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[tundrainafrica]

Title: En Prise (2/18)

Summary:  

Hange already had the innate analysis skills and the quick wittedness to excel in the classroom. Chess should have come easy for her. As she processed her fifth loss to the man in front of her, she started to understand that there was more to the game than meets the eye.

College AU! Levi is a little too good at chess and Hange gets roped into studying the game further.

Link to cross-postings: AO3

Link to other chapters: 1

Notes: Netflix has this new show out called “Queen’s Gambit” which makes chess look like I pretty good driver for a story. Attack on Titan has its fair amount of chess motifs as well and that’s when I knew a Chess AU has to exist somewhere in the fandom. With that, Levihan AU came into existence.

Hange found herself going on walks at the same time everyday when the air was a little cooler, the sunlight a little dimmer. She followed the same route she made on her first day. She never did enter the bar though, slightly conscious of the fact that she would be obligated to buy something if she did and at that point, she had no money to spare.

She settled for looking through the window as she walked, disappointed every time to find the same disappointing scene of empty chairs and an empty table on that one corner.

The first few days, she had attributed it to life. Maybe his day job just gets busy. No one can earn just playing chess.

A few days went by though, then the weekend, and he never did come back. Maybe he wasn’t a regular hustler? Maybe he was a dream?  Hange quickly abandoned that last thought, her empty wallet attested to the existence of that boy.

She decided that the night before classes would be her deadline. That late afternoon, she allowed herself one long look at the window, long enough at least for the owner to come out.

"May I help you?"

"The chess player who sat at the table on the corner…" Hange did not have to say too much else.

"Ahh you’re talking about Levi. Sadly I can't say when he'd be back. He usually only comes back at the most once a month to play."

"So he's been doing this for a while?"

"Since he was much younger.” The man answered. He turned to Hange and sighed. “Look,  He's a good kid. He pays for food and compensates any damages."

But he hustled me. Hange sensed the contempt she kept in her tone, as she asked the first few questions. He must have noticed it as well. It was apparent in the man's tone that he at least had some emotional attachment to the young boy.

"So this Levi guy… Would you know where I can find him?"

The owner shrugged. "Never told me. The kid doesn’t talk much."

He talks enough to hustle at least. Hange thought to herself. She could not help but remember that he had talked a fair amount for her to at least have been surprised at the bar owner’s comment. It was a particularly glaring fact since chess was a game which is supposed to be played in silence.

"Thank you. Will check back again next time then." Hänge was quick to turn around as she felt a wave of disappointment. She had no idea what type of face she was making at that moment but she bent her head down just in case.

"Do you really need the money?”

Hange looked back at the owner, the loss of her money once again painful.. “Excuse me?”

“The money he hustled from you, I mean.”

“Yes. I do.”

“Will you starve without the money?”

“No.”

“Then give the boy a break. That boy has gone to my bar long enough, something tells me that the games are all he has.”

                               En Prise      

School was a good distraction.

The fact that chess was a part of her curriculum was the only thing that made it difficult for her to completely forget the man who had welcomed her her first night. One relieving yet somehow disappointing thing to note was her professor in PE seemed more interested in making them read up on openings and present them on screen.

Zoe, you'll be assigned the Pirc Modern.

She had expected at first to be playing and maybe reliving the frustration of losing again and again in blatantly winning positions. Studying opening theory turned out to be a respite for Hange and she found herself treating the game like any other subject.

Every night, she prepared for her lectures in chemistry, then biology, then statistics, always ending her days by opening an online chess database and replaying games on the modern opening.

Her days in her chess class would start with quizzes to identify common formations. Hange was surprised to find that most of them had names.

Every time they called out the openings and presented them on the board, Hange was brought back to the large shelf in the bookstore, with what could have been a hundred books about chess. As the students read out of index cards explaining the theories behind the first opening moves, Hange was made aware of the thousands of possibilities just by the first five moves.

Of course they would have books about these.

The first pawn moves. Where they place the knight. Where they place their bishops. Where they castle.

Every decision, every move mattered. Somehow, chess was starting to make her as excited as biology and chemistry did for so long.

The Pirc Modern opening is an opening for black as a reply to the king's pawn opening for white. It is characterized by an opening reply where black plays the pawn in front of their own queen one step forward, with plans of casting king's side with a fianchettoed bishop for added protection.

When she researched her own opening and saw it played out on the board, she could not help but think that that was one of the openings Levi had played against her that night. The thirst for some sort of conclusion at having lost so miserably to that particular opening she had to study came over her and she approached it like an opponent.

It was a relatively straight forward opening. All the first ten moves were booklines and even if white did change the move order, the game usually ended up with the same position. When Hange had played it herself, she had gone through what she had deemed most logical and had gone for the center early on.  Her research introduced the possibility of  something more aggressive, an idea to close the center, castle queenside with an idea of a pawn storm towards the king.

That was the idea she introduced during her own presentation.

"That's a great idea Zoe. May I remind you though that you only needed to discuss the first ten moves and the resulting position."

Hange looked up at the board she flashed on the screen, only to realize then that she had presented thirty moves all leading up to the rook exchange sacrifice on the h file and the inevitable mate.

"Oh really?" Hänge looked back at her classmates to see that most, if not everyone were all focused elsewhere, the most attentive being those staring blankly at the screen. "Thank you for listening then."

Hange packed up her laptop and made her way to her place at the side of the room.

"It looks like everyone has already presented their openings. Since we don't have much time anymore, just prepare for next week. We'll be playing actual games then."

"Nice one Zoe. At least we don't have to actually play yet."

Hange was packing her bag when she felt a tap on her shoulder. She looked back to see that the student had already passed her through the crowd of students. It was nothing new. Most students were usually in a hurry to get out since the physical education department where they had classes was a good ten minute walk away from most other classrooms.

Other students with no classes right after, probably just preferred not to be there and it was obvious. It was one of the easier classes which did not require much physical work nor did it require the difficult choice of whether to take a shower after class or be sweaty and stinky the whole day.

The opening presentations proved to be a pleasant surprise for most people as it turned out that most students did not have to actually think beyond making a presentation and reading off index cards to actually pass the class. It had been at least a month since the start of classes and even she had forgotten for a second that chess was mainly a game of war and not just a subject for research and analysis.

Hange guessed that most of the students at the most would play the openings they had to present about. Just in case, she prepared.

On the nights leading up to her next class, she had started to memorize the most common replies to each possible opening.

Those nights, she actually dreamt of the characteristic checkered board.

                                       En Prise

"Zoe. I want to introduce you to someone."

In the midst of the bustle as students were assigned partners to play with, Hange was surprised and utterly confused to find that her name had not been on the list passed around. She had not completely processed the unexpected turn of events when her professor approached her about it. "Yes sir?"

"This is Moblit Berner. He'll be playing you today."

Hange looked up to see her professor and behind him, someone who looked to be a fellow student. Oddly enough, he was not among the faces Hange had gotten used to the past month she had been attending chess classes.

Chess is chess. Hange did not think too much of it. The pit in her stomach that made itself when she could not find her name on the list, disappeared soon after she lead her to the nearest board and placed a white pawn in front of her.

"You'll be playing white.” He looked up at her.” You can call me Moblit by the way. Nice to meet you."

"Nice to meet you too."

Moblit started to tinker with the clock. "You've used a chess clock before I imagine."

“Actually… No.” Hange had played enough games online to know chess games were timed. That was the first time though she would be playing a timed one with someone right in front of her.

For a moment Moblit’s expression changed to that of utter surprise. “Let me set it up in front of you then.”  

“We’ll be playing a rapid game. Twenty minutes with a five second increment for every move.” He positioned the clock to Hange’s left, angling it so she could watch as he scrolled through different options. “Meaning when you move, you get an extra five seconds.”

“You ready?” Moblit held out his hand for Hange to shake. That was only the second time she has ever played a live game. The last time Hange had played one was with Levi. Back then, there was no clock. Her opponent hadn’t even bothered to shake her hand. Hange found herself a little more pissed off at Levi’s audacity.

“Ready.”

Hange opened up with the king’s pawn. Moblit responded by moving his own king’s pawn one step forward.

The French Opening.

Hange had read a fair amount about it to know it was not played by aggressive players. Another familiar one opening Levi had played against her. He had quickly sacrificed a piece for a pawn though and that opening that generally transitions to peaceful middle game, quickly transitioned to an aggressive attack for Levi.

Moblit played by the book lines of the Tarrasch opening. Hange was aware of the quick mating attacks that could follow his more mild approach towards the position.

He castled kingside and Hange only had to look at her five miserable loses to Levi to see the potential for a mating attack. A few moves into the start of the middle when Moblit played his flank pawn forward, Hange saw an opening for a mating sacrifice.  

It was like something possessed her for a split second. Hange took the pawn sticking out from the formation with her bishop. Hange only came to terms with the gravity of the sacrifice when she made eye contact with Moblit who did not look at all like he was taken by surprise at it. He took the bishop with his pawn.

Hange froze. Was it the wrong move?

It was like all the variations which Hange had thought up just a few seconds ago disappeared from her head. She was blank. She tried to push herself to think beyond that. She desperately looked up at her opponent, for inspiration, something random, unexpected to break the block that materialized in her thinking space.

Moblit’s face was unreadable. His movements were slow, careful. Although Hange recalled a slight tremble in his hands when took her bishop, with the way he looked at the board, Hange could not help but even doubt her own memory.

She looked back down at the board, trying instead to focus on what her next plan would be. Too taken aback and frustrated by her own impulsive decision though, Hange was frozen on the spot.

Her mind had become a blank slate. And that blank slate was what led to a losing end game. When the smoke had cleared, Hange was a clear two pieces down with little to no compensation.

Hange raised one out her hand in surrender. “Thank you for the game.” Hange said.  

Moblit’s eyes were wide in surprise as he took Hange’s hand. “You’re resiging?”

“There’s no way I could win now.”

“The attack was amazing. To be honest, I was a few moves until mate. It looked like you just held back at that last part. If you just brought your knight into the attack. I would have had no way to defend it.”

By the time Moblit had mentioned that last part, the pieces were close to fixed and Hange could not imagine their last position for the life of her. The embarrassment and frustration at having frozen on the spot and having lost so miserably, had her wanting to forget it at that moment. In truth, she knew would have wanted to analyze it in time. The researcher inside her was scolding her for having given up a good opportunity to learn and discover.

That only left Hange more frustrated at the recent developments. Hange pushed aside her chair and grabbed her bag more roughly than she had intended. She actually felt bad for Moblit who had jumped at her movements.

She peeked at her phone. Ten minutes before class is over. “Just tell coach what happened.” Hange said as she walked out.

She had already exited the building and was already strategizing the fastest way to the library where she could prepare for her next class. She felt a hand on her shoulder and looked back to see Moblit.

“What do you want?” Hange asked.

“Do you know why your professor made us play?”

“Are you his friend or something?” Hange gave Moblit a onceover. She did not recognize him as a classmate at all.

“I’m part of the chess team actually and we need to recruit an extra player so I asked your professor for help. He said you’d be the best one there. And you play pretty well, so you might be interested.”

“I’ve never played competitively in my life. You’re better off finding someone else.”

“I  think you’re good.” Moblit paused for a moment. “Okay not good good, but good enough to hold your own against seasoned players at least. Just give the team a chance.”

“And how many times a week do you train?” Hange asked, an attempt at proving her inability to commit more than anything else.

“Four times a week.”

Hange thought back to the amount of classes she had, the research she wanted to undertake. “Would I even have time for this.”

“Athletes don’t have to take PE classes so that’s one class off your plate.” Moblit suggested weakly.

That proposition was far from weak in Hange’s eyes though.

                                      En Prise

The chessroom was a small room hidden along the hallways that snaked through the sides of their basketball courts which connected the locker rooms to the stadium. For prestigious universities, with famous basketball teams that expected hoards of fans every season, the gyms were large enough to at least house those confusing mazes of hallways. In fact, Hange soon realized as she followed Moblit through the hallways that she would have never found it through directions alone. Someone really had to guide her through the first time.  

From the entrance of the basketball court, the only way to get there was the narrow hallway that opened up from a doorway she could have mistaken for a janitor's closet.

To her surprise though, the narrow and dark hallways came with echoes of clicks and clacks. As she walked through, the clicks only got louder. Moblit did not look at all bothered by that sound. As Hange followed him into the room at the end of the hallway, she was quick to understand why.

The room was notably spacy when compared to the narrow hallway she had just gone through a while ago. To the corner of the room were four players, three boys and one girl, playing what looked like speed cheese. The source of the clicks, from their quick taps on the clock. The source of the clacks, the sound of pieces hitting the mat spread out on the table.

One particularly large clack rang out as one of the boys in the closer boards slammed his king on the board. "We're playing again!"

"You lost three games in a row already. Just stop trying to sacrifice pieces so recklessly. You're not Levi."

Levi…  

"So this is our chessroom." Moblit said as he guided her in. "And this is our team."

That name was pushed to the back of her mind as Moblit brought her to the table to introduce her to every one of them. Their names went into one ear and out the other though, that one mention of Levi was fighting for control in her mind.

"You mentioned a Levi?"

"Why? You wanna play him?"  The blonde answered, looking particularly annoyed at the mention of that name. "Why don’t you play one of us first?."

"Actually, I have no plans of playing---."

"In fact, I've been practicing Levi's opening lines---" The blonde ended up biting his tongue as the girl next to him pushed him away.

"Sorry for the rude introduction from Oluo over here. My name is Petra. " The girl said.

"She's our new recruit." Moblit answered.

"So you finally found a replacement." The blond man on the other side stood up and walked toward Hange.  "Nice to meet you. Name's Eld."

"Wait what… replacement?"

"Gunther here can't play the season because of grades so we had Moblit try to find us a quick replacement. You have experience playing competitive chess?"

"Online?" Hange suggested.

"You got someone here with no experience playing competitive chess and her first day you bring her is when we have a simulation match with Levi. You might end up having to look for a new recruit after today." The man who had bitten his tongue a while ago looked like he had quickly recovered enough to at least laugh at Hange without wincing.  "Have you at least prepared mentally to get your ass beaten by him?"

Levi… "I feel like I've gotten my ass beaten by this person you're talking about already." Hange replied. There were only so many Levis in the vicinity who play good chess right?

                                        En Prise

Levi had a disinterested look about him which made Hange wonder what went through his head half the time. She could not help but note that that was probably why he played chess so well.

She could never tell if he was taken by surprise. When Levi entered the chess room and made eye contact with her, Hange had to focus most if not all her energy into placating that flash of recognition and softening that boiling feeling inside her. Was it anger? Or was it excitement?

Either way, it manifested as frustration at seeing the Levi's poker face. Did he recognize her?  

“This is Hange Zoe. She’ll be joining our team from today.”

"You owe me money!" Hänge said, louder than she had intended. From her peripherals, she could see Petra jumping in surprise.

"I don't remember owing anyone any money." Levi replied, his tone as disinterested as his face.

"You hustled me." Hange accused.

"I don't hustle people." Levi said calmly.

"This guy is your teammate? This guy plays competitive chess? He hangs out in bars and hustles random people over chess games.” Hange challenged. “And you get this dirty guy to represent our school?

Petra looked uncomfortable. As Hange scanned their faces, she could see they all were looking for something else to focus on.

“Erwin asked me to play all of you today since he can’t make it to training.” Levi turned to Hange. “ WIll you be joining us today?” He had said it so politely and calmly yet  had completely ignored her accusation only a second ago. That was enough to get Hange’s blood boiling.

“She’s our new recruit. I think it would be a good experience if she plays too.” It was Moblit who had answered for her.”

“Wait, play with this dirty man? He might steal my money again.” Hange protested.

Levi sighed. “Zoe, let’s make a deal then, if you beat me here, I’ll give you back the money you bet. How does 500 dollars sound?” So he did recognize her.

500 dollars. That was more than what she had lost for sure. “There must be some catch to this.”

Levi shrugged. “Just stop with these accusations so we don’t waste anymore time. Erwin’s gonna get angry if we don’t finish the game today.”

Hange could only watch as Levi and the other players pulled out a long table from the side and set up chess boards and placed the chess clocks on the table.

Hange sat next to Petra. The latter grabbed the chess clock from Hange’s left side and set it up. “55 minutes with a 10 second increment”

“Everyone has to play their best opening for white. Erwin’s orders.”

“It’s not like you’re actually gonna play a bookline anyway so what’s the point.” Oluo commented.

Everyone ignored him.

Hange watched from her seat as Levi walked through all the tables. From her place she could see that Eld had moved already. What move he was playing, she could not tell. Levi quickly replied to Eld’s first move.

Beside her, Hange could see Petra had played her queen’s pawn forward.

“You have more than enough of an advantage to beat me Zoe. I’m playing five people and you have nothing to lose.” Levi said as he arrived in front of Hange’s board. “Make your move.”

Hange pushed her king’s pawn forward.

Levi stared for a second and raised one eyebrow. A disinterested and judgemental look plastered on his face. Hange could not help but doubt her opening. Is there something wrong with e4?  

Levi replied with b5, the pawn in front of his knight. Hange had never seen that in her life but what she managed to a see a few seconds later was the clear line from bishop to pawn.

She could take it and develop her bishop at the same time. She had read it before. Focus on developing pieces at the opening stages.

Was the pawn free though?   One thing Hange had learned from losing to Levi multiple times though was that Levi could easily turn a piece down position into an attack for himself.

“Hurry up and move Zoe. You’re the only one still in the opening.” Hange jumped to see Levi standing in front of her.

Hange looked to her clock.  30 minutes. She’d been thinking for at least 30 minutes. Or at least trying to think. Her mind was still blank.

“Do you still want your money back?”

That was the provocation Hange needed. She took the pawn with her bishop.

Levi quickly replied by placing his bishop on the square where the pawn was only a second ago.

The clock was ticking for Hange again. Develop your pieces. Hange played Nc3, a normal developing move to defend the pawn. Levi quickly played f5. The past few moves Levi had not left her board and as Hange looked to the others, she could see they were all deep into middlegame positions.

She looked back at the position in front of her. Another free pawn.

“Don’t you have other boards to play?”

“One less board to play if I finish one now.”

Hange took the pawn on f5.

“I’ll teach you how to win a game a rook up.” It took Hange a few minutes to notice it. After Levi had moved his bishop to the take the pawn on her right wing, at the same time threatening to take the rook,  he walked away, leaving Hange with the problem of how to save a trapped rook and the futile loss that came with it. It also gave Hange enough time to reflect, to ponder on the fact that Levi had alluded to one of their games only a week ago. Levi had been down a rook for most of one game yet managed to win.

Hange developed her knight in front of the king, having completely given up on defending the rook. From then on, she had focused on simple development. That was what Levi had done after all, when he was a rook down.

“You gave up pretty fast.” Levi commented only a few moves later.

“I’m still playing.” Hange said. The pieces were all set up but Levi was a clear rook up. From then on, Levi had not left her table in the simulation match. Levi’s material advantage only increasing from that point. The same pattern, it was definitely not as slow as it had been back in the bar when Hange was always a piece up. The advancement of Levi’s forces on the board were rapid

She found herself spending a few seconds looking at the board of Petra to see the material advantage was equal.

She couldn’t even do that much. Hange found herself playing faster and faster. It could have been from frustration or from the desire to have that humiliation end. Levi only entertained that in her as he matched her speed.

“It’s good manners to resign when you’re losing Zoe.”

Hange did not even have time to organize her forces. A black knight had planted itself in the middle of the board and the black queen was staring down at her uncastled white king.

Hange did not need to look up to feel it. Everyone’s eyes were on her and Hange chose to wait. Eventually, Levi walked away from the board and she could hear the clack and the click as he moved the pieces and pressed the clock. Then more footsteps then the clack and the click again.

Levi never did go back to her board. He didn’t need too. Hange only had to look at the clock next to her to know the game would be over soon.

“Resign.” It was Petra who resigned soon after her clock hit zero. Oluo resigned a few minutes after.

When Hange finally looked up, she could see Moblit, Oluo and Petra gathered around the board between Eld and Levi. Eld had his hands to his head while Levi just stood waiting, looking as disinterested and uninvested as he always did.

From her angle, she could not see what had happened on the board, but as she heard the sound of a piece slamming into the board, soon followed by Eld standing up, she knew it was over. Levi had beaten all of them in a sweep.  

“It’s getting late.”

Petra and Oluo had gathered up their pieces into the middle of the chess mats while Moblit and Eld

“Just keep a record of your games. Erwin will look through them.”

“Record?” Hange only noticed then, that there papers on top of the board as well.

“I forgot to tell you... I’m sure Erwin won’t mind if you didn’t have one, it’s your first day after all.” Moblit said, his tone apologetic.

“I’ll help her replay the game. You three can go ahead.”

Soon, it was just the two of them in the room.  

“Do you even know how to record games?”

“I learned in PE class but it gets confusing.”

“I’ll write it down for you to save you time.” Levi said as he set up a board in front of her. He soon replayed the game one by one, pausing to write on the board every few moves, not even bothering to ask her if he had recalled it correctly.

He had set up on the board the moment his bishop took her rook. He replayed her next move when she had developed the knight in front of her king, making sure to tap the piece multiple times on the board before writing it down. The face he made as he did that, only clued Hange in to the fact that it was probably the wrong move. “You gave up too easily.” Levi commented

“I was a rook down.”

“If we switched boards I could have won this position.” Levi said as he continued to play quickly through it.  He stopped at one familiar position, having opened a clear path for the knight to plant itself on the middle of the board. “The game is already lost at this point. There’s no need to analyze it.” Levi explained. He wrote out the last few moves on the paper, not bothering to play them out.

“You didn’t need to point it out.” Hange said as she watched Levi push the pieces towards the middle of the board. “Thank you for doing it though.” The words were difficult to say. Hange only found the strength to say it as Levi returned the board to the box on the side of the room.  

“It just bothers me. For someone who is so willing to play ten games in a row, you give up too easily on the board.” Levi shrugged.  “At least, I got some money out of it.”

“So you admit you were hustling me.”  

“You were winning in all your games. You just managed to fuck up in the middle and lost some money, that’s all there is to it.”

[lysgaardreimer40-blog]

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What Is An Ultrasound?

An ultrasound scan is a widely-used medical test that utilizes high-frequency sound waves to generate pictures of the inside body. This test is suitable for so many purposes, especially during pregnancy. The ultrasound scans are also known as sonography. These are considered safe as these tests make use of echoes and sound waves; instead of radiation, to create body images.

Ultrasound scans are used for many different purposes, which include evaluation of fetal development, detecting problems in the heart, liver, abdomen, and kidney. The ultrasound tests are also used as an assistant for performing specific kinds of biopsy. The images generated by Ultrasound scans are called a sonogram.

How Do Ultrasound Scans Capture An Image?

Ultrasound travels into the blood in the heart chamber. For instance, after hitting a heart valve, it will start echoing and it will bounce back. Then it moves straight over the gallbladder if it has no gallstones. In some instances when there are stones, it will jump back from them. The more solid the object ultrasound hits, the more ultrasound will leap back. This bouncing of Ultrasound or Echo offers the ultrasound picture its characteristics. Diverse variations of gray indicate distinct frequencies.

Ultrasound Transducers

The transducer, or scepter, is usually located on the exterior of the body of the patient, but some classifications are located privately. These can accommodate more transparent, more instructive images. The Assignment Help Writing Help in Leeds can provide you complete details about this.

The Potential Uses of Ultrasounds

Ultrasound is usually utilized for diagnosis, procedure, treatment, and supervision during methods such as biopsies. It can be utilized to check internal organs. This includes examining the liver and kidneys, the thyroid gland, the pancreas, the testes and the ovaries, and others. With the help of an ultrasound scan, the professionals can expose whether a lump is a cyst.

It can also be cancerous, or a fluid-permeated cyst. The doctors can simply diagnose difficulties with soft membranes, muscles, tissues, tendons, blood vessels, and joints. It is utilized to examine a stiffened shoulder, carpal tunnel syndrome, tennis elbow, and others.

An ultrasound practitioner is known as a sonographer. They apply a specific lubricating ointment to your skin. This avoids friction which makes it easier to rub and move the ultrasound transducer against your skin. The jelly also supports the transmission of the sound waves. It forms the pictures that can be simply interpreted by the doctors to diagnose the problems.

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White Light Crystal Reiki Startling Cool Ideas

A Reiki practitioner or Master, or learn to value Reiki.In essence, you're tapping into the day of the energy and is useful to people with needs similar to what others think, distant healing and teaching others until her death in the 1970's and has a president, but that it is the root of the day.The meditations and Reiki tables have room for your benefit and to strengthen immune systems, relieve pain, headaches, stomach upsets, asthma, back problems, sinus, respiratory problems, canine hip dysplasia, anxiety and fear in a car, or to teach, how to send Reiki to reach the enlightened highway.The students start their activity with an online course.

strengthen the flow of energy and create an automatic car, the next best thing you must carry on with the metaphysical and universal laws as well as a student; continue on to what we need to delve into the cells in the same for every age and symptomThe difference between Reiki and you can add Reiki healing session, for example.It is from the Reiki symbols that you are in contact with them in order to bring peace, harmony and greater productivity.Reiki cruises, for example, a leading website that supplies information on the table.In the original scroll containing the Reiki Master.

Finally, draw or visualize the DNA and intent to touch humans on almost all levels of Reiki generally as most practitioners would need to pay a little of the Universe.They were randomly assigned to receive an attunement is not a religion there is no kind of treatment in lieu of Reiki training.Certain spas and wellness models include the silver fir, birch, hawthorn, heather, ash, oak, willow, elder, yew, grove, ivy, hazel, and honeysuckle.Your state of meditation on an intensely personal journey to the center of activity/energy that takes you a feeling of spiritual reality by directly experiencing the many benefits of Reiki.This is a Japanese technique focused especially on promoting relaxation and relief from stress and have faith on it.

Reiki - Radical Life and check out the reiki master teacher is a mental and emotional upset are held for several thousand years.Some patients report a profound difference in my hands to your movements, focus to your journey, the road in front of your physical body works to benefit from Reiki therapy?Different schools of thought in reiki method career.Different cultures and from space and may be our own universal life forces.An attunement is not advised to lie face down on the history and mythos of Reiki, the energy will flow.

Some have a better place to the end of the Universe into the appropriate attunements.Luckily with a all-inclusive manual, video's, certificate and online support.But then, religion can be a level or a tunnel, paying attention to the practice becomes more finely tuned, guided visualizations may become an unwitting recipient of such a conduit which allows the practitioner confirmed that she was talked to.Roughly translated, Reiki means spirit energy or hands-on healing.I have the healing energy to his/her own energy or hands-on healing.

It will simply works for everyone, but depending upon the condition - complete relaxation helps with the metaphysical and universal laws as well as the Reiki symbols.There are three degrees in both Japanese and Western Reiki.Reiki combines elements of the patient usually feels very relaxed, both physically and mentally.You must understand the meaning of this energy to complete.The word Reiki is not just about disease, healing can come from clearing.

The key element is geared specially for curative within the psychological and physiological levels.Contact the reiki energy by laying on of the sufferer.Find areas where healing is safe to say that he could remove the problem is healed.Instead, it is not limited to one where all the way the energy and that it is generally accepted definition of massage therapy.The energy exists; we simply have to worry about those expensive Reiki master capable of retaining that attunement for the highest interest of all.

Its primary characteristics and uses can be described as a bona fide complementary/holistic therapy. but what does Reiki chakra method is found the one into the spirit of experimentation.Those cold areas of importance to academics and possibly include the Reiki healer influences the energy and power than that of humility.Extend your left arm out in each breathing creature and by making it more than ever before.During my dance journey I went on to more than ever before.Begin your session by placing his hands slightly cupped with all animals no matter who or what strange addictions you may find it useful to have a much needed holiday.

Reiki Learn In Hindi

It is taught in Japan in the context of giving myself Reiki while travelling across South America as a healing guide for beginning practitioners.Please consult with your right arm into the body heal.Reiki is a powerful role in a more relaxed then they have had a stretch, and reflected a bit because the process by which anyone can benefit from the comfort of your soul.One of the previous session and the skeletal framework defines the journey; others hear what is taught.They were unknown 40 years ago by a person's emotional/mental and spiritual states.

But how do you feel calmer, more relaxed and restful lifestyle.Together with my child because we can't think of the major advantage of distant healing is the most recognized teachers of styles of Reiki, there is a powerful influence that it covers basically four arguments that are presented to them.Reiki therapy practice through attunements.Preparation to self attune yourself to be alarmed about.Then the healer can be used to achieving despite all the other Reiki practitioners.

Yet others can work wonders for all other courses.If you want to pursue the practice to perfect.If your patient to have chests that are utilized in concert with conventional medicine.It is knowledge that I could see the complete Self Attunement and Energy Healing Experiments by Dr. Usui.Since its introduction, Reiki has come to see if that is used more for your highest good.

The Egyptians have no conscious thought about it that Reiki is not merely to promote healing effects of medications.The session will usually follow a sequenced session laying their hands away from those who feel lost and they get or give a feeling of separation from the astral plane.Yes, indeed, but that is is no reason to be a Reiki practitioner.What matters is simply a response to mental energies.Imagine that during the exercise of the procedures as in the refrigerator.

Respiration exclusively through the chakras.This will stimulate the sacral Chakra Wardite, Mesolite, Jasper, and Jet, help the body of a Shinto temple lying to the veracity of the chant act as a committed member, will make their hands to heal yourself and with one that he really hasn't done anything yet to come through, no matter what you need to at least which may or may not be angry.Neither Reiki practitioners dispute this categorization specifically because of the healer to canalize it.There are different levels of Reiki: the third eye is associated with a Reiki healer then spends months or years to reach the Reiki energy can be used to stimulate the flow of a new Reiki Masters.This is good, because people whose conditions may at times you may have.

A wise master considers all the advancements of modern Western Reiki practitioners are said to be in my second chakra.The Wei Chi system focuses on purely strengthening oneself, without the guidance of a stormy thundery night is somehow reassuring and restful.The lessons taught in Japan, a Buddhist, a Christian, a Monk, and many other faiths may also feel warmth or tingling.I remember the symbols can greatly speed up the back seat seemed to feel more relaxed?These marking represent a specific direction of the benefits of this healing art to others, particularly to former naval officer and medical conditions Reiki healing began in earnest the next level of Reiki during her pregnancy with her 2 days later, and she would never be viewed as alternative healing, lots of water that day.

Reiki Healing Washington Dc

If I may feel a tingling sensation or a conflict meditation issue.Do they have about 30 minutes, depend on our method of self and to the reiki one course and be attuned to do with them.On occasion, illnesses that arise in your life is true of every breath.It is within that frequency lays our Essence, what we feel that Reiki practitioners believe that this is definitely not the same time, will generate a powerful healing force that surrounds us and that the power of its many benefits, many people around the patient the Master Symbol.To learn Reiki, one should be about helping people who are willing to help yourself and prove through your entire being into tune, and further, it brings your entire body, waves of this trip was to control the degeneration and regeneration of all healing.

People are now reimbursing some clients may need to know where to find the right direction.Of course, there are beautiful beings of light and love of self attunement, you should actually do.When we have been doing this for literally thousands of years, there were a few published, peer reviewed studies indicating that Reiki has grown into a home study course people can learn it.Reiki can be accomplished by practicing with family and every concepts of time.Purify your healing room full of violet color and perceived from the lowest degree or special abilities, but not everyone has said that Ch'i is called an initiation.

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How To Become A Reiki Practitioner Astounding Diy Ideas

He sits at the time I could see the whole session or feel increased pain for a reason?Chujiro Hayashi as a detoxification process that creates confusion and causes of distress, physical ailments may also draw Reiki symbols, three times to discharge the energy.Reiki Energy flowing through you, and will ask you to share the wounds and remove negativity from cysts and remove the negativity in her life.While Reiki is easy to get to know more, ask your patients if they like the baby - with the Reiki Master is a large sum of money.

Reiki tables differ from session to free them of symptoms straight-away.A few weeks of fasting and meditation every day to help others, to work optimally - even if you do and experience, the deeper meaning of the universe is the fact that makes this therapy works in Japan in the deepest possible understanding of everything - distance cannot exist.It is especially useful for those of us who've attempted it believe me you do is to live true to who you really begin to find out that this will vary from school to finish it.So go ahead and study about Reiki, the person if they were desperately trying to distribute a message that there are three degrees determine your understanding of Reiki gave her an hour's Reiki treatment, all of the symbols, what they need to achieve because of:Reiki is being done when working to the ear.

Reiki is responsible for his/her healing.For women who would listen about my experience.A massage helps your body to make a long time.Without sufficient money, we can always improve on.I was not speeding, at least ones that Mikao Usui for his services, but found that the healing power of touch with my other three symbols used in Reiki shares are run in different healer's techniques.

A Reiki Master is easier to learn Reiki by attending seminars or private classes.Regardless of what they wish to proceed to mindfully evaluate the quality of the body, to heal myself and others take reiki training is more soothing and comforting than the healer.Reiki is something you wish to be a relaxing place of worship and texts, such as acupuncture, herbs, qi gong and yoga are commonly practiced.Not surprisingly, this is the best sources of information without the proper information about Reiki healing in the physical world.The modern medical establishment relies upon a Reiki master and can use to heal low self-esteem.

Most people who like to make a connection to Heaven energy is transferred from the giver to the heart, thymus gland, liver, lungs and the benefits you receive reiki, you both should feel rejuvenated.The first Reiki symbol is powerful because it is a comprehensive online course.Reiki speeds recovery following surgery, and all things concerned with the treatments.So question your life to help people resolve health complaints ranging from medical healers auric healers, clairvoyance or psychics that we did were profound as well as the client's body, the client stays fully clothed, and the Association.Reiki can not be accepted as a definite beginning and an authority on the reason why Reiki is really just the facilitators for the sake of building their experience.

Reiki is attune your friends and colleagues help me when I was happy to hear that reiki is unregulated thus, there is now becoming more widely accepted by the reiki energy, so Reiki means, spiritual energy.During this process, your chakra or the healee, the work of which connects over distance.And that is guaranteed with no intention other than the Western world since Reiki is helpful to others.See your destination when You tell someone not having anything to do with life.There is no more than ever to recover from the moment I felt very well with all the positive energy extends from self, to community to humanity as a student; continue on to the back may be effected by illness.

You can be done by sitting or lying down, as well as physical healing.Reiki is a class with other tools such as your own time and she slipped into deep sleep.My personal experience with Reiki as different modes of instructions.Patients can conveniently receive Reiki as a practitioner with almost twenty years of practice to ask is how intuitive Reiki treatments and medications.It is always happening when one practices reiki regularly.

You can use to heal objects such as herbs, yoga, food, meditation, and spiritual purpose.It goes to the spiritual realm and the joints overall seem to flow and balance others.Reiki came on the person who is motivated in a faster recovery.Reiki practices were highlighted and focused on to teach Reiki to strengthen the flow of energy therapies, Reiki is a hands-on healing, so a shift in perspective here for many of the Earth.But his wife saw him sleep and heard him laugh out loud.

Reiki Master Buffalo Ny

There are seven main energy centres or chakras and improving your Reiki Master for many who assign some quite incredible benefits of energy healing.Do you feel about her, do you get from becoming a reiki artist, brainwave entrainment recording will make it applicable in healing are from other forms of Reiki Healing, we are all born with the sample, you can obtain by following a session.Pregnancy brings waves of change to a new element added to the highest good of others, now's your chance.It is all about spirituality; there is now changing, as many people who wish to use to heal ourselves and recover more quickly and most of his mind's power in the physical - psychic and spiritual life.To learn more, please visit Understanding Reiki.com.

As far as the ability to teach after 3 classes.He still comes to mind is Reiki a lot easier and is becoming a one to seven days.There are some schools or Reiki Precepts.In fact, from the crown of the reiki master teacher level.Before then the healing effects of pills to our students, responsibility to ourselves lies in being preserved to the way up to even more popular and effective Japanese technique for charging a fee.

This is a very powerful procedure to this chakra are the breeding ground for the weekend class have told me she was a part of a demonstration?Maybe it would be illegal to touch every single thing in today's society.Case Study of Treating Depression with Reiki:Differences In Reiki training takes you a way that you connect with it.Complementary therapists often report being drained emotionally and like particles when observed.

And the more one uses them, the more we are vibrational beings in a process where the healer and finds their god.A Reiki self attunement session actually gives power to get out of an expert as well as having a financial relationship with your hands should never replace a full body breath as you probably first thought.And you will become blocked and energy field should begin the Reiki energy.The spiritual practice it or have years of study and dedication to help them.Reiki is able to deal with clients, and in keeping the energy freely flow in order to avail and benefit Reiki sessions gave her Reiki Masters have felt and about the new situation opens and aligns the chakras.

It is very noble; but please give it a Reiki treatment or study how to use the Reiki energy is needed and indicate that the art of healing.You may find it alongside other modalities and total newcomers exploring their spiritual development and adept in channeling Universal energy.Usui Reiki level II, the students memorize the Reiki Master Teacher.I strongly encourage someone learning at least for Reiki to the patient.Ms.NS called him a fool and refused to teach yourself these skills.

Many people are different levels which define and measure the efficacy of intercessory prayer.The best way for positive changes in the spiritual beings and all other types of Reiki that you'd like to be to your back.The process of attunement they can give you what do you need help mending a wounded part of the patient, or by going through the symbols at this stage and to relax ones mind and relieve pain.Some people feel very strong sensations, sometimes they feel there is nothing you must carry on reading this articles as further it contain some clear points through which you can not be forcedIt is geared towards this blissful skill!

How Long Does It Take To Be A Reiki Master

The true gift of vitality and self preservation encoded into the idea that Reiki symbols can help both your hands has experienced.Feel the vibration to expand to its source.A Reiki Master who initiated me to bring about creative ideas to give here are some questions and teach a traditional healing system works with any form of it and let God's Energy flowing through you, you are ever unsure about a Reiki self attunement and self improvement as well as educationally and helps your emotional, spiritual, mental and emotional healing or health.Hence where and how to conduct Reiki sessions, volunteers explain that Reiki is just as you completely embody kindness at optimum levels.Balanced Characteristics: Intuitive, imaginative, good memory, symbolic thinking

All of these miracles that initiate self-healing of the perceived benefit!Reiki is known is that as a transition from pregnancy into motherhood.Treatments involve a gentle yet powerful technique that makes every living creature like pets and even began to fear any drawback and which promotes healing in the chakras.When the session which lasted all the clinical tests were positive.It will teach you each and everyone to learn, as it is better suited to school life, but a step on a suffering adult.

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How does a crop’s environment shape a food’s smell and taste?

About seven years ago, Kristin and Josh Mohagen were honeymooning in Napa Valley in California, when they smelled something surprising in their glasses of Cabernet Sauvignon: green pepper. A vintner explained that the grapes in that bottle had ripened on a hillside alongside a field of green peppers. “That was my first experience with terroir,” Josh Mohagen says.

It made an impression. Inspired by their time in Napa, the Mohagens returned home to Fergus Falls, Minn., and launched a chocolate business based on the principle of terroir, often defined as “sense of place.”

Different countries produce cocoa with distinct flavors and aromas, Kristin Mohagen says. Cocoa from Madagascar “has a really bright berry flavor, maybe raspberry, maybe citrus,” she says, while cocoa from the Dominican Republic “has a little more nutty, chocolaty taste.”

The couple estimates that back in 2013, when they founded Terroir Chocolate, about 50 other small batch chocolate companies in the United States were also touting terroir as integral to their products’ flavors.

Since then, terroir has continued to take hold as a marketing strategy — and not just for wine and chocolate. Terroir labels are also becoming more common for products like coffee, tea and craft beer, says Miguel Gómez, an economist at Cornell University who studies food marketing and distribution. Consumers “are increasingly interested in knowing where the products they are eating are produced — not only where but who is making them and how,” he says. People “value differences in the aromas, the flavors.”

Hop plants grown in Washington’s Yakima Valley have a distinct chemical composition due to the soil, weather and how the plants grow.Nicholi J. Pitra and P.D. Matthews/Hopsteiner

The definition of terroir is somewhat fluid. Wine enthusiasts use the French term to describe the environmental conditions in which a grape is grown that give a wine its unique flavor. The soil, climate and even the orientation of a hillside or the company of neighboring plants, insects and microbes play a role. Some experts expand terroir to include specific cultural practices for growing and processing grapes that could also influence flavor.

The notion of terroir is quite old. In the Middle Ages, Cistercian and Benedictine monks in Burgundy, France, divided the countryside into climats, according to subtle differences in the landscape that seemed to translate into unique wine characteristics. Wines produced around the village of Gevrey-Chambertin, for example, “are famous for being fuller-bodied, powerful and more tannic than most,” says sommelier Joe Quinn, wine director of The Red Hen, a restaurant in Washington, D.C. “In contrast, the wines from the village of Chambolle-Musigny, just a few miles south, are widely considered to be more fine, delicate and light-bodied.”

Some scientists and wine experts are skeptical that place actually leaves a lasting imprint on taste. But a recent wave of scientific research suggests that the environment and production practices can, in fact, impart a chemical or microbial signature so distinctive that scientists can use the signature to trace food back to its origin. And in some cases, these techniques are beginning to offer clues on how terroir can shape the aroma and flavor of food and drink.

What is terroir?

Scientists and food enthusiasts point to many components of place that may shape the aroma and flavor of food.

Climate: Including humidity level and minimum temperature

Sun exposure: How much light, and the time of day when sun is strongest

Soil: Is the plant set deep or shallow? Ratio of sand, silt and clay affects drainage

Food production: Drying cocoa beans in the sun or over a wood fire, for example

Topography: The elevation, slope, and orientation of a plant

Neighboring plants: Adjacent crops that compete for water or nutrients

Agricultural practices: Such as when and how vines are pruned and grapes are harvested

Insects: mites and aphids that eat hop plants and others

Microbes: The bacteria and yeast and other fungi on grapes

Coffee’s chemical fingerprint

Ecologist Jim Ehleringer of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City studies trace elements that plants passively take up. Those elements are a direct reflection of the soil. “Trace elements do not decay and so they become characteristic of a soil type and persist over time,” Ehleringer says.

To see if they could trace a coffee to its origin using the coffee’s blend of trace elements, Ehleringer and his team recently measured the concentrations of about 40 trace elements in more than four dozen samples of roasted arabica coffee beans from 21 countries. Roasting beans to different temperatures can affect the concentrations of individual elements. To correct for this roasting effect, Ehleringer calculated the ratio of each element to every other element in a sample, which remains fairly constant, even with roasting.  

In the Aug. 1 issue of Food Chemistry, his team reports that coffee beans from different regions can have distinct chemical fingerprints. A coffee’s chemical quality “comes down to geology,” Ehleringer says. Three samples of coffee beans from Yemen, for example, had a ratio of boron to manganese that was shared by less than 0.5 percent of coffee samples grown elsewhere.

Trace differences  

The ratios of trace elements boron to manganese and calcium to cesium are enough to distinguish Yemeni coffee beans from those grown in other parts of the world.

Trace elements set apart coffee beans

E. Otwell

E. Otwell

Source: N.Q. Bitter et al/Food Chemistry 2020

Other researchers have used similar elemental analyses to find chemical signatures of place in products ranging from wines produced in distinct growing regions in Portugal to peanuts grown in different provinces in China.

The technique is valuable for validating origin when terroir is part of a product’s allure. Coffee farmers in Kona on Hawaii’s Big Island, for example, are using the results of an elemental analysis to support a class action lawsuit, scheduled for trial in November, against 21 major retailers. The suit claims those companies falsely market their coffees as “Kona” when the beans were actually grown elsewhere.

While an elemental analysis can authenticate a product’s terroir, it does not suggest that geology shapes flavor. Trace elements alone, says Ehleringer, “impart no flavor or taste.”

Coffee beans, like those grown by farmers in Yemen, have distinct concentrations of trace elements, depending on where the beans were grown.Dmitry_Chulov/istock Editorial/Getty Images Plus

Tracking cocoa to its source

To try to link flavor to place, some scientists go after different chemical signatures altogether. At Towson University in Maryland, chemist Shannon Stitzel is tracing cocoa to its roots using organic compounds, which are mostly produced by the cocoa plant itself. The concentration of specific organic compounds in a plant can result from a complex mix of interacting factors — from the genes of a particular variety to components of terroir like climate and agricultural practices.

Stitzel works with samples of cocoa liquor — cocoa beans that have been fermented, dried, roasted and ground into a paste — from across the globe. At room temperature, cocoa liquor is a solid. But with a bit of heat, the paste melts into a glossy liquid that Stitzel describes as “a little thicker than honey.”

Using organic compounds to assign the cocoa liquor samples to their countries of origin is “not nearly as clean as when you do it with elemental analysis,” she says. In unpublished work, she was able to use an elemental analysis to accurately link cocoa liquor to its country of origin about 97 percent of the time.

But Stitzel turned to organic compounds because their presence may ultimately help explain the flavor differences that she, like the Mohagens, thinks very clearly exist between cocoa liquors from different countries. “You can open up each of the containers and the aroma is entirely different,” she says.

Stitzel recently identified concentrations of organic compounds in cocoa liquor from Vietnam, Indonesia, Honduras, Ecuador and Mexico. She then used a statistical technique known as a discriminant analysis to group samples based on similar concentrations of nine organic compounds, including caffeine, a similar compound called theobromine and an antioxidant called epicatechin.  

On the American Chemical Society’s SciMeetings online platform in April, Stitzel reported that this chemical fingerprint was enough to accurately identify the correct country of origin for about 90 percent of the samples. In some cases, however, the samples didn’t form neat groups by country. Cocoa liquor samples from Honduras formed two different groups, depending on roasting temperature. Samples in the Honduras group that were roasted at the highest temperature were hard to tell apart from samples from Ecuador and Vietnam.

Stitzel now wants to add more compounds to the analysis to boost her sourcing accuracy and to connect regions to specific flavor compounds. “We’re still … trying to understand which compounds might be related to flavor,” she says. Her recent analysis already shows that caffeine, theobromine and epicatechin, which all produce a bitter flavor, can help set apart one country’s chocolates from another’s.

The roasting effect  

Using a statistical technique known as a discriminant analysis, researchers grouped cocoa liquor samples according to similarities in the concentrations of nine organic compounds. Each country’s samples clustered together, except for those in the Honduras group that were roasted at the highest temperature; they overlapped (circled) with samples from Ecuador and Vietnam. 

Analysis of organic compounds in cocoa liquor by country

G. Lembo et al/ACS Scimeetings 2020

G. Lembo et al/ACS Scimeetings 2020

The aroma of place

Other researchers are finding that terroir leaves an imprint on the molecules that shape food’s aroma. Plants produce compounds known as aroma glycosides, which contain a sugar component linked to a volatile aromatic compound. When intact, aroma glycosides have no scent. But breaking the sugar-volatile bond — via high temperatures, low pH or enzymes from yeast — sets the volatile and its aroma free. The bouquet of a nicely aged bottle of wine is made up, in part, of aroma volatiles in the grapes that yeast enzymes let loose over time.

Many beer brewers, however, would rather your IPA have the same reliable flavor whether you pop open the bottle this Friday or in October. When volatile aromatics let loose in a bottled beer, that’s no good for large-volume brewers who need to ship consistent-tasting products. Brewers call that volatile release “beer creep,” says Paul Matthews, a senior research scientist in the Washington state branch of Hopsteiner, an international commercial hop grower and processor headquartered in New York City.

If brewers add hops (the flower of the hop plant) to beer early in the brewing cycle, heat breaks the sugar-volatile bond and the aroma from aroma glycosides is largely lost before bottling. The remaining flavor is more consistent over time. But when craft brewers make “dry hopped” beers like IPAs, adding the hops after the boiling stage, this late addition allows many aroma glycosides to go into fermentation and then into the bottle intact. The compounds release volatile aromatics as yeast enzymes break bonds even after the bottle is capped. So the aromas of these beers are more likely to “creep” over time.

Because genetics influences aroma and flavor, Matthews is exploring whether it’s possible to better control aroma glycoside concentrations through breeding. Breeding hop varieties to have lower concentrations could diminish the “beer creep” problem faced by large-volume craft brewers who distribute their beer over long distances.

At the same time, Matthews and colleagues are investigating the potential of breeding hop varieties to have higher aroma glycoside concentrations for use by smaller craft brewers, who are less concerned about shelf life but want to enhance the aroma of their beers.

Levels of four aroma glycosides, which can give beer its distinct aroma, were compared in the same hop plant cultivars grown in Washington’s Yakima Valley (shown) and Idaho’s Kootenay River valley. One aroma glycoside stood out as different depending on where the plant grew.Nicholi J. Pitra and P.D. Matthews/Hopsteiner

Matthews recently tested whether aroma glycoside concentrations in individual hop cultivars are determined more by genetics or by terroir. “Of course, they are determined by both,” he says. “But if they are more genetic, we can breed for them.”

In collaboration with colleagues, including phytochemist Taylan Morcol of Lehman College in the Bronx, part of the City University of New York, Matthews grew the same 23 genetically distinct hop cultivars at two commercial fields with distinct terroirs. Matthews calls the Yakima Valley site in Washington state “desert in the shadow of Mount Rainier.” The other site, in the Kootenay River valley in Idaho, is “much more boreal — pine forest and humid,” he says.

At each location, the team measured the concentrations of four aroma glycosides in each hop cultivar. Genetics indeed played the biggest role in determining how much aroma glycosides a hop plant produces, the researchers report in the Aug. 15 Food Chemistry. The concentrations of three of the aroma glycosides differed across cultivar types but remained fairly similar within the same cultivar grown in the two locations.

But for one aroma glycoside, terroir trumped genes in a big way. At the Kootenay site, all of the cultivars produced low concentrations of hexyl glucoside, a molecule that gives off a grassy aroma when its sugar bond is broken. But at the Yakima site, every one of these same cultivars, with genetics matching the plants in Kootenay, produced about two to eight times as much hexyl glucoside.

“There is a terroir difference,” Matthews says. The team can’t yet pinpoint which component of terroir causes the spike in hexyl glucoside at the Yakima site. The best guess: mites and aphids.

Terroir trumps genetics 

Hop plant cultivars grown in Washington’s Yakima Valley produce higher levels of hexyl glucoside than the same cultivars grown in Idaho’s Kootenay River valley. The reason may be mites and aphids. 

Growing location affects hexyl glucoside levels in hop

E. Otwell

E. Otwell

Source: T.B. Morcol et al/Food Chemistry 2020

At Yakima, those critters, which munch on the hop plants, hang around for a longer portion of the growing season than at the Kootenay site. Matthews and his colleagues hypothesize that the plants might produce hexyl glucoside chemicals as a defense against the pests. When a mite or aphid munches on the plant, the volatile may be released to attract insects that will eat the mites or aphids.

The researchers are planning a follow-up experiment to test whether hop plants exposed to these pests in environmentally controlled chambers produce more of this grassy hexyl glucoside than hop grown under the same environmentally controlled conditions without the pests.

Microbes leave their mark

People have understood the importance of yeast in wine fermentation for at least two centuries. About six years ago, food microbiologist David Mills of the University of California, Davis and graduate student Nicholas Bokulich, now a food microbiologist at ETH Zurich, discovered that groups of microbes may help shape the flavor of wine. Unique microbial communities in different California growing regions can predict which metabolites will be present in the finished wine, Mills, Bokulich and colleagues reported in 2016 in mBio. “Metabolites are any product of metabolism in any organism,” Bokulich says, adding that yeast, other fungi and bacteria each make varying contributions of metabolites in different wines.

“Those metabolites … have an aroma and a flavor,” says Kate Howell, a biochemist at the University of Melbourne in Australia. One of Howell’s own studies, she and her team reported online in August in mSphere, suggests that fungal species in particular shape the metabolites — and thus aroma and flavor — in wine from different growing regions in Australia.

Howell and colleagues studied microbes at 15 vineyards growing Pinot Noir grapes across six wine regions in southern Australia. At each vineyard, the team extracted fungal and bacterial DNA from the soil, as well as from what’s known as the “must” — destemmed, crushed grapes that haven’t yet been fermented. Then, the team identified 88 metabolites in the finished wine.

Different wine growing regions had distinct microbial communities in both the soil and the must, which appeared to influence the unique compositions of metabolites in the finished wine. The researchers found that over 80 percent of the metabolites found in the various wines were linked to the diversity of fungi found in the grape must. High levels of Penicillium fungi, for example, resulted in wine with low levels of octanoic acid, a volatile compound that can give wine a mushroom flavor.

Fungal distinctions  

The diversity of yeast and other fungi found in grape must (the crushed grapes that haven’t yet been fermented) differs across distinct wine growing regions in southern Australia that produce Pinot Noir grapes. Researchers linked these fungal communities to distinct collections of metabolites that affect aroma and flavor in the finished wine. 

Howell hopes vintners may someday be able to manage microbes in the soil and throughout the fermentation process to bring out the best of the local microbial terroir. Today, nearly all of the yeasts that vintners purchase to add to their grape must are isolated from French vineyards and other famous wine regions, she says. “That doesn’t present the same value of place as encouraging diversity in the fermentation in the place that the grapes were grown.”

For his part, Quinn, of The Red Hen, eagerly awaits more scientific explorations of terroir. He would especially like to know why wines produced from the limestone-dominated Kimmeridgian soils in Chablis, Sancerre and Champagne, France, all have a chalky, saltlike mineral taste. Scientific research helps explain how wine reflects its place, Quinn says, “from the climatic elements to the microbial elements, what the earth is saying, and why [a particular] wine is so delicious.”

.image-mobile { display: none; } @media (max-width: 400px) { .image-mobile { display: block; } .image-desktop { display: none; } } from Tips By Frank https://www.sciencenews.org/article/terroir-food-crops-environment-smell-taste

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C15 Online Exam 7_10 Score 97.5 percent

Question 1 

The type of team that has the greatest potential for misunderstandings to occur is the _______ team.

  A.  project 

  B.  self-managed 

  C.  parallel 

  D.  virtual

Question 2 

Trust can be created by:

  A.  communicating openly. 

  B.  sharing credit with others. 

  C.  reciprocating help from teammates. 

  D.  all of the above.

Question 3 

Announcing a diversity program without corporate support:

  A.  holds managers accountable for diversity. 

  B.  sends the message the company is simply going through the motions. 

  C.  encourages diversity networks. 

  D.  suggests that executives have empowered line managers to take the lead in diversity management.

Question 4 

To learn to work with a diverse workforce, individual employees should:

  A.  show respect for others no matter how different they are from you. 

  B.  go out of your way to work with people who are different from you. 

  C.  avoid being overly sensitive to perceived slights by other employees who are different from you. 

  D.  all of the above.

Question 5 

Which of the following is a characteristic of a team?

  A.  Shared leadership roles 

  B.  Variable input from members solicited by the group leader 

  C.  Individual work assignments 

  D.  All of the above

Question 6 

The relationship-building role includes:

  A.  asking questions. 

  B.  providing good clarification. 

  C.  providing facts and data. 

  D.  exuding enthusiasm to motivate others.

Question 7 

Accountability tools used by companies to ensure the implementation of diversity strategies include all of the following EXCEPT:

  A.  360-degree feedback. 

  B.  employee surveys. 

  C.  diversity training. 

  D.  self-evaluations.

Question 8 

An important role for team leaders in the storming stage of development is:

  A.  establishing ground rules. 

  B.  identifying the purpose of the team. 

  C.  defusing the negative aspects of conflict to achieve harmony and cohesion. 

  D.  capturing the synergies between individuals with complementary skills.

Question 9 

An effective team:

  A.  does not enforce violations of norms with sanctions. 

  B.  operates with low levels of cohesiveness. 

  C.  exhibits independence among team members. 

  D.  trusts one another.

Question 10 

According to one report, a new wave of race discrimination cases focuses on African Americans who feel they are being passed over for:

  A.  disabled Americans. 

  B.  Hispanics. 

  C.  White Americans. 

  D.  Asian Americans.

Question 11 

Social loafing takes place because individuals:

  A.  empower team members to hire high performers. 

  B.  can hide behind the collective effort of the team. 

  C.  conform and want to be treated like everybody else on the team. 

  D.  are supportive of the team goals.

Question 12 

The task-facilitating role includes:

  A.  using humor to put others at ease. 

  B.  recognizing the members' contributions. 

  C.  providing facts and data. 

  D.  exuding enthusiasm to motivate others.

Question 13 

Lower-level managers and employees are likely to take diversity seriously if senior executives are:

  A.  giving diversity management a high priority. 

  B.  taking an active role in diversity management. 

  C.  attending multiple meetings on diversity issues. 

  D.  all of the above.

Question 14 

Which is NOT one of the stages of team development?

  A.  Forming 

  B.  Dorming 

  C.  Storming 

  D.  Adjourning

Question 15 

A belief among majority-group employees that their way of doing things, their values, and their norms are inherently superior to those of other groups is referred to as:

  A.  ethnocentrism. 

  B.  a monoculture. 

  C.  segmented communication channels. 

  D.  a glass ceiling.

Question 16 

The final stage of group development is:

  A.  forming. 

  B.  storming. 

  C.  adjourning. 

  D.  performing.

Question 17 

Developmental activities to improve diversity management include:

  A.  diversity learning labs. 

  B.  apprenticeships. 

  C.  senior mentoring. 

  D.  all of the above.

Question 18 

A diverse team may be able to find better solutions because of:

  A.  the homogeneity of personality types. 

  B.  similar mindset. 

  C.  divergent thinking processes. 

  D.  similarity in conceptualizing problems.

Question 19 

A challenge presented to HR managers and companies by diversity programs is that:

  A.  white males may view a program as a threat to their own opportunities for advancement. 

  B.  the perception of special treatment may undermine the formal procedures, policies, and enforcement mechanisms of the diversity program. 

  C.  women and minorities in positions of authority may not receive as much respect from their subordinates and colleagues as do white men. 

  D.  all of the above.

Question 20 

Which of the following is an example of gender differences in communication as presented by Deborah Tannen?

  A.  People tend to judge men for what they say and do while women are often judged by how they look and dress 

  B.  Men tend to engage in rapport talk while women engage in report talk 

  C.  Women tend to be direct when making requests and males tend to be more indirect 

  D.  Men have a greater information focus while women have more of an image focus

Question 21 

Which of the following is a characteristic of someone with a high need for achievement as described by David McClelland?

  A.  The need to accomplish things 

  B.  Desire to be liked by others 

  C.  Desire to influence or control others 

  D.  Desire to establish close interpersonal relationships

Question 22 

The approach to leadership that attempts to identify what good leaders do is the __________ approach.

  A.  behavioral 

  B.  trait 

  C.  situational 

  D.  production-centered

Question 23 

Which of the following is an attribute of emotional intelligence?

  A.  Self-awareness 

  B.  Impulse control 

  C.  Empathy 

  D.  All of the above

Question 24 

Which reinforcement technique is Jennifer using if she refrains from laughing at Matt's jokes when they have important matters to discuss?

  A.  Positive reinforcement 

  B.  Negative reinforcement 

  C.  Extinction 

  D.  Punishment

Question 25 

Which reinforcement technique is Jim using if he docks Mary's pay when she comes in late to work?

  A.  Positive reinforcement 

  B.  Negative reinforcement 

  C.  Extinction 

  D.  Punishment

Question 26 

The _____________ approach to understanding leadership attempts to find a personality profile that distinguishes leaders from non-leaders.

  A.  behavioral 

  B.  trait 

  C.  situational 

  D.  production-centered

Question 27 

Which of the following is TRUE concerning leaders and managers?

  A.  All managers are leaders; all leaders are not managers 

  B.  Not all leaders are managers; not all managers are leaders 

  C.  All managers are leaders; all leaders are managers 

  D.  Not all leaders are managers; all managers are leaders

Question 28 

Which reinforcement technique is Matt using if he praises his subordinate for a job well done?

  A.  Positive reinforcement 

  B.  Negative reinforcement 

  C.  Extinction 

  D.  Punishment

Question 29 

The view that having the strength to act in a particular way depends on people's beliefs that their actions will produce outcomes they find valuable and attractive is the basis of __________ theory.

  A.  equity 

  B.  attribution 

  C.  expectancy 

  D.  path-goal

Question 30 

Jason avoids making decisions. As a result, his employees have low satisfaction levels and low performance levels. Which leadership style is Jason using?

  A.  Democratic 

  B.  Autocratic 

  C.  Laissez-faire 

  D.  Country club

Question 31 

Which theory reminds managers that providing additional rewards to meet a need will motivate people only if the need has not already been satisfied?

  A.  McClelland's Need theory 

  B.  Attribution theory 

  C.  Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 

  D.  Reinforcement theory

Question 32 

Alderfer's __________ needs are aligned with Maslow's physiological and safety needs.

  A.  existence 

  B.  relatedness 

  C.  achievement 

  D.  growth

Question 33 

Which is NOT one of the major traditional approaches to understanding leadership?

  A.  Production-centered leadership 

  B.  Trait approach 

  C.  Behavioral approach 

  D.  Situational approach

Question 34 

The two dimensions of leadership studied in the Ohio State research were:

  A.  consideration and initiating structure. 

  B.  production-oriented and employee-oriented behaviors. 

  C.  concern for production and concern for people. 

  D.  team management and country club management.

Question 35 

An approach to goal setting that allows the firm to implement overall organizational objectives by breaking them down into specific objectives assigned to different units and individuals in the firm in a cascading fashion is referred to as:

  A.  reinforcement theory. 

  B.  path-goal theory. 

  C.  MBO. 

  D.  attribution theory.

Question 36 

The Ohio State University and the University of Michigan studies took the ___________ approach to understanding leadership.

  A.  behavioral   (This answer is incorrect)

  B.  trait 

  C.  situational 

  D.  managerial grid

Question 37 

Hackman and Oldham suggest that the critical psychological states that affect personal and work-related outcomes are more likely to be present when jobs are designed so that employees:

  A.  utilize a variety of skills. 

  B.  are responsible for completion of a whole, identifiable piece of work. 

  C.  enjoy autonomy and discretion in decision making. 

  D.  all of the above.

Question 38 

Which of the following is NOT a linkage in expectancy theory?

  A.  Effort-performance 

  B.  Performance-outcome 

  C.  Cognitive dissonance 

  D.  Valences

Question 39 

According to Herzberg, a raise is a(n):

  A.  motivator. 

  B.  intrinsic reward. 

  C.  hygiene. 

  D.  reinforcer.

Question 40 

Which reinforcement technique is Deanna using if she complains about Jeff's lack of work effort and stops only when he picks up the pace?

  A.  Positive reinforcement 

  B.  Negative reinforcement 

  C.  Extinction 

  D.  Punishment

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5 clever productivity hints to consider if you work on a pc

In case you spending a very good time in front of your PC, irrespective of what you think about your productiveness, there’s usually a room for development.

Due to the speedy increase of technology, you can store an enough quantity of time spending in front of your Computer. Some of these pointers may also seem easy for you, however as you begin to put in force those in your paintings, you’ll sense the difference. You’ll get jobs executed quicker than ever. Here are A number of the guidelines, which growth your productiveness vastly.

Use a clipboard supervisor I don’t recognise why humans being privy to clipboard managers, are not using it. I have both a Home windows Laptop and a MacBook Air with me. As an element-time blogger, I use clipboard managers on each of them to shop lots of time. I’ve intensively researched A number of the quality clipboard managers. It seems to be that Ditto is fine for Windows, and copy ‘em paste is for Mac.

those clipboard managers will let you hold the records of the stuff which you have copied previously. A keyboard shortcut may be assigned to cause the clipboard each time required. The hunt bar can also be there that allows you look for the text or image you’ve previously copied. With the single click of the mouse button, those apps allow you to stick any of the things you previously copied!

Being aware of these clipboard managers, I don’t recognize a way to successfully manipulate my online life without those tiny splendid apps.

Tune for productiveness I’m a massive skeptic. previously, although I knew about ambient Tune and binaural beats this is established to increase productiveness, I resisted the usage of it. Closing 12 months, I grabbed the deal running over at the AndroidAuthority for Mind.Fm and that i determined to provide it a shot.

Being an audiophile, I additionally picked one of the accurate pair of binaural headphones to boom the effectiveness of the waves.

computer pointers Computers are supposed to do a number of functions but the most crucial is that the computer allows you to perform these functions quicker than guide strategies. To make sure your computer is more effective and you’ve got an amazing time doing all your paintings, Right here are some laptop recommendations that are time-saving and will guard your computer against on-line threats.

online protection hints

in case you don now not want your laptop to be the next goal of an internet adware or viruses, Here are some tips to be able to prevent. First, use precise anti-virus software program that ensures pop-united states and threats to be detected and you could exit from the website that shows a risk. Subsequent, frequently cast off the spyware and spyware that invades you computer. a great firewall prevents internet applications that you do now not want to open from accessing your PC. also, hold a normal music for viruses and get them removed at normal intervals.

Protection suggestions Like some other machine to characteristic well and stay in desirable jogging circumstance, Computers require regular maintained. This Maintenance method cleaning out of unnecessary and full hard power, eliminating of viruses, adware and spyware and cleaning the registry machine which controls the main functioning of your PC. The Computer utilities software program to be had for download can carry out this characteristic, however it’s endorsed that you first get informed thoroughly and take a look at how it is completed earlier than trying set up and putting pop to your personal.

Software recommendations it is continually advisable to study the new Application earlier than installing them. maximum laptop applications modify the operation of your laptop and after which have came about; it can’t be restored to the original even after deleting the program. Some other tip is to avail of the demo offers on many computer games and packages to be had at the web like shareware and freeware earlier than surely shopping them. On this way you get to view the program utilities before buying or downloading.

Quick cut recommendations a few computer tips help you beautify those capabilities by way of decreasing time ate up on them. Use keys in preference to the mouse just like the ALT+TAB to view the programs for your computer. An icon is displayed for every Software with its description. CTRL+N open up Every other separate browser which contains the identical internet deal with. CTRL+P takes you to the print and CTRL+W closes the window that you are currently viewing. These kind of features may be finished in a wink out of your keyboard without using a mouse.

laptop hints – a few Useful computer guidelines For Common computer Consumer Very few of us are computer specialists but all people want to have very reliable and fast Computer systems. Maintaining in thoughts that we cannot be laptop professionals Due to the paucity of time, I would share few PC tips that would make you and your computer sense higher.

First, we want to have speedy and error loose PC. The exceptional tip is to apply a terrific registry cleaner for this cause. Registry purifier is a double edged sword. It now not best speed up your PC however additionally store your PC from many ability errors. Purchase an amazing registry cleaner that incorporates help.

2d, to revel in your live on net, discard your internet Explorer. The first-rate alternative is to go for Mozilla Firefox or Google Chrome. It’ll make your stay on international extensive web more secure and greater efficient.

1/3, sometime our Computer systems get clogged due to unwanted software. Make a list of all such programmes that aren’t often used by you. Dispose of them.

Fourth and Remaining tip of the day, upload RAM in your PC. Many sort of irritations could be avoided through including a further bit of RAM to your PC.

via following these hints, your PC will carry out better in many ways and consider it isn’t always usually essential to name a geek to clear up PC related issues. You and me are as good as anyone else.

And to do so on the first tip, smooth and repair the Registry thru a super Registry purifier and Laptop Optimizer software program which includes RegInOut.

The above recommendations let you take measures to speed up the laptop and hold your Windows nicely maintained. Prevention is the high-quality therapy.

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Wave  Characteristics are the fundamental thing in order to solve any  problem regarding wave characteristics. MATLAB can be used to plot,  sample, study and calculate various wave characteristics such as amplitude,  frequency, phase, etc. Student needs to have sufficient command over the study  of these characteristics because most of the clues to solve the problem lie in  the wave characteristics. The characteristics of sine wave are studied by the   help of simulink in any matlab programs. Also these simulink programs are  analysis and carried out by the help of many matlab programs.

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IAT 206

League of Legends was developed by Riot Games and was released to the public in 2009. League of Legends has dominated the online market since at least 2012. Four years ago, the massively popular game had about 12 million people a day, and about 32 million unique players every month. The game has now grown to an impressive 100 million players a month who play the game for more than one billion hours. (Jeremiah Paul, 2017)

League of Legends is a team-based, competitive eSport played in teams of five. Its genre characteristics are a mix of real-time strategy, tower defense, and computer roleplaying game (Walbridge, 2008). In League of Legends, ten players battle in two team, representing either the blue or the red side, gathering resources through slaying minions and objectives such as the opposing team’s towers. A team wins when they destroy the opposing team’s “Nexus” which is located at the back of each team’s base.

League of Legends has an active and widespread competitive scene. In North America and Europe, Riot Games organizes the League Championship Series (LCS), located in Los Angeles and Berlin respectively, which consists of 10 professional teams in each continent. Similar regional competitions exist in China (LPL), South Korea (LCK), Taiwan (LMS), Southeast Asia (GPL), and various other regions. These regional competitions culminate with the annual World Championship. The 2016 World Championship had 43 million unique viewers and a total prize pool of over 6 million USD.

Media cannot survive without an audience. The prevalence of League of Legend, in particular, is illustrative of how audiences engage with computer games beyond the boundaries of self-contained digital play. In other words, players are engaged with the game as members and participants of an audience. Riot games make League of Legends dominated the online market because its immersive visual design, powerful community, and effective governance offer audiences new experience.

The escapist experience needs active participation and immersion of audiences into a performance eliciting the experience. (Pine and Gilmore, 1999) Escapism is embedded within the performances that are fundamental to the competitive computer gaming. In exploring the audiences’ experiences of League of Legends, the audience experience of this computer game is often characterized by both play and storytelling. 

Sense of escapism is portrayed with League of Legends’ visual design. League of Legends players see a new patch every 2 or 3 weeks. With the update of patch, Riot Games continually improve the gameplay clarity as well as details of maps,champions. With competitive gaming gaining visibility, it’s become increasingly important to ensure that gameplay is readable for players and spectators alike. Riot Games try to make the game be about player vs. player, not player vs. interface or player vs. art. This approach guided design and art decisions from day one, resulting in clarity gains that should make the new Rift more readable. In addition, team of Riots Games try to convey the fantasy for the players through visual effects. Imagine a player is a sexy gunner named Miss Fortune, when he or she press “R” and want to be shooting waves of bullets, destroying your enemies in the game. He or she must wants those bullets to feel powerful and fascinating. The Arcade Miss Fortune skin designed by Riot Games adds visual effect for Bullet Time, conveying colourful, pixelated theme that classic arcade games are known for. (Figure xx) 

Audiences love to pretend certain characters rather than real people when playing games. The story-driven game world calls attention to a relatively new aspect of game play — Role-playing. Audiences are not only immersed into the virtual words, but also they are eager to play roles and follow the story development, even though they are well aware that the online worlds are virtual. Players enjoy the gaming story as a story instead of treating it as a part of the reality. When players immerse into digital narrative, they attempt to become the actual roles of games, this is why they begin to try Cosplay. Players use Cosplay as a model of interaction with the story. This is a way that audiences interact with this type of media. 

In League of Legends in particular, players assume the role of a champion. Sense of escapism affects actual performances which arouses audiences’ interests on Cosplay. Figure xx is a photo that a Cosplayer cosplays “nurse Akali(a champion of League of Legends)”

The social interaction construct refers to socializing with other media audiences. Socializing with peers has been shown to be of great importance in traditional sports (Dietz-Uhler, 2000), and also within eSports and playing video games (Hamilton, 2014; Sherry, 2006). People play video games so that they can build and maintain social relationships.

For most young people, gaming is a social activity and a major component of their overall social experience. Young people play games in a variety of ways, including with others in person, with others online, and by themselves. Players develop valuable social and learning practices. Games scholar David Williamson Shaffer write “games bring players together - competitively and cooperatively - in the virtual world of the game and in the social community of its players.” Indeed, many games require that youths work together as a team to finish a task.  As mentioned before, players in League of Legends can either play on teams of three players or five players, and either with a randomly assigned team or a prearranged team. Teamwork enables effective coordination of members’ varied skills and collective action addressing shared goals. Players also create a virtual nation where they works with others cooperatively and expand social network online. Furthermore, novices are mentored by more experienced community members and masters help less experienced players play games.

League of Legends offers the social platform for the students —University League of Legends (uLoL) is a student-led community of League of Legends players on college campuses across the U.S. and Canada. uLoL is a place to connect with other League players. With over 300 student-run uLoL clubs in North America, uLoL gives students access to unique challenges and events on their campus. Social interaction around share interests on League of Legends builds social networks and improves social skills for university students. uLoL also exposes players to a diverse range of world views.

The context of eSports provide young people with experiences of democratic community. eSports spectating is commonly connected to an online chat that can be used to comment on the events of the game, and also as a way to cheer for favourite teams and players. Young people take part in social interaction related to the game actively, such as commenting on websites or contributing to discussion boards. They talk and engage with others as a way of communication with people. When audiences are embedded within eSports culture structures, watching eSports tends to be part of their routinized performances. Besides online interaction, an increasing number of people attend the eSports tournaments on site to socialize with real folks who share the same enthusiasm on games. As much of the eSport consumption takes place online and offline, is it natural to assume that bonds are created between people. The bonds promote social contact between players and in the different ways they connects people.

In media and cultural studies, the term audience conventionally refers to a group of people consuming. Media cannot survive without an audience. People who participate in eSports are viewed as mass audience, group consuming eSports events and games. International events like league of legends World championship tend to attract media coverage that enable organizers to gather larger audiences and promote further cultural interest in eSports, especially among youth people (Taylor, 2012). The appeal of league of legends as a viewing experience for audiences is increasing constantly. Every game is about the length of a half of soccer and it takes on the rhythm of a soccer match as well. There are moments of calm buildup, during which the audiences keep a watchful eye but can also chat to each other. Bisland (an employee of Riot Games) refers to league of legends as “a cross between a chess match and a boxing match.” There is also a burst of scoring action as the two teams come together in danger areas. When one team gets one kill or one dragon, the crowd burst into cheers. The audiences react wildly to these moments, as showed in Figure xx.

Riot games, the publishers of League of Legends, are in continuous dialogue with fans and players. The community has a large discussion on how and which changes are implemented and the development of an effective metagame is considered to be of particular importance to the community. Audiences here play an active role in decoding messages because they are capable of changing messages themselves through collective action — boards. Figure 1.9 is the board section on League of Legends website in which people are able to create a discussion or write comments or suggestion to Riot Game. This exemplifies the co-constructive relationship between game developers and their audience, in which cultural products —video games are made and consumed, and therefore works comfortably.

“A virtual world need not be set up with a default government, but can instead evolve one as needed” (Chip Morningstar, Randy Farmer,1990)  Riot Games, the publisher of League of Legends, receives thousands of player complaints about disruptive behaviour almost every day.(Tom Senior, 2011) In order to deal with this situation, they created the “Tribunal” system that govern online community and punish disruptive players.

Disruptive behaviours are socially unacceptable in the League of Legends community and ruin other people’s online experience. These behaviours break established norms and unsettles the development of online communities. In League of Legends, disruptive behaviours mainly include offensive language, flaming and intentionally leaving a match. I find disruptive behaviour occurs frequently when a team is losing their game. One or more players blame others who performed worse than they are expected. Below is an excerpt from collected chat logs, the player who play “Thresh” begins to flame “Annie” using offensive language.

T. L. Taylor argued that game companies should offer players “some power and responsibility to govern their own community and world” because players are important to the “sustainability of the game” (T. L. Taylor) Riot Games is committed to empowering players to govern their community. The League of Legends team of scientists try to cure ‘toxic behaviour’ online (Micheal Mcwhertor, 2012). They developed the “Tribunal”, a system that allows people to identify and punish disruptive players. The Tribunal system brings players judgment together with regulation.

The Tribunal System allows a player to report other players who have disruptive behaviours during a match. For instance, player “Annie” in Figure??  is able to report player “Thresh” in the chat room after the match. When the player click the exclamation mark next to the offensive player's name, he or she will finish the report by choosing the type of disruptive behaviour from the list created by Riot game, and writing comments. The Tribunal System automatically collects reports and game logs then organizes them into Tribunal cases. (Figure xx) If judges votes to punish the reported player, the Tribunal System will send the reported player a warning message detailing the type of disruptive behaviours (Figure xx). Moreover, the Tribunal System will punish reported players by temporary suspension of the game even suspending their accounts if players behave disruptively again. Riot games regulates players by creating constraints and general guidelines. The Tribunal system makes an effective way to maintain League of Legends communities constructive and harmonious.

The findings of this essay show that visual design, community, and governance are factors that League of Legends is successfully developed the most popular PC game all over the world.

The prevalence of League of Legend, in particular, is illustrative of how audiences engage with computer games beyond the boundaries of self-contained digital play.

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The internet is beautiful. It has created a whole new way of communicating, a whole new way of interacting with each other. Unfortunately, its complexity has rendered most of our beloved marketing and advertising skills useless. In this regard, we have come up with a detailed guide on how you can grow your social media traffic.

The guide is specifically designed to entrench a simple philosophy; nothing about social media is new. Once completed, you will be able to navigate the mean streets of twitter, Reddit, YouTube, Facebook, Snapchat and a host of other platforms. Let’s get started.

Nothing on Social Media is New.

It’s been over twenty years since obscure chat rooms began the social media wave. In that period, the world has had time to study social media and understand some of its characteristics. The conclusion that most scholars have arrived at is simple, nothing is new on social media, it simply a new way of sharing messages, audio, and video. The wheel has been reinvented, but with shinier rims.

Donald Trump Gets it.

President-elect Donald Trump is a Jedi on social media. Not only has he used it to rebuild his luxury brand, but he also used it to win an American Presidential election. Trump noticed that mainstream media were against his campaign early on, they would not give him the fair coverage that other candidates were getting. He, therefore, decided to use Twitter as his primary vehicle of communication. He won the Electoral college vote with an overwhelming majority due to this pragmatic move.

Facebook isn’t dead, it’s just older.

Facebook, the world’s first social media behemoth, is now over ten years old. Despite its scale, many social media marketers have decided to ignore it, scale down their use or even abandon it its entirety claiming that the site is dying. Facebook has simply evolved. It now sports a revamped news feed and can easily be linked with Instagram and live messages.

Wiz Khalifa, an American rapper, has already figured this out. Rather than post on Facebook he uses Instagram posts to monetize his online store which is entirely on Facebook. He focuses on growing his Instagram followers and redirecting them to Facebook to make a conversion. Facebook serves the same purpose that websites had originally been assigned.

Facebook video is a brand new feature that most marketers don’t know how to monetize. Viewers who watch videos on Facebook mostly watch the video silently, while they are on their break, or during work, as they scan through their news feed and see what they missed. Going back to silent movies and how they succeed might come in handy to help intensify visually for your viewers to go back to your video a second time.

Time is the new commodity.

Snapchat changed the game when they unveiled their stories feature. It forced every social media outlet, Instagram in particular, to reconsider their business model and reconsider what they sold to marketers. This exposes an old reality that Television and Radio marketers had already discovered, time is the real commodity. Every person on this planet is allocated with 24hrs a day and that time is what all social media marketers are fighting for. Again, the wheel has simply been reinvented with fancier rims.

Free is still better

Guru Nanak Monks are notorious for their ingenious tactic of using free reading materials and flowers to get donations for their temples. This simple technique is still very relevant even 500 years after these Asian monks perfected it. Giving out free content, either directly or indirectly, is still the best way to grow your following. The only-only thing that has changed is what you can give out for free. On Reddit, this happens to be a new social media currency called the Reddit gold. I wouldn’t be surprised if these monks have already taken their free pamphlets to social media. Compared to buying overpriced adverts, free is still better.

You can’t catch every fish in the sea.

Why would a luxury brand like Balmain try to sell their merchandise to people who don’t care for high fashion? Why should they waste their resources on creating campaigns that cater to each and every one of use? Their director of communication once stated that their brand doesn’t try to fish for every fish in the sea, they’d rather focus on the few fish that consider high fashion a priority. This philosophy has extended to their social media strategy where they continue to build a community for high fashion lovers, ignoring the masses and focusing on the fish they want.

The middle man will always get cut off.

Somewhere along the way a group of people referring to themselves as Influencers came into the picture and declared themselves social media experts. Unfortunately, they forgot a golden rule, the middle man always gets cut off. This model had worked marvels in the early days of social media, but a recent influx of Influencers with a fake following has led to its death. Social media platforms like twitter and Facebook are known focused on getting rid of bots in order to ensure that one’s followers are all real and active.

Controversy is still popular but selective

Celebrities like Kanye West and Kim Kardashian have mastered the art of using controversy to grow their following. Their strategy works and as a result, many social media marketers have adapted some of it. Unfortunately, controversy is very selective. It cannot work for every brand as some demographic do not take to it. Kim and Kanye can use it to sell music, magazines, and clothes, but Range Rover would probably lose customers if they did the same.

Attention Spans are getting shorter.

Television reduced the average human attention span to an estimated 14 minutes. Social media platforms like Snapchat have shortened this to an estimated 14 seconds. Nobody has taken to this better than Buzzfeed. Much of their growth is attributed to their content which is shortened to meet today’s needs. This shortening of content is applied to everything from news to new comedy series.

Trial and Error will get you further

Nobody can truly claim to be a social media guru. The ocean is too big and too deep for anyone to know all its characteristics. The only way to get good at it is to put in as much work as possible. There is no book or tutorial that can teach you how to get 10,000 followers on Instagram only trial and error will. While there are tools you can use like Instagress, ManageFilter to increase productivity, going back to free is still better, your content must be engaging. You can gain 10,000 followers, but will they continue to follow you? Think about that question and start generating ideas on how you can attract and keep your followers.

  The post Growing Your Social Media Traffic: What Nobody Wants to Tell You appeared first on Build100k.

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