Bruce McCandless floats freely in space with Earth 170 miles beneath him. NASA
The Inside Story of the First Untethered Spacewalk
On February 7, 1984, astronaut Bruce McCandless ventured out into space and away from Shuttle Challenger using only a Nitrogen-Propelled, hand-controlled backpack
â May 8, 2024 | Adam Higginbotham
The first space shuttle mission of 1984, the launch of Challenger on the cool, windless morning of Friday, February 3, was apparently perfectâand eagerly trailed by a national press anticipating the first flights of what they called the âBuck Rogers jetpacks.â Formally known as the Manned Maneuvering Unit, the invention was a massive backpack equipped with gas thrusters that would allow astronauts to leave their spacecraft and float free in space for the first time in history. Reporters hoped that the spectacle would approach the theatrics of watching men walk on the moon more than a decade before. But, once in orbit, as the astronauts tackled the initial tasks of their weeklong mission, they experienced a trickle of humiliating failures: First, mission specialist Ronald E. McNair oversaw the launch of the Westar 6 communications satellite, which spun like a top out of the payload bay as planned, but then apparently vanished. Mission Control sheepishly admitted that they had simply lost it somewhere in space. âWe canât find it,â they told the astronauts over the radio link. âItâs not where itâs supposed to be.â
Then an experiment designed to test the shuttleâs facility for orbital rendezvous, using a Mylar balloon inflated with gas, also ended in farce when the balloon launched but promptly exploded; meanwhile, the shuttle toiletâwhich had always been troublesomeâstopped working altogether. After waiting 48 hours to assure themselves that Palapa B-2, the second satellite due for release on the mission, would not suffer a similar fate to Westar 6, Mission Control gave the crew instructions to proceed with launching it. Seconds later, they lost contact with that, too. The total bill for the two mislaid satellites was at least $180 million.
By the time two menâColonel Robert L. Stewart and Captain Bruce McCandless, one of the veteran astronauts who had signed on to NASA during the Apollo program and waited 18 years for this momentâstepped into the air lock to test the Manned Maneuvering Unit on the fifth day of the mission, NASA was desperate for good publicity.
The crew on Challenger, from top right counter clockwise; Vance D. Brand, Robert L. âHootâ Gibson, Ronald E. McNair, Bruce McCandless and Robert L. Stewart NASA
They were not disappointed. At 7:25 on Tuesday morning, Houston time, McCandless fired the thrusters of his jetpack, rose slowly from Challengerâs cargo bay and flew clear of the spacecraft. He ran through his flight checklist, touching the joysticks with his fingertips to verify that the pack was working as it should: âPitch down, pitch up, roll left, roll right,â he began, enunciating each word clearly into his headset microphone. Behind him, the pack trembled and shuddered like a nervous pony as its onboard computers automatically corrected his attitude with tiny whispers of gas from its two dozen nitrogen jets. Despite all his years of training and the bitter cold inside the suit, his palms prickled with sweat; his heart quickened. âIt may have been a small step for Neil,â he said, âbut itâs a heck of a big leap for me.â
Moving backward at no more than a foot a second, to preserve valuable fuel, McCandless watched as the gulf separating him from Challenger steadily expanded. Inside his suit, it became so cold his teeth began chattering; he switched off the internal cooling unit and continued sailing out into space. He looked for stars but saw only an enveloping darkness. The astronaut held a crude range finderâan aluminum bar etched with marks against which to measure his diminishing view of the shuttleâs cargo bayâto estimate the distance from the orbiter, and make sure he didnât stray too far. Inside the cabin, McNair stood at the controls of the shuttleâs robot arm, ready to snatch McCandless to safety if necessary, and kept a laser tracker and Challengerâs TV cameras trained on him, transmitting live pictures to Houston and television stations around the planet. Meanwhile, Stewart remained behind in the payload bay, conducting a separate series of tests.
Still gazing back toward the shuttle, McCandless at last reached his destination and brought the jetpackâs progress to a halt: some 320 feet out in space, 170 miles above the Atlanticâa human satellite in orbit, traveling at 23 times the speed of sound. Yet the astronaut felt no sense of movement until he looked down and saw the planet rotating beneath his feet, a pin-sharp relief map unspooling at four miles per second: âLooks like Florida. It is Florida!â he said, his composure ebbing momentarily as he spotted Cape Canaveral below. âIt really is beautiful.â
Looking out from the cockpit, pilot Robert L. âHootâ Gibson centered the distant figure in the viewfinder of his Hasselbladâbut then pulled the camera away from his eye, briefly startled by the power and clarity of the image he had framed. Gibson saw McCandless suspended alone in the abyssal blacknessâangled slightly from the vertical, his white suit seeming to glow beneath the unfiltered sunlight of outer space, the luminous blue band of Earthâs atmosphere curving away beneath him. Gibson checked the settings on the camera, and then checked them again; he pointed the lens through the triple-paned cabin window and tilted it to level the horizon. He squeezed the shutter.
Meanwhile, McCandless continued to test the abilities of his experimental flying machine: He sailed back toward Challenger and then drew away once more; he dipped and rose, and turned somersaults. Like the other astronauts before him who had spoken rapturously of walking in spaceâback in 1965, Ed White had been so reluctant to return to his Gemini capsule that he described doing so as âthe saddest moment of my lifeââMcCandless had hoped, if only for a few moments, to experience the noiseless solitude of being alone in the heavens; but the relentless chatter of the three audio feeds in his headset made it impossible.
McCandless in space NASA
The experimental plan had called, too, for the astronaut to orient himself to turn away from the shuttle when he reached the limit of his journey, and face out into the void. McCandless, a grizzled and shaven- headed 46-year-old third-generation Navy officer whose father and grandfather had both been awarded the Medal of Honor, was well acquainted with the limits of fear; as a Naval aviator, he had often landed his Phantom on the pitching deck of a carrier at night, and he believed that he would never do anything more dangerous. Yet, despite his intentions, not once in the entire spacewalk did he turn his back on Challenger, his sole means of returning home.
Almost six hours after their experiment had begun, McCandless and Stewart clambered back inside the spacecraft, sealed the door of the air lock behind them and removed their helmets. Down in Mission Control, the two astronautsâ wives fell into each otherâs arms and wept.
â Excerpted from Challenger: A True Story of Heroism and Disaster on the Edge of Space by Adam Higginbotham. Published by Avid Reader Press / Simon and Schuster.
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California Second-Grade Teacher Becomes Rare Traveler To Visit Every Country In The World
âThe More I Travel, The More I Realize I Havenât Seen Anything Yet,â Hsu Said
â May 1, 2024 | By Samantha Kubota
Hsu visits with a tribe in Papua New Guinea.Courtesy Lucy Hsu
A schoolteacher in the San Francisco area has joined the elite ranks of humans who have visited every nation on Earth. Lucy Hsu, who teaches second grade in San Jose, California, has officially visited 193 Nations.
Most travel clubs and groups use the number of nations as 193 because thatâs how many nations are members of the United Nations, Hsu explains.
Hsu, as NBC Bay Area first reported, visited the last country on her list, Syria, in May 2023.
She says she waited a long time for Syria to be open again to Americans (the United States Department of State put the country on its "Do Not Travel" list months after Hsu visited). When she finally traveled there, she was bracing herself âto make sure nothing happens.â
âWhen we got into Syria ... I felt really excited, obviously, and a little bit surreal,â she tells TODAY.com. âI couldnât believe this was actually happening. I felt very calm. Like there was a sense of calm that âOh, Iâve reached my goal.ââ
Hsu at the historic site of Palmyra in Syria, the 193rd country she visited.Courtesy Lucy Hsu
There is no official tally of who has visited every country in the world but itâs estimated to be somewhere around 400.
The daughter of Vietnamese refugees, Hsu says she didnât travel much as a child and got her first passport at 23.
âGrowing up, it was a very modest upbringing and we never went anywhere,â Hsu says, but before going back to school for her master's degree, she decided to get her passport and go backpacking through Europe. From there, she caught the travel bug and made it a goal to travel every summer.
As her country count climbed higher and higher, she figured out how to keep her costs low and give back at the same time.
âI realized if I planned my summers properly, I could travel on a low budget and see a couple of countries that are clustered together,â she explains. âAnd then I realized by the time Iâd traveled for five or six years, Iâd reached probably 60-70 countries.â
Hsu goes skydiving in Dubai.Courtesy Lucy Hsu
She says she discovered networks of other international travelers in various clubs who offered tips and new destination goals. She joined the Century Club â which has the goal of hitting 100 countries â and then once she reached that goal, Hsu figured she would keep going.
âAnd I just thought, âWell, how could I go to 193? Is it possible?â she says. âThen I realized, âOh, you actually can go to Afghanistan safely. And you can actually go to Iran and North Korea safely.â So why not?â
How Is Hsu Able To Afford So Much Travel?
Hsu, 42, says that the biggest question people ask her is how sheâs able to afford to travel so much.
She says itâs through a variety of cost-saving strategies but her biggest one is by signing up to do volunteer exchange programs and homestays.
She says she uses Workaway â a subscription-based website that connects volunteers with vetted organizations â to find hosts and opportunities.
Hsu teaching in Pakistan. She says sheâs done many different types of cultural exchanges but mostly ones âgeared towards education and working with children because thatâs my profession and thatâs my passion.â Courtesy Lucy Hsu
Hsu adds that she is a âlow-key travelerâ and often stays in hostels using a website called HostelWorld â and has even found deals working at hostels in exchange for her room and board.
Hsu at the summit of Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Courtesy Lucy Hsu
She offered a few other suggestions for traveling on a smaller budget, including earning credit card points to rack up rewards.
Hsu on a "Gorilla Trek" in the Congo. Courtesy Lucy Hsu
Hsu says she has also taken low-cost buses across borders and trains while on her travels.
She says itâs important to her to help people realize that travel is more attainable than they might think.
Hsu meets the Dalai Lama. Courtesy Lucy Hsu
âThereâs still a lot of misconceptions about travel being unattainable ... or that itâs very unsafe or unaffordable,â she says.
But now, she says, sheâs learned how to make trips happen and wants to spread the knowledge â especially as, Hsu notes, there are so few minority women in her international travel community.
âTravel is attainable if youâve learned ways to do it in a budget-conscious way. And those methods are out there if you want to research,â she says. âTravel is less unattainable than people think.â
Jumping at the Uyuni Salt Flats in Bolivia. Courtesy Lucy Hsu
Hsu's Favorite Countries Out of 193
Hsu says itâs hard to choose her favorite trips because sheâs had so many wonderful experiences but Mongolia stands out in her mind.
âItâs really this land of undiscovered adventure,â she says, explaining she stayed a few days in the Gobi Desert in a yurt with a local family. She reminisced about riding the familyâs camels in the morning and sliding down sand dunes with the children.
She also mentioned her love for her âKenyan familyâ whom she stayed with for several months one summer and traveled around Eastern Africa.
âThe thing that really reminds me of the value of travel is just a sense of gratitude for how much we have in our world. Yet weâre often unsatisfied because we want more,â she says.
âAnd I think those lessons I bring home to me when you want to complain about you know, thereâs traffic or the weather sucks today, or my internetâs down and then you realize, âOK, letâs stop for a moment. Thereâs people living happily with none of those things.ââ
Samarra Tower in Baghdad. Courtesy Lucy Hsu
Hsu's tips for staying safe as a solo traveler or going to less touristy destinations
Hsu says the key to staying safe while traveling is to do your research ahead of time. For example, she says when she was debating going to North Korea, she initially thought it âsounds like a really stupid idea.â
âBut once you do the research, then you realize, âOh, thereâs actually three companies that have been taking travelers to North Korea for eight years,ââ she says.
Top: Hsu riding a camel in Sudan, where there are more pyramids than anywhere in the world, Courtesy Lucy Hsu Bottom: Hsu visits Hegra (also known as Madaâin Salih) in Saudi Arabia. Courtesy Lucy Hsu
She says relying on her network of fellow experienced travelers for recommendations for things like guides, drivers and translators, also made her feel safe, along with following the local rules.
Where Is Hsu Off To Next?
Even though sheâs now traveled to every nation (and Antarctica!), Hsu still has big plans for the future. Sheâs interested in traveling on a cargo ship, she says, and has several new cities and regions in countries sheâs previously visited that she would like to see.
âItâs like what they say: âThe more you learn, the more you realize you donât know much,â she laughs. âAnd the more I travel, the more I realize I havenât seen anything yet.â
â Sam Kubota is a Senior Digital Editor and Journalist for TODAY Digital Based in Los Angeles. She joined NBC News in 2019.
đâš From Fear to Freedom: How Solo Travelers Conquer Challenges and Bask in the Sweet Rewards! đđ
đ§ The Challenges đ§
Safety Concerns đŹ
Language Barriers đŁïžđ«
Cultural Sensitivity đđ
Loneliness and Isolation đđ
Logistical Challenges đșïžđ
đ The Rewards đ
Empowerment and Personal Growth đȘđ
Cultural Immersion đđ
Flexibility and Freedom đ§đïž
Building Lasting Connections đ„đ
Embracing Fearlessness đŠđ
đȘđŒ Overcoming the Challenges đŒđȘ
Planning and Research đđ
Travel Insurance đĄïžđșïž
Trust Your Instincts đ€đź
Stay Connected đČđ
Join Travel Groups or Tours đ«đ
Pack Light and Smart đđ§ł
đ Solo travel is an extraordinary journey that offers both challenges and rewards. đ
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What are three things you are NOT naturally good at?
Verbal expression, pretending, acting.
What are three careers that you think would hate, and why?
Cleaning, anything show-business, any office job. Cleaning is not something I like, office jobs are boring, and I want to keep my privacy.
What are three careers that you think you would love, and why?
Just anything technical, because I love to work with my hands.
Is your dream to get married and have kids?
No.
Are you married?
Yes, I am.
If yes, how many years have you been married?
One year.
Do you have kids?
Not on my own.
Are you a hard worker?
I think so. Iâm valued at work.
And last but not least, did you enjoy this survey?
Yeah, I did.
Which career(s) do you think I should include next?
Electrician :D
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I hope you have a wonderful day! đ
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