#Titanium Anode for Water Treatment

[researchtrendz]

https://www.qyresearch.com/reports/4512841/titanium-anode-for-water-treatment

[etimaterials-blog]

Porous Titanium in Next-Generation PEMFCs

Porous titanium has found a wide variety of unique and important applications including filtration, separation, catalyst supporting, gas absorbing, gas sparging, current collection, and medical implantation. 

Manufacture process for porous titanium

Raw titanium powder preparation—Cold isostatic pressing or rolling—Sintering in high temperature & vacuum furnace-Machined to size-Assembled to filter if required

Liquid/gas diffusion layers (LGDLs) play a crucial role in electrochemical energy technology and hydrogen production, and are expected to simultaneously transport electrons, heat, and reactants/products with minimum voltage, current, thermal, interfacial, and fluidic losses. 

Porous titanium exhibits excellent properties when it is used as the anode GDL, because of its unique three-dimensional strut structure promoting highly efficient catalytic reactions. Furthermore, it shows superior corrosion resistance with almost no thickness and weight changes in the accelerated corrosion test, as opposed to considerable reductions in the weight and thickness of the conventional GDL. 

Porous Titanium provides a longer-term reliability and chemical stability, which can reduce the loss of Pt catalyst and, hence, the cost of PEMFCs.

[newmarketresearch1]

Global Acetate Salt Market Size, Trends, Shares, Insights and Forecast - 2026

Acetate salts are clear and colorless crystals or liquid (in aqueous form) derived from acetic acid. Acetate salts are low toxic compounds that provide good buffering properties—ability to maintain solutions at relatively constant pH despite changes in acid or base concentration. These salts are extensively utilized in various end user industries such as pharmaceuticals, food processing, and water treatment industries, among others.

Request For Sample Copy of this Research Report :  https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/insight/request-sample/251      

Market Dynamics

The global market for acetate salts is primarily driven by growing demand of food, chemicals and construction industry. It is used to neutralize sulfuric acid in the textile industry. Moreover it is used as a barrier to water in the concrete structures across the globe.

Other factors including rapid depletion of fresh water reserves in countries in Asia Pacific and the Middle East fueling demand for acetate salt for water treatment, to recover magnesium salt from brine and aluminum salt from aluminum hydroxide by various industries to reduce investment made for raw water treatment equipment installation. Moreover with the increase in population and growing urbanization, rapid adoption of frozen and canned food demand increasing across the globe.

However, the market faces certain drawbacks such as presence of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate that are commonly used as food preservatives, which are easily available in the market and rapidly maturing market in developed economies of North America and Europe, inadvertently leading to plunge in profitability.

Market Segmentation

Acetate salts are essential products for general, as well as industrial purposes. In the report, the acetate salt market is segmented on the basis of product type and end user industry. They are further segmented as follows:

·         By product type, the market has been segmented into

o    Sodium acetate

o    Calcium acetate

o    Zinc acetate

o    Potassium acetate

o    Others

·         By end-user industry, the market has been segmented into

o    Pharmaceutical

o    Food Processing

o    Water Treatment

o    Petrochemical

o    Cosmetic

o    Others (Construction and Textile industries)

Among product types, sodium acetate segment dominates the acetate salt market. Factors such as extensive application in food processing, pharmaceuticals, textiles and cosmetics industry, makes sodium acetate the largest segment in the global acetate salt market.  

Among end-user industries, pharmaceuticals industry is currently the largest consumer of acetate salt and is also expected to witness fastest growth rate during the forecast period (2016-2024). Acetate salts are widely used in production of various types of drugs. Rapidly growing pharmaceuticals industry in emerging economies of Asia Pacific and South America has in turn resulted in high demand for acetate salt in these regions. Furthermore, its application in potato chips to give a salty and vinegar flavor, food processing industry is also increasing, where it is widely used as preservative and flavoring agent.

Regional Analysis

The market has been geographically segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and Africa. In terms of consumption in 2016, North America dominated the market, followed by Asia Pacific, and Europe, respectively. Highly advanced pharmaceuticals industry and widespread presence of superior quality of water treatment solutions in North America makes it the largest acetate salt market. Furthermore, high consumption of frozen and canned food in the region is a major factor driving growth of the acetate salt market in North America.

However, Asia-Pacific, currently the second largest market, is expected to witness maximum growth rate during the forecast period (2016-2024). Owing to factors such as rapid industrialization & urbanization, growing population, dynamic economic development and improved standard of living, Asia-Pacific is currently witnessing significant rise in all major end-user segment of acetate salt market such as pharmaceuticals, food processing, and water treatment industries, laboratories textile industries, dyes industries and rubber industries, among others.

Opportunities and Major Players

Sodium acetate is used to neutralize the sulfuric acid from waste pipes in the textile industry. Burgeoning growth of the textile industry, especially in Asia Pacific is expected to boost growth of the market over the forecast period.

The market of acetate salt is highly fragmented, with the presence of only few global players. Majority of the players in this market are local players, with better access to distribution in their local market.

Major companies dominating this market for its products, services, and continuous product developments are:

·         Jost Chemicals

·         Dow Chemicals Company

·         Shepherd Chemical Company

·         Karn Chem Corporation

·         Chang Shu Nan Hu Chemical Co., Ltd.

·         Wuxi Yangshan Biochemical

·         NOAH Technologies Corporation

·         Allan Chemical Corporation

·         CABB GmbH

·         Nantong Zhongwang Additives Co., Ltd

·         Shanxi FanRongFu Chemical Factory

·         Niacet Corporation

·         FRP Services & Company

·         Merck Millipore

·         Avantor Performance Materials

·         Solvay

·         Alfa Aesar

·         M. Loveridge Ltd.

·         Amresco LLC.

*(List Not Exhaustive)

Key Developments

Increasing use of acetates in the healthcare and other sectors is expected to boost the market growth. For instance, in May 2019, researchers from University of Naples ‘Federico II’ anodized rounded tip dental implants of commercial grade titanium in aqueous phosphoric acid modified with calcium and potassium acetate.

In May 2018, researchers from Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf characterized two new polymorphs of the phase-change material sodium acetate by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

In December 2018, researchers from Lomonosov Moscow State University reported synthesis of calcium phosphate powder from calcium acetate and ammonium hydrophosphate for bioceramics application.

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[fullwaytech-blog]

The application and cleaning precautions of the copper plate H62 the temperature field of the copper plate is very uneven in the width direction, and the temperature is wavy distribution. The temperature of the reinforcement between the adjacent two groups of water joints is higher than that in the water joint area.  As for the temperature field of copper plate in the mold, the temperature gradually increases from the top of the mold to the meniscus, and the temperature of the hot surface of about 60mm under the meniscus is high, up to 261 ℃, which is the part of the poor working conditions of the copper plate according to fullwaytech.com .

With the continuous increase of the distance in the direction of drawing billet, the temperature of copper plate generally shows a downward trend, and in the part outside the lower water tank of the mold, due to the weakening of cooling effect, the temperature of copper plate will rise. The application of H65 copper strip is much more extensive than that of pure iron. Every year, 50% of copper is purified into pure copper by electrolysis, which is used in electrical industry. The red copper mentioned here really needs to be very pure, containing more than 99.95% copper.

A very small amount of impurities, especially phosphorus, arsenic and aluminum, will greatly reduce the conductivity of copper. Oxygen in copper (a small amount of oxygen is easy to be mixed in copper smelting) has a great influence on the conductivity of copper. Copper used in the electrical industry is generally oxygen free copper. In addition, lead, antimony, bismuth and other impurities will make the crystal of copper unable to combine together, resulting in hot brittleness, and will also affect the processing of pure copper. This kind of pure copper with high purity is generally refined by electrolytic method: use Impure Copper (i.e. crude copper) as anode, pure copper as cathode and copper sulfate solution as electrolyte. When the current passes through, the Impure Copper on the anode melts gradually, and the pure copper precipitates on the cathode gradually.

The purity of copper thus refined can reach 99.99%. The copper plate is not limited by the processing temperature. It is not brittle at low temperature. The hot-melt welding method such as oxygen blowing can be used at high melting point. The copper plate has good corrosion resistance, which can ensure the waterproof effect of the tunnel in a long time. The temperature field of H62 brass plate is very uneven along the width direction, and the temperature distribution is wave like. The temperature of reinforcement between two adjacent water joints is higher than that in the water joint area. Under normal production conditions, that is, the pulling speed is below 6 m / min, the hot surface temperature of the mold is lower than the recrystallization temperature of copper, which proves that the design of the mold is reasonable. Chemical cleaning is to use acid or acid salt of different strength to dissolve the scale. No matter it is simple acid solution or complex solution, it is the abnormal state that the acid liquid directly contacts with the equipment, and it is the situation that does not want to cause equipment corrosion.

In addition to the direct erosion of cleaning solution, for the need of descaling, increasing the temperature and speed of cleaning solution will aggravate the corrosion. The corrosion damage of the equipment in the cleaning process is shown as uniform corrosion in the cleaning process; local corrosion in the corrosion; block area corrosion caused by the cleaning solution entering into the deep hole or gap; alloy decamponent corrosion caused by the cleaning solution; intergranular corrosion caused by the cleaning solution; corrosion caused by hydrogen absorption of metal in the cleaning process. The brass plate has processing adaptability and strength, and is suitable for various processes and systems such as flat lock system, vertical edge occlusion system, BEM system, unit wall plate, rain drainage system, etc. It is suitable for all kinds of machining requirements of these systems, such as arc bending, trapezoid, corner, etc. The stable protective layer makes the service life of copper plate exceed 100 years.

The economic performance price ratio of copper bar is one of the best metal roofing materials. There are a variety of surface treatments to meet different architectural needs. H62 Brass Belt has processing adaptability and strength, and is suitable for various processes and systems such as flat lock system, vertical edge occlusion system, BEM system, unit wall plate, rain drainage system, etc. It is suitable for all kinds of machining requirements of these systems, such as arc bending, trapezoid, corner, etc. There are a variety of surface treatments to meet different architectural needs. Copper oxide plate, can form a uniform appearance of brown. It is used for renovation of old buildings or new buildings with special requirements. The original copper plate has the characteristics of gradual change of metallic luster, making the building as if it had life. Tin copper plate can reach the effect of titanium zinc plate. The stable protective layer makes the service life of copper plate exceed 100 years.

[standardtitaniumu]

Machined Tube

Titanium as well as titanium alloy tube

 Unlike steels or aluminium alloys, titanium alloys are typically devoid of flaws such as additions or porosity due to the dual and also three-way vacuum arc melting treatments employed in generating them. The resulting material framework provides excellent exhaustion properties and virtually no fracture initiation as a result of additions or porosity. Nonetheless, fatigue habits in titanium alloys is extremely conscious surface area preparation, which can be more vital than microstructural results. As opposed to working with ferrous steels, causing compressive stress and anxieties in the surface area really decreases exhaustion life instead of boosting it. Likewise, the titanium surface area coating is a lot more sensitive to surface machining results than that of ferrous steels, requiring treatment in creating the final surface. In unalloyed titanium, fatigue life is also affected by grain dimension, interstitial contents, and level of cool work. Lowering grain dimension will boost exhaustion life. In alpha alloys fatigue life depends on grain size, degree of age-hardening, and also oxygen content of the alloy. Age-hardening in alpha alloys makes the crack grow faster, as well as, therefore, reduces exhaustion life. The grain dimension result is the same as unalloyed titanium, the finer grain dimension will certainly provide longer tiredness life. For near-beta and beta alloys the microstructure plays a considerable role in the fatigue limitation as does the sizes and shape of the grains. Endurance limitations for the majority of titanium alloys are observed to be 107 cycles or even more.

 The presence of a thin, challenging oxide surface movie gives superb resistance to climatic and also sea atmospheres in addition to a wide range of chemicals, including chlorine and also organics containing chlorides. What makes this feasible is a system comparable to what occurs with stainless-steel, the development of a secure, self recovery surface area oxide. Readily pure titanium is the most commonly made use of titanium alloy for deterioration applications, specifically when high toughness is not a demand, due to the fact that it is reasonably cost-effective. Titanium is near the cathodic end of the galvanic series, enabling it to execute the function of a rare-earth element, however it might react pyrophorically in specific media. Its corrosion-resistance is generally boosted by the application of an anodizing coating, surface area finishings or alloying.

Titanium Tube

 Eruptive responses can accompany fuming nitric acid including much less than 2% water or more than 6% nitrogen dioxide as well as on impact with fluid oxygen. Enhancing the water material above 2% gets rid of the issue. Pyrophoric reactions likewise can take place in anhydrous fluid or aeriform chlorine, fluid bromine, warm gaseous fluorine, and oxygen-enriched atmospheres.

 Machined tube and Machinability

 The machining characteristics of titanium differ significantly as well as rely on the alloy make-up, heat therapy utilized, and resulting hardness. Instrumentation tube as well as machined tubes made use of for actuation systems are hefty walled tube and also are made in both titanium and stainless-steel. Generally, titanium is harder to machine than carbon steels due to its reactive nature. This building can lead to bad reducing characteristics if unsuitable speeds and feeds are made use of during handling, decreasing the reducing efficiency by welding itself to the tool and also at the same time developing a hardened layer because of warmth produced throughout the chip development. Reduced cutting speeds incorporated with high feed rates restrict temperature level extremes, while properly obtaining listed below the solidified surface area layer. Pure titanium and alpha alloys call for lower call pressures than beta alloys however are still much more challenging to maker than simple carbon steels. Inflexible setups are called for to limit deflection as a result of the low modulus of titanium.

 Titanium responds quickly at heats with oxygen, nitrogen, and components in reducing devices. The high toughness of the alloy requires high contact stress, which generates high tool-tip temperature levels. This combination of chemical task and warmth adds to confiscating, galling, as well as abrasion and to pyrophoric behaviour of little bits of titanium. Furthermore, titanium has relatively poor thermal conductivity, worsening the temperature impacts at the tool-tip. The web impact is that machining of titanium calls for cautious option of tools, rate, coolant, and also environment to get the preferred outcomes.

Titanium Sheet

 Titanium often tends to oxidize swiftly when heated in air above 1200 ° F (650 ° C). At raised temperature levels, it has the building of dissolving distinct amounts of its own oxide right into option. For these factors, the welding of titanium needs the use of a protective protecting, such as an inert gas atmosphere, to stop contamination and embrittlement from oxygen and also nitrogen. Titanium's relatively reduced coefficient of thermal growth as well as conductivity minimize the opportunity of distortion because of welding.

 Construction Procedures

 Producing titanium is fairly challenging as a result of its susceptibility to hydrogen, oxygen, as well as nitrogen impurities, which create embrittlement. Elevated temperature processing, consisting of welding, must be carried out under special conditions that avoid diffusion of gases into the metal.

 Creating is more difficult with titanium than with light weight aluminum or iron-based materials. Warm is usually needed in most creating operations to decrease the "springback" of the product, boosting the accuracy of developing. Casting can be carried out, yet calls for mold and mildews made from something other than sand, which is utilized with ferrous metals, as a result of the reactive nature of titanium. Unique moulds making use of sand combined with natural or graphite binders are generally made use of. In addition to this consideration, traditional casting approaches and also mould layout concepts can be used.

 Superplastic developing can additionally be applied to those titaniums that exhibit a high stress price level of sensitivity. Ti-6-4 with a beta quantity of 20% exhibits this particular at 870 ° C.

[lin-4]

Screen printing and electroplating process of cosmetic glass bottle packaging

When the glass bottle packaging products are formed, after surface treatment, it is necessary to carry out graphic printing, so as to convey the enterprise product information and brand information on the glass bottle through graphic printing. Common graphic printing is divided into a variety of, here we mainly introduce several cosmetic glass bottle packaging materials industry common processes, such as screen printing, pad printing, heat transfer, hot stamping, water transfer and other processes.(Click to learn more​)

1, direct plate making method

Methods: Plate method is directly on the plate first will be coated with light-sensitive materials wrist sheet base photosensitive film face flat on the work surface, will stretch good wrist net frame on a flat on the base, and then in net box in the photosensitive slurry and soft squeegee pressure coating peel off after dry fully plastic base, attached to the wrist of photosensitive film screen can be used for plate burning, after enhancement, dry will make printing screen. This completes the packaging of the glass bottle

Process: has been stretched net degreasing drying strip film base exposure development drying repair screen sealing.

2, indirect plate making method

Method: indirect plate making way is indirect exposure film in the first place, with 1.2% H2O2 sclerosis with warm water after enhancement, drying is made after stripping graphics plate, plate when the graphic film film with good screen tiejin, tense by squeeze film and moist screen paste, jie the lower base, made screen printing screen the wind blow dry it.This completes the packaging of the glass bottle

Process flow:

1) has been stretched net degreasing drying

2) Indirect film exposure hardening development fit blow-dry repair screen

3, straight mixed plate making method

The first photosensitive adhesive layer of water, alcohol or photosensitive adhesive paste on the wire mesh frame, after hot air drying, remove the photographic film base, and then print, development processing is made of screen version.

 electroplating process

Electroplating is short for electrolysis gold plating method. Electroplating is the plating parts (products), immersed in the liquid medicine containing metal ions to be plated and connected to the cathode, the other end of the liquid medicine placed the appropriate anode, (soluble or insoluble), through the direct current, the surface of the plated parts is precipitated a layer of metal film method. The simple understanding is the change or combination of physics and chemistry. At present, the most common electroplating methods: aqueous electroplating (roll plating, hanging plating, continuous plating), chemical plating.

Process cost: mold cost (none), single piece cost (high)

Suitable output: single to large quantities can be

Quality: High gloss, anti - oxidation corrosion

Speed: Medium speed, depending on material type and coating thickness

1. Electroplating equipment

The BIGGEST FUNCTIONAL ADVANTAGE OF ELECTROPLATING IS THAT a new AND highly polished METAL layer can be formed on the surface of both metal and non-metal parts, directly enhancing the visual grade of the original parts. Compared with the direct metal molding parts, the cost is much lower. Special waxes and coatings can be used to electroplate specific areas on the surface of the same parts. Chromium plating is widely used in the surface treatment of transportation vehicles and furniture industries

2. Main materials

Lawrencium, Lawrencium, Lawrencium, Lawrencium, lawrencium, cirencium, Cirencium, cadmium, copper, nickel, chromium, silver, tin, gold, iron, cobalt, lead, antimony, platinum, titanium, lawrencium and more. In addition to the single metal coating, there are many alloy coating, such as copper tin, copper zinc, copper nickel, nickel iron, lead tin, zinc tin, zinc iron, zinc nickel, copper cadmium, zinc cadmium, tin iron, tin cobalt, tungsten iron and so on.

Plastics, ABS is the most commonly used, because ABS can withstand 60°C (140°F) plating high temperature, and its electroplating and non-electroplating binding strength is high, most metals can be electroplated, but different metals have different levels of purity and plating efficiency. Some of the most common are: tin, chromium, nickel, silver, gold and rhodium (rhodium: a type of white gold, which is extremely expensive and remains bright for a long time, resisting most chemicals and acids. Most commonly used for products with high gloss requirements, such as trophies and MEDALS). Nickel should not be used to electroplate products that come in contact with skin, as nickel can be irritating and toxic to skin

3, coating instructions

According to the coating, it can be divided into chromium plating, copper plating, cadmium plating, tin plating, galvanized and so on.

During electroplating, the coating metal or other insoluble material as the anode, the workpiece to be plated as the cathode, the cation of the coating metal on the surface of the workpiece to be plated is reduced to form a coating. In order to eliminate the interference of other cations, and make the coating uniform, firm, need to use the solution containing the coating metal cation electroplating solution, in order to keep the concentration of the coating metal cation unchanged. The purpose of electroplating is to plating metal coating on the substrate and change the surface properties of the substrate.

We take the common ABS plastic electroplating as an example. ABS electroplating is to corrode the B(butadiene) in ABS in a chemical way to make the surface of the product show some loose fine holes, then attach a layer of conductor (such as copper) to make it conductive, and then electroplating according to the way of metal electroplating. Therefore, ABS electroplating is a mixture of electroless plating and electroplating.

Electroplating process

Pre-treatment (grinding preparation washing water washing electrolytic degreasing water washing acid dipping and activated water washing) and washing water electroplating (base) washing and washing water electroplating (surface) washing pure water dehydration drying

In the cosmetic glass bottle packaging material industry, because the coating after electroplating cannot directly contact with the contents, the plating process is mainly applied to external components, such as various packaging material shell lipstick shell, bottle cap shell, makeup tool components, etc.

[solarliving]

PNNL researchers announce waste-to-hydrogen conversion process

A research team at the Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has developed a system capable of converting waste from sewage, food crops, algae and other renewable carbon sources into hydrogen fuel.

PNNL’s electrocatalytic oxidation fuel recovery system turns waste carbon from farms, sewage and other sources into high-grade bio-based fuels, while simultaneously generating hydrogen. Until now, progress had been made converting waste to useful fuel but not completing the cycle using clean energy, researchers said.

PNNL said the key to making it all work is a catalyst that combines billions of immeasurably small metal particles and an electric current to speed up the energy conversion at room temperature and pressure.

“The currently used methods of treating biocrude requires high-pressure hydrogen, which is usually generated from natural gas,” said Juan A. Lopez-Ruiz, PNNL chemical engineer and project lead. “Our system can generate that hydrogen itself while simultaneously treating the wastewater at near atmospheric conditions using excess renewable electricity, making it inexpensive to operate and potentially carbon neutral.”

The research team tested the system using a sample of wastewater from an industrial-scale biomass conversion process for almost 200 hours of continuous operation, without losing any efficiency in the process. The only limitation was researchers running out of their wastewater sample, PNNL said. The patent-pending system solves several problems that have hindered efforts to make biomass economically viable, according to Lopez-Ruiz.

“We know how to turn biomass into fuel,” Lopez-Ruiz said. “But we still struggle to make the process energy efficient, economical and environmentally sustainable—especially for small, distributed scales. This system runs on electricity, which can come from renewable sources. And it generates its own heat and fuel to keep it running. It has the potential to complete the energy recovery cycle.”

Waste carbon from farms, sewage and other sources can be processed into high-grade bio-based fuels more easily with a new PNNL-developed flow cell. In this animation, the flow cell receives biocrude and wastewater from a hydrothermal liquefaction process. It then removes carbon from wastewater, allowing the clean water to be reused. The system even generates hydrogen, a valuable fuel that can be captured, reducing the cost of the whole operation. (Animation by Sara Levine | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)

Lab researchers said one effective process for converting wet waste carbon to fuel is called hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). This process essentially compresses the natural, fossil fuel-production time, converting wet biomass into an energy-dense biocrude oil in hours instead of millennia. But researchers noted the process is incomplete in that the wastewater produced needs further treatment to obtain added value from what would otherwise be a liability.

“We realized that same (electro)chemical reaction that removed the organic molecules from wastewater could be also used to directly upgrade the biocrude at room temperature and atmospheric pressure as well,” Lopez-Ruiz said.

As part of PNNL’s new process, unrefined biocrude and wastewater can be fed into the system directly from an HTL output stream or other wet waste. The PNNL process includes a flow cell, where the wastewater and biocrude flows through the cell and encounters a charged environment created by an electric current. The cell itself is divided in half by a membrane.

The positively charged half, called an anode, contains a thin titanium foil coated with nanoparticles of ruthenium oxide. From here, the waste stream undergoes a catalytic conversion, with biocrude being converted to useful oils and paraffin. At the same time, oxygen and nitrogen-containing compounds undergo a chemical conversion that converts them into nitrogen and oxygen gasses. The wastewater that emerges from the system can then be fed back into the HTL process.

On the negatively charged half of the flow cell, called a cathode, a different reaction takes place that can either hydrogenate organic molecules (such as the ones in treated biocrude) or generate hydrogen gas—an emerging energy source that the flow cell developers see as a potential source of fuel.

Researchers said the process’ speed was a bonus. They said they obtained more than 100 times higher conversion rates with the electrochemical system at atmospheric conditions than with the thermal system at intermediate hydrogen pressures and temperatures. These findings were published in the Journal of Applied Catalysis B: Environmental in November 2020.

You can read more on PNNL’s electrocatalytic oxidation fuel recovery system here. Portions of the research were conducted as part of an agreement with Southern California Gas Company.

from Renewable Energy World https://ift.tt/xb1QNKidh via Solar Energy Marketing Blog

[brewedsunlight]

PNNL researchers announce waste-to-hydrogen conversion process

A research team at the Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has developed a system capable of converting waste from sewage, food crops, algae and other renewable carbon sources into hydrogen fuel.

PNNL’s electrocatalytic oxidation fuel recovery system turns waste carbon from farms, sewage and other sources into high-grade bio-based fuels, while simultaneously generating hydrogen. Until now, progress had been made converting waste to useful fuel but not completing the cycle using clean energy, researchers said.

PNNL said the key to making it all work is a catalyst that combines billions of immeasurably small metal particles and an electric current to speed up the energy conversion at room temperature and pressure.

“The currently used methods of treating biocrude requires high-pressure hydrogen, which is usually generated from natural gas,” said Juan A. Lopez-Ruiz, PNNL chemical engineer and project lead. “Our system can generate that hydrogen itself while simultaneously treating the wastewater at near atmospheric conditions using excess renewable electricity, making it inexpensive to operate and potentially carbon neutral.”

The research team tested the system using a sample of wastewater from an industrial-scale biomass conversion process for almost 200 hours of continuous operation, without losing any efficiency in the process. The only limitation was researchers running out of their wastewater sample, PNNL said. The patent-pending system solves several problems that have hindered efforts to make biomass economically viable, according to Lopez-Ruiz.

“We know how to turn biomass into fuel,” Lopez-Ruiz said. “But we still struggle to make the process energy efficient, economical and environmentally sustainable—especially for small, distributed scales. This system runs on electricity, which can come from renewable sources. And it generates its own heat and fuel to keep it running. It has the potential to complete the energy recovery cycle.”

Waste carbon from farms, sewage and other sources can be processed into high-grade bio-based fuels more easily with a new PNNL-developed flow cell. In this animation, the flow cell receives biocrude and wastewater from a hydrothermal liquefaction process. It then removes carbon from wastewater, allowing the clean water to be reused. The system even generates hydrogen, a valuable fuel that can be captured, reducing the cost of the whole operation. (Animation by Sara Levine | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)

Lab researchers said one effective process for converting wet waste carbon to fuel is called hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). This process essentially compresses the natural, fossil fuel-production time, converting wet biomass into an energy-dense biocrude oil in hours instead of millennia. But researchers noted the process is incomplete in that the wastewater produced needs further treatment to obtain added value from what would otherwise be a liability.

“We realized that same (electro)chemical reaction that removed the organic molecules from wastewater could be also used to directly upgrade the biocrude at room temperature and atmospheric pressure as well,” Lopez-Ruiz said.

As part of PNNL’s new process, unrefined biocrude and wastewater can be fed into the system directly from an HTL output stream or other wet waste. The PNNL process includes a flow cell, where the wastewater and biocrude flows through the cell and encounters a charged environment created by an electric current. The cell itself is divided in half by a membrane.

The positively charged half, called an anode, contains a thin titanium foil coated with nanoparticles of ruthenium oxide. From here, the waste stream undergoes a catalytic conversion, with biocrude being converted to useful oils and paraffin. At the same time, oxygen and nitrogen-containing compounds undergo a chemical conversion that converts them into nitrogen and oxygen gasses. The wastewater that emerges from the system can then be fed back into the HTL process.

On the negatively charged half of the flow cell, called a cathode, a different reaction takes place that can either hydrogenate organic molecules (such as the ones in treated biocrude) or generate hydrogen gas—an emerging energy source that the flow cell developers see as a potential source of fuel.

Researchers said the process’ speed was a bonus. They said they obtained more than 100 times higher conversion rates with the electrochemical system at atmospheric conditions than with the thermal system at intermediate hydrogen pressures and temperatures. These findings were published in the Journal of Applied Catalysis B: Environmental in November 2020.

You can read more on PNNL’s electrocatalytic oxidation fuel recovery system here. Portions of the research were conducted as part of an agreement with Southern California Gas Company.

from Renewable Energy World https://ift.tt/xb1QNKidh

[lin-4]

Screen printing and electroplating process of cosmetic glass bottle packaging

Screen printing and electroplating process of cosmetic glass bottle packaging

When the glass bottle packaging products are formed, after surface treatment, it is necessary to carry out graphic printing, so as to convey the enterprise product information and brand information on the glass bottle through graphic printing. Common graphic printing is divided into a variety of, here we mainly introduce several cosmetic glass bottle packaging materials industry common processes, such as screen printing, pad printing, heat transfer, hot stamping, water transfer and other processes.(Click to learn more​)

1, direct plate making method

Methods: Plate method is directly on the plate first will be coated with light-sensitive materials wrist sheet base photosensitive film face flat on the work surface, will stretch good wrist net frame on a flat on the base, and then in net box in the photosensitive slurry and soft squeegee pressure coating peel off after dry fully plastic base, attached to the wrist of photosensitive film screen can be used for plate burning, after enhancement, dry will make printing screen. This completes the packaging of the glass bottle

Process: has been stretched net degreasing drying strip film base exposure development drying repair screen sealing.

2, indirect plate making method

Method: indirect plate making way is indirect exposure film in the first place, with 1.2% H2O2 sclerosis with warm water after enhancement, drying is made after stripping graphics plate, plate when the graphic film film with good screen tiejin, tense by squeeze film and moist screen paste, jie the lower base, made screen printing screen the wind blow dry it.This completes the packaging of the glass bottle

Process flow:

1) has been stretched net degreasing drying

2) Indirect film exposure hardening development fit blow-dry repair screen

3, straight mixed plate making method

The first photosensitive adhesive layer of water, alcohol or photosensitive adhesive paste on the wire mesh frame, after hot air drying, remove the photographic film base, and then print, development processing is made of screen version.

 electroplating process

Electroplating is short for electrolysis gold plating method. Electroplating is the plating parts (products), immersed in the liquid medicine containing metal ions to be plated and connected to the cathode, the other end of the liquid medicine placed the appropriate anode, (soluble or insoluble), through the direct current, the surface of the plated parts is precipitated a layer of metal film method. The simple understanding is the change or combination of physics and chemistry. At present, the most common electroplating methods: aqueous electroplating (roll plating, hanging plating, continuous plating), chemical plating.

Process cost: mold cost (none), single piece cost (high)

Suitable output: single to large quantities can be

Quality: High gloss, anti - oxidation corrosion

Speed: Medium speed, depending on material type and coating thickness

1. Electroplating equipment

The BIGGEST FUNCTIONAL ADVANTAGE OF ELECTROPLATING IS THAT a new AND highly polished METAL layer can be formed on the surface of both metal and non-metal parts, directly enhancing the visual grade of the original parts. Compared with the direct metal molding parts, the cost is much lower. Special waxes and coatings can be used to electroplate specific areas on the surface of the same parts. Chromium plating is widely used in the surface treatment of transportation vehicles and furniture industries

2. Main materials

Lawrencium, Lawrencium, Lawrencium, Lawrencium, lawrencium, cirencium, Cirencium, cadmium, copper, nickel, chromium, silver, tin, gold, iron, cobalt, lead, antimony, platinum, titanium, lawrencium and more. In addition to the single metal coating, there are many alloy coating, such as copper tin, copper zinc, copper nickel, nickel iron, lead tin, zinc tin, zinc iron, zinc nickel, copper cadmium, zinc cadmium, tin iron, tin cobalt, tungsten iron and so on.

Plastics, ABS is the most commonly used, because ABS can withstand 60°C (140°F) plating high temperature, and its electroplating and non-electroplating binding strength is high, most metals can be electroplated, but different metals have different levels of purity and plating efficiency. Some of the most common are: tin, chromium, nickel, silver, gold and rhodium (rhodium: a type of white gold, which is extremely expensive and remains bright for a long time, resisting most chemicals and acids. Most commonly used for products with high gloss requirements, such as trophies and MEDALS). Nickel should not be used to electroplate products that come in contact with skin, as nickel can be irritating and toxic to skin

3, coating instructions

According to the coating, it can be divided into chromium plating, copper plating, cadmium plating, tin plating, galvanized and so on.

During electroplating, the coating metal or other insoluble material as the anode, the workpiece to be plated as the cathode, the cation of the coating metal on the surface of the workpiece to be plated is reduced to form a coating. In order to eliminate the interference of other cations, and make the coating uniform, firm, need to use the solution containing the coating metal cation electroplating solution, in order to keep the concentration of the coating metal cation unchanged. The purpose of electroplating is to plating metal coating on the substrate and change the surface properties of the substrate.

We take the common ABS plastic electroplating as an example. ABS electroplating is to corrode the B(butadiene) in ABS in a chemical way to make the surface of the product show some loose fine holes, then attach a layer of conductor (such as copper) to make it conductive, and then electroplating according to the way of metal electroplating. Therefore, ABS electroplating is a mixture of electroless plating and electroplating.

Electroplating process

Pre-treatment (grinding preparation washing water washing electrolytic degreasing water washing acid dipping and activated water washing) and washing water electroplating (base) washing and washing water electroplating (surface) washing pure water dehydration drying

In the cosmetic glass bottle packaging material industry, because the coating after electroplating cannot directly contact with the contents, the plating process is mainly applied to external components, such as various packaging material shell lipstick shell, bottle cap shell, makeup tool components, etc.

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Why Titanium Anode is an Excellent Choice for Electrochemical Water Treatment System? Electrochemical water treatment systems utilize electricity t...

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Is Stainless Steel Hypoallergenic?

Stainless steel is hypoallergenic. There are over 150 grades of stainless steel. Its strong doesn't tarnish, can be polished easily, and is of great value. Jewelry in stainless steel is commonly made from 316l or 316lvm and is often called medical or surgical stainless steel as it doesn't react to the skin for most people Is stainless steel hypoallergenic? Stainless steel is hypoallergenic. There are over 150 grades of stainless steel. Its strong doesn’t tarnish, can be polished easily, and is of great value. Jewelry in stainless steel is commonly made from 316l or 316lvm and is often called medical or surgical stainless steel as it doesn’t react to the skin for most people.Stainless SteelStainless Steel Characteristics304 stainless steelIt’s probably the most popular type of stainless steel, but you can also find it in the kitchen. However, such stainless steel contains about 10.5% nickel and carbon. The best part is that it is corrosion-resistant. However, we recommend that you do not use it if you are sensitive to nickel.304 LAnother of the most popular stainless steel metals is this alloy. Here, there is more nickel, but less carbon. Nickel is known for its durability as it is about 12%.430With a nickel content of less than 0.5%, this is one of the best options and is very safe for people who are sensitive to nickel. This type of stainless steel complies with EU compliance regulations.316 stainless steelYou’ve probably heard of this type of stainless steel. It is stainless steel with the perfect properties you need when using metal for surgical purposes. It is not always the finest stainless steel, but it is the safest for implants. This is ideal when you need to make body jewelry.316 LYou’ve probably heard about this as it’s one of the most common options. In many cases, the carbon content is low, but the memory of nickel is also low. Some people usually wear jewelry.304 vs 304L vs 316 vs 316LWhat type of stainless steel is hypoallergenic? What are the Best Earrings for Sensitive Ears?316L stainless steel. 316L surgical stainless steel may contain some nickel, but it’s generally considered hypoallergenic for most people. Be sure that your earring backings also are made of hypoallergenic materials.Hypoallergenic Metals for Sensitive Skin/Sensitive EarsMetal allergies can take a variety of different forms. Some people are only allergic to nickel, while others are allergic to copper, yet still, others may be allergic to any non-pure metal. Metal allergies often manifest as itchy skin, a rash, even blisters. For less pure metals and lesser allergies, the offending metal may simply stain the skin a green or dark grey color. Many people who suffer from metal allergies can stop their symptoms by switching to a purer metal, rather than an alloy. 24Kt Gold, Sterling Silver, and Stainless Steel are often touted as hypoallergenic metals. Let’s take a look at these and other options for hypoallergenic jewelry components.Stainless Steel Stainless steel is often made of an alloy that includes steel, chromium, and often nickel. Sometimes the nickel content is too high for people with nickel allergies to wear consistently, though it does come in different grades with higher and lower carbon and nickel contents.📷 Stainless steel is used in surgical instruments, which means it is resistant to corrosives and won’t rust over time. If you are looking for the best stainless steel alloy for its hypoallergenic properties, look for XC45 Steel or 430 Stainless- they have less than 1% nickel, while 304 Stainless will have over 10%.Silver It may come as a surprise, but sterling silver is actually an alloy! It is at least 92.5% silver, which is why most sterling will be marked 925. The other 7.5% is usually copper, though it may also be a nickel. Silver tarnishes easily, so it is often plated with Rhodium to keep its pretty shine. For most metal allergies, sterling silver can be a great option.Silver jewelry findings are often found as silver-plated or silver-filled. In this case, Sterling silver is applied via heat treatment to a less

expensive metal, like brass. The silver will eventually wear off, depending upon the quantity of silver. For people with less severe metal allergies, this can be a great option for many years until the silver wears away.Gold Gold is found in different karat counts. 24Kt gold is pure gold- 24 out of 24 karats are made of pure gold. But this metal is very soft, oftentimes too soft for jewelry. Most often you will find jewelry components in 14kt gold, which is 14 out of 24 karats are made of pure gold. The other 10 parts are made from other metals, depending upon the color of the gold. Rose gold will be made with copper, while white gold will be made with palladium. Depending upon the wearers’ allergies, 14kt gold can be perfect to reduce allergic reactions.May gold jewelry findings can also be found as gold-plated or gold-filled, similar to silver findings. The gold is applied to a less expensive metal by heat treatment and will last for many years before the gold eventually wears off.Titanium Titanium is implant grade, medical grade, or commercially pure ASTM F-67 compliant. It is extremely lightweight and is “ideal for people with concerns about nickel sensitivity.” There are alloys of Titanium that are not medical grade or commercially pure, so you should always be skeptical of earrings labeled “titanium” without any more information. If you have questions, you should email to clarify the grade of the Titanium.Titanium is the most bio-compatible element (less than 0.6% of people are allergic to it) and will not irritate even the most sensitive skin. Since titanium is inert and non-reactive to almost all chemicals it will never corrode, tarnish, or rust.Platinum Platinum is a pure, unalloyed state. It is extremely inert (non-reactive) and therefore a good option for piercings. However, platinum is extremely expensive so it is not an affordable metal for fashion jewelry.If it is 14k or higher, nickel-free, and alloyed for biocompatibility. Gold higher than 18k is too soft for body jewelry because it can easily be scratched or nicked. Anything less than 24k gold is an alloy, meaning that it is mixed with another metal. It is rare that a company will tell you what the alloyed metals are, and for that reason, it is risky to purchase gold earrings if you have sensitive ears.Gold plated, gold-filled, or gold overlay/vermeil jewelry is not acceptable for sensitive ear piercings. All of these involve coating a base metal with a layer of gold. The gold surface (which is very thin—measured in millionths of an inch) can wear or chip off, leaving your piercing exposed to the reactive metal underneath.Niobium Niobium is a naturally inert metal that is non-reactive to the human body. Niobium is naturally a blueish color, but it can be anodized in order to give it a gold-tone. Niobium jewelry is anodized by placing the metal in a specific solution of soap and water and applying an electrical current. Unlike typical fashion jewelry, anodized Niobium does not have any plating, coatings, or dyes; after the anodization process, it is still 100% pure Niobium which means it is still 100% non-allergenic and non-reactive. Since it is a pure metal and not an alloy, it is always nickel-free.Since Niobium is naturally non-allergenic, and its color can be changed without adding any foreign or reactive materials, it is an excellent metal for earrings. Niobium earrings can be worn safely, even by people with a metal allergy, and do not have plating or coating that will eventually tarnish or wear away. Niobium is the perfect material for our hypoallergenic drop earrings.Stainless steel allergy symptoms If you use the wrong metal, you may experience common allergy symptoms. Your skin picks up some of the jewelry molecules and sends them to the lymph nodes. Now your body has to respond to the foreign invader, and that’s when your immune system starts working against it. You may experience some itchy feelings, redness, swelling, rashes, blisters, and shedding. That’s the first reaction you’ll notice. Note that severity can vary and can be overwhelming

at times. Stainless steel may also sometimes contain cobalt and chromate, which can also cause reactions. Therefore, it is said that if you are reactive, you should stay away from low-grade stainless steel.📷 These symptoms can appear for at least 12-48 hours after wearing. Notice that it’s not always the part that’s in contact with the metal. It can be in different parts. Now that you know the symptoms, you shouldn’t panic when it happens unless it gets serious.Stainless steel earrings allergy Depending on the type of jewelry you buy, stainless steel earrings are generally safe. We know how exciting it feels to itch, and of course, we don’t want you to continue to itch. Therefore, you should select only those options that have the ability to use advanced options.These options will contain little or no nickel. Therefore, you wouldn’t expect it to cause any allergic reactions. If you find yourself wearing stainless steel jewelry, there’s a good chance you’re choosing lower-quality jewelry.If you have allergies, there’s a good chance you’re allergic to the low levels of nickel found in stainless steel jewelry. Stainless steel gemstones are hypoallergenic because they have the lowest nickel content.In addition, the metal will never tarnish because it contains no elements that cause tarnishing. You will no longer suffer from corrosion and the elements in stainless steel will not react to your skin in any way.Why Are My Ears So Sensitive?If your ears get red and itchy when you wear earrings, it most likely means that you are allergic to the metal in the earring posts. The most common metal allergy people have is to nickel. According to experts, repeated exposure can even increase the risk of developing an allergy at any age.Some people with sensitive ears can still wear any earrings for a short amount of time. However, for others, even a very tiny amount of metal they are sensitive to will cause a reaction. It all depends on your level of sensitivity.How to Make Any Pair of Earrings Hypoallergenic?If you have a pair of earrings that you just absolutely love but just can’t wear without getting a reaction, here are a couple of tricks that you can try to make them tolerable.The best solution is to paint the posts with a couple of coats of clear nail polish. After the polish dries, it will create a barrier between the nickel in the earrings and your ears. You will have to reapply the polish periodically if you plan to wear them more than a few times.📷 If you’re in a hurry, clean the earrings with hydrogen peroxide and then apply a couple of coats of Vaseline. Be aware, however, that this will likely only work for a couple of hours before you have to reapply the jelly again.How to prevent earrings allergy?How sensitive are you? If you are super sensitive to nickel, then stainless steel is not for you. However, if you experience mild reactions, you can use stainless steel. Only remember to choose the safer options.Make sure you know the grade You can use stainless steel, but you also have to know the grade you are using. If you know you are the sensitive type, you can choose the higher grades silver or the surgical steel, not any other opinions. You don’t want to trigger the reaction ever, and that’s why you should make sure you are safe.Know what not to put next to your skin Sometimes you may think it’s the jewel when it’s not. So, knowing what exactly you tend to react to. Maybe you may also be reacting to something else other than the stainless steel. This is why you should take your time to find out what causes the reaction to you.Choose hypoallergenic jewels If you are the sensitive type, you have no choice but to make sure you’re safe. We have several jewels that indicate the hypoallergenic feature, and others don’t. So it would help if you didn’t ever buy any jewel that you presume isn’t hypoallergenic.How to deal with earrings allergyStop wearing the jewelry. If you suspect a particular piece of jewelry is causing a reaction, stop wearing it temporarily. Use a steroid cream. Apply a cortisone (or another

anti-inflammatory steroid cream) to the rash to help it heal. Wear the jewelry again. Once the rash disappears, wear the jewelry again and see if it causes another rash. If it does, you’ll know you’re allergic to a metal in that piece of jewelry.

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Alloy Steel Casting Parts - Investment Casting Services

 Alloy steel casting refers to the art of forming metal into a specific shape and usually with added reinforcement. This art form dates back as early as the ancient Chinese. Early Chinese carvings are made from iron, and today there are many countries that produce amazing sculptures from this strong alloy. Cast iron has many advantages over other metals and in fact, has been counted among the five natural wonders of the world. There are many uses for cast iron, such as gun parts, train horns, pipe and water tanks, and even airplane parts.

Alloy steel casting parts come in a variety of shapes including spheres, capsules, rod-and cone assemblies, round parts, flat parts, tubular sections, boxes, tubes and coils. Alloys can be made from different alloys including titanium, gallium, barium, neon, dysaluma, americium, moissanite, phosphorous, manganese, sodium, titanium, zirconium, zinc, malachite, phosphorous, iron phosphate, aluminum powder, steel, boron, and magnesium powder. The strength of these alloys depends on the element involved and on the properties of the alloy. Many of these alloys are very strong and have been used to build large structures such as bridges, buildings, and skyscrapers. They are often used in aerospace applications as well.

When you are looking to purchase Alloy steel casting parts, always look for a company that is willing to provide a complete lifetime warranty on the product. Quality companies that are providing this guarantee will build the alloy from scratch using only high quality materials. Only after the application of the required surface treatment will the parts start to see the full potential of their quality and beauty. The surface treatment process should include a hardening agent, an epoxy coating, an Anodizing or Hardening Agent, a shielding gas, and an Oxidation cure, followed by a clear coating and an optimally balanced and turned component surface. It should be possible to view the entire manufacturing process at your leisure.

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MMO Titanium Electrodes Used in Sodium Hypochlorite Generator

Sodium hypochlorite generator is a device for electrolyzing low concentrations of sodium salt to produce sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite, which oxidizes a variety of harmful substances in water, is a strong oxidizing agent and disinfectant. It is good, safe and convenient to use it to sterilize water.

Sodium hypochlorite generator is widely used in industrial, agricultural, various water treatment and environmental disinfection. It covers many fields, such as industrial circulating water chlorination, hospital sewage treatment, table-ware disinfection, ward disinfection, drinking water disinfection, water disinfection in the swimming pool and the hotel, cyanide - containing industrial wastewater treatment, pulp bleaching, fiber bleaching, industrial wastewater treatment in electronics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and chemical areas, as well as poultry drinking water and environmental disinfection, etc.

Features of Sodium Hypochlorite Generator Equipment:

1.Qixin type sodium hypochlorite generator is a reaction combination generator, for salt dissolving, dilute salt water deploying, dosing and sodium hypochlorite cycling all occur in a trough. It has the advantages of less cost, small occupation space, quick launch and flexible setting.

2.Qixin type sodium hypochlorite generator is a combination of tubular, internal cooling, unipolar and string phase. The matrix of the Qixin sodium hypochlorite generator anode is titanium, which is coated with ruthenium dioxide, bearing the advantages of low potential and long span life. Each of it occurs successively 200-300 hours for each time under normal operation. Qixin type sodium hypochlorite generator processes in diaphragm-type natural circulation form. Therefore, salt utilization is high, so does the electrolysis process current efficiency. Qixin type sodium hypochlorite generator has the advantages of  high yield, low energy consumption and low operating costs.

The Sodium Hypochlorite Generator Working Principle

Salt solution contains ions like Na+, H+, OH- and Cl-. According to the theory of electrolysis, whileinserting electrode at a certain voltage, electrolyte solution conducts due to the movement of ions andthe electrode reaction. Then, Cl-, OH- and other negative ions move towards the anode, and Na +, H + andother positive ions move towards the cathode, and the corresponding electrode discharge occurs,oxidation-reduction reaction takes place and generate corresponding materials. The electrolysis processof the brine solution is expressed by the following reaction equation: NaCl+H2O→NaClO+H2↑

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What is a watering can rose gold? There are many styles of color plated rose gold watering cans on the market, the most commonly used is stainless steel plated rose gold with gold.

Stainless steel rose gold is an alloy of gold and copper, with a very stylish and beautiful rose red color sense. How is mirror rose gold a rose gold watering can make by master craftsmanship?

Stainless steel rose gold watering cans are commonly available in rose gold and red gold finishes in 201, 304, and 316 materials respectively.

Usually, 304 stainless steel can be used for high-carbonate rose gold watering cans. The thickness of the internal structure used for fabrication is usually 1.0mm and the thickness of the external structure is usually 1.2-5mm.

The general surface techniques for rose gold watering cans are brushed, mirror, satin, snowflake sand, 8k mirror, sandblasted, etc.

Multiple processes can also be processed in combination to form beautiful lines. The surface of stainless steel is easy to produce fingerprints, you can spray anti-fingerprint oil on the finished rose gold watering cans for more vivid color and superior corrosion resistance.

1. SURFACE TREATMENT Before color plating, the watering can need to be treated with the polishing process. Then the rest of it is laser welded and polished, and finally vacuum plated and colored.

2. HOW MANY KINDS OF SURFACE TREATMENTS ARE AVAILABLE While in the industry we also become the metal surface treatment, we have about the following common treatments.

Electroplating, etching, polishing, sandblasting, metal brushing, anodizing, electrophoresis, PVD vacuum plating, powder coating, micro-arc oxidation, etc.

And daily contact with suppliers, we hear the most when the plating process is none other than.

3. HOW ELECTROPLATING COLORING WORKS Electroplating is the use of electrolysis to make the metal surface coated with a metal film process so as to prevent corrosion, improve wear resistance, electrical conductivity, reflectivity, and most importantly, increase the appearance.

We see daily on the stainless steel products rose gold, titanium gold, ruby blue, and so on various shades, theoretically, the plating can help you plating out the desired color.

RunSun Houseware design As a global leader in Houseware, RunSun provides more than 2500 Houseware designs for Europe, America, and Australia.

Contact RunSun Email: Runsun@runsun-trans.com WeChat/Whatsapp: (+86)13246751686 Phone: +86 13246751686 Website:https://www.runsun-trans.com/

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A Short Review on Applicable Processes for Removal of Phenol from Water

Abstract

In this paper, the recent advances in removal of phenol from water are briefly reviewed. The removal of phenol could be attained by adsorption, photocatalysis, ozonation, and different forms of Fenton reactions. However, the choice of the appropriate method is dependent on the initial concentration of phenol. Emphasis is given to the reports that include optimization of operating conditions and cost estimation. The merits and limitations were discussed to clarify the favorability of each method.

Keywords:  Adsorption; Fenton; Phenol; Photocatalysis

Abbreviations: AOPs: Advanced Oxidation Processes; PAC: Powdered Activated Carbon; GAC: Granular Activated Carbon; PHAp: Porous HydroxyApatite; FAp: Fluoro Apatite; WC: Wood Charcoal; RHA: Rice Husk Ash.

    Introduction

Phenolic compounds exist in the wastewater of many industries such as resins, pharmaceuticals, paint, petrochemical products, and olive mills [1]. Dermal exposures to phenol are reported to cause skin damage, eye irritation, and problems to mucous membranes. Moreover, phenol is toxic to humans via oral exposure [2]. Phenolic compounds and other bio-recalcitrant organics are poorly removed in conventional biological treatment due to their toxicity that simply kill the microorganism in activated sludge systems [3]. Accordingly, many researchers tend to investigate different chemical methods for removal or degradation of biorecalcitrant pollutants [4]. These methods include adsorption by activated carbon and polymeric adsorbents, and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) like ozonation, Fenton reactions, and photocatalysis [5-8]. The choice of the appropriate method should be based on efficiency, costs, and influent characteristics such as pH and initial concentration [9,10].

This paper aims to briefly review the recent advances of different methods that have been reported for removal of phenol from water. The applicability and merits of each method have been focused.

    Discussion

Adsorption

Adsorption could be the first choice for removal of phenol from water because of its high efficiency and easy application using suspended Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC), Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) columns, or recent developed adsorbents [11]. Bahdod et al [12] studied the removal of phenol by three apatite adsorbents (Porous Hydroxy Apatite (PHAp) and crystalline hydroxyl- (HAp) and Fluoro Apatite (FAp)) [12]. The best obtained adsorption capacity was 8.2mg/g with the prospect of thermal regeneration. Aghav et al. attained 88% removal of phenol using different carbonaceous adsorbents such as Wood Charcoal (WC) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) [1]. Adsorption of phenol is applicable when the concentration of phenol is relatively low (<100mg/L). In this case, the amount of needed adsorbent is appropriate, and hence the adsorption will be cost-effective. Some industries like coal processing, resins, and refineries produce highly contaminated water with phenol concentration up to 6000mg/L. Using adsorption for removal of high phenol concentrations requires considerable amount of adsorbents. In addition, the disposal or regeneration of the contaminated adsorbents will be a concern [13].

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)

The advantage of AOPs is the destruction of contaminants by degrading them into benign end products such as CO2, and H2O [14]. Gar Alalm et al. [15] investigated the removal of phenol by solar photocatalysis using naked titanium dioxide (TiO2) and TiO2 supported on activated carbon (TiO2/AC) [15]. They found that complete degradation of phenol and its intermediates could be attained by TiO2/AC faster than using naked TiO2. They estimated the total cost for removal of phenol using their method by 3.19€/m3. Esplugas et al. [16] studied the degradation of phenol by different combination of ozonation, UltraViolet light (UV), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [16]. Complete degradation of phenol with initial concentration of 100mg/L was attained using ozonation in about 80min. They found that other combinations like O3/H2O2, O3/UV and O3/UV/ H2O2 did not enhance or accelerate the degradation of phenol. Ayodele et al. [17] and Gar Alalm et al. [18] investigated the degradation of phenol using photo-Fenton process [17,18]. Photo-Fenton reaction revealed high efficiency even at high initial concentrations (>500mg/L). The total cost for removal of phenol by solar photo-Fenton reaction was estimated by 2.54€/m3. Another Fenton process that reported to achieve efficient degradation of bio-recalcitrant pollutants is electro- Fenton [6,19]. Radwan et al. [20] found that phenol could be completely degraded by electro-Fenton process using sacrificial or non-sacrificial anodes [20]. The current intensity was the key factor that influenced the degradation efficiency. The key limitation of Fenton processes is the high amount of produced sludge, but they are still preferred because of their high efficacy and low cost especially when the initial phenol concentration is high.

    Conclusion

The advantage of AOPs is the destruction of contaminants by degrading them into benign end products such as CO2, and H2O [14]. Gar Alalm et al. [15] investigated the removal of phenol by solar photocSeveral methods could be applied for removal of phenol from water including adsorption, photocatalysis, ozonation, and Fenton reactions. The application of adsorption is limited to low phenol concentrations. Ozonation and photo catalysis are suitable for phenol degradation but the cost efficiency and application to high phenol concentration are still challenges. Fenton processes are the most appropriate choices in case of high phenol concentration in terms of efficiency and costs. However, the high amount of produced sludge is still a concern.

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Changzhi aluminum corner pieces retail price 90 degree aluminium flat bar extrusions aluminum support

aluminium flat bar extrusions</a>  secondly, it needs to be suitable for extrusion molding process. Uniform wall thickness, external structure, separation hole structure, whether it is harmful to the service life of abrasives, and several tons of machinery and equipment. 3、 It is very easy to produce and process after need. Whether there are steps for drilling, and whether there is root strip thickening type for thick wall embedded holes. In the production and manufacturing of aluminum profiles, measuring instruments are just like weapons and equipment on hand for the inspection staff. If the weapons and equipment are in hemiplegia and may damage the shape, it is not of all practical significance to check the adverse effects, and it can not be used to monitor and control the production and manufacturing of material conduct. Therefore, the conditioning and maintenance of measuring tools is very important.

It is suitable for metal curtain wall decoration design, ceiling, bus, train, subway station and urban rail car, commercial transport vehicle and truck body, ship engineering construction, advertising board, interior decoration engineering project. The shell is decorated with die-casting parts, with high tensile surface. The raw materials are generally 0.4-0.8 mm thick, model 6063 / 6061 or pure aluminum series. The multi-functional casing is made of die-casting parts, with bottom drawing and sheet metal bending structure. The raw materials are generally 0.8-1.2 thin, and the hard model 5052 / 7075 or unique model is selected. It is necessary to mark the air oxide layer by laser before making conductive grounding device on the electronic equipment case with die casting parts. Because the air oxide layer is not conductive after anodizing treatment.

The retail price of Changzhi aluminum profile corner pieces

the key of aluminum ladder is the staff shop now</a> in centrifugationIn order to ensure the safety of the actual operation staff and improve the safety performance of the actual operation, the climbing operation inside the fan and tower drum is ensured. The third generation safety aluminum ladder is made of airline aluminum, which is of high quality, firm and difficult to use, and safe and comfortable. According to the industry division of industrial production, industrial aluminum profile refers to all aluminum profiles except for architectural glass, curtain wall, indoor and outdoor decoration design and architectural structure. There is also a point that we can pay attention to, and then cold water scrubbing, we can appropriately add some boiling water, with warm water scrubbing, the actual effect will be better. Finally, you can use some high-quality maintenance wax to click here</a> spray paint the freshly scrubbed aluminum (AL) profile windows and doors.

2. The pressure is very low. In the far side or higher part of the serial communication system, the pressure is very low, the boiling water is insufficient, and the heat removal is very low. 3. The windows and doors are well ventilated. 4. There is a heating cover, which can reduce heat removal. 5. The steam body of aluminum profile cover is blocked, the cold air gate valve can be opened, and then the steam discharged from the radiator is turned off. 6. A part of the radiator is blocked during the processing of aluminum profile cover. 7. The design of radiator scheme is few and the total heating capacity is not enough. 8. Different methods of inflow and outflow can also reduce heat discharge. After testing, the radiator becomes smaller.

The aluminum round aluminum heat sink</a>alloy with different characteristics can be obtained by using 90 degree aluminum support, such as magnesium, silicon, manganese, copper, zinc, iron, chromium, titanium, etc. After cold drawing and heat treatment, the aluminum alloy is further strengthened and hardened, and its compressive strength is further improved. The first characteristic of aluminum and its alloys is its densityIt is about 1 / 3 of the steel, and the strength (the ratio of strength limit to ratio) can reach or exceed the alloy structural steel. Secondly, aluminum and aluminum alloy are easy to be produced and processed into various shapes, and can be integrated into a variety of connection processing technologies, so as to show resource advantages for the selection of economic development and effective cross-section mode for building structure.