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digitalmarketingagencysworld · 4 years ago

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How To Hire A Web Developer For Your In-House Team

Hundreds of thousands of internet sites are created a day . With over a billion websites now circulating on the web , having an honest website is merely the bare minimum. As many websites are created for various industries and specific niches, expanding the web presence and business reach within the marketplace is one among the challenges faced by many small businesses.

Having an intuitive and responsive website that gives immersive browsing and customer experience is great leverage for businesses to widen their client reach and improve brand awareness.

Also, there are online branding strategies which will have an excellent impact on the brand itself. to possess a well-functioning website, a business must optimize web development to assist generate leads, and hire a team of web developers.

This article created by our team at TMS will provide key information on the way to hire an internet developer.

In-House Web Development

In-house web development requires businesses to incorporate web developers in their regular workforce. Having in-house web developers is right for businesses with web projects that require full-time support. It helps business owners to create a singular and robust online platform or web application for his or her products and services. Hiring in-house is additionally perfect for those that decide to proportion their business and introduce advanced functionalities apart from basic customer relationship management (CRM).

Web developers are divided into three differing types , the front-end, the back-end, and therefore the full-stack developers. it's important to understand their differences to know which sort of web developer you would like for your business.

Front-End Developers

Front-end web developers are liable for the slight modifications to the “front” of an internet site or the part that visitors usually see and interact with. they create changes to the online design and layout to form sure that the web site stays responsive and arranged when viewed on different devices.

Although the functions seem similar, note that front-end developers are different from web designers. Web designers are more focused on the visual design, overall appearance, user experience of an internet site . They create the planning components or visual elements which will be used on an internet site like a layout, colour scheme , theme, and more.

Back-End Developers

On the opposite hand, a back-end web developer performs one among the elemental roles in web development. They design and make the web site structure, and confirm that the web site is running smoothly. a couple of of their tasks include solving technical issues, integrating third-party services, streamlining dataflow, and improving the load speed of the web site .

Back-end developers utilize coding tools like PHP, Python, Ruby, Java, and database languages like MongoDB, MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, and more. They design and optimize databases consistent with business needs and other requirements. They code any changes within the data using the database languages before sending them back to the front-end.

Full-Stack Developers

They're often preferred by small businesses and start-ups with limited resources because it’s more practical to pay one specialist for 2 separate jobs. Since they need a wider skill set, they typically have higher hourly rates than front-end and back-end developers.

What are the benefits of Hiring an internet Developer?

Before diving into the meaty a part of the way to hire an internet developer, let’s check out the benefits of hiring one. apart from the very fact that web development may be a time-intensive and highly skilled endeavor, hiring an internet developer will assist you within the following areas:

A team of in-house web developers will assist you specialize in tasks aside from web development services. Since they're a part of your regular workforce and daily business operations, they're going to have a clearer understanding of your business needs, allowing them to supply you with the foremost appropriate web development solutions. As a business owner, it enables you to line your annual company budget and manage organizational workflow effectively. It gives you wider control of your business. you'll also use your web development team to guide you thru decision-making processes to possess a broader set of ideas and ideas for your business, and make sure the success of your project.

How To Choose the proper Developer for Your Business?

Always confine mind that full-time web developers are like employees for your website. they're liable for the daily management and maintenance of your website. Hiring an expert for your team are often challenging especially if you've got no prior experience of the position and its responsibilities. Resumes can help simplify the choice process, but a resume can’t tell you if the talents indicated are up to your standards. Recruitment may be a crucial process for each business, and selecting the proper person to figure with are often very challenging. So, how does one know if the applicant is that the right web developer for your business? There are steps which will assist you improve your chances of hiring the right web developer.

Questions to Ask Before Hiring an internet Developer

It is always important to form your goals and requirements clear for your business project before adding new members to your professional team. To guide you within the right direction, you want to answer these fundamental questions:

Is this a newly created position?

Make sure that you simply are hiring a replacement person for a totally new role to avoid paying a premium salary for employment that’s already existing in your company.

Is the workload consistent from day to day?

Study and analyze your digital marketing needs throughout the year to understand if it’s really a daily job and if they will work on 100% capacity during seasonal promotions for instance . Are you busy during the holidays? does one have quarterly promotions? Or does one got to promote large company events?

Do you have the budget to rent the person or team you need?

The company budget is that the most vital factor to think about before proceeding to rent an in-house web development team. Which is that the more practical and cost-effective option for the company? To outsource an internet development agency or pay a salaried employee? Please confirm to think about the pros, the cons, and therefore the requirements like vacation pay, insurance , and retirement benefits when making a radical comparison between the 2 options.

Questions to Ask Web Developer Candidates

If you answered ‘yes’ to all or any the previous questions, then you'll proceed with hiring web developers. the subsequent are key questions which will assist you assess an applicant’s technical abilities, soft skills, and other essential traits, along side the standard questions during job interviews.

Please describe three web development projects that you simply recently worked on. What were the foremost interesting and challenging parts?

This question will assist you determine a candidate’s attitude towards performing on web development projects. hear their answers carefully. note of the foremost interesting and therefore the most challenging parts for them. If the candidate is hooked in to the work and likes to successfully combat challenges, then the person is true for the team.

What new programming languages or technologies have you ever learned recently?

Being able to adapt to changes and innovations in technology is one among the key characteristics of an honest web developer. Web developers should be willing to find out new programming languages to enhance their skill set.

What web platforms does one have experience with? Which one(s) you wish most, and why?

There is a good sort of website builders and eCommerce platforms like Magento, WordPress, Shopify, Wix, and more. note of the online platforms that the candidate prefers the foremost . The question will assist you determine the extent of the candidate’s experiences and skillsets. it'll also show if the candidate knows the benefits and drawbacks of using such web platforms.

What is your production timeline?

The candidate’s answer to the present question will tell you tons about his or her time management skills. it'll assist you determine how briskly and efficient a candidate is in delivering daily tasks without compromising the standard .

What quite research does one conduct before you begin building the website?

This question will assist you determine the candidate’s level of professionalism. If the candidate always includes and values research within the website development process, then this displays the candidate’s determination to create an internet site with the simplest quality and perform web projects successfully.

How comfortable are you with writing HTML entirely by hand? (Conduct an exercise afterward)

As we've mentioned, resumes don’t always reflect a person’s real technical abilities. Many web developers claim to be an HTML expert, yet they're not comfortable with writing an HTML document by hand. As a business owner, of course, you would like to urge your money’s worth and receive the simplest value possible. So, you've got to form sure you're paying a premium salary to an internet developer which will write a basic HTML document without having any external resources. As for the exercise, provide a sample of an internet site then ask the candidate to write down the HTML for it.

What is the W3C and what does it do?

When developing an internet site , it's important that it meets web standards. Ask this question to understand if they're conversant in the planet Wide Web Consortium (W3C). They don’t need to state the mission and vision of the W3C, but any web developer must a minimum of know the Consortium.

What are a couple of of your favorite development tools and why?

Ask the candidate to call a couple of of his preferred development tools. If the solution includes Notepad, then you'll search for another suitable candidate. This question will assist you gauge the candidate’s level of competence. you furthermore may want to form sure that the candidate is capable of working with the event tools utilized in the corporate .

Provide a drag or a particularly challenging task that you simply have encountered before, and describe how you solved it.

This question will enable you to assess and study a candidate’s problem-solving skills. hear the candidate’s past experiences and the way he or she came up with the answer to the matter . you'll also provide a minimum of one hypothetical situation which may occur while doing the work , and evaluate the candidate’s approach to such a posh situation. it'll assist you determine whether or not the candidate is results-oriented.

We have tons more interview questions counting on the sort of developer that you simply are looking for:

*Top Python Interview Questions and Answers

*Node.js Interview Questions You’ll got to Answer

*WordPress interview questions you would like the answers to

*Web Developer Interview Questions

How to Hire an internet Developer: choose the Developer’s Skills

Web developers are engineers who use codes to make almost any website from the bottom up, but that doesn’t mean that they're also good at designing websites. This sets them aside from web designers. Thus, web developers are often partnered with web designers to form a promising team. Web developers have a broader coding knowledge than web designers because they also use advanced software languages like PHP and Python thus, they're capable of making complex website layouts. These are only a couple of the elemental skills that a mean web developer should possess, otherwise, you'll continue checking out candidates with stronger web developer skills.

Projects they need Worked On

Another way of selecting the proper developer is by rummaging through the t candidates’ previous projects. you'll require candidates to supply you with a portfolio of their past web projects, or access to their live work. this may assist you evaluate the functionality of the websites they created, and determine if their skills are up to your company’s needs and standards. you'll also ask them if they own a blog site, a web portfolio of the websites and UX designs they developed, code samples of an answer that they're pleased with , and a reusable widget or system

Signs to rent Them On The Spot

Having a clearer set of goals for the project will enable you now to make the profile of a perfect web developer you would like in your business. a professional tip is to create the profile supported aptitudes, not on tasks and skills. Realizing the potentials of an internet developer helps you select the proper person for the work . to assist you with profiling, consider the subsequent signs to seem out for when hiring web developers. the primary sign is that if they provide you multiple solutions for your business without prior order. a method to work out if an internet developer values the standard of an internet site is to see if he keeps track of the solutions he created, takes the courage to deal with minor issues on the test, and refactor codes to enhance the framework.

Web development isn't a one-man job. it always requires a collaborative effort, thus an internet developer must be an excellent team player. Lastly, an excellent web developer is usually willing to find out and master new technologies.

Ending thoughts on the way to hire an internet developer

Before hiring an internet developer, it's always important to possess a transparent vision of what you would like to realize for your business. Assess the resources and content marketing needs of your business. Ask yourself the elemental questions like , “Do you've got the budget to rent an in-house web development team or outsource an internet development agency?” and more. If you propose to rent an in-house web development team, this text has provided you with key information to assist you select the proper person for the team. If you're more inclined for somebody else to try to to this for you and deliver a team of developers for your project, allow us to know. we've an excellent deal of highly skilled developers which will assist you together with your large project.

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agilewaters-consulting · 5 years ago

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What is the difference between Software Teams vs Product Teams in 2020?

In April this year, I gave a talk on the journey of our team at Siemens from being completely new to being a full-fledged product team here. One of the topics that I delved in, and which I believe in, is the difference between Software Teams vs Product Teams. I’m going deeper into the differences in the following article of Software Teams Vs Product Teams.

India has excelled phenomenally in the field of Information Technology. But generally, our role has been limited to being a software team where we work on the given requirements and deliver the code. But we don’t get credit in the market for the product. We don’t own the success or failure of the product.

I feel that to move to the next level in ownership, we need to start working as Product teams. The below points can also act as a road map for the shift.

I’m presenting some caveats so that the context of the articles and the limitations are set.

Caveat #1: In the articles, I’m going to present the advantages of a Product team. But I do not want to disparage the Software teams. It has its own set of strengths and weaknesses.

Caveat #2: A lot of the points presented are contextual to what I’ve observed in my career in India and may not be relevant across the globe.

Caveat #3: When I say a software team, I don’t mean teams in software or services companies. The differences between these teams stems from what drives them, and their core principles. There can be a product team in a services company, and a software team in a product company.

1. “Why should this product exist?”

As developers, testers or project managers, we tend to focus on the final deliverable, which is usually the next release, or delivery, or milestone. The team has to deliver the code, binaries, documentation, and other artifacts needed as part of the release. The team works hard to ensure that all the metrics and KPIs are achieved. The developers receive the requirements and they ensure that all the requirements are met.

The testers also ensure that they have found as many bugs as possible and got them rectified before the final release. The project manager monitors and tracks the process and documents every step.

At the end, the team does an extraordinary job, sometimes under pressure of delivery or management. They work as a team and achieve a milestone that some thought impossible.

But … the product didn’t make it to the market!

How many times have we been in such situations? We ask ourselves (or at least should ask) what went wrong. Whose fault was it? Was it the project manager’s fault? Or developers’ fault? Or testers’ fault? Or was it the Product Manager who should’ve come up with better requirements or done a better research?

Instead of assigning blame, we need to ask, “How we could’ve prevented this?” I know that the team alone could not have prevented the failure. There are other factors at play here, but I’m going to focus on the role of the team.

As a software team, our job is to finish the deliveries. When a contract is signed between the company asking for the product and the company developing it, both parties agree upon a set of deliverables, quality and budget. (You could substitute ‘company’ with ‘divisions’, ‘business units’ and still have the same situation.) The development team focus remains the deliverables. The project manager, once having taken on the project, has to ensure that the costs remains within the budget, deliveries are on time and with the agreed-upon quality.

But the team doesn’t ask the rationale of the product. No one asks the questions: “Is this product needed?”. If yes, then are we even building for the right people?

These questions are critical for a product to be successful. The product manager, the higher management need to provide the raison d’être for the product. A product team asks these questions and ensures that they are answered to their satisfaction. Many times, they also provide the answers themselves. Once it has the answer, then it believes in the product and is driven by the passion for the product.

But if the team isn’t satisfied by what they hear from the management, then they must be empowered to call a stop to the product.

2. What is your Passion?

About 10 or 12 years ago, I wrote a function for my project, that contained nearly hundred string compares (and this was a C code), to determine the exact property of the input. The function behaved like switch-case for strings. I wanted to optimize it, so I came up with an algorithm that would, at least theoretically, do the same operation in much lesser time. I was very proud of the algorithm and its implementation. The function was efficient when executed.

But the overall impact was much less as it wasn’t executed that often. I was too focused on the code and missed the fact that it didn’t deliver much value.

I’ve seen the above scenario lot of times. The developers are proud of the code that they have written, the various optimizations and algorithms that they have used. Their code is beautiful and follows all the coding guidelines. The testers are proud of the automation tests, the complex scenarios they have tested, the reports showing how many bugs they discovered.

The project manager is proud that the project achieved the scope, was within budget and was able to deliver on time. He or she created complex Excel reports, beautiful Powerpoint presentations to showcase their achievements, and diligently documented every step of the project.

Members of software team are too focused on their area of expertise. Their pride stems from their brilliance on the code, testing, sometimes even just the beautiful drawings that they have created for the project. They look for brilliant solutions, not necessarily the simplest ones.

A product team, on the other hand, is not driven by code or test cases or algorithms. It is driven by the product – the problems it solves, the value that it provides to clients or end users. A complex code, if it doesn’t add any value, is not exciting enough. On the other hand, a simple function that solves a bigger problem generates more enthusiasm in the team.

Another passion of a software team is Design. I’ve heard many developers, architects, testers defend design and say that a feature cannot be implemented because it does not fit in the design. They are in love with the design, which was created after a significant effort in the early phases of the product.

However, for a product team, the feature takes precedence. There are some practical limitations for feature implementation, such as efforts needed and if they fit in the roadmap. But the feature trumps design considerations. Once the team agrees that the feature is needed for the customers and understands the rationale, they go ahead and develop it.

“I do not love the bright sword for its sharpness, nor the arrow for its swiftness, nor the warrior for his glory. I love only that which they defend,” said Captain Faramir!

The above quote is taken from the book ‘The Two Towers’, of the Lord of the Rings trilogy, by J.R.R. Tolkien. It can be modified for software context as “I do not love C for its effectiveness, nor Java for the object-oriented methodology, nor python for its ease of coding. I love only that which they deliver.”

Developers and testers are focused on the technology, or the language or the tools that we use. I understand that in the beginning of the career of any software engineer, she or he wants to work on languages or technology that has the highest salary potential. However, such people also want to move to the latest language because it is in vogue. I’ve heard many people in the Indian IT industry that they want to work on the latest technology.

Developers want to work on the latest version of Java, or take up languages or frameworks like Golang, Angular JS, Django, Flask, etc. or take up new technologies such as Machine Learning, Artificial intelligence. A few months back an engineer rejected our interview call because we aren’t working on the latest version of Java; he wasn’t even interested to know about the product or the domain. I heard of another interview, where the candidate actually tried to convince the interviewer to change the current bug tracking tool to one that the candidate is more comfortable with.

Our interview processes too are language or tech oriented. Interviewers ask about what she has worked on, or the intricacies of a chosen language. They judge the candidates on how much the person knows about the language. This is a legitimate method to determine if the candidate has good hands-on experience, but that is also a limited view of the candidate.

This process doesn’t tell us whether she can deliver in our projects or how she can handle unknown scenarios. We should, instead, look for people who can learn quickly and adapt, and are able to solve problems. We hardly ever try to judge people on such skills.

A Product team, on the other hand, learns and adapts to whatever tools/technology/language solves their problem. I’ll explain with an example. We have a spreadsheet/table implementation in my current product. However, it has its limitations, and we are trying to solve the issues that arise due to the limitations. My team quickly moved to SQLite as the backend for the table to try and solve the problem.

Instead of trying to solve the problem using the current language (C++/QT) only, they quickly moved to integrate SQLite. A Product team has high adaptability and learning skills. Their aim is to deliver the product using any tools available.

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deepakinfotech · 5 years ago

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Most frequently asked top Advanced sqlite interview questions and answers pdf with detailed.we will discuss some of the most likely SQLite Interview Questions for your future interviews

#interview questions #SQLite #SQLite interview questions

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hellotops123-blog · 7 years ago

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Interview Questions for Android

A lot of final year students and graduates looking for placements in Android Application development are curious to know about android interview questions what employers ask in interviews.

At times subject matter technical Interviews are not just restricted to the subject but employers also check the candidate’s fundamental knowledge, ability to think logically as well as practical ( hands-on ability to code given a time limit).The Interview rounds are also followed by HR questions checks the candidate’s interest to join the organization, grow with the organization, team spirit, and ability to mold and take up different challenges.

Following are the rounds that take place in a given organization:

Aptitude ( check logical reasoning)

Fundamentals

Subject Matter ( technical and Practical Subjects related to Android Application Development)

Advanced Subject Matter Questions

HR rounds

Not all companies have this level of an interview process

Covers OOPS, SQL query as well as fundamental

All companies usually have this round as the first initial level of screening

This round basically decides the salary at which a company is ready to hire the candidate. Most of the candidates that have undergone professional training outside of colleges can clear the Fundamentals and Subject matter rounds. The Advance rounds help differentiate the knowledge and exposure based on the projects students have undertaken

TOPS Technologies trains a lot of students in Android application development and have placed them in different IT companies with salaries ranging from 1.5 L CTC to 3.5 L CTC. TOPS Technologies have compiled interview questions on android based on the feedbacks given by different companies and our students on the questions they faced. The questions contain the above categories with answers to make sure candidates can thoroughly prepare the same.

List Of Android Question And Answer

1. What is Android?

Ans: Android is Linux based Open source Mobile operating system used in Smartphones, Tablets, TV, Automobiles, and Watch etc.

2. What is view Android application?

Ans: View is base class of widgets, a Rectangular area of a screen. A view is responsible for drawing and event handling.

3. List of out each method of Activity lifecycle in android?

Ans : In Android application have the below stage of life cycle method –

OnCreate()

OnStart()

OnResume()

OnPause()

OnRestart()

OnStop()

OnDestroy()

4. List out the Fragment lifecycle in Android ?

Ans: Following methods will generate on different stages of the fragment lifecycle.

OnAttach()

OnCreate()

OnCreateView()

OnViewCreated()

OnStart()

OnResume()

OnPause()

OnStop()

OnDestroyView()

OnDestroy()

OnDetach()

5. What is Difference between linear and relative layout in Android ?

Ans: Linear Layout – it will show sub-layouts in Linear form (Vertical and Horizontal).

Relative Layout: This layout will set its components by relating to each other and also by giving dependency.

6. How to set two layouts which equal width and height on View in Android?

Ans: With the use of Linear Layout we have weight attribute to set equal height and width.

7. How many Components in Android which are using to build an Application?

Ans: When we create android application below components will be used –

View

Activity

Service

Broadcast Receiver

Content Provider

8. What is Service in Android?

Ans: Service is background task of any application which runs in the background.

A downloading task, MusicPlayer Task.

9. What is intent in Android Application?

Ans: Intent is an object which defines to execute any action intentionally.

Two types of intent in android.

(i) Explicit Intent: this intent define when we want to call another activity from current activity in the same application.

(ii) Implicit Intent.

10. Which class is using to complete a long task in the background?

Ans: We can use below class and method to complete long background task –

AsyncTask with help of its three methods,

onPreExecutes

onPostExecutes

doInBackground

11. Where we can store offline data in Android Application?

Ans: Data will be stored in a local database using SQLite.

12. What is Gradle in Android?

Ans: Gradle is a script in which we define third-party library dependencies, classpaths and it will compile all files without a project.

13. If you have to use services of any online shopping website so you have to configure in every activity or to create any class file?

Ans: We can define a service handler class to establish HTTP Url connection, then in each activity where we want to show data from the database we just change the URL of our web service API.

14. What is view pager in Android Application?

Ans: The View Pager is providing swiping gesture in android, ex. Tab Layout.

15. Difference between Picasso and glide Library in Android?

Ans: Picasso library can only load the image, where glide can also load the gif format.

Please share this with all candidates going through an interview process to help them.

For details, you can visit our site:

http://www.tops-int.com/android-training/

Or call us on 7622011173

#android #interview #training #placement

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siva3155 · 6 years ago

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300+ TOP SQLite Interview Questions and Answers

SQLite Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What is SQLite? SQLite is a relational database management system which is self-contained, server-less and need zero configuration. 2. Who was the designer of SQLite? SQLite was designed by D. Richard Hipp for the purpose of no administration required for operating a program. 3. What are the most important features of SQLite? There are lots of features which make SQLite very popular: SQlite is free of cost. SQLite is server-less. SQLite is flexible. SQLite doesn't need configuration. SQLite is cross-platform. 4. What are the advantages of using SQLite? SQLite is very light weight database. Data storing is very easy and efficient. SQlite is very easy to learn and use. 5. How would you create a database in SQLite? In SQLite, sqlite3 command is used to create database. Syntax: Sqlite3 database_name.db 6. How would you create a table in SQLite database? CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in SQLite database. You have to define the columns and data types of each column while creating the table. Syntax: CREATE TABLE database_name.table_name( column1 datatype PRIMARY KEY(one or more columns), column2 datatype, column3 datatype, columnN datatype, ); 7. How would you drop a table in SQLite database? DROP TABLE command is used to delete or permanently drop a table from SQLite database. Syntax: DROP TABLE table_name; 8. How would you create an AUTOINCREMENT field? For autoincrement, you have to declare a column of the table to be INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, then whenever you insert a NULL into that column of the table, the NULL is automatically converted into an integer which is one greater than the largest value of that column over all other rows in the table, or 1 if the table is empty. 9. What data types are supported by SQLite? SQLite uses dynamic typing. Content can be stored as INTEGER, REAL, TEXT, BLOB, or as NULL. 10. How to insert data in a table in SQLite? INSERT INTO statement is used to insert data in a table in SQLite database. There are two ways to insert data in table: Method1: Syntax: INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...valueN); Method2: Syntax: INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...valueN);

SQLite Interview Questions 11. How would you retrieve data from SQlite table? The SELECT command is used to retrieve data from SQLite table. If you want to retrieve all columns from the table use SELECT * otherwise use the specific column's name separated by commas. Syntax: SELECT * FROM table_name; Or SELECT column1, column2, columnN FROM table_name; 12. What is the use of UPADTE query in SQLIte? The UPDATE query is used to modify the existing records in the SQLite table. You have to use the WHERE clause to modify a specific row otherwise all rows will be updated. Syntax: UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2...., columnN = valueN WHERE ; 13. How can you delete the existing records from a table in SQLite? In SQLite, DELETE command is used to delete the existing records from a table. You should use the WHERE clause to choose the specific row otherwise all rows will be deleted. Syntax: DELETE FROM table_name WHERE ; 14. What is the use of WHERE clause in CRUD statements? WHERE clause is used to refer a specific row where the CRUD operation is executed. Without using WHERE clause all the rows will be affected. 15. What is the usage of AND & OR operators with WHERE clause? AND & OR operators are used with WHERE clause to combine two or more than two conditions together. Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, columnN FROM table_name WHERE AND ...OR ; 16. What is the usage of LIKE operator with WHERE clause? The LIKE operator is used to match text values against a pattern using wildcards. It uses two wildcards % and _ with string for matching with input. Syntax: SELECT FROM table_name WHERE column LIKE 'XXXX%' SELECT FROM table_name WHERE column LIKE 'XXXX_' 17. What is the use of LIMIT clause with SELECT query? LIMIT clause is used with SELECT statement when we want a limited number of fetched records. Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, columnN FROM table_name LIMIT 18. Why is ORDER BY clause used with SELECT statement? The ORDER BY clause is used to sort the fetched data in a specific order either ascending or descending. Syntax: SELECT column-list FROM table_name ; 19. What is the use of SQLite GROUP BY clause? SQLite GROUP BY clause is used to collect the same elements into a group. It is used with SELECT statement. Syntax: SELECT column-list FROM table_name WHERE GROUP BY column1, column2....columnN ORDER BY column1, column2....columnN 20. What is the use of DISTINCT clause in SQLite? The DISTINCT clause is always used with SELECT statement. It is used to retrieve only unique records and restrict the duplicate entries. It is used when the table has multiple duplicate records. Syntax: SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2,.....columnN FROM table_name WHERE 21. What is UNION operator? How does it work? SQLite UNION Operator is used to combine the result set of two or more tables using SELECT statement. Both the tables must have same number of fields in result table. Syntax: SELECT expression1, expression2, ... expression_n FROM tables UNION SELECT expression1, expression2, ... expression_n FROM tables ; 22. What is UNION ALL operator? What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL operator? The UNION ALL operator is used to combine the result of two or more tables using SELECT statement. The unique difference between UNION and UNION ALL operator is that UNION operator ignores the duplicate entries while combining the results while UNION ALL doesn't ignore duplicate values. Syntax: SELECT expression1, expression2, ... expression_n FROM tables UNION ALL SELECT expression1, expression2, ... expression_n FROM tables ; 23. What is SQLite JOIN? How many types of JOINS are supported in SQLite? SQLite JOIN clause is used to combine two or more tables in a database. It combines the table by using the common values of the both table. There are mainly 3 types of JOINS supported in SQlite: SQLite INNER JOIN SQLite OUTER JOIN SQLite CROSS JOIN 24. What is SQLite INNER JOIN? SQLite INNER JOIN is simplest and most common join. It combines all rows from both tables where the condition is satisfied. Syntax: SELECT ... FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON conditional_expression ... 25. What is SQLite OUTER JOIN? There are 3 types of OUTER JOINS: Left outer join Right outer join Full outer join But SQLite only supports left outer join. The SQLite left outer join returns all rows from left table and only those rows from the right table where the join condition is satisfied. Syntax: SELECT ... FROM table1 LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 ON conditional_expression 26. Explain SQLite CROSS JOIN. The SQLite Cross join is used to match every rows of the first table with every rows of the second table. If the first table contains x columns and second table contains y columns then the resultant Cross join table will contain the x*y columns. Syntax: SELECT ... FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2 27. What is SQLite date and time () function? SQLite date and time () functions are used to retrieve current date and time and also do calculations on the dates and time. There are mainly six types of date and time () function in SQLite: SQLite date() Function SQLite datetime() Function SQLite julianday() Function SQLite now() Function SQLite strftime() Function SQLite time() Function 28. What is the use of date() function in SQLite? The SQLite date() function is used to fetch the date and show it in 'YYYY-MM-DD' format. Syntax: date(timestring, ) 29. What is the use of datetime() function in SQLite? The SQLite datetime() function is used to retrieve current date and time in 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' format. Syntax: datetime(timestring, ) 30. What is SQLite julianday() function? A Julian Day is the number of days since Nov 24, 4714 BC 12:00pm Greenwich time in the Gregorian calendar. So, the julianday() function is used to return number of days since Nov 24, 4714 BC 12:00pm. Syntax: julianday(timestring ) 31. What is the use of SQLite now() function? SQLite now is not a function. Instead of this, it is a timestring parameter which is used to fetch current date and time. Syntax: date('now') or time('now') 32. What is the usage of SQLite strftime() function? SQLite strftime() function is used to fetch date and time and also perform time and date calculation. Syntax: strftime(format, timestring ) 33. What is the use of SQLite time() function? SQLite time() function is used to fetch current time in 'HH-MM-SS' format. Syntax: time(timestring, ) 34. What do you understand by SQLite aggregate functions? SQLite aggregate functions are the type of functions where values of multiple rows are grouped together as input on certain criteria and form a single value as output. There are many types of aggregate functions in SQLite. 35. What is SQLite MIN aggregate function? SQLite MIN aggregate function is used to retrieve the minimum value of the expression. Syntax: SELECT MIN(aggregate_expression) FROM tables ; 36. What is SQLite MAX aggregate function? SQLite MAX aggregate function is used to fetch the maximum value of an expression. Syntax: SELECT MAX(aggregate_expression) FROM tables ; 37. What is SQLite AVG aggregate function? The SQLite AVG function returns the average value of the expression. Syntax: SELECT AVG(aggregate_expression) FROM tables ; 38. What is SQLite COUNT aggregate function? The SQLite COUNT function is used to retrieve total count of an expression. Syntax: SELECT COUNT(aggregate_expression) FROM tables ; 39. What is SQLite SUM aggregate function? The SQLite SUM aggregate function is used to get the total summed value of an expression. Syntax: SELECT SUM(aggregate_expression) FROM tables ; 40. What is the difference between SQL and SQLite? The main differences between SQL and SQLite are: SQL is Structured Query Language while SQlite is a relational database management system mostly used in android mobile devices to store data. SQL support stored procedures while SQLite does not support stored procedures. SQL is server based while SQLite is file based. 41. What is SQLite Transactions? Transaction specifies a unit of work that is performed against a database. The transaction?s properties are determined by ACID: Atomicity: Atomicity is a property which specifies that all work units are successfully completed. Consistency: It is used to ensure that the database changes states upon a successfully committed transaction. Isolation: It facilitates you to operate transaction independently of and transparent to each other. Durability: It ensures that the result or effect of a committed transaction persists in case of a system failure. 42. In which areas, SQLite is preferred most? SQLite is preferred to work with: Embedded devices. Application file format. Data Analysis. Websites. File archives. Cache for enterprise data. Server side database. Internal or temporary databases. Replacement for ad hoc disk files. Experimental SQL language extensions. 43. What is the use of .dump command in SQLite? The .dump command is used to make a SQLite database dump. Once you use the dump command all your data will be dumped forever and cannot be retrieved. SQLite Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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300+ TOP Web2py Framework Interview Questions and Answers

Web2py Framework Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What is Web2py Framework? Web2py is an open source web application framework. It is written in the Python programming language. It allows web developers to design and develop dynamic web application. 2. How can we Install Web2py in different operating system? We can install Web2fy in different operating system by using following code: Operation System Command Unix and Linux python web2py.py OS X open web2py.app Windows web2py.exe 3. What are the protocols supports in Web2py? Web2py supports various protocols like: XML, JSON, RSS, CSV, XMLRPC, JSONRPC, AMFRPC, and SOAP. 4. How to write a hello world program in Web2py? We can write a hello world program by using following code: def hello(): return 'Hello World' 5. Who is the author of Web2py? Massimo Di Pierro developed the author of Web2py. 6. What is the stable version of Web2py? Web2py stable version is 2.14.6 which is released on May 10, 2016. 7. How can we represent MVC (Model-View-Controller) in Web2py? In Web2fy, we can represent MVC (Model-View-Controller) as follows- Model: It includes the logic of application data. It is used to database connections by configuring storage.sqlite files. "db.py" is the model: db = DAL('sqlite://storage.sqlite') db.define_table(employee, Field('name'), Field('phone')) View: View displays the output after the associated controller function is executed. It renders the variables in the dictionary, which is in the form of HTML. It uses {{ and }} delimiters to include the file. {{extend 'layout.html'}}

Manage My Employees

{{=grid} Controller: It helps to access the functions and modules. It acts as intimidator between Model and View. def employees(): grid = SQLFORM.grid(db.contact, user_signature = False) return locals( 8. What are the application components of web2py ? Web2fy consists of the following components. Models: It represents data and database tables. Views: It helps rendering the display of the data. Controllers: It describes the application logic and workflow. Languages: describe how to translate strings in the application into various supported languages. Static files: Do not require processing (e.g. images, CSS style sheets etc). ABOUT and README: It provide details of the project. Errors: It stores error reports generated by the application. Sessions: It stores information related to each particular user. Databases: It store SQLite databases and additional table information. Cache: It store cached application items. Modules: Modules are other optional Python modules. Private: It includes files are accessed by the controllers but not directly by the developer. Uploads: Files are accessed by the models but not directly by the developer. 9. What are the databases and their drivers support by Web2py? Web2py supports following databases and their drivers. Databases Drivers SQLite sqlite3 or pysqlite2 or zxJDBC (on Jython) PostgreSQL psycopg2 or pg8000 or zxJDBC (on Jython) MySQL pymysql or MySQLdb Oracle cx_Oracle MSSQL pyodbc or pypyodbc FireBird kinterbasdb or fdb or pyodbc DB2 pyodbc Informix informixdb Ingres ingresdbi Cubrid cubriddb 10. What are the crud Methods of Web2py? Web2fy crud methods are : Methods description crud.tables() It returns a list of tables which is defined in the database. crud.create(db.tablename) It returns a create form for the table tablename. crud.read(db.tablename, id) It returns a read-only form for tablename and record id. crud.delete(db.tablename, id) It is used to deletes the record crud.select(db.tablename, query) It returns a list of records selected from the table crud.search(db.tablename) Returns a tuple (form, records) where form is a search form

Web2py Framework Interview Questions 11. Which class is used to send email in Web2py Framework? In Web2fy Framework, gluon.tools.Mail class is used to send email. The mailer can be defined with this class. from gluon.tools import Mail mail = Mail() mail.settings.server = 'smtp.example.com:25' mail.settings.sender = '[email protected]' mail.settings.login = 'username:password' 12. What is the default port of Web2py? Web2py default port is 8000. 13. What is Postbacks? A better pattern in web2py is to submit forms to the same action, which generates them. This mechanism is called as “postback” which is the main feature of web2py. In short, self-submission is achieved in postback. 14. How can we create a model? We can create a model by using following code : db.define_table('company', Field('name', notnull = True, unique = True), format = '%(name)s') db.define_table( 'contact', Field('name', notnull = True), Field('company', 'reference company'), Field('picture', 'upload'), Field('email', requires = IS_EMAIL()), Field('phone_number', requires = IS_MATCH('+')), Field('address'), format = '%(name)s' ) db.define_table( 'log', Field('body', 'text', notnull = True), Field('posted_on', 'datetime'), Field('contact', 'reference contact') ) 15. Describe the workflow of Web2py? Web2py workflow are given below : The web server manages HTTP requests simultaneously in its own thread. The HTTP request header is passed to the dispatcher. The dispatcher manages the application requests and map the PATH_INFO in the URL of the function call. Every function call is represented in the URL. All the requests for files included in the static folder are managed directly, and large file are streamed to the client. Requests for anything but a static file are mapped into an action. If the request header contains a session cookie for the app, the session object is retrieved; or else, a session id is created. If the action returns a value as string, this is returned to the client. If the action returns an iterable, it is used to loop and stream the data to the client. 16. What are the features of Web2py? Web2py features are: It is easy to learn. It is portable. It has standard library that supports many task. 17. What is the I/O functions in Web2py? There are various I/O functions in Web2py that are given below. open(): It helps to open a file or document write(): It helps to write a string in file or document read(): It helps to read the content in existing file close(): This method closes the file object. 18. What is CRON in Web2py? In Web2py, CRON gives the ability to run the task within the specified interval of the time. 19. What is RBAC in Web2py? In Web2py, RBAC stands for Role Based Access Control. It is an approach to restricting system access to authorized used. 20. Which method is used to send an email in Web2py? In Web2py, mail.send() method is used to send an email. 21. What are the protocols used in Web2py? There are various protocols used in Web2py: XML JSON RSS CVC SOAP etc. 22. Does Web2py support multiple database? Yes, Web2py supports multiple database. 23. What is the use of DAL object? DAL object is used to represents a database connection. Example: db = DAL('sqlite://storage.sqlite') 24. How can we disable all the table in Web2py? In Web2py, Migration is used to disable all the table. Example: db = DAL(..., migrate_enabled=False) 25. Is it possible to skip the GUI and start Web2py directory? Yes, by using command line. Example: python web2py.py -a 'your password' -i 127.0.0.1 -p 8000 26. What is the process to send SMS? The following code is used to send SMS: from gluon.contrib.sms_utils import SMSCODES, sms_email email = sms_email('1 (111) 111-1111','T-Mobile USA (abc)') mail.send(to = email, subject = 'test', message = 'test') 27. In which language Web2py was written? Web2py was written in Python language. 28. What is Nginx? Nigix is a free, open-source web server. It is used to configure file. 29. How can we delete the records? We can delete the records by using following code: crud.delete(db.tablename, id) 30. Which tag is used to escape python code embedded in HTML? Web2py uses {{…}} tag to escape python code embedded in HTML. Web2py Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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300+ TOP FLASK Interview Questions and Answers

Flask Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What is Flask? Flask is a micro web framework written in Python. It is based on Werkzeug toolkit and Jinja 2 template engine. 2. Who is the developer of Flask? Armin Ronacher is the developer of Flask. 3. What is the stable version of Flask? The stable version of Flask is 0.12.2 and released on 16 May 2017. 4. What are Flask-WTF and its features? It is a template form that is integrated with Flask. It includes various features that are given below. It provides integration with WTF It manages secure form with CSRF token It manages global CSRF protection It provides Internationalization integration It supports recaptcha It handles the file upload that works with Flask uploads 5. What is the benefit of flask? Flask is a part of the micro-framework. It does not require external libraries. It makes the framework light weight, less dependent and less security bugs. 6. What are the differences between Django, Pyramid and Flask? There are following differences between Django, pyramid and Flask:

7. What is the appropriate way to work with Flask script? The appropriate way to work with flask script includes the following steps: Either it should be the import path for our application Or the path to a Python file 8. How can we access sessions in Flask? In Flask, a session allow us to remember information from one request to another. It uses a signed cookie so the user can look at the session contents. We can access session by using the secret key Flask.secret_key in the Flask framework. 9. How can we request database connections in Flask? Flask provides three ways to establish database connection. These are given below. before_request() : It is called before a request and requires no arguments. after_request() : It is called after a request and pass the response that will be sent to the client teardown_request(): It is used when exception is raised and response are not guaranteed. It is called after the response and not allowed to modify the request or their values. 10. What is Flask Sijax? Flask Sijax is a Simple Ajax & jQuery library. It is used to enable Ajax in web applications. It uses JSON to pass data between the server and the browser. 11. How can we get a query string from the Flask? We can get a query string from the flask by using following function. @app.route(‘/data’) def data ( ) : user = request.arg.get (‘user’) 12. How can we create request context in Flask? We can create request context by using following ways. Automatically when the application receives a request OR manually, by calling app.test_request_context (‘/route?param=value) 13. How can we create structure of large Flask application? We can create structure of large Flask application by using following steps: attach to the functions and move them to different files. Use blueprints to assign the views to “categories”. For instance auth, profile, backend, etc. Use the underlying Werkzeug URL map and register functions on there on a central URL. 14. What are the attributes of request objects? There are various attributes of request objects:

15. What are the Mail class methods? There are following Mail class method: send(): It is used to send contents of Message class object. connect(): It is used to opens connection with mail host. send_message(): It is used to sends message object. 16. What are the steps to develop MVC web application in Flask? There are following steps to develop web application: Flask import Flask app = Flask(_name_) @app.route("/") Def hello(): return "Hello World" app.run(debug = True) In this code your, Configuration part will be from flask import Flask app = Flask(_name_) View part will be @app.route("/") Def hello(): return "Hello World" While you model or main part will be app.run(debug = True) 17. What is the extension of Flask? The extension of Flask is .Py. 18. What is the default port of Flask? The default port of Flask is 5000. 19. What is url_for() function in Flask? In Flask, url_for() function is used to build dynamic URL for specific function. 20. What are the HTTP methods in Flask? In Flask, the HTTP methods are given below: GET : It is used to send the data in unencrypted form to the server. HEAD : It is same as GET, but without response body. POST: It is used to send HTML from data to server. Data received by POST method. PUT : It is used to replaces all the current representation uploaded content DELETE : It is used to removes all current reorientation. 21. What is the default route request in Flask? In Flask, GET is the default route request. 22. What are the delimiters used in Jinga2 template? {% … %}: It is used for Statements {{ … }}: It is used for Expressions to print to the template output {# … #}: It is used for Comments not included in the template output # … ## : It is used for Line Statements 23. What is the use redirect() function. Redirect() function is used to display the login page again when a login attempt fails. 24. What are the error codes in Flask? In Flask, the error code is given below: 400 âˆ’ for Bad Request. 401 âˆ’ for Unauthenticated. 403 âˆ’ for Forbidden. 404 âˆ’ for Not Found. 406 âˆ’ for Not Acceptable. 415 âˆ’ for Unsupported Media Type. 429 âˆ’ Too Many Requests. 25. How can we create a form for file uploading? We can create a form for file uploading by using following code: 26. What are the Mail methods in Flask? In Flask, the Mail methods are given below: send(): It is used to send contents of message class object. connect(): It is used to open connection with mail host. send_message(): It is used to send message object. 27. What are the validators class of WTForms in Flask? In Flask, The validators class of WTForm are listed in below table: Validators class Description DataRequired It is used to check whether input field is empty Email It is used to check whether text in the field follows email ID conventions. IPAddress It is used to validate IP address in input field Length It is used to verify if length of string in input field is in given range NumberRange It is used to validates a number in input field within given range URL It is used to validates URL entered in input field 28. Does Flask support in-built SQlite database? Yes, Flask supports in-built SQlite database. 29. What is ORM? ORM stands for Object Relation Mapping. It is a technique of mapping object parameter. 30. What is WSGI? WSGI stands for Web Server Gateway Interface. It is used to python web application development. 31. What are the popular server that contains WSGI application and Server HTTP? There are many popular server that contains WSGI application and server HTTP: Gunicorn Tornado Gevent Twisted Web Flask Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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300+ TOP DJANGO Interview Questions and Answers

Django Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What is Django? Django is an open source web framework. It is use to develop web application in python programming language. It makes easier to build better web applications quickly and with less code. It has a tag line – “The Web framework for perfectionists with deadlines”. 2. What does Django mean? Django is named after Django Reinhardt, a gypsy Jazz guitarist from 1930 to 1950. He was known as one of the best guitarist of all time. 3. What are the features available in Django. Features available in Django are Admin Interface (CRUD) Templating Form Handling Internationalization Session, user management, role-based permissions ORM (Object-relational mapping) Testing Framework Fantastic Documentation 4. Which architectural pattern does Django Follow. It follows the MVC (Model View Control) architectural pattern. 5. Describe the architecture of Django. Django is based in MVC architecture. It consist the following components: Models: It describes the database schema and data structure. Views: It is a user interface. The view retrieves data from appropriate models and pass it to the template. Templates: It determines how the user sees it. It describes how the data received from the views should be changed or formated for display on the page. Controller: It specifies the Django framework and URL parsing. 6. Why Django should be used for web-development. It allows to divide code module into logical groups to make it flexible to change. To easy the website administration, it provides auto-generated web admin module. It provides pre-packaged API for common user tasks. It enables to define what should be URL for given function. It enables to separate business logic from the HTML. Everything is written in python programming language. 7. How to create a project in Django. To start a project in Django, use the following command . $django-admin.py startproject javatpoint After execcuting the above command, it will create a project that has following directory structure. javatpoint/ manage.py javatpoint/ __init__.py settings.py urls.py wsgi.py 8. Is Django a high level web framework or low level framework? Django is a high level Python’s web framework which was designed for rapid development and clean realistic design. 9. How we can setup static files in Django. There are three main things required to set up static files in Django. Set STATIC_ROOT in setting.py. run manage.py. Set up a Static Files entry on the Python Anywhere web tab. 10. Which foundation manages Django web framework? Django web framework is managed and maintained by an independent and non- profit organization named DSF (Django Software Foundation).

DJANGO Interview Questions 11. Is Django stable? YES, Django is stable. Many companies like Disqus, Instagram, Pintrest and Mozilla has been using Django for many years. 12. How we can use file based sessions. We have to set the SESSION_ENGINE settings to â€œdjango.contrib.sessions.backends.fileâ€ to use file based session. 13. What are the inheritance styles in Django. In Django, there are three possible inheritance styles: Abstract base classes- It is used, when we only want parent class to hold information that we don’t want to inherit for each child model. Multi-table Inheritance- It is used, when we are sub-classing an existing model and need each model to have its own database table. Proxy Model- We can use this model, when Python level behavior of the model modifies, without changing the model’s fields. 14. What does the Django field class types? The Django field class types specify: The database column type. The default HTML widget to available while rendering a form field. The minimal validation requirements used in Django admin. Automatic generated forms. 15. What is some typical usage of middlewares in Django? Following are the usage of middlewares in Django: Session management. Use authentication. Cross-site request forgery protection. Content Gzipping, etc. 16. What does Django templates consists of? The template is a simple text file. It can create any text-based format like XML, CSV, HTML, etc. A template contains variables that get replaced with values when the template is evaluated and tags (% tag %) that controls the logic of the template. 17. What command line is used to load data into Django? The command line Django-admin.py loaddata is used to load data into Django. 18. What are the advantages of using Django? Django’s stack is loosely coupled with tight cohesion The Django apps make use of very less code Allows quick development of websites Follows the DRY or the Don’t Repeat Yourself Principle which means, one concept or a piece of data should live in just one place Consistent at low as well as high levels Behaviors are not implicitly assumed, they are rather explicitly specified SQL statements are not executed too many times and are optimized internally Can easily drop into raw SQL whenever required Flexibility while using URL’s 19. How do you connect your Django project to the database? Django comes with a default database which is SQLite. To connect your project to this database, use the following commands: python manage.py migrate (migrate command looks at the INSTALLED_APPS settings and creates database tables accordingly) python manage.py makemigrations (tells Django you have created/ changed your models) python manage.py sqlmigrate (sqlmigrate takes the migration names and returns their SQL) 20. What are ‘templates’? Django’s template layer renders the information to be presented to the user in a designer-friendly format. Using templates, you can generate HTML dynamically. The HTML consists of both static as well as dynamic parts of the content. You can have any number of templates depending on the requirement of your project. It is also fine to have none of them. Django has its own template system called the Django template language (DTL). Regardless of the backend, you can also load and render templates using Django’s standard admin. 21. What is the difference between a Project and an App? An app is basically a Web Application that is created to do something for example, a database of employee records. A project, on the other hand, is a collection of apps of some particular website. Therefore, a single project can consist of ‘n’ number of apps and a single app can be in multiple projects. 22. Briefly explain Django Field Class. ‘Field’ is basically an abstract class that actually represents a column in the database table. The Field class, is in turn, a subclass of RegisterLookupMixin. In Django, these fields are used to create database tables (db_type()) which are used to map Python types to the database using get_prep_value() and vice versa using from_db_value() method. Therefore, fields are fundamental pieces in different Django APIs such as models and querysets. 23. How to do you create a Django project? To create a Django project, cd into the directory where you would like to create your project and type the following command: django-admin startproject xyz NOTE: Here, xyz is the name of the project. You can give any name that you desire. 24. What do you mean by context? Context in Django is a dictionary mapping template variable name given to Python objects. This is the conventional name, but you can give any other name of your choice if you wish to do it. 25. What is the significance of manage.py file in Django? The manage.py file is automatically generated whenever you create a project. This is basically a command-line utility that helps you to interact with your Django project in various ways. It does the same things as django-admin but along with that, it also sets the DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable in order to point to your project’s settings. Usually, it is better to make use of manage.py rather than the django-admin in case you are working on a single project. 26. Explain the use of ‘migrate’ command in Django? In Django, migrations are used to propagate changes made to the models. The migrate command is basically used to apply or unapply migrations changes made to the models. This command basically synchronizes the current set of models and migrations with the database state. You can use this command with or without parameters. In case you do not specify any parameter, all apps will have all their migrations running. 27. How to view and filter items from the database? In order to view all the items from your database, you can make use of the ‘all()’ function in your interactive shell as follows: XYZ.objects.all() where XYZ is some class that you have created in your models To filter out some element from your database, you either use the get() method or the filter method as follows: XYZ.objects.filter(pk=1) XYZ.objects.get(id=1) 28. Name some companies that make use of Django? Some of the companies that make use of Django are Instagram, DISCUS, Mozilla Firefox, YouTube, Pinterest, Reddit, etc. Django Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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300+ TOP ANDROID Interview Questions and Answers

ANDROID Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What is Android? Android is a stack of software for mobile devices which includes an Operating System, middleware and some key applications. The application executes within its own process and its own instance of Dalvik Virtual Machine. Many Virtual Machines run efficiently by a DVM device. DVM executes Java language byte code which later transforms into .dex format files. 2. Explain about the exceptions of Android? The following are the exceptions that are supported by Android InflateException : When an error conditions are occurred, this exception is thrown Surface.OutOfResourceException: When a surface is not created or resized, this exception is thrown SurfaceHolder.BadSurfaceTypeException: This exception is thrown from the lockCanvas() method, when invoked on a Surface whose is SURFACE_TYPE_PUSH_BUFFERS WindowManager.BadTokenException: This exception is thrown at the time of trying to add view an invalid WindowManager.LayoutParamstoken. 3. What are the advantages of Android? The following are the advantages of Android: The customer will be benefited from wide range of mobile applications to choose, since the monopoly of wireless carriers like AT&T and Orange will be broken by Google Android. Features like weather details, live RSS feeds, opening screen, icon on the opening screen can be customized Innovative products like the location-aware services, location of a nearby convenience store etc., are some of the additive facilities in Android. Components can be reused and replaced by the application framework. Optimized DVM for mobile devices SQLite enables to store the data in a structured manner. Supports GSM telephone and Bluetooth, WiFi, 3G and EDGE technologies The development is a combination of a device emulator, debugging tools, memory profiling and plug-in for Eclipse IDE. 4. Describe the APK format. The APK file is compressed the AndroidManifest.xml file, application code (.dex files), resource files, and other files. A project is compiled into a single .apk file. 5. What is .apk extension? The extension for an Android package file, which typically contains all of the files related to a single Android application. The file itself is a compressed collection of an AndroidManifest.xml file, application code (.dex files), resource files, and other files. A project is compiled into a single .apk file. 6. What is .dex extension? Android programs are compiled into .dex (Dalvik Executable) files, which are in turn zipped into a single .apk file on the device. .dex files can be created by automatically translating compiled applications written in the Java programming language. 7. Explain the Architecture of Android ? Top -> Applications (Contacts, Browser, Phone, etc) Below Applications -> Application Framework(Activity Manager, Window Manager, Content Providers, View System, Package manager, Telephony manager, Resource, Notification, Location managers) Below Application Framework -> System Libraries(Like Sqlite, webkit, SSL, OpenGL, Media Framework etc) & Android Runtime( Core Libraries and DVM). Atlast Last -> Linux Kernel (which composed of drivers like display, camera etc.) 8. What's the difference between a file, a class and an activity in android? File - It is a block of arbitrary information, or resource for storing information. It can be of any type. Class - Its a compiled form of .Java file . Android finally used this .class files to produce an executable apk Activity - An activity is the equivalent of a Frame/Window in GUI toolkits. It is not a file or a file type it is just a class that can be extended in Android for loading UI elements on view. 9. What are the different tools in Android? Explain them? The Android SDK and Virtual Device Manager: It is used to create and manage Android Virtual Devices (AVD) and SDK packages. The AVD hosts an emulator running a particular build of Android, letting you specify the supported SDK version, screen resolution, amount of SD card storage available, and available hardware capabilities (such as touchscreens and GPS). The Android Emulator: An implementation of the Android virtual machine designed to run within a virtual device on your development computer. Use the emulator to test and debug your Android applications. Dalvik Debug Monitoring Service (DDMS) : Use the DDMS perspective to monitor and control the Dalvik virtual machines on which you're debugging your applications. Android Asset Packaging Tool (AAPT) : Constructs the distributable Android package files (.apk). Android Debug Bridge,(adb) : Android Debug Bridge, is a command-line debugging application shipped with the SDK. It provides tools to browse the device, copy tools on the device, and forward ports for debugging. 10. What is an activity? A single screen in an application, with supporting Java code. An activity presents a visual user interface for one focused endeavor the user can undertake. For example, an activity might present a list of menu items users can choose from or it might display photographs along with their captions.

ANDROID Interview Questions 11. What is a service? A service doesn’t have a visual user interface, but rather runs in the background for an indefinite period of time. For example, a service might play background music as the user attends to other matters, or it might fetch data over the network or calculate something and provide the result to activities that need it.Each service extends the Service base class. 12. How to Remove Desktop icons and Widgets? Press and Hold the icon or widget. The phone will vibrate and on the bottom of the phone you will see anoption to remove. While still holding the icon or widget drag it to the remove button. Once remove turns red drop the item and it is gone 13. Describe a real time scenario where android can be used? Imagine a situation that you are in a country where no one understands the language you speak and you can not read or write. However, you have mobile phone with you. 14. How to select more than one option from list in android xml file? Give an example. Specify android id, layout height and width as depicted in the following example. 15. What languages does Android support for application development? Android applications are written using the Java programming language. 16. Describe Android Application Architecture? Android Application Architecture has the following components: Services – like N Intent – To perform inter-communication network Operation between activities or services Resource Externalization – such as strings and graphics Notification signaling users – light, sound, icon, notification, dialog etc 17. What is the Android Open Source Project? We use the phrase “Android Open Source Project” or “AOSP” to refer to the people, the processes, and the source code that make up Android. 18. Why did we open the Android source code? Google started the Android project in response to our own experiences launching mobile apps. We wanted to make sure that there would always be an open platform available for carriers, OEMs, and developers to use to make their innovative ideas a reality. We also wanted to make sure that there was no central point of failure, so that no single industry player could restrict or control the innovations of any other. The single most important goal of the Android Open-Source Project (AOSP) is to make sure that the open-source Android software is implemented as widely and compatibly as possible, to everyone’s benefit. 19. What is the Guardian app for Android? The Guardian app for Android delivers all the best content from guardian.co.uk to your phone or tablet. Read the latest news, sport, comment and reviews, watch video, listen to brodcasts and browse stunning picture galleries while on the move. 20. What features does it have? Navigate by section, topic or contributor: Download your homepage and favourites for offline reading with the touch of a button, or schedule a daily download for a time that suits you Browse our award-winning audio and video content Save contributors, topics and sections to your favourites folder Add favourites to your homescreen with an expanded view or link Swipe through stunning full-screen picture galleries Share articles and galleries via the Android share function View content in portrait or landscape orientation 21. Will it work on my phone? The app will work on all phones and tablets running Android version 1.6 and above. 22. How much does it cost? The app is free and ad-supported. 23. How do I save the app to my SD card? From the device's Settings menu, go to Applications > Manage applications > The Guardian. Under the data header, choose "Move to SD card". 24. How do I add sections to my favourites? It is possible to add sections, topics and contributors to your favourites. You can add to favourites by tapping the star icon in the top right hand corner of the relevant screens, or on the right hand side of the headers in the all sections menu. 25. How do I remove sections from my favourites? From the favourites menu, tap the red icons to the left hand side of the items. Alternatively, tap the star icon in the top right hand corner of the relevant screen so that it returns to its white state. 26. What is Mono for Android? Mono for Android is a software development kit that allows developers to use the C# language to create mobile applications for Android-based devices.Mono for Android exposes two sets of APIs, the core .NET APIs that C# developers are familiar with as well as a C# binding to Android's native APIs exposed through the Mono.Android.* namespace.You can use Mono for Android to develop applications that are distributed through the Android Application Stores or to deploy software to your personal hardware or the Android simulator. 27. What is included in Mono for Android? Mono for Android consists of the core Mono runtime, the Mono for Android bindings to the native Android APIs, a Visual Studio 2010 plugin to develop Android applications and an SDK that contains the tools to build, debug and deploy your applicationsOur Visual Studio 2010 plugin allows developers to use Visual Studio 2010 to develop, debug and deploy their applications to an Android simulator, an Android device, or the Android Application Store. Our MonoDevelop IDE also ships an addin to support Mono for Android development. 28. What do I need to develop Mono for Android applications? Mono for Android on Windows provides a plugin for Visual Studio 2010 Professional or better. We also support Mono for Android development using MonoDevelop on Windows for users that do not own a copy of Visual Studio 2010 Professional or better.Mono for Android on Mac developers can use MonoDevelop.On all platforms, Mono for Android requires the Android SDK (which requires Java JDK). 29. Will my users need to install Mono? No, When you deploy your application to the app store the Mono mobile runtime is statically linked to your application. No additional dependancies are needed. From the users point of view, there is no difference between an application created in Java and an application created using Mono for Android, other than a slightly larger (~4.4MB) application size. 30. Where is the UI Designer? Mono for Android does not bundle a UI designer to create the UI XML files We do not provide an integrated UI designer in Mono for Android 1.0. No decisions past that have been made. We will be listening to user feedback to decide where to put resources for the future versions. 31. How is Mono for Android licensed? Mono for Android is a commercial/proprietary offering that is built on top of the open source Mono project and is licensed on a per-developer basis. 32. What is the API profile exposed by Mono for Android? Mono for Android uses the same API profile for the core libraries as MonoTouch.Specifically, MonoTouch and Mono for Android both support a Silverlight-based API, without Silverlight's UI libraries (e.g. no XML, no WindowsBase.dll, etc.), and free of the sandboxing limitations of Silverlight. 33. Are the Android releases available in a ROM? No, Android is not yet available in a ROM format.Currently Android is installed by using a clean SD Card, and booted from there.It is booted by running a special application called 'Haret.exe' residing on your SD Card which will terminate the Windows kernel and boot into Linux/Android.It can't easily be run from ROM because a) it's too experimental to risk putting in ROM and then killing a device and b) WinMo does some hardware initialization that isn't documented, but is needed before Android can run. 34. When will it be available in a ROM? No time soon. Folks are working on it, but you'll need a lot of patience before it (if ever) arrives 35. How do I turn off, or reboot Android? In earlier releases, you had to pull the battery or press the reset button, in newer releases, you can hold down the 'end call' button and see a menu. 36. Should we jump in to Android? What’s the guarantee that’s what I will see on a phone? Will service providers turn off things? Keep in mind it hasn’t shipped yet, this is the most interesting time. Once it is open source, it could be locked down… they could create a derivative work. We’re going to provide a piece of technology that tests the APIs. No time frame yet. The script will exercise the system. It’s a compatibility test suite, to make sure nothing got disabled or broken by accident, and also ensure that apps will work across OEMs. 37. What if my app uses location API, and service provider shuts that off, can they? They can do that… it’s not a perfect world. Rather than having us dictate what carriers and OEMs support, we let developers develop killer apps that will require it. We want to ensure all the application development that goes on for Android… we want to give OEMs an incentive to keep things open. It’s a positive, self fulfilling vision. 38.If I’m a game developer and I’m building piece of content and I want to sell it, how do I do that and realize revenue? Content distribution — we’ve thought of that. It’d be great if there were a place where people could go to safely download and pay for content. 39. We use SMS interception for system signalling. Is there a mechanism for an app to respond and stop the signaling chain? Is there security around that so that one vendor can’t hijack a message and respond to it? There’s a mechanism where an application can register to receive a message with a certain signature and prevent others from getting it. We have a system of permissions apps are able to declare, enforce, and require to perform certain operations. Things like dial the phone, get to contacts, etc.. But these aren’t things that are baked in the core of the system. An arbitrary app could declare custom permissions. As far as restricting another app, the model we’ve been going by… the phone is not controlled by the application vendor, it’s controlled by the user. Whether or not the permissions are granted is up to the user that owns the phone. If you created a protocol that intercepts an SMS and another party wrote an app that intercepts the same SMS and the user wants to use that, the user could be free to stick that in. 40. Can the user set a priority? Don’t know, post your question to the developer’s community board. 41. In a previous release, XMPP was turned into GTalk. Will a future version have XMPP? Goal is to have XMPP support after 1.0. 42. What’s so special about Android? Unlike the proprietary iPhone operating system (now known as "iOS,"), which is under the complete control of Apple — and the same goes for Research in Motion’s BlackBerry OS or Microsoft’s Windows Phone platform — Google released Android as an open-source OS under the auspices of the Open Handset Alliance, leaving phone manufacturers (relatively) free to tweak Android as they see fit for a given handset. That’s one thing that’s special about Android. Another thing is that it just happens to be a really good OS, the first one in the post-iPhone wireless era to really give Apple a run for its money. Android may not be as sleek or polished as iOS (that’s my humble opinion, at least), but it’s fast and powerful, with an intuitive user interface that’s packed with options and flexibility. It’s also being constantly improved courtesy of the big brains at Google, making the Android experience sleeker by the day. 43. Are Android phones called "Droids"? Not necessarily. "Droid" is a brand name used by Verizon Wireless for its Android-based phones — the Droid X, the Droid Eris, the Droid Incredible and so on. The HTC Evo 4G on Sprint is not a "Droid," per se, but it’s still an Android smartphone. 44. Why would I (potentially) choose an Android phone over an iPhone? Well, for a variety of reasons — although I should point out that I’m actually a fan of both operating systems. (Sorry to disappoint the smartphone flame warriors out there.) One reason to go the Google way is that Android phones boast tight integration with Google services like Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Contacts and Google Voice — perfect for anyone who uses Google for all their e-mails, contacts and events. Indeed, one of the coolest things about Android phones is that the first time you fire one up, you enter your Google user name and password, and voila: All your Google messages, contacts and other info start syncing into your new handset automatically, no desktop syncing needed. Android is also far more open when it comes to applications. Whereas Apple takes a "walled garden" approach to its App Store, Google won’t restrict you from installing apps that aren’t featured in its official Android Marketplace. iPhone users, on the other hand, must "jailbreak" their phones if they want to install apps that weren’t approved by Apple for inclusion in the App Store. Last but not least, because Android is open to all manufacturers, a wide variety of Android phones are available to choose from — big and small, souped-up and pared-down, some with slide-out keyboards (good luck convincing Steve Jobs to put a slide-out QWERTY on the iPhone) and some that are all-touchscreen, all the time. Indeed, in the past few months, a new Android phone has debuted practically every week, while we only get a single new iPhone each year. 45. What are the downsides of Android? Well, if you ask me, the Android OS isn’t quite as forgiving to wireless beginners as the iPhone is. Setting up your e-mail, contacts and calendar on Android is a breeze (if you’re all about Gmail, that is), but when it comes to, say, your music and videos, you’re on your own with Android, which lacks an official media syncing client for the desktop. With the iPhone, you do all your syncing on easy-to-use iTunes, which also lets you manage your e-mail accounts, contacts, apps and photos. Then again, you can only use iTunes for syncing the iPhone, while Android users have a variety of third-party options. That’s just one example, but in general, Android gives you more options and choices about how you manage your phone and your mobile content — great for experienced and advanced users, but potentially intimating for new mobiles. On the other hand, while beginners might appreciate the (usually) smooth, user-friendly experience that Apple has devised for the iPhone, advanced users may (and often do) get frustrated by Apple’s tight control over what they can and can't do on the iPhone. It’s a trade-off, plain and simple, and your choice of platform depends on what’s right for you. 46. What’s up with all these different versions of Android, like "Donut," "Cupcake" and "Froyo"? Just as Apple does with iOS, Google continually updates Android with cool new features, leading to one "point" upgrade after another. The most recent version of Android is 2.2, code-named "Froyo" (for frozen yogurt, yum), adds features such as native USB tethering (for sharing your Android phone’s data connection with a laptop via a USB cable), mobile hotspot functionality (which turns your phone into a portable Wi-Fi hotspot that works with nearby Wi-Fi devices) and — perhaps most important — support for Flash, meaning that Flash-powered videos and modules that (notoriously) don’t work on the iPhone will work on the Android Web browser. Before 2.2 Froyo, we had version 2.1, which added "live" animated wallpaper, new home screen icons and widgets (tiny apps for the home screen), speech-to-text functionality (for e-mail and text messages, for example), full-on multitouch (for pinch-to-zoom gestures), and an updated photo gallery that hooks into your Picasa Web albums. Android 1.6 "Donut" (someone at Google must have a sweet tooth) added various speed improvements, support for more screen resolutions, and faster camera and camcorder applications. The first major update to Android was 1.5 "Cupcake," which (among other goodies) finally added a native video recorder. 47. So if the current version of Android is 2.2, why are people still complaining about Android phones stuck with version 2.1, or even 1.6? Ah, well, here’s where we find one of the downsides of Google allowing so much diversity in terms of available Android handsets. Don’t get me wrong: Variety is a beautiful thing, especially when it comes to phones. But it also means that each new version of Android must be certified to work on a specific handset — a long and sometimes drawn-out process that can leave users of a particular Android smartphone waiting weeks or even months to get the latest and greatest features. Indeed, manufactures and carriers may decide that it’s not worth the effort to upgrade their older phones to the latest Android version, leaving users high and dry. On the other hand, only a handful of iPhones exist, which makes it far easier for Apple to roll out a new version of iOS to everyone, all at once — or at least it used to be easy. Because of the hardware demands of iOS 4, we’ve already seen the original iPhone from 2007 get left behind, while users of the second-generation iPhone 3G have complained bitterly that the new iOS has slowed their handsets to a crawl. So it goes. 48. How many apps are available for Android? About 70,000 or so, growing by the day — still just a fraction of the 225,000-plus apps in the Apple App Store, but the official Android Marketplace has quite the head of steam, not to mention plenty of goodwill from the developer community given that Google doesn’t give apps the star-chamber treatment. 49. So, how should I go about picking an Android phone? No question about it: The breadth and variety of Android phones now on the market can be downright bewildering. The easiest way to narrow your choices is pretty obvious: What features and form-factors are you looking for? Do you want a phone with a real QWERTY keypad, or would you prefer one with only an on-screen keypad? Looking for a big screen (like the 4.3-inchers on the Evo 4G or the Droid X) or something that’s an easier fit in your pocket (like, say, the Droid Incredible)? Will you primarily be sending e-mail and text messages (in which case a smaller screen with a QWERTY would work), or are you interested in watching movies and other videos (big display)? Finally, who’s your carrier — or who would you like to be your carrier? Note, it’s not rocket science. Once you’ve zeroed in on a phone, find out which version of Android it’s running on. Is it the latest and greatest? (For now, only the Motorola Droid 2 is shipping with Android 2.2, although a 2.2 update for the HTC Evo 4G has finally arrived.) If not, ask when — and whether — an update is on the way. 50. What are the hottest new Android phones out right now? Well, earlier this summer we got the HTC Evo 4G, which supports Sprint’s budding, next-generation WiMax data network and boasts a 4.3-inch display — the same size as the screen on the Motorola Droid X, another eye-popper of a phone, except it’s on Verizon instead of Sprint. Samsung is in the midst of releasing a series of what it calls its Galaxy S-class Android phones: They’re thin and light, they all have high-contrast 4-inch "Super AMOLED" screens, and they’re available (or will be soon) on all four of the big U.S. carriers. If you’re looking for an Android phone with a slide-out QWERTY, consider the new Motorola Droid 2 on Verizon or the upcoming Samsung Epic 4G for Sprint. 51. How will you record a phone call in Android? How to get a handle on Audio Stream for a call in Android? Permissions.PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS: Allows an application to monitor, modify, or abort outgoing calls. 52. Why cannot you run standard Java bytecode on Android? Android uses Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) which requires a special bytecode. We need to convert Java class files into Dalvik Executable files using an Android tool called "dx". In normal circumstances, developers will not be using this tool directly and build tools will care for the generation of DVM compatible files. 53. Can you deploy executable JARs on Android? Which packaging is supported by Android? No. Android platform does not support JAR deployments. Applications are packed into Android Package (.apk) using Android Asset Packaging Tool (aapt) and then deployed on to Android platform. Google provides Android Development Tools for Eclipse that can be used to generate Android Package. 54. Android application can only be programmed in Java? False. You can program Android apps in C/C++ using NDK . 55. What is an action? The Intent Sender desires something or doing some task 56. What are Dalvik Executable files? Dalvik Executable files have .dex extension and are zipped into a single .apk file on the device. 57. How does Android system track the applications? Android system assigns each application a unique ID that is called Linux user ID. This ID is used to track each application. 58. When does Android start and end an application process? Android starts an application process when application's component needs to be executed. It then closes the process when it's no longer needed (garbage collection). 59. How can two Android applications share same Linux user ID and share same VM? The applications must sign with the same certificate in order to share same Linux user ID and share same VM. 60. Can I use the GoToMeeting app for Android on my Android device? Yes. If you’re running Android 2.2 or higher, you can install the GoToMeeting app from the Android Market to join meetings and webinars as an attendee. We recommend using devices with a 1Ghz processor or higher for optimal performance. 61. How can I download the GoToMeeting app? You can download the GoToMeetng app from the Android Market by signing in to your Google account linked with your Android device and searching for the GoToMeeting app to install it. If you don’t see an Install button, you may not be running Android 2.2 or higher – the minimum system requirement needed to install the GoToMeeting app. You can also download the GoToMeeting app from the Amazon Appstore (only available in the U.S.), which lets you instantly download the GoToMeeting app to an Android device. If you have the GoToMeeting app pre-loaded onto your device, you’ll need to first upgrade to the latest version of GoToMeeting. To upgrade, select the GoToMeeting daisy icon and then select the Upgrade button to install the most recent version of the app. 62.If I have a Motorola Android-based device that doesn’t have the Android Market app, can I still download the GoToMeeting app? Yes. Attendees using Motorola Android-based devices in China can now download the GoToMeeting app from SHOP4APPS™ – Motorola’s preinstalled Android application storefront. The GoToMeeting app is not yet localized in Chinese, but it is available in English, German, French, Spanish and Italian. 63.What made you jump into Android all of a sudden? Why not iOS or other mobile platforms? Maxim Petrov: I've never intended to do any mobile startup, but I got an Android phone first (Nexus One), not iPhone, so I started to look into this platform first. The lack of Google's own music app was obvious. I think if it was iPhone, not Nexus One, I could go developing for iOS instead. Though, you know, there are a lot more really good apps that already exist for iOS (and existed a year ago), all niches are filled, Apple is pretty restrictive (I don't think PowerAMP iPhone version would have ever been accepted in the Appstore). You can jump into Android quickly - just download the SDK, install adb driver, and you can develop - for your phone, for your friends (first beta testers), it's much easier to start on Android, but I can only compare to what I've read about iOS development as I haven't developed anything for iPhone. 64. What were your initial impressions of Android development? Maxim Petrov: Android developing (and actually, any software developing) is not about knowing the language - languages are just tools, so adding a tool to a toolbox is usually not a problem (I moved to Android/Java/C dev right from Ruby - and these are completely different languages). Given experience with any other languages, you can move to Android pretty quickly, at least start prototyping something, though, you need to fight the initial quirks (like SDK installation, lack of good documentation, android SDK/Eclipse and framework bugs, and the Android core devs' "you can't do that, please don't do that").Android development infrastructure is very immature, while Android end user can never notice the immaturity of the platform (as actually, it's not so immature on end user side), the development side of things is really lacking in many areas. For example, documentation is lacking, often conflicts with real state of things and it's just not enough. Though, this is balanced by the fact that Android is open source - you can just go check the source, and the source is the best documentation, but you need to get used (I am) to this approach. For example, Honeycomb sources are not published yet, and this immediately raised questions, like how do they activate that menu button in bottom status bar. 65. Does Android support Adobe Flash in the browser? Flash support varies by device with Android 2.1. The Samsung Acclaim does not have Flash support upon launch, but the HTC Desire will support Flash Lite 4.0 running Android 2.1. Flash 10.1 support is coming to Android-powered phones with Android 2.2. 66.Does Android support push email or is it pull? Android 2.1 supports push e-mail for Exchange mail and Gmail. 67. Will these phones have world phone capabilities, with the ability to make calls, receive data in other countries? Or will they be able to use Google Voice to make calls? Our Android-powered phones have Wi-Fi which can be used abroad for data, including Google Voice for making international calls. International Roaming for voice is available in several countries. 68. Will the App run on my Android phone? Yes, our App is fully compatible with any Android phone running Android software v2.1 or later. 69. How do I install your App? You can install our App from the Android Market by following the below steps: Open the Android Market application in the Applications menu. Hit the search icon and type in E.ON To install it, hit the ‘Free’ button on the left hand side In the next screen, it will give you more details about the application including the different functionalities it will need to access. Just click on OK to finish installing the application. 70. How do I find and download updates to the E.ON Android application? Any updates to our App will appear on your notification menu at the top of your screen. Just tap on the E.ON App icon and you'll be taken into the Android Market and be presented with the E.ON App download page. 71. What do I do if I have problems downloading your App? If you receive a "Download unsuccessful" message when trying to download our App you can try the following steps: Restart your phone and then try downloading the app again. Make sure that you’re connected to your network – if you’re not you’ll need to contact your mobile service provider Wait up to 10 minutes and try to download our App again. If you get stuck at "Starting download" then: Make sure that you’re connected to your network – if you’re not you’ll need to contact your mobile service provider If your request to download our App doesn’t start at all then try the below: Check your connectivity as stated above Make sure that your phone has enough available space to install our App. If you need to, try uninstalling some apps that you don’t use anymore or moving them to your SD card. Request the download again using Android Market from your device. 72. What is Intent? A class (Intent) which describes what a caller desires to do. The caller will send this intent to Android's intent resolver, which finds the most suitable activity for the intent. E.g. opening a PDF document is an intent, and the Adobe Reader apps will be the perfect activity for that intent (class). 73. What is a Sticky Intent? Sticky Intent is also a type of Intent which allows a communication between a function and a service sendStickyBroadcast() performs a sendBroadcast(Intent) known as sticky, i.e. the Intent you are sending stays around after the broadcast is complete, so that others can quickly retrieve that data through the return value of registerReceiver(BroadcastReceiver, IntentFilter). In all other ways, this behaves the same as sendBroadcast(Intent). One example of a sticky broadcast sent via the operating system is ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED. When you call registerReceiver() for that action -- even with a null BroadcastReceiver -- you get the Intent that was last broadcast for that action. Hence, you can use this to find the state of the battery without necessarily registering for all future state changes in the battery. 74. How the nine-patch Image different from a regular bitmap? Alternatively, what is the difference between nine-patch Image vs regular Bitmap Image? It is one of a resizable bitmap resource which is being used as backgrounds or other images on the device. The NinePatch class allows drawing a bitmap in nine sections. The four corners are unscaled; the middle of the image is scaled in both axes, the four edges are scaled into one axis. 75. What is a resource? user defined JSON, XML, bitmap, or other file, injected into the application build process, which can later be loaded from code. 76.How will you record a phone call in Android? or How to handle an Audio Stream for a call in Android? Permission.PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS: Will Allow an application to monitor, modify, or abort outgoing calls. So using that permission we can monitor the Phone calls. 77.Does Android support the Bluetooth serial port profile? Yes. 78. Can an application be started on powerup? Yes. 79. How to Translate in Android? The Google translator translates the data of one language into another language by using XMPP to transmit dat You can type the message in English and select the language which is understood by the citizens of the country in order to reach the message to the citizens. 80. Describe Briefly the Android Application Architecture? Android Application Architecture has the following components: Services like Network Operation Intent - To perform inter-communication between activities or servicesResource Externalization - such as strings and graphics Notification signaling users - light, sound, icon, notification, dialog etc. Content Providers - They share data between applications 81. What is needed to make a multiple choice list with a custom view for each row? Multiple choice list can be viewed by making the CheckBox android:id value be “@android:id /text1". That is the ID used by Android for the CheckedTextView in simple_list_item_multiple_choice. 82. What dialog boxes are supported in Android ? Android supports 4 dialog boxes: AlertDialog: An alert dialog box supports 0 to 3 buttons and a list of selectable elements, including check boxes and radio buttons. Among the other dialog boxes, the most suggested dialog box is the alert dialog box. ProgressDialog: This dialog box displays a progress wheel or a progress bar. It is an extension of AlertDialog and supports adding buttons. DatePickerDialog: This dialog box is used for selecting a date by the user. TimePickerDialog: This dialog box is used for selecting time by the user. ANDROID Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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300+ TOP LARAVEL Interview Questions and Answers

Laravel Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What is Laravel? An open source free "PHP framework" based on MVC Design Pattern. It is created by Taylor Otwell. Laravel provides expressive and elegant syntax that helps in creating a wonderful web application easily and quickly. 2. List some official packages provided by Laravel? Below are some official packages provided by Laravel Cashier: Laravel Cashier provides an expressive, fluent interface to Stripe's and Braintree's subscription billing services. It handles almost all of the boilerplate subscription billing code you are dreading writing. In addition to basic subscription management, Cashier can handle coupons, swapping subscription, subscription "quantities", cancellation grace periods, and even generate invoice PDFs.Read More Envoy: Laravel Envoy provides a clean, minimal syntax for defining common tasks you run on your remote servers. Using Blade style syntax, you can easily setup tasks for deployment, Artisan commands, and more. Currently, Envoy only supports the Mac and Linux operating systems. Read More Passport: Laravel makes API authentication a breeze using Laravel Passport, which provides a full OAuth2 server implementation for your Laravel application in a matter of minutes. Passport is built on top of the League OAuth2 server that is maintained by Alex Bilbie. Read More Scout: Laravel Scout provides a simple, driver based solution for adding full-text search to your Eloquent models. Using model observers, Scout will automatically keep your search indexes in sync with your Eloquent records.Read More Socialite: Laravel Socialite provides an expressive, fluent interface to OAuth authentication with Facebook, Twitter, Google, LinkedIn, GitHub and Bitbucket. It handles almost all of the boilerplate social authentication code you are dreading writing.Read More 3. What is the latest version of Laravel? Laravel 5.8.29 is the latest version of Laravel. Here are steps to install and configure Laravel 5.8.29 4. What is Lumen? Lumen is PHP micro framework that built on Laravel's top components. It is created by Taylor Otwell. It is the perfect option for building Laravel based micro-services and fast REST API's. It's one of the fastest micro-frameworks available. 5. List out some benefits of Laravel over other Php frameworks? Top benifits of laravel framework Setup and customization process is easy and fast as compared to others. Inbuilt Authentication System. Supports multiple file systems Pre-loaded packages like Laravel Socialite, Laravel cashier, Laravel elixir,Passport,Laravel Scout. Eloquent ORM (Object Relation Mapping) with PHP active record implementation. Built in command line tool "Artisan" for creating a code skeleton ,database structure and build their migration. 6. List out some latest features of Laravel Framework Inbuilt CRSF (cross-site request forgery ) Protection. Laravel provided an easy way to protect your website from cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attacks. Cross-site request forgeries are malicious attack that forces an end user to execute unwanted actions on a web application in which they're currently authenticated. Inbuilt paginations Laravel provides an easy approach to implement paginations in your application.Laravel's paginator is integrated with the query builder and Eloquent ORM and provides convenient, easy-to-use pagination of database. Reverse Routing In Laravel reverse routing is generating URL's based on route declarations.Reverse routing makes your application so much more flexible. Query builder: Laravel's database query builder provides a convenient, fluent interface to creating and running database queries. It can be used to perform most database operations in your application and works on all supported database systems. The Laravel query builder uses PDO parameter binding to protect your application against SQL injection attacks. There is no need to clean strings being passed as bindings. read more Route caching Database Migration IOC (Inverse of Control) Container Or service container. 7. How can you display HTML with Blade in Laravel? To display html in laravel you can use below synatax. {!! $your_var !!} 8. What is composer? Composer is PHP dependency manager used for installing dependencies of PHP applications.It allows you to declare the libraries your project depends on and it will manage (install/update) them for you. It provides us a nice way to reuse any kind of code. Rather than all of us reinventing the wheel over and over, we can instead download popular packages. 9. How to install Laravel via composer? To install Laravel with composer run below command on your terminal. composer create-project Laravel/Laravel your-project-name version 10. What is php artisan. List out some artisan commands? PHP artisan is the command line interface/tool included with Laravel. It provides a number of helpful commands that can help you while you build your application easily. Here are the list of some artisian command. php artisan list php artisan help php artisan tinker php artisan make php artisan –versian php artisan make model model_name php artisan make controller controller_name 11. How to check current installed version of Laravel? Use php artisan –version command to check current installed version of Laravel Framework Usage: php artisan --version 12. List some Aggregates methods provided by query builder in Laravel? Aggregate function is a function where the values of multiple rows are grouped together as input on certain criteria to form a single value of more significant meaning or measurements such as a set, a bag or a list. Below is list of some Aggregates methods provided by Laravel query builder. count() Usage:$products = DB::table(‘products’)->count(); max() Usage:$price = DB::table(‘orders’)->max(‘price’); min() Usage:$price = DB::table(‘orders’)->min(‘price’); avg() Usage:$price = DB::table(‘orders’)->avg(‘price’); sum() Usage: $price = DB::table(‘orders’)->sum(‘price’); 13. Explain Events in Laravel? Laravel events: An event is an incident or occurrence detected and handled by the program.Laravel event provides a simple observer implementation, that allow us to subscribe and listen for events in our application.An event is an incident or occurrence detected and handled by the program.Laravel event provides a simple observer implementation, that allows us to subscribe and listen for events in our application. Below are some events examples in Laravel:- A new user has registered A new comment is posted User login/logout New product is added. 14. How to turn off CRSF protection for a route in Laravel? To turn off or diasble CRSF protection for specific routes in Laravel open "app/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php" file and add following code in it //add this in your class private $exceptUrls = ; //modify this function public function handle($request, Closure $next) { //add this condition foreach($this->exceptUrls as $route) { if ($request->is($route)) { return $next($request); } } return parent::handle($request, $next);} 15. What happens when you type "php artisan" in the command line? When you type "PHP artisan" it lists of a few dozen different command options. 16. Which template engine Laravel use? Laravel uses Blade Templating Engine. Blade is the simple, yet powerful templating engine provided with Laravel. Unlike other popular PHP templating engines, Blade does not restrict you from using plain PHP code in your views. In fact, all Blade views are compiled into plain PHP code and cached until they are modified, meaning Blade adds essentially zero overhead to your application. Blade view files use the .blade.php file extension and are typically stored in the resources/views directory. 17. How can you change your default database type? By default Laravel is configured to use MySQL.In order to change your default database edit your config/database.php and search for ‘default’ => ‘mysql’ and change it to whatever you want (like ‘default’ => ‘sqlite’). 18. Explain Migrations in Laravel? How can you generate migration . Laravel Migrations are like version control for your database, allowing a team to easily modify and share the application’s database schema. Migrations are typically paired with Laravel’s schema builder to easily build your application’s database schema. Steps to Generate Migrations in Laravel To create a migration, use the make:migration Artisan command When you create a migration file, Laravel stores it in /database/migrations directory. Each migration file name contains a timestamp which allows Laravel to determine the order of the migrations. Open the command prompt or terminal depending on your operating system. 19. What are service providers in laravel? Service providers are the central place of all Laravel application bootstrapping. Your own application, as well as all of Laravel’s core services are bootstrapped via service providers. Service provider basically registers event listeners, middleware, routes to Laravel’s service container. All service providers need to be registered in providers array of app/config.php file. 20. How do you register a Service Provider? To register a service provider follow below steps: Open to config/app.php Find ‘providers’ array of the various ServiceProviders. Add namespace ‘Iluminate\Abc\ABCServiceProvider:: class,’ to the end of the array. 21. What are Implicit Controllers? Implicit Controllers allow you to define a single route to handle every action in the controller. You can define it in route.php file with Route: controller method. Usage : Route::controller('base URI',''); 22. What does "composer dump-autoload" do? Whenever we run "composer dump-autoload" Composer re-reads the composer.json file to build up the list of files to autoload. 23. Explain Laravel service container? One of the most powerful feature of Laravel is its Service Container . It is a powerful tool for resolving class dependencies and performing dependency injection in Laravel. Dependency injection is a fancy phrase that essentially means class dependencies are "injected" into the class via the constructor or, in some cases, "setter" methods. 24. How can you get users IP address in Laravel? You can use request’s class ip() method to get IP address of user in Laravel. Usage:public function getUserIp(Request $request){ // Getting ip address of remote user return $user_ip_address=$request->ip(); } 25. What are Laravel Contracts? Laravel’s Contracts are nothing but set of interfaces that define the core services provided by the Laravel framework. 26. How to enable query log in Laravel? Use the enableQueryLog method: Use the enableQueryLog method: DB::connection()->enableQueryLog(); You can get an array of the executed queries by using the getQueryLog method: $queries = DB::getQueryLog(); 27. What are Laravel Facades? Laravel Facades provides a static like interface to classes that are available in the application’s service container. Laravel self ships with many facades which provide access to almost all features of Laravel’s. Laravel Facades serve as "static proxies" to underlying classes in the service container and provides benefits of a terse, expressive syntax while maintaining more testability and flexibility than traditional static methods of classes. All of Laravel’s facades are defined in the IlluminateSupportFacades namespace. You can easily access a Facade like so: use IlluminateSupportFacadesCache; Route::get('/cache', function () { return Cache::get('key'); }); 28. How to use custom table in Laravel Model? We can use custom table in Laravel by overriding protected $table property of Eloquent. Below is sample uses: class User extends Eloquent{ protected $table="my_custom_table"; } 29. How can you define Fillable Attribute in a Laravel Model? You can define fillable attribute by overiding the fillable property of Laravel Eloquent. Here is sample uses Class User extends Eloquent{ protected $fillable =array('id','first_name','last_name','age'); } 30. What is the purpose of the Eloquent cursor() method in Laravel? The cursor method allows you to iterate through your database records using a cursor, which will only execute a single query. When processing large amounts of data, the cursor method may be used to greatly reduce your memory usage. Example Usageforeach (Product::where('name', 'bar')->cursor() as $flight) { //do some stuff } 31. What are Closures in Laravel? Closures are an anonymous function that can be assigned to a variable or passed to another function as an argument.A Closures can access variables outside the scope that it was created. 32. What is Kept in vendor directory of Laravel? Any packages that are pulled from composer is kept in vendor directory of Laravel. 33. What does PHP compact function do? Laravel's compact() function takes each key and tries to find a variable with that same name.If the variable is found, them it builds an associative array. 34. In which directory controllers are located in Laravel? We kept all controllers in App/Http/Controllers directory 35. Define ORM? Object-relational Mapping (ORM) is a programming technique for converting data between incompatible type systems in object-oriented programming languages. 36. How to create a record in Laravel using eloquent? To create a new record in the database using Laravel Eloquent, simply create a new model instance, set attributes on the model, then call the save method: Here is sample Usage.public function saveProduct(Request $request ){ $product = new product; $product->name = $request->name; $product->description = $request->name; $product->save(); } 37. How to get Logged in user info in Laravel? Auth::User() function is used to get Logged in user info in Laravel. Usage:- if(Auth::check()){ $loggedIn_user=Auth::User(); dd($loggedIn_user); } 38. Does Laravel support caching? Yes, Laravel supports popular caching backends like Memcached and Redis. By default, Laravel is configured to use the file cache driver, which stores the serialized, cached objects in the file system .For large projects it is recommended to use Memcached or Redis. 39. What are named routes in Laravel? Named routing is another amazing feature of Laravel framework. Named routes allow referring to routes when generating redirects or Url’s more comfortably. You can specify named routes by chaining the name method onto the route definition: Route::get('user/profile', function () { // })->name('profile'); You can specify route names for controller actions: Route::get('user/profile', 'UserController@showProfile')->name('profile'); Once you have assigned a name to your routes, you may use the route's name when generating URLs or redirects via the global route function: // Generating URLs... $url = route('profile'); // Generating Redirects... return redirect()->route('profile'); 40. What are traits in Laravel? Laravel Traits are simply a group of methods that you want include within another class. A Trait, like an abstract classes cannot be instantiated by itself.Trait are created to reduce the limitations of single inheritance in PHP by enabling a developer to reuse sets of methods freely in several independent classes living in different class hierarchies. Laravel Triats Exampletrait Sharable { public function share($item) { return 'share this item'; } } You could then include this Trait within other classes like this: class Post { use Sharable; } class Comment { use Sharable; } Now if you were to create new objects out of these classes you would find that they both have the share() method available: $post = new Post; echo $post->share(''); // 'share this item' $comment = new Comment; echo $comment->share(''); // 'share this item' 41. How to create migration via artisan? Use below commands to create migration data via artisan. php artisan make:migration create_users_table 42. Explain validations in Laravel? In Programming validations are a handy way to ensure that your data is always in a clean and expected format before it gets into your database. Laravel provides several different ways to validate your application incoming data.By default Laravel’s base controller class uses a ValidatesRequests trait which provides a convenient method to validate all incoming HTTP requests coming from client.You can also validate data in laravel by creating Form Request. 43. Explain Laravel Eloquent? Laravel’s Eloquent ORM is one the most popular PHP ORM (OBJECT RELATIONSHIP MAPPING). It provides a beautiful, simple ActiveRecord implementation to work with your database. In Eloquent each database table has the corresponding MODEL that is used to interact with table and perform a database related operation on the table. Sample Model Class in Laravel.namespace App; use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model; class Users extends Model { } 44. Can laravel be hacked? Answers to this question is NO.Laravel application’s are 100% secure (depends what you mean by "secure" as well), in terms of things you can do to prevent unwanted data/changes done without the user knowing. Larevl have inbuilt CSRF security, input validations and encrypted session/cookies etc. Also, Laravel uses a high encryption level for securing Passwords. With every update, there’s the possibility of new holes but you can keep up to date with Symfony changes and security issues on their site. 45. Does Laravel support PHP 7? Yes,Laravel supports php 7 46. Define Active Record Implementation. How to use it Laravel? Active Record Implementation is an architectural pattern found in software engineering that stores in-memory object data in relational databases. Active Record facilitates the creation and use of business objects whose data is required to persistent in the database. Laravel implements Active Records by Eloquent ORM. Below is sample usage of Active Records Implementation is Laravel. $product = new Product; $product->title = 'Iphone 6s'; $product->save(); Active Record style ORMs map an object to a database row. In the above example, we would be mapping the Product object to a row in the products table of database. 47. List types of relationships supported by Laravel? Laravel support 7 types of table relationships, they are One To One One To Many One To Many (Inverse) Many To Many Has Many Through Polymorphic Relations Many To Many Polymorphic Relations 48. Explain Laravel Query Builder? Laravel's database query builder provides a suitable, easy interface to creating and organization database queries. It can be used to achieve most database operations in our application and works on all supported database systems. The Laravel query planner uses PDO restriction necessary to keep our application against SQL injection attacks. 49. What is Laravel Elixir? Laravel Elixir provides a clean, fluent API for defining basic Gulp tasks for your Laravel application. Elixir supports common CSS and JavaScript preprocessors like Sass and Webpack. Using method chaining, Elixir allows you to fluently define your asset pipeline. 50. How to enable maintenance mode in Laravel 5? You can enable maintenance mode in Laravel 5, simply by executing below command. //To enable maintenance mode php artisan down //To disable maintenance mode php artisan up 51. List out Databases Laravel supports? Currently Laravel supports four major databases, they are :- MySQL Postgres SQLite SQL Server 52. How to get current environment in Laravel 5? You may access the current application environment via the environment method. $environment = App::environment(); dd($environment); 53. What is the purpose of using dd() function iin Laravel? Laravel's dd() is a helper function, which will dump a variable's contents to the browser and halt further script execution. 54. What is Method Spoofing in Laravel? As HTML forms does not supports PUT, PATCH or DELETE request. So, when defining PUT, PATCH or DELETE routes that are called from an HTML form, you will need to add a hidden _method field to the form. The value sent with the _method field will be used as the HTTP request method: To generate the hidden input field _method, you may also use the method_field helper function: In Blade template you can write it as below {{ method_field('PUT') }} 55. How to assign multiple middleware to Laravel route ? You can assign multiple middleware to Laravel route by using middleware method. Example:// Assign multiple multiple middleware to Laravel to specific route Route::get('/', function () { // })->middleware('firstMiddleware', 'secondMiddleware'); // Assign multiple multiple middleware to Laravel to route groups Route::group(], function () { // }); Laravel Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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