#Tom Molineaux

[london-ghosts]

From slavery to the boxing ring in Georgian England!

Two black men, born as slaves in north America, went on to become high-profile boxers and celebrities in Georgian England winning big cash prizes. But the fights were racially charged despite their popularity. And both men would die penniless. These are the forgotten black boxers who struggled but ultimately failed to become world champions. It’s the heart wrenching story of how one of them, Tom…

[tonyrossmcmahon]

Two Black Boxers born into Slavery!

Two black American boxers born into slavery became stars in early 19th century England but were brought down by endemic racism as Tony McMahon discovers

Two black men, born as slaves in north America, went on to become high-profile boxers and celebrities in Georgian England winning big cash prizes. But the fights were racially charged despite their popularity. And both men would die penniless. These are the forgotten black boxers who struggled but ultimately failed to become world champions. It’s the heart wrenching story of how one of them, Tom…

[thetemplarknight]

Two Black Boxers born into Slavery!

Two black American boxers born into slavery became stars in early 19th century England but were brought down by endemic racism as Tony McMahon discovers

Two black men, born as slaves in north America, went on to become high-profile boxers and celebrities in Georgian England winning big cash prizes. But the fights were racially charged despite their popularity. And both men would die penniless. These are the forgotten black boxers who struggled but ultimately failed to become world champions. It’s the heart wrenching story of how one of them, Tom…

[art-of-manliness]

Podcast #985: The Secret World of Bare-Knuckle Boxing

Have you ever noticed the guy in a fighting stance on the Art of Manliness logo? That’s not just some random symbol; it’s an actual dude: John L. Sullivan, the greatest bare-knuckle boxer of the 19th century. While most people think bare-knuckle boxing came to an end during Sullivan’s era, in fact, it never entirely went away. In his new book, Bare Knuckle: Bobby Gunn, 73–0 Undefeated. A Dad. A Dream. A Fight Like You’ve Never Seen, Stayton Bonner charts bare-knuckle boxing’s rise, fall, and resurgence, as well as the improbable story of its modern chapter’s winningest champion. Today on the show, Stayton describes bare-knuckle boxing’s incredible popularity a century ago, and why gloved boxing took its place while bare-knuckle got pushed into a shadowy, illicit underground. Stayton takes us into that secret circuit which still exists today, revealing the dark, sweaty basements and bars where modern bare-knuckle fights take place and the ancient code of honor that structures them. And Stayton introduces us to a dominant figure in that world, Bobby Gunn, an undefeated bare-knuckle fighter who combines a love of faith, family, and fighting and has helped turn bare-knuckle boxing into what is now the world’s fastest-growing combat sport. Resources Related to the Podcast * AoM series on honor * AoM Podcast #41: Honor in the Civil War — The Gentlemen & The Roughs * Podcast #54: The Life of John L. Sullivan * AoM Podcast #111: Why Men Fight & Why We Like to Watch  * AoM Article: America’s First Popular Men’s Magazine — The National Police Gazette * Videos of Bobby Gunn fighting and talking about bare-knuckle boxing * Tom Molineaux * John L. Sullivan * The Sullivan-Kilrain fight * William “Bill the Butcher” Poole * Gangs of New York bare-knuckle fight scene * Far and Away bare-knuckle fight scene Connect With Stayton Bonner * Stayton on X * Stayton on LinkedIn Listen to the Podcast! (And don’t forget to leave us a review!)   Listen to the episode on a separate page. Download this episode. Subscribe to the podcast in the media player of your choice. Transcript Coming Soon Help support independent publishing. Make a donation to The Art of Manliness! Thanks for the support! http://dlvr.it/T5yVFX

[lboogie1906]

Thomas “Tom” Molineaux (March 23, 1784 – August 4, 1818), sometimes spelled Molyneaux, was an African-American bare-knuckle boxer and possibly a former enslaved. Born to parents enslaved by a wealthy Virginian plantation owner named Molyneux, He was selected to engage in prizefighting matches with enslaved men from neighboring estates, a practice common during that era. Often planters bet substantial sums of money on the outcome. He participated in a match involving a wager of $100,000. When he won, his grateful owner granted him his freedom and a present of $500.

He moved to New York where he engaged in several successful prizefights. His victories allowed him to proclaim himself the Champion of America in 1809. He sailed to England to challenge Tom Cribb, recognized as the Champion of the World.

On December 18, 1810, he met Cribb for the championship. In the 28th round, he appeared to knock out Cribb, but when Cribb was unable to respond, his seconds rushed across the ring and complained that he had been hiding lead bullets in his fists. He and his supporters spent time disproving the accusation, and Cribb recovered and was allowed to continue. In the 31st round, his head struck a stake in the ground, when he tripped over Cribb after throwing him to the ground. Semi-conscious and unable to defend himself in the 33rd round, he fell to the ground and announced he could fight no more in a bout that would go down as one of the most unfairly contested championship bouts in England’s history.

A return bout between the two men took place on September 28, 1811, but Cribb knocked out a poorly conditioned in the 9th round to retain his title. His boxing career came to an end in 1815 when he lost to George Cooper. He died penniless in Galway, Ireland. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence

[magicmunkey]

Tom Molineaux - Wikipedia

[nellygwyn]

I thought I would share some portraits/info about notable black men and women who worked and lived in Georgian Britain. This is not an extensive list by any means, and for some figures, portraits are unavailable:

1. Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797) was a writer, abolitionist and former slave. Born into what would become southern Nigeria, he was initially sold into slavery and taken to the Caribbean as a child, but would be sold at least twice more before he bought his freedom in 1766. He decided to settle in London and became involved in the British abolitionist movement in the 1780s. His first-hand account of the horrors of slavery 'The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano' was published in 1789 and it really drove home the horrors of slavery to the general British public. He also worked tirelessly to support freed slaves like himself who experienced racism and inequality living in Britain's cities. He was a leading member of the Sons of Africa, an abolitionist group, whose members were primarily freed black men (the Sons of Africa has been called the first black political organisation in British history). He married an English woman, Susannah, and when he died in 1797, he left his fortune of roughly £73,000 to his daughter, Joanna. Equiano's World is a great online resource for those interested in his life, his work, and his writings.

2. Ignatius Sancho (1729-1780) was a bit of a jack-of-all-trades (he's described as an actor, composer, writer, abolitionist, man-of-letters, and socialite - truly the perfect 18th century gentleman). He was born in the Middle Passage on a slave ship. His mother died not long after they arrived in Venezuela and his father apparently took his own life rather than become a slave. Sancho's owner gave the boy to three sisters living in London c. 1730s (presumably as a sort of pet/servant) but whilst living with them, his wit and intellect impressed the 2nd Duke of Montagu who decided to finance his education. This was the start of Sancho's literary and intellectual career and his association with the elite of London society saw him ascend. He struck up a correspondence with the writer, Laurence Sterne, in the 1760s: Sancho wrote to press Sterne to throw his intellecrual weight behind the cause of abolition. He became active in the early British abolitionist movement and be counted many well-known Georgians amongst his acquaintance. He was also the first black man known to have voted in a British election. He married a West Indian woman and in 1774, opened a grocer's shop in London, that attempted to sell goods that were not produced by slave labour. Despite his popularity in Georgian society, he still recounts many instances of racist abuse he faced on the streets of London in his diaries. He reflected that, although Britain was undoubtedly his home and he had done a lot for the country, he was 'only a lodger and hardly that' in London. His letters, which include discussions of domestic subjects as well as political issues, can be read here.

3. Francis 'Frank' Barber (1742-1801) was born a slave on a sugar plantation in Jamaica. His owner, Richard Bathurst, brought Frank to England when Frank turned 15 and decided to send him to school. The Bathursts knew the writer, Samuel Johnson, and this is how Barber and the famous writer first met (Barber briefly worked as Johnson's valet and found him an outspoken opponent of the slave trade). Richard Bathurst gave Frank his freedom when he died and Frank immediately signed up for the navy (where he apparently developed a taste for smoking pipes). In 1760, he returned permanently to England and decided to work as Samuel Johnson's servant. Johnson paid for Frank to have an expensive education and this meant Frank was able to help Johnson revise his most famous work, 'Dictionary of the English Language.' When Johnson died in 1784, he made Frank his residual heir, bequeathing him around £9000 a year (for which Johnson was criticised in the press - it was thought to be far too much), an expensive gold watch, and most of Johnson's books and papers. Johnson also encouraged Frank to move to Lichfield (where Johnson had been born) after he died: Frank duly did this and opened a draper's shop and a school with his new wife. There, he spent his time 'in fishing, cultivating a few potatoes, and a little reading' until his death in 1801. His descendants still live at a farm in Litchfield today. A biography of Frank can be purchased here. Moreover, here is a plaque erected on the railings outside of Samuel Johnson's house in Gough Square, London, to commemorate Johnson and Barber's friendship.

4. Dido Elizabeth Belle (1764-1801) was born to Maria Belle, a slave living in the West Indies. Her father was Sir John Lindsay, a British naval officer. After Dido's mother's death, Sir John took Dido to England and left her in the care of his uncle, Lord Mansfield. Dido was raised by Lord Mansfield and his wife alongside her cousin, Elizabeth Murray (the two became as close as sisters) and was, more or less, a member of the family. Mansfield was unfortunately criticised for the care and love he evidently felt for his niece - she was educated in most of the accomplishments expected of a young lady at the time, and in later life, she would use this education to act as Lord Mansfield's literary assistant. Mansfield was Lord Chief Justice of England during this period and, in 1772, it was he who ruled that slavery had no precedent in common law in England and had never been authorised. This was a significant win for the abolitionists, and was brought about no doubt in part because of Mansfield's closeness with his great-niece. Before Mansfield died in 1793, he reiterated Dido's freedom (and her right to be free) in his will and made her an heiress by leaving her an annuity. Here is a link to purchase Paula Byrne's biography of Dido, as well as a link to the film about her life (starring Gugu Mbatha-Raw as Dido).

5. Ottobah Cugoano (1757-sometime after 1791) was born in present-day Ghana and sold into slavery at the age of thirteen. He worked on a plantation in Grenada until 1772, when he was purchased by a British merchant who took him to England, freed him, and paid for his education. Ottobah was employed as a servant by the artists Maria and Richard Cosway in 1784, and his intellect and charisma appealed to their high-society friends. Along with Olaudah Equiano, Ottobah was one of the leading members of the Sons of Africa and a staunch abolitionist. In 1786, he was able to rescue Henry Devane, a free black man living in London who had been kidnapped with the intention of being returned to slavery in the West Indies. In 1787, Ottobah wrote 'Thoughts And Sentiments On The Evil & Wicked Traffic Of The Slavery & Commerce Of The Human Species,' attacking slavery from a moral and Christian stand-point. It became a key text in the British abolition movement, and Ottobah sent a copy to many of England's most influential people. You can read the text here.

6. Ann Duck (1717-1744) was a sex worker, thief and highwaywoman. Her father, John Duck, was black and a teacher of swordmanship in Cheam, Surrey. He married a white woman, Ann Brough, in London c. 1717. One of Ann's brothers, John, was a crew-member of the ill-fated HMS Wager and was apparently sold into slavery after the ship wrecked off the coast of Chile on account of his race. Ann, meanwhile, would be arrested and brought to trial at least nineteen times over the course of her lifetime for various crimes, including petty theft and highway robbery. She was an established member of the Black Boy Alley Gang in Clerkenwell by 1742, and also quite frequently engaged in sex work. In 1744, she was given a guilty verdict at the Old Bailey after being arrested for a robbery: her trial probably wasn't fair as a man named John Forfar was paid off for assisting in her arrest and punishment. She was hanged at Tyburn in 1744. Some have argued that her race appears to have been irrelevant and she experienced no prejudice, but I am inclined to disagree. You can read the transcript of one of Ann Duck's trials (one that resulted in a Not Guilty verdict) here. Also worth noting that Ann Duck is the inspiration behind the character Violet Cross in the TV show 'Harlots.'

7. Bill Richmond (1763-1829) was a prize winning bare-knuckle boxer of the late 18th and early 19th century. He was born a slave in New York (then part of British America) but moved permanently to England in 1777 where he was most likely freed and received an education. His career as a boxer really took of in the early 19th century, and he took on all the prize fighters of the time, including Tom Cribb and the African American fighter, Tom Molineaux. Richmond was a sporting hero, as well as fashionable in his style and incredibly intelligent, making him something of a celebrity and a pseudo-gentleman in his time. He also opened a boxing academy and gave boxing lessons to gentlemen and aristocrats. He would ultimately settle in York to apprentice as a cabinet-maker. Unfortunately, in Yorkshire, he was subject to a lot of racism and insults based on the fact he had married a white woman. You can watch a Channel 4 documentary on Richmond here: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

8. William Davidson (1781-1820) was the illegitimate son of the Attorney General of Jamaica and a slave woman. He was sent to Glasgow in Scotland to study law at the age of 14 and from this period until 1819, he moved around Britain and had a number of careers. Following the Peterloo Massacre in 1819, Davidson began to take a serious interest in radical politics, joining several societies in order to read radical and republican texts. He also became a Spencean (radical political group) through his friendship with Arthur Thistlewood and would quickly rise to become a leading member of the group. In 1820, a government provocateur tricked Davidson and other Spenceans, into being drawn into a plot to kill the Earl of Harrowby and other government cabinet officers as they dined at Harrowby's house on the 23rd February. This plot would become known as the Cato Street Conspiracy (named thus because Davidson and the other Spenceans hid in a hayloft in Cato Street whilst they waited to launch their plan). Unfortunately, this was a government set up and eleven men, including Davidson, were arrested and charged with treason. Davidson was one of five of the conspirators to not have his sentence commuted to transportation and was instead sentenced to death. He was hanged and beheaded outside of Newgate Prison in 1820. There is a book about the Cato Street Conspiracy here.

9. Ukawsaw Gronniosaw (1705-1775) was born in the Kingdom of Bornu, now in modern day Nigeria. As the favourite grandson of the king of Zaara, he was a prince. Unfortunately, at the age of 15, he was sold into slavery, passing first to a Dutch captain, then to an American, and then finally to a Calvinist minister named Theodorus Frelinghuysen living in New Jersey. Frelinghuysen educated Gronniosaw and would eventually free him on his deathbed but Gronniosaw later recounted that when he had pleaded with Frelinghuysen to let him return to his family in Bornu, Frelinghuysen refused. Gronniosaw also remembered that he had attempted suicide in his depression. After being freed, Gronniosaw set his sights on travelling to Britain, mainly to meet others who shared his new-found Christian faith. He enlisted in the British army in the West Indies to raise money for his trip, and once he had obtained his discharge, he travelled to England, specifically Portsmouth. For most of his time in England, his financial situation was up and down and he would move from city to city depending on circumstances. He married an English weaver named Betty, and the pair were often helped out financially by Quakers. He began to write his life-story in early 1772 and it would be published later that year (under his adopted anglicised name, James Albert), the first ever work written by an African man to be published in Britain. It was an instant bestseller, no doubt contributing to a rising anti-slavery mood. He is buried in St Oswald's Church, Chester: his grave can still be visited today. His autobiography, A Narrative of the Most Remarkable Particulars in the Life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, an African Prince, as Related by Himself, can be read here.

10. Mary Prince (1788-sometime after 1833) was born into slavery in Bermuda. She was passed between several owners, all of whom very severely mistreated her. Her final owner, John Adams Wood, took Mary to England in 1828, after she requested to be able to travel as the family's servant. Mary knew that it was illegal to transport slaves out of England and thus refused to accompany Adams Wood and his family back to the West Indies. Her main issue, however, was that her husband was still in Antigua: if she returned, she would be back in enslavement, but if she did not, she might never see her husband again. She contacted the Anti-Slavery Society who attempted to help her in any way they could. They found her work (so she could support herself), tried tirelessly to convince Adams Wood to free her, and petitioned parliament to bring her husband to England. Mary successfully remained in England but it is not known whether she was ever reunited with her husband. In 1831, Mary published The History of Mary Prince, an autobiographical account of her experiences as a slave and the first work written by a black woman to be published in England. Unlike other slave narratives, that had been popular and successful in stoking some anti-slavery sentiment, it is believed that Mary's narrative ultimately clinched the goal of convincing the general British population of the necessity of abolishing slavery. Liverpool's Museum of Slavery credits Mary as playing a crucial role in abolition. You can read her narrative here. It is an incredibly powerful read. Mary writes that hearing slavers talk about her and other men and women at a slave market in Bermuda 'felt like cayenne pepper into the fresh wounds of our hearts.'

[shewhoworshipscarlin]

The Battle of Tom Crib and Tom Molineaux, 1811, Britain.

[si-national-portrait-gallery]

Tom Molineaux, John Young, c. 1810, Smithsonian: National Portrait Gallery

Size: Image: 53.2 x 42.4 cm (20 15/16 x 16 11/16") Medium: Mezzotint on paper

https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.79.111

[hadleyfraser101]

The Hadley Fraser Timeline

table, th, td { padding: 5px; border: 3px solid #E9E9E9; border-collapse: collapse; }

Show Type Role Month Year Assassins Musical Zangara 1999 Far Far Away Musical Leonard 1999 Little Shop of Horrors Musical Seymour 2000 Blues Brothers... Live! Jake Blues 2000 Les Miserables Musical Marius Pontmercy 2002 Missing Moscow Short Film Alexander 2003 Peter Pan Curly 2003 Pirates of Penzance Musical Frederic 2003 The Shaughraun Straight Play Captain Molineaux 2004 Putting It Together Young Man 2004 One Day More Concert Concert September 2004 The Far Pavillions Musical Ashton Pelham-Martyn April 2005 Longitude Straight Play William Harrison 2005 Doctor Who TV Series Gareth 2006 Assassins Musical John Wilkes Booth 2006 Pacific Overtures Musical Kayama Yasaemon 2006 My Fair Lady Musical Freddy Eynsford-Hill 2006 The Pirate Queen Musical Tiernan 2006 The Last Five Years Musical Jamie 2007 Keys: the Music of Scott Alan Album 2008 The Lost Tribe Movie Chris 2008 A Christmas Carol Play Bob Cratchit November 2009 The Fresh Beat Band TV Series Reed 2009 Stephanie J. Block in Concert Concert February 2010 The Fantasticks Musical El Gallo May 2010 Simply the Music of Scott Alan Concert September 2010 Les Miserables in Concert: The 25th Anniversary Musical Grantaire October 2010 Convincing Clooney Movie Chris 2011 Stuart Matthew Price - All Things in Time Concert February 2011 WhatsOnStage Awards 2011 Others February 2011 The Songs of Bobby Cronin Concert February 2011 The Great British Musical in Concert Concert April 2011 Sheytoons at the Dublin Castle Concert April 2011 Les Misérables Musical Javert June 2011 The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Musical Raoul, Vicomte de Chagny October 2011 Les Mis Gives at Christmas Concert December 2011 The In-Between Musical Album February 2012 Scott Garnham Live and Late Concert May 2012 Unborn Twin and The Electric Modern at 93 Feet East with Hadley Fraser Concert August 2012 An Evening with Hadley Fraser (2-day concert) Concert October 2012 Something Wonderful Concert November 2012 An Evening with Hadley Fraser Concert November 2012 Les Miserables (Motion Picture) Movie Army General of the National Guard December 2012 Simon Bailey - Looking Up Album Bass Guitar Player December 2012 Acting Through Song Masterclass Others December 2012 A Fairytale of New York Concert December 2012 Scott Alan Live Album December 2012 Les Miserables: From Page to Stage to Screen Others January 2013 Shackled Short Film Jesse January 2013 Sheytoons at the St James Concert February 2013 Friday Night is Music Night:The Shock of the New Concert April 2013 The Pajama Game Musical Sid Sorokin April 2013 The Machine (UK Premier) Straight Play Garry Kasparov July 2013 The Machine (US Premier) Straight Play Garry Kasparov September 2013 Friday Night is Music Night: Fairy Tales Concert September 2013 South Pacific with RTE Concert Orchestra & John Wilson Concert Lt. Joseph Cable October 2013 Saving Santa Album December 2013 Coriolanus Straight Play Tullus Aufidius December 2013 Friday Night is Music Night: One Brief Shining Moment Concert July 2014 Just Let Go Album August 2014 Before After (A Musical Love Story) Musical Ben September 2014 The Wrong Mans TV Series MI5 Agent December 2014 City of Angels (2014) Musical Stine December 2014 Sons of Liberty TV Series John Dickinson January 2015 Pompidou TV Series Maitre D' March 2015 The Vote (2015) Straight Play Alastair Swift April 2015 Holby City TV Series Sebastian Coultre June 2015 Of Thee I Sing Concert John P. Wintergreen July 2015 The Winter's Tale Straight Play Polixenes October 2015 Harlequinade Straight Play First Halberdier October 2015 Friday Night is Music Night: Oh! What a Beautiful Evening! Concert December 2015 Untitled Concert at the Orange Tree Theatre Concert January 2016 Ramin Karimloo with special guest Hadley Fraser Concert January 2016 Long Days Journey Into Night Straight Play James Tyrone Jr. March 2016 London Musical Theatre Orchestra: Launch Gala Concert June 2016 The Legend of Tarzan Movie John Clayton II, 4th Earl of Greystoke (Tarzan’s Father) July 2016 Ramin at the Palladium Concert July 2016 Hadley Fraser & Will Butterworth Concert August 2016 Him TV Series Robin Blakeston October 2016 Saint Joan Straight Play Dunois December 2016 Barricade Boys Concert February 2017 Hadley Fraser & Will Butterworth Concert April 2017 Decline and Fall TV Series Tom Braeburn April 2017 Committee... (A New Musical) Musical Co-writer, Book and Lyrics June 2017 Young Frankenstein Musical Dr. Frederick Frankenstein August 2017 Murder on the Orient Express Movie British Military Escort November 2017 Endeavour TV Show Marty Bedlo February 2018 Caught Short Film April 2018 The Light Princess in Concert Concert Digby July 2018 The Christmas Truce with Epiphoni Consort Concert The Sergeant December 2018 All is True Movie John Hall December 2018 An Evening with Ramin Karimloo Concert January 2019 The Voices of the West End Concert January 2019 Rodgers & Hammerstein’s Carousel: A Concert Concert Billy Bigelow May 2019 Joe Stilgoe and Friends Concert May 2019 The Deep Blue Sea Straight Play Freddie Page June 2019 Friday Night is Music Night: The Wizard of Oz Concert The Tin Man August 2019 The Antipodes Straight Play Josh October 2019 The Vote (2019) Straight Play Alastair Swift December 2019 Joe Stilgoe's Christmas House Party Concert December 2019 City of Angels (2020) Musical Stine March 2020 The Call Others Andy May 2020 Rob Houchen's Dance Again Others May 2020 Stilgoe in the Shed: Duet #3 with Hadley Fraser Others June 2020 Looking At The Moon Single August 2020 Before After (2020) Musical Ben September 2020 Hadley Fraser and Will Butterworth: Together Again Concert October 2020

[hattydaze]

Tom Molineaux, at the Brockley Jack Studio Theatre (review)

Tom Molineaux, at the Brockley Jack Studio Theatre (review)

Tom Molineaux was a bare-knuckle boxer, born into slavery in America and who came to England in the 1800s with the intention of becoming heavyweight champion. “They used to make me fight. Now I choose to fight”.  Pierce Egan was at the time the leading Irish reporter of sports events and considered to be an important character in boxing history by those in the know.  Tom Molineaux the play is…

[lboogie1906]

Thomas "Tom" Molineaux (March 23, 1784 – August 4, 1818), sometimes spelled Molyneaux, was an African-American bare-knuckle boxer and possibly a former slave. Born to parents enslaved by a wealthy Virginian plantation owner named Molyneux, He was selected to engage in prizefighting matches with enslaved men from neighboring estates, a practice common during that era. Often planters bet substantial sums of money on the outcome. He participated in a match involving a wager of $100,000. When he won, his grateful owner granted him his freedom and a present of $500. He moved to New York where he engaged in several successful prizefights. His victories allowed him to proclaim himself the Champion of America in 1809. He sailed to England to challenge Tom Cribb, recognized as the Champion of the World. On December 18, 1810, he met Cribb for the championship. In the 28th round, he appeared to knock out Cribb, but when Cribb was unable to respond, his seconds rushed across the ring, and complained that he had been hiding lead bullets in his fists. He and his supporters spent time disproving the accusation, and Cribb recovered and was allowed to continue. In the 31st round, his head struck a stake in the ground, when he tripped over Cribb after throwing him to the ground. Semi-conscious and unable to defend himself in the 33rd round, he fell to the ground and announced he could fight no more in a bout that would go down as one of the most unfairly contested championship bouts in England’s history. A return bout between the two men took place on September 28, 1811, but Cribb knocked out a poorly conditioned in the 9th round to retain his title. His boxing career came to an end in 1815 when he lost to George Cooper. He died penniless in Galway, Ireland. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence https://www.instagram.com/p/CqIIxGmuRnq/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[sheet-music-for-teachers-school]

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[boxingshoe430]

Greek Boxing

Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again and interest in fighting with the fists waned. However, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or "Fist Fighting".

As the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a bare-knuckle fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury, and the first English bare-knuckle champion was James Figg in 1719.[7] This is also the time when the word "boxing" first came to be used. This earliest form of modern boxing was very different. Contests in Mr. Figg's time, in addition to fist fighting, also contained fencing and cudgeling. On 6 January 1681, the first recorded boxing match took place in Britain when Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle (and later Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica) engineered a bout between his butler and his butcher with the latter winning the prize.

Early fighting had no written rules. There were no weight divisions or round limits, and no referee. In general, it was extremely chaotic. An early article on boxing was published in Nottingham, 1713, by Sir Thomas Parkyns, a successful Wrestler from Bunny, Nottinghamshire, who had practised the techniques he described. The article, a single page in his manual of wrestling and fencing, Progymnasmata: The inn-play, or Cornish-hugg wrestler, described a system of headbutting, punching, eye-gouging, chokes, and hard throws, not recognized in boxing today.[8]

The first boxing rules, called the Broughton's rules, were introduced by champion Jack Broughton in 1743 to protect fighters in the ring where deaths sometimes occurred.[9] Under these rules, if a man went down and could not continue after a count of 30 seconds, the fight was over. Hitting a downed fighter and grasping below the waist were prohibited. Broughton encouraged the use of 'mufflers', a form of padded bandage or mitten, to be used in 'jousting' or sparring sessions in training, and in exhibition matches.

Tom Cribb

vs

Tom Molineaux

in a re-match for the heavyweight championship of England, 1811

These rules did allow the fighters an advantage not enjoyed by today's boxers; they permitted the fighter to drop to one knee to end the round and begin the 30-second count at any time. Thus a fighter realizing he was in trouble had an opportunity to recover. However, this was considered "unmanly"[10] and was frequently disallowed by additional rules negotiated by the Seconds of the Boxers.[11] In modern boxing, there is a three-minute limit to rounds (unlike the downed fighter ends the round rule). Intentionally going down in modern boxing will cause the recovering fighter to lose points in the scoring system. Furthermore, as the contestants did not have heavy leather gloves and wristwraps to protect their hands, they used different punching technique to preserve their hands because the head was a common target to hit full out.[dubious – discuss][citation needed]Almost all period manuals have powerful straight punches with the whole body behind them to the face (including forehead) as the basic blows.[12][13][unreliable source?]

The London Prize Ring Rules introduced measures that remain in effect for professional boxing to this day, such as outlawing butting, gouging, scratching, kicking, hitting a man while down, holding the ropes, and using resin, stones or hard objects in the hands, and biting.[14]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing

[besttop10s]

TOP 10 MOST DEVASTATING PUNCHES IN HISTORY:

10) When Bob Fitzsimmons knocked out John L. Sullivan in the 12th round of their first fight in 1882, it was thought to be a fatal punch. Sullivan actually got up and started punching himself in the mouth and was taken out by the guards. He was in no condition to continue fighting. 

9) "The Reaper's" knockout of Battling Nelson in 1879 is considered to be one of the greatest knockouts in history. 

8) Jimmy Wilde KO'd Tom Molineaux in the 4th round in 1882, which apparently was enough time for the fight to end and for the judge to declare Molineaux the winner by technical knockout. Molineaux soon found out that the win was not valid as it should have gone to Wilde. In the 5th round, Molineaux went down and did not get up. He eventually died of his injuries. 

7) "The German" John Ledenhammer knocked out Tom Heeney in the 1st round in 1889. Heeney's tongue was found next to his mouth after the match. 

6) John L. Fremkin hit John L. Sullivan at such a speed that he was bent in half and still able to get up and continue fighting. Another one of those fights was called after the first couple of minutes when a guard held the other boxer down until the police showed up. 

5) "Leather Britches" Jim Corbett knocked out Frank "Pork" Lee in the 6th round in 1912. Pork continued fighting for another 4 rounds before the referee stopped it. 

4) Jess "The Bull" Anderson knocked out John "Little Beau" O' Reilly in the first round in 1915. The referee did not stop the fight for several minutes as O' Reilly's mommy was trying to pull him off of Anderson. 

3) "Carpet" Tom Sharkey knocked out Young "Fireworks" Tom Murphy in the first round in 1920. He continued to fight for 2 more rounds, emptying his opponent's eyes before the referee finally stopped the fight. 

2) "The Terrible"syd "The Great" Mike Gallagher knocked out George Carbone in the 1st round in 1921. Carbone continued to stand and was eventually knocked out by another punch. 

And the Number 1 most devastating punch in history is... 

1) Henry "Hank" Abbotts knocked out John L. Sullivan in the 4th round in 1892. After the referee stopped the fight, a doctor was called in to check on the fighter. He found that Sullivan's brain was exposed and there was a large hole in his head. He was forever knocked out.