IMADOLE 3 Lalitpur Mahalaxmi Municipality 1 Rekha Pradhan 01-5204202 [email protected] 13 MAHARAJGUNJ 3 Kathmandu Kathmandu Metroplitian City 3 Krishna hari Bhandari 01-4376565/ 4376525 [email protected] 14 CHABAHIL 3 Kathmandu Kathmandu Metroplitian City 7 Anjana Pandey Lohani 01-4482692/ 4483386 [email protected] 15 KOTESHWOR 3 Kathmandu Kathmandu Metroplitian City 32 Bisho Rup Khadka 01-4600219 [email protected] 16 MAITIDEVI 3 Kathmandu Kathmandu Metroplitian City 30 Santosh Kumar Trital 01-4440335, 01-4440336 [email protected] 17 SANEPA 3 Lalitpur Lalitpur Metropilitian City 2 Amrit Lal Shrestha 01-5546010/11 [email protected] 18 TOKHA 3 Kathmandu Kathmandu Metroplitian City 7 Shree Ram Nepal 01-4355345/01-4381150 [email protected] Branches Outside Valley S.no. Branch Name Province Province District Local Bodies Local Body Ward Branch Manager Phone Number Branch Email 1 BATTAR 3 Nuwakot Bidur Municipality 4 Rajendra Prasad Dhakal 010-561776/ 560256 [email protected] 2 JANAKPUR 2 Dhanusha Janakpur Sub Metropolitian City 2 Ravi Bhatta 041-523385/ 521548 [email protected] 3 BUTWAL 5 Rupendehi Butwal Sub Metropolitian City 6 Anjan Koirala 071-544845/ 544906 [email protected] 4 HETAUDA 3 Makwanpur Hetauda Sub Metropolitian City 10 Ram Kumar Shrestha 057-523034/ 524936 [email protected] 5 BIRGUNJ 2 Parsa Birgunj Sub Metropolitian City 4 Sagendra Bhakta Pradhananga 051-523689/ 523494 [email protected] 6 NEPALGUNJ 5 Banke Nepalgunj Sub Metropolitian City 11 Keshab Gautam 081-415135 [email protected] 7 BIRATNAGAR 1 Morang Biratnagar Metropolitian City 9 Balkrishna Shrestha 021-530523/ 524263 [email protected] 8 BARAHBISE 3 Sindhupalchowk Barahbise Municipality 8 Shree Krishna Paudel 011-489022 [email protected] 9 DHANGADHI 7 Kailali Dhangadhi Sub Metropolitian City 2 Sushil Bahadur Singh 091-521785 [email protected] 10 POKHARA 4 (Gandaki Pradesh) Kaski Pokhara Lekhnath Metropolitian City 9 Devendra Awasthy 061-533134/ 533135 [email protected] 11 DHARAN 1 Sunsari Dharan Sub Metropolitian City 12 Saroj Babu Tiwari 025-530166 [email protected] 12 DHUNCHE 3 Rasuwa Gosaikunda Rural Municipality 6 Roshan Kumar Rajkarnikar 010-540015 [email protected] 13 NARAYANGADH 3 Chitawan Bharatpur Metro 3 Kiran Kumar Pradhan 056-570962/ 5709631 [email protected] 14 BHOJPUR 1 Bhojpur Bhojpur Municipality 5 Abishekh Adhikari 029-420713 [email protected] 15 BIRTAMODE 1 Jhapa Bitramod Municipality 5 Shyam Kumar Rijal 023-545724/ 545744 [email protected] 16 BHAIRAHAWA 5 Rupendehi Siddharthanagar Municipality 7 Bishnu Raj Rayamajhi 071-521658/ 521659 [email protected] 17 SALYAN 6 (Karnali Pradesh) Salyan Sharada Municipality 1 Prakash Neupane 088-400182 [email protected] 18 SURKHET 6 (Karnali Pradesh) Surkhet Birendranagar Municipality 6 Ratna Kala Rawal 083-520220/ 521481 [email protected] 19 DARCHULA 7 Darchula Mahakali Municipality 4 Shyam Raj Badu 093-420242 [email protected] 20 SANKRANTI 1 Terahthum Aatharai Rural Municipality 4 Bharat Bharati 026-680966/ 680967 [email protected] 21 DANG 5 Dang Deokhuri Ghorahi Sub Metro 15 Prakash Ghimire 082-563796/7 [email protected] 22 BIRATCHOWK 1 Morang Sundar Haraicha Municipality 10 Sujan Timsina 021-545799/ 545789 [email protected] 23 KARSIA 1 Morang Dhanpalthan Rural Municipality 4 Amit Bastola 021-565038 [email protected] 24 GALCHHI 3 Dhading Galchhi Rural Municipality 6 Sunil GC 010-403127 [email protected] 25 JHALARI 7 Kanchanpur Suklaphata Municipality 10 Tilak Raj Bhatta 099-540067 [email protected] 26 MUSIKOT 6 (Karnali Pradesh) Rukum (Paschim) Musikot Municipality 1 Kranti Kumar Sapkota 088-530364 [email protected] 27 PHIDIM 1 Panchthar Phidim Municipality 1 Raj Kumar Thapa 024-521081 [email protected] 28 KHAIRENI 3 Chitawan Khairahani Muncipality 1 Binod Dhital 056-583097 [email protected] 29 CHAINPUR 7 Bajang Jaya Prithvi Municipality 8 Bhim Raj Pokharel 091-4211431 [email protected] 30 KUSHMA BAZAR 4 (Gandaki Pradesh) Parbat Kushma Municipality 6 Hemant Pant 067-421327 [email protected] 31 KHAJURA 5 Banke Khajura Rural Municipality 3 Chandra Bahadur Shrestha 081-560428/ 560429 [email protected] 32 LEKHNATH 4 (Gandaki Pradesh) Kaski Pokhara Lekhnath Municpality 3 Barsha Shrestha 061-411445 [email protected] 33 BAGLUNG 4 (Gandaki Pradesh) Baglung Baglung Municipality 2 Ishwori Prasad Pokharel 068-520310/ 522872 [email protected] 34 DALDALE 4 (Gandaki Pradesh) Nawalpur Devchuli Municipality 13 Puspa Ram Mahato 078-575570 [email protected] 35 ITAHARI 1 Sunsari Itahari Sub Metro 1 Krishna Timsina 025-582411 [email protected] 36 SINDHUWA 1 Dhankuta Chhathar Jorpati Rural Municipality 6 Tanka Prasad Limbu 026-404169 [email protected] 37 SINZA 6 (Karnali Pradesh) Jumla Sinja Rural Municipality 3 Tula raj Shahi 9758004548 [email protected] 38 SANGURIGADI 1 Dhankuta Sangurigadhi Rural Municipality 6 Nirajan Dhungana 025-400078 [email protected] 39 CHHATHAR 1 Terahthum Chhathar Rural Municipality 7 Sudeep Dhakal 9851142173 [email protected] 40 PANCHKHAPAN 1 Sankhuwashava Panchakhapan Municipality 6 Suresh Budhatoki 029-411084 [email protected] 41 CHHATARGUNJ 5 Argakhanchi Chhatradev Rural Municipality 5 Bijay Thapa 077-690436 [email protected] 42 BHUMLU 3 Kavre Bhumlu Rural Municipality 5 Sarada Prasad Bhattrai 9741473634 [email protected] 43 SALPASILICHO 1 Bhojpur Salpasilicho Rural Municipality 3 Durga Bahadur Kafle 9842306473 [email protected] 44 BARDIBAS 2 Mahottari Bardibas Municipality 1 Diwakar Lal Karna 044-550154 [email protected] 45 BRAHMAPURI 2 Sarlahi Brahmapuri Rural Municipality 2 "Kha" Sujan Khanal 9851067147 [email protected] 46 KOUDENA 2 Sarlahi Koudena Rural Municipality 2 Ram Babu Thapa 9854035716 [email protected] 47 CHANDRANIGAHAPUR 2 Routahat Chandrapur Municipality 5 Lil Bahadur Rokaha 055-540670/72 [email protected] 48 SIMARA 2 Bara Jitpur Simara Sub Metroplitian 2 Satish Maharjan 053-520627/053-520628 [email protected] 49 PARWANIPUR 2 Bara Parwanipur Rural Municipality 4 Sanjay Kumar Yadav 051-410069/ 051-410069 [email protected] 50 HAPURE 5 Dang Babai Rural Municipality 4 Mr. Swadhin Singh Basnet 082-403056/ 082-403057 [email protected] 51 MAKWANPURGADHI 3 Makwanpur Makwanpurgadhi Rural Municipality 3 Dilli Bahadur Karki 9849656094 [email protected] 52 CHANDRAUTA 5 Kapilbastu Shivaraj Municipality 5 Khem Raj Bhattarai 076-540526 [email protected] 53 BISHNU 2 Sarlahi Bishnu Rural Municipality 6 Biswanath Yadav 9844037325 [email protected] 54 DHANAUJI 2 Dhanusha Dhanauji Rural Municipality 2 Pradeep Kumar Thakur 9813094594 [email protected] 55 ARNAMA 2 Siraha Arnama Rural Municipality 3 Krishna Kumar Shah 9852020660 [email protected] 56 RAJARANI 1 Dhankuta Chaubise Rural Municipality 6 Ghanashyam Basnet 026-411062 [email protected] 57 FIKKAL 1 Ilam Suryodaya Municipality 10 Milan Karki 027-540595 [email protected] 58 CHANDRANAGAR 2 Sarlahi Chandranagar Rural Municipality 3 "Ka" Deb Sharan Raut 9861905813 [email protected] 59 DEWAHI GONAHI 2 Rautahat Dehawi Gonahi Rural Municipality 8 Diwas Sarraph 9845428941 [email protected] 60 DAMOULI 4 (Gandaki Pradesh) Tanahun Byas Municipality 4 Suman Subedi 065-560880/065-560881 [email protected] 61 SANDHIKHARKA 5 Argakhanchi Sandhikharka Municipality 1 Sagar Kunwar 077-420965 [email protected] 62 CHANDEV 7 Kanchanpur Laljhadi Rural Municipality 6 Pankaj Bhatt 9848751003 [email protected] 63 FEDAP 1 Terahthum Fedap Rural Municipality 1 Rochak Kathet 026-681031/026-681032 [email protected] 64 BULINGTAR 4 (Gandaki Pradesh) Nawalpur Bulingtar Rural Municipality 3 Dhurba Raj Pokhrel 9851170643 [email protected] 65 KALIMATI (RAMPUR) 6 (Karnali Pradesh) Salyan Kalimati Rural Municipality 3 Min Raj Adhikari 9849180380 [email protected] 66 TIMURE 3 Rasuwa Gosaikunda Rural Municipality 9 Anup Bhujel 010-543022 [email protected] 67 MAHENDRANAGAR 7 Kanchanpur Bhimdutta Municipality 4 Bed Prakash Badu 099-522112/099-522168 [email protected] 68 TIKAPUR 7 Kailali Tikapur Municipality 1 Deepak Khadka 091-560752/ 091-560362 [email protected] 69 KOHALPUR 5 Banke Kohalpur Municipality 11 Padam Raj Upreti 081-540256 /081-540258 [email protected] 70 DAMAK 1 Jhapa Damak Municipality 6 Krishna Kumar Adhikari 023-580163/023-580164 [email protected] 71 MIRCHAIYA 2 Siraha Mirchaiya Municipality Ajit Kumar Jha 9854035716 [email protected] 72 Malangwa 2 Sarlahi Malangwa Municipality 6 Ritesh Kumar Sah 046-521705/06 [email protected] List of Extension Counter of Nepal Bangladesh Bank Ltd S.N. Counter Name District Municipality Ward Tole Phone No. Related Branch 1 TATOPANI CUSTOM SINDHUPALCHWOK 3 CUSTOM OFFICE …….. BAHRABISE BRANCH 2 TIMMURE RASHUWA .. TIMMURE 16-923534 DHUNCHE BRANCH 3 ICAN LALITPUR 15 SATDOBATO, ICAN Building LALITPUR BRANCH 4 MID WESTERN UNIVERISITY SURKHET SURKHET, Mid Western University Office SURKHET BRANCH 5 NOC (Nepal Oil Corporation) BARA AMLEKHGUNJ, NOC Office HETAUDA BRANCH 6 Chanauli Extension Counter CHITAWAN CHANAULI MALPOT OFFICE 9802092740 NARAYANGADH BRANCH 7 Sindhuwa Extension Counter DHANKUTA 2 Chathar Jorpati Gaupaika Office 9842170332 SINDHUWA BRANCH Branchless Banking (BLB) Outlets of Nepal Bangladesh Bank Ltd S.N. BLB Location District Municapality Ward Tole Mobile Number BLB Agent Related Branch 1 RAMKOT Kathmandu Nagarjun Municipality 7 Ramkot 9841904693 Bhaskar Gautam KALIMATI BRANCH 2 KHOKANA Lalitpur Lalitpur Metro 21 Khokana 01-5592126/ 9841552801 Hari Ram Dangol BHAISEPATI BRANCH List of ATM Counter Inside Kathmandu Valley S.N. District BRANCH VDC/Municipality Location 1 Kathmandu Chabahil Kathmandu Metro Mitra Park 2 Bhaktapur Bhaktpur Surya Binayak Municipality Sallaghari 3 Kathmandu Main Branch Kathmandu Metro Bijuli bazaar 4 Lalitpur Imadol Mahalaxmi Municipality Imadole 5 Kathmandu Main Branch Kathmandu Metro Battisputali 6 Kathmandu Kalimati Kathmandu Metro Kalimati ,Chandi Complex 7 Kathmandu Corporate Kathmandu Metro Lazimpat (Big Mart) 8 Lalitpur Bhaisepati Lalitpur Metro Sainbu 9 Kathmandu Balaju Kathmandu Metro Naya Bazar 10 Kathmandu Kapan Budanilkantha Municipality Akasdhara 11 Kathmandu Newroad Kathmandu Metro Meera Home Khichapokhari 12 Bhaktapur Bhaktpur Bhaktapur Municipality Cancer Hospital ,Bhaktapur 13 Kathmandu Jorpati Gokarneshwor Municipality Jorpati 14 Lalitpur Lalitpur Lalitpur Metro Kumaripati 15 Kathmandu Corporate Kathmandu Metro Gyaneswor (Jain Bhawan) 16 Kathmandu Corporate Kathmandu Metro Kamaladi (Corporate Building) 17 Kathmandu Kirtipur Kirtipur Municipality Tyanglaphat 18 Kathmandu Maharajgunj Kathmandu Metro Maharajgunj 19 Kathmandu Balaju Kathmandu Metro Thamel 20 Kathmandu Newroad Kathmandu Metro Newroad (Jhonse) 21 Kathmandu Koteshwor Kathmandu Metro Koteshwor 22 Lalitpur Lalitpur Lalitpur Metro ICAN Building Satdobato 23 Kathmandu Corporate Kathmandu Metro Kamaladi (Corporate Building) 24 Kathmandu Corporate Kathmandu Metro Kamaladi (Corporate Building) 25 Kathmandu Corporate Kathmandu Metro Seto Pool, Maitidevi Outside Kathmandu Valley S.N. District BRANCH VDC/Municipality Location 1 Nuwakot Battar Bidur Municipality Battar Bazaar 2 Bhojpur Bhojpur Bhojpur Municipality Bhojpur Bazar 3 Banke Nepalgunj Nepalgunj Sub Metro Dhamboji, Surkhet Road 4 Kaski Pokhara Pokhara Lekhnath Metro Ramghat (Hospital Chowk) 5 Makawanpur Hetauda Hetauda Sub Metro Rapti Road 6 Sunsari Dharan Dharan Sub Metro Mahendra Path 7 Rupandehi Bhairahawa Siddharthanagar Municipality Siddharthanagar 8 Rasuwa Rasuwa Gosaikunda Rural Municipality Dhunche 9 Kaski Pokhara Pokhara Lekhnath Metro Chipledhunga 10 Morang Biratnagar Biratnagar Metro Rangeli Road 11 Chitawan Narayangarh Bharatpur Metro Pulchowk, Narayangarh 12 Parsa Birgunj Birjung Metro Alkhiya Road 13 Surkhet Surkhet Birendranagar Municipality Hulak Chowk 14 Nuwakot Battar Bidur Municipality Trishuli 15 Rupandehi Butwal Butwal Sub Metro Traffic Chowk 16 Dhanusha Janakpur Janakpur Sub Metro Bhanu Chowk 17 Kailali Dhangadi Dhangadi Sub Metro Chauraha, Main Road 18 Morang Biratchowk Sundar Haraicha Municipality Biratchowk 19 Jhapa Birtamod Bitramod Municipality Jhapa 20 Kanchanpur Jhalari Suklaphata Municipality Kanchanpur 21 Panchthar Phidim Phidim Municipality Panchthar 22 Chitwan Khairahani Khairahani Muncipality Chitwan 23 Prabat Kushma Kushma Municipality Parbat 24 Salyan Salyan Sharada Municipality Shreenagar 25 Banke Khajura Khajura Rural Municipality Khajura 26 Bara Hetauda Amlekhgunj Amlekhgunj 27 Kaski Lekhnath Pokhara Lekhnath Metro Lekhnath 28 Baglung Baglung Baglung Municipality Jeep Park 29 Nawalparari Daldale Devchili Municipality Daldale 30 Sunsari Itahari Itahari Sub Metor Itahari 31 Dhankuta Sindhuwa Chhathar Jorpati Rural Municipality Sindhuwa 32 Dhankuta Sangurigadhi Sangurigadhi Rural Municipality Bhedetar 33 Bradibas Bardibas Bardibas Municipality Bardibas 34 Bara Simara Jitpur Simara Sub-Metropolitan City Simara 35 Dang Dang Ghorahi Sub-Metropolitan City Ghorahi 36 Ilam Fikkal Suryodaya Municipality Fikkal Bazar 37 Tahanu Damauli Byas Municipality Damauli Bazar 38 Arghakhanchi Sandhikharka Sandhikharka Municipality Sandhikharka Read the full article

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juniperpublishers-ttsr · 5 years

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Landslide Hazard Analysis by Using Arc GIS and Google Earth: A Case Study of Province 5, Nepal - Juniper Publishers

Journal of Trends in Technical and Scientific Research

Abstract

Province 5 of Nepal is one of the vulnerable province to natural and human induced disasters like landslides. This research was objectively carried out to estimate the number and area of the landslide and find out the district, municipality and rural municipality wise spatial distribution of landslides in the study area. The visible scars of landslides were located and outlined in Google Earth™ and further analyzed in ArcGIS 10.3. Altogether, 701 landslides were found in 12 districts with total area coverage of 1940.17 ha. The largest area cover of landslide was found in Dang district with 326.99 ha and the lowest area cover of landslide of 8.63 ha was calculated in Rupandehi district. The highest occurrence 44 landslides occurred in Naubahini Rural Municipality of Pyuthan district followed by Sandhikharka municipality of Arghakhanchi district and Ghorahi sub-metropolitan city of Dang district with 43 and 42 landslides respectively. In Bardiya district, Bardia National park had 57 landslides instances on area of 260.62 ha. The highest area covered by landslides was 191.36 ha in Bijayanagar Rural Municipality of Kapilbastu district, 119.14 ha in Lamahi Municipality of Dang district, 106.66 ha in Sunwal Municipality of Nawalparasi district and 102.9 ha in Putha Uttarganga Rural Municipality of Rukum East district. Overall, this research depicts landslide area of whole province 5 and will be helpful to assist in further decision making. This type of the study can be very useful without much fieldwork and saves huge amount of time and money.

Keywords: Spatial distribution Google Earth™ Arc GIS Landslides

Introduction

Province 5 is one of the seven provinces established by the new constitution of Nepal. This province does not have an official database for landslides. Landslides, defined as the mass movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope [1], can be triggered by various external stimuli. Landslides are geologic hazards that occur on spatial and temporal scales in mountainous landscapes and are frequently responsible for considerable loss of life and property [2]. As one of the major natural hazards, landslides claim people’s lives almost every year and cause huge property damage in mountainous areas [3,4]. The characteristics of various types of landslides are important to develop appropriate mitigation measures in the mountainous terrain of Nepal because the problems of landslides are different in different physiographic, geologic and climatic zones [5]. The inherently weak geological characteristics of rocks and soils have made the Himalaya fundamentally a very fragile mountain [5] and the triggering factors such as rainfall and earthquakes play their role to make the mountain very vulnerable to landslides and other mass wasting processes. The Midland areas have been highly susceptible to landslide due to complex interaction of natural and man-made factors [6]. Precambrian to Cambrian Lesser Himalayan met sedimentary zone of western Nepal is one of the vulnerable zones among morpho-tectonic units of Nepal due to its rugged mountain topography,complex and fragile nature of the geological formations, active groundwater activities, soft soil cover, high intensity rainfall in the monsoon season, steep slope and surcharge loads of vegetation [5]. Loss of income, livelihood opportunities and property, starvation including displacement of affected families were the major implications of these disasters [7].

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system that is used to construct, record, analyze, manipulate, and display geographic information. Google Earth™ helps to visualize live data. Traditional remote sensing data is difficult to interpret and needs rigorous amount of processing of the data, Google Earth™ has made this process simple [8]. Although Google Earth™ does not have any analytic functions but compatible with GIS hence can be used for interpretation of spatial data. Google Earth™ is used in diverse fields such as geology, environmental science, and public health, archeology to social and political issues like crisis management [9-12]. And most often by the researchers Google Earth™ is considered as the democratization of the GIS since it is user friendly and free data source [8,13]. Google Earth is not an analytical tool hence it will not replace GIS however it complements the GIS use, realizing this many GIS software developers are creating a slew of products that combine its ease of use with their traditional analytic strengths [8]. If budget is a constraint in purchasinghigh resolution satellite imagery, then one could consider utilizing free Google earth images [14]. The landslide hazard mapping helps to reduce the risk by taking appropriate actions. In the meantime, monitoring landslide events in a vast area with sparse population can be very expensive, labor extensive and strenuous task. Hence remote sensing tools can be very helpfulin determining possible hazardous zone and this will help in prioritizing the hazard prone areas. Thus, this research was objectively carried out to estimate the number and area of the landslides and to find out the district, municipality and rural municipality wise spatial distribution of landslides in Province 5, Nepal.

Materials and Methods

Study Area

Province 5 is one of the seven provinces established by the new constitution of Nepal which was adopted on 20 September 2015. Butwal city has been declared the interim state capital of Province 5. In total, it covers an area of 22,288 km2 It borders Gandaki province and Karnali province to the north, Sudurpashchim province to the west, and Uttar Pradesh of India tothe south. There are 12 districts, 4 sub-metropolitan cities, 32 municipalities, 73 rural municipalities and two national parks in the province. However, only those municipalities and rural municipalities were shown in the result section where landslide has been occurred (Figure 1).

Methods

This study is based on Remote Sensing data from Google Earth™ and its interpretation in ArcGIS 10.3 software.

1. Based on the availability of Google earth imagery, landslides were mapped in the month of July and August of the year 2018 AD.

2. The Google Earth™ polygons were then converted to kmz file and they were processed and studied further in ArcGIS 10.3.

3. The area, distribution and number of the landslide events were studied (Figure 2).

Results

The map represents the landslides in Province 5 of Nepal. The red spots in the map show the landslide events. Most of the landslides were observed in clusters and near the river or stream bank. Altogether, 701 landslides occurred in 12 districts with total area coverage of 1940.17ha. The largest area cover of landslide was found in Dang district 326.99ha and the lowest area cover of landslide was in Rupandehi 8.63ha. The district summary of landslides with number and area coverage is given in the figure below (Figures 3 & 4) In Rolpa district 141 landslides occurred in area of 143.7ha, 119 landslides occurred in Dang district in area of 326.99ha and 92 landslides occurred in area of 142.67ha in Argakhachi district. In Pyuthan district 90 landslides occurred in area of 279.89ha, 72 landslides occurred in Palpa district in area of 109.61ha, 57 landslides occurred in Bardiya National Park in area of 260.62 ha and 43 landslides occurred in Gulmi district in area of 20.99 ha. In Nawalparasi district 25 landslides occurred in area of 190.25ha, 22 landslides occurred in Rukum-East district in area of 111.68ha, 19 landslides occurred in Banke district in area of 73.81 ha, 11 landslides occurred in Kapilbastu district in area of 271.33ha and 10 landslides occurred in Rupandehi district in area of 8.63 ha. Similarly, the table below shows the number and area of landslide in local level under 12 districts (Table 1). In Arghakhachi district, the highest number of landslides was 43 in Sandhikharka Municipality and highest area of landslide was92.43ha in Sitganga Municipality. In Banke district, highest of 8 landslides with total area cover of 60.05 ha occurred in Rapti Sonari Rural Municipality. In Bardiya National Park 57 landslides occurred in 260.62 hectares. In Dang district the highest number of landslides was 42 in Ghorahi sub-metropolitan city and highest area of landslide was 119.14ha in Lamahi Municipality. In Gulmi district, highest number of landslides was 19 of Isma Rural Municipality and the highest area covered by landslide was from Satyawati Rural Municipality i.e. 7.33ha. In Kapilbastu district, highest number of 6 landslide occurred in Buddabhumi Municipality and highest area covered by landslides was 191.36 ha in Bijaynagar Rural Municipality.

In Nawalparasi west district, highest 19 landslides with total area cover of 106.66 ha occurred in Sunwal Municipality. In Palpa district, highest landslide occcurence was 43 in Tinau Rural Municipality with total area cover of 55.15ha. In Pyuthan district, highest number of 43 landslides occurred in Naubahini Rural Municipality with total area cover of 98.24ha. In Rolpa district, highest number of landslides was 26 in Tribeni Rural Municipality and the highest area cover of landslide was 40.87ha in Runtigadi Rural Municipality. In Rukum East district, highest number of 15 landslides occurred in Putha Uttarganga Rural Municipality with total area cover of 102.9ha. In Rupandehi district, highest number of 2 landslides occurred in Devdaha Municipality with an area cover of 4.35ha.

Discussion

According to Nepal DesInventar report 2011, the most common type of disaster in the country is epidemic, followed by landslide and flooding. Since 1971-2010 AD, 2705 landslides are recorded with 4327 deaths and 1146 injuries [15]. According to Bhattarai et al. [16], a total of about 12,000 small- and large-scale landslides occur in Nepal every year, most of which often remain unnoticed and unreported mainly because of an inadequate information system, little economic impact, or little harm to humans and national infrastructure. The available data indicate that the annual rate of human deaths in landslides and related disaster events still stands at over 300 [17]. In Nepal, the number of landslide events peaks in the monsoon season, when they are triggered by high rainfall. Earlier Dixit [18] has prepared a landslide hazard map for Nepal which shows the mid hills were more susceptible to landslide. Between 1970 and 2018 in span of 48 years epidemics killed total 4,161 people in province number five; landslide alone killed 618 people, affected 66,512 families, 46 people went missing and 261 people were injured [19]. It is noteworthy that many small-scale disasters often go unreported. Among Mid-Hill and High Hill districts, Gulmi reported the greatest number of human causalities (142) followed by Pyuthan (132), Palpa (102) and Arghakhanchi (75) [19]. In terms of greatest number of families affected by landslides, Gulmi district has the highest number of deaths which is 19,713, followed by Arghakhanchi (10,564), Rukum (4,123), Palpa (3,948), and Rolpa (3,046) [19].

In our results, the number of landslides is high in districts Dang, Rolpa, Arghakhachi, Palpa and Pyuthan and according the area cover of landslide in all the ten districts excluding Banke and Rupandehi around 1 to 300 hectares is found under the effect of landslide. This result somehow matches with National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to climate change report 2010, prepared by Ministry of Environment. According to the report, Ropla and east Rukum categorised as high landslide risk districts with index (0.630-0.786); Dang, Gulmi, Pyuthan and Arghakhachi are categorised as medium landslide risk districts with index (0.47- 0.629); Palpa is categorised as district with minimum landslide with index (0.001- 0.46); whereas Parasi, Banke, Kapilbastu, Rupandehi and Bardia are the districts with very minimum landslide risk [20].

Conclusion

Since we lag in research regarding landslide, landslide mapping through Google earth and GIS would prove to be cost and time efficient. This data depicts landslide area of whole province 5 and assists in further decision making. Altogether, 701 landslides occurred in 12 districts with total area coverage of 1940.17 ha. Google Earth and GIS gives very important information on the spatial distribution of the landslide. It assists to set up priority areas for mitigation measures, helps in better understanding of the landslide as a hazard. Hence thistype of the study can be very useful in disaster prone areas for decision making and planning without much of a fieldwork saving huge amount of time and money.

Limitations

Though visuals were carefully observed, this study lacks ground validation which means that sometimes the information collected just by the visual analysis of the terrain and landslide scars may not be justified

Acknowledgement

We would like to acknowledge Mr. Raj Kumar Rimal for his tremendous support during this research. We are also thankful to Dr. Ramasheshwor Mandal who paid a huge contribution in conducting this research and in report preparation.

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