#Treasure of Villena

[blueiskewl]

Meteorite Iron Discovered in 3,000-year-Old Bronze Age Gold Hoard

New research reveals that two Bronze Age artifacts from the Treasure of Villena contain iron from a meteor that hit a million years ago.

In the ’60s, researchers discovered a trove of Bronze Age treasure in Villena, Spain. While most of the stunning bottles, bowls and bracelets are made of gold and silver, new research has revealed that some of them were forged from another material: iron from a meteor that struck Earth a million years ago.

According to a recent study published in the journal Trabajos de Prehistoria, researchers conducted tests on two of the artifacts—a bracelet and a hollow decorative sphere—made between 1400 and 1200 B.C.E.

The trove’s materials have long mystified researchers. After finding it on the Iberian Peninsula in 1963, archaeologist José María Soler García noted the presence of a “dark leaden metal” among the gold, per El País’ Vicente G. Olaya. The metal was “shiny in some areas, and covered with a ferrous-looking oxide that is mostly cracked.”

To determine the iron’s origins, researchers used mass spectrometry, a technique that measures a molecule’s mass-to-charge ratio. As Live Science’s Jennifer Nalewicki reports, this analysis revealed that the iron’s nickel composition resembles that of meteoritic iron. These items are the first artifacts made of meteoritic iron ever found in the Iberian Peninsula.

“Iron was as valuable as gold or silver, and in this case [it was] used for ornaments or decorative purposes,” study co-author Ignacio Montero Ruiz, a researcher at the Spanish National Research Council’s Institute of History, tells Smithsonian magazine.

The presence of such an “unusual raw material” suggests it was made by highly skilled metalworkers capable of “[developing] new technologies,” adds Montero Ruiz.

But iron is also quite different from more common materials such as copper, gold or silver. As Montero Ruiz says to Live Science, “People who started to work with meteoritic iron and later with terrestrial iron must [have had to] innovate.”

The study’s other co-authors are Salvador Rovira-Llorens of the National Archaeological Museum and Martina Renzi of the Diriyah Gate Development Authority. The trove is held by Villena’s Archaeological Museum, which says on its website that the 66 items are considered the “most important prehistoric treasure in Europe.” Still, the artifacts’ origins remain a mystery.

Montero Ruiz tells Smithsonian magazine that objects made from meteoritic iron are rare, and most known examples from this period are connected to eastern Mediterranean cultures. The treasure’s creators “probably had access to a fallen meteorite in the area that allowed them to discover the properties of this material and how to shape it,” he says.

Last year, research revealed that an arrowhead found in Switzerland was made from meteoritic iron. That artifact, however, dates to between 900 and 800 B.C.E.

Researchers also don’t know who owned the Villena treasure, though they think it would have belonged to a community rather than a single individual.

“These two pieces of iron had enormous value. For this reason, they were considered worthy of becoming part of this spectacular ensemble,” says Montero Ruiz, per El País. “Who manufactured them and where this material was obtained are still questions that remain to be answered.”

By Sonja Anderson.

[ancientorigins]

The Treasure of Villena, a mesmerizing Bronze Age hoard has been found to include extra-terrestrial iron artifacts! Dating back to 2200-750 BC, this stunning collection of 59 artifacts was discovered in Spain 60 years ago. Metal analysis has revealed that specific pieces were crafted during the Late Bronze Age, using iron derived from the Mundrabilla meteorite, which impacted Earth approximately a million years ago.

This captivating Bronze Age trove unveils the cosmic origins of its iron artifacts, rewriting the history of Iberian Peninsula craftsmanship.

[andronetalks]

Bronze Age 'treasure' was crafted with extraterrestrial metal

Live Science By Jennifer Nalewicki February 6, 2024 A dazzling Bronze Age hoard discovered in Spain more than 60 years ago contains some out-of-this-world metal, as a new analysis reveals that parts of the treasures were made from meteoric iron. The hoard, known as the Treasure of Villena and discovered by archaeologists in 1963, encompasses a total of 59 bottles, bowls and pieces of jewelry…

[treasure-of-the-ancients]

The Villena hoard, a treasure hoard consisting of 10 kg of gold, silver, and amber objects uncovered in Spain, dating to around 1,000 BC

[jara80]

El tesoro de las cuatro coronas (Treasure of the Four Crowns), 1983. By Ferdinando Baldi

[barbariankingdom]

Treasure of Villena, Iberian Peninsula; Argaric culture or Bronze of Levante culture, 1000 BC.

El Museo Arqueológico Municipal de Villena

[dwellordream]

“…Inés Vanegas was only one of Catherine’s ladies at court who came to England and stayed. María de Salinas was the daughter of Martín de Salinas, a noble courtier to king Fernando, and Josefa Gonzales de Salas and, some suggest, perhaps related to the royal family. María was part of Catherine’s entourage from Spain but the details from 1501 to 1509 are not well known except that she attended Catherine at her coronation. Her family’s wealth and prestige made her an asset to Catherine’s court and she remained one of the queen’s closest and most loyal friends. Their friendship is well documented in the Tudor historical record, which include letters, payments and gifts, and reports of life at court from the Spanish ambassadors.

María was a very appealing bride, marrying William, eleventh lord Willoughby of Eresby, a baron and the largest landowner in Lincolnshire, on 5 June 1516 at Greenwich, probably in the chapel of the Observant Friars (Franciscans) where Catherine and Henry had married. By all accounts, María de Salinas moved fluidly from the Spanish court to the English. Her ease with the English customs and culture and family connections on the continent had important practical benefits. Her relative, Juan Adursa, a Castilian merchant in Flanders, worked with Juan Manuel, former advisor to Catherine’s brother-in-law, Archduke Philip of Burgundy, giving Catherine access to information about her sister, Juana.

Eustace Chapuys, the resident Spanish ambassador and a man privy to the secret, and not-so-secret activities at court, reports that the: few Spaniards who are still in her household prefer to be friends of the English, and neglect their duties as subjects of the King of Spain. The worst influence on the Queen is exercised by Doña María de Salinas, whom she loves more than any other mortal. Doña María has a relation of the name of Juan Adursa, who is a merchant in Flanders, and a friend of Juan Manuel. He hopes, through the protection of Juan Manuel, to be made treasurer of the Prince of Castile. By means of Juan Adursa and Doña María de Salinas, Juan Manuel is able to dictate to the Queen of England how she must behave. The consequence is that he can never make use, in his negotiations, of the influence which the Queen has in England, nor can he obtain through her the smallest advantage in any other respect.

The word “love” in the later Middle Ages can mean many things depending on context –courtly love, friendship, love of God, lord-vassal relationships, an apprentice for a master– and it could be shorthand for friendly affection. But Chapuys is clearly suggesting that the love has political implications, which further complicates an understanding of the significance of the relations of Catherine and her servants. But later events suggest a deep personal bond. María de Salinas had been forced to leave queen Catherine’s service in 1532 due to the politics of the divorce proceedings and Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn, but she remained part of Catherine’s life. She defied Henry’s orders –never a wise thing to do even under the best of circumstances– and continued to correspond with the cast-off queen and sent her news of her daughter, Mary Tudor.

She and Charles Brandon, the king’s brother-in-law and close friend who was sent by Henry on numerous missions, had to impress upon Catherine the reality of her new marital state. In April 1533 Brandon had to tell her that she was no longer queen, and in December 1533 he was ordered to disband some of her servants and move her to the unhealthy home at Somersham. Catherine, defiant, locked herself in her room. María de Salinas told Chapuys that Catherine only relented when Charles admitted how he wished something dreadful would have happened on the road that would have made it impossible for him to carry out his duty to Henry. These are the actions of someone who is more than just a servant.

The depth of this relationship continued to the end. In 1535, when Catherina was seriously ill, María was denied permission to visit the former queen but once again, she defied Henry and traveled to Kimbolton Castle anyway. She was with Catherina when she died on January 7, 1536 and was the second mourner at Catherine’s funeral in February. Catherina had an equally close friendship with another Spanish noblewoman who served in her court. María de Rojas, daughter of Francesco de Rojas, count of Salinas, was one of Catherine’s closest and most intimate of the ladies at court, first in Spain and later in London. She appeared in queen Isabel’s household accounts in 1501 when she was paid 27,000 maravedís and received clothing in payment for service in 1500.

Her relationship with Catherina was as close as that of María de Salinas, a fact known best through her testimony in 1530 before the papal court concerning the divorce. She was asked to give a deposition concerning the consummation of the marriage between Catherina and Prince Arthur, who had died in April 1502, just a few months after their wedding. María de Rojas stated that to comfort the young widow, she had slept in bed with Catherina for the first few days after Arthur’s death: The same questions to be put to the wife of Juan Cuero once waiting maid to the said queen of England, and who is supposed to reside nowadays at Madrid; also to María de Rojas, wife of Don Álvaro de Mendoça, who used to sleep in the same bed with Her Most Serene Highness the Queen, after the death of prince Arthur, her first husband.

This is a remarkable glimpse into Catherina and into the sort of intimacy of life at court that was crucial to Catherina’s transition first from Spain to England and then from bride to widow. María de Rojas’s social rank and closeness to Catherina made her a desirable potential bride, first for the son of the earl of Derby, and later, the son of Elvira Manuel. Neither marriage took place and she returned to Spain around 1504 as señora de Santa Cruz de Campero where she married Álvaro de Mendoza y Guzman, son of Juan Hurtado de Mendoza and his second wife Leonor de Guzmán. It is possible that Maria de Rojas and María de Salinas were related and that when María de Rojas left England to marry, María de Salinas replaced her.

The intensely political life at court was not always conducive to such loyalty and devotion, and was often fraught with dangers. This is best exemplified by the relationship of Catherina and Elvira Manuel, guarda de las damas for Catherina, from 1499 to 1500, and her camarera mayor (chief household officer) from 1500 until 1507. Elvira Manuel de Villena Suárez de Figueroa was the daughter of Juan Manuel de Villena Fonseca, señor de Belmonte de Campos, and Aldonza Suárez de Figueroa. She married Manrique Manuel, Catherina’s chief mayordomo, and together the couple formed a key part of Catherina’s household in England.

Elvira made her first appearance in Catherina’s household in 1501, as Catherina prepared to move to England and on 10 March 1501 she received a payment of 100,000 maravedís: en cuenta de 216,666 marvedís de ovo de aver de su rraçcion e quitaçcion e ayuda de costa de vn año e ocho meses, en que seruio los años pasados de noventa e nueve e quinientos años, por el cargo de la guarda de sus damas. Their son, Iñigo, also came to England, as the master of Catherina’s pages. Elvira kept close contact with her brother, Juan Manuel, who was a servant of Philip of Burgundy.

In December 1505, Elvira was accused of promoting Philip’s interests at the expense of those of king Fernando, Catalina’s father, and Elvira was told to leave England. She departed on the pretext of visiting a doctor in Flanders about a disease that had already caused her to lose one of her eyes, but she knew that she would not be permitted to return. She had alienated not only king Henry but also Catherina. Elvira spent the rest of the life among Spanish exiles in Flanders.”

- Theresa M. Earenfight, “RAISING INFANTA CATALINA DE ARAGÓN TO BE CATHERINE, QUEEN OF ENGLAND.”

[reynformation]

A WHOLE NEW WORLD

I am a proud “probinsyana” who went here in Quezon City to study. I started my journey from a scratch. I never thought that I could be a grown up girl like I am now. Let me tell you my whole journey.

I completed junior high at a typical private school in Batangas, mainly in Taysan. At first, it is really hard to adjust with the environment and the culture. I was so shy with my new classmates and afraid that I can’t surpass the expectations around me. But as days passes by, I am starting to adapt and accept the place where I am now belong.

It is not an easy journey because of the fear. Entering TIP with a heavy heart is the worst feeling ever. I have so many questions and what ifs. “What if I failed?”, “What if I am not really belong to this environment?”, “What if I am only a Batangueña that can’t mixed with Manileños?”. But throughout my study, everything became smooth and easy. I was wrong because I did not believe in myself and my capabilities. The teachers developed my self-confidence and self-love. My school now, developed not just my learnings but also myself in general.

TIP taught me so much more than I expected. It let me see things in different perspectives. Everyday in TIP makes me more determined and passionate about my works. A great school with great teachings, indeed. I thought I will be disappointed because TIP is not my dream or ideal school. Despite of those, the teachers and the environment have proved me wrong. The clean and pleasing surroundings that are rare with some universities and institutes makes me more amazed with the school I am now belong. Other than that, TIP gave me treasures: my friends, teachers, and classmates. Friends that became a family, a section that became my energizers and the teachers that became my mentors.

FACE YOUR FEAR

A glimpse of my humble experiences so far.

I’ve been joining quiz bee and contest. And I just want to humbly share that I won as the Spoken Poetry Champion 2019 last September 10. I am proud to be a product of TIP and proud that I get to face my fears because someone believed in me.

Now, I was so sure that I trusted the right school and service. After few months, I’ve learned so many things, my knowledge has widened and I became a better student, friend, daughter, sibling and classmate. And I will forever be grateful and thankful for letting me be part of TIP and letting me be a TIP’ian.

Things will not always go according to plans but best things really happen unexpectedly. Technological Institute of the Philippines is not my dream school but it is becoming my standard. Now, I could finally say that “once a TIP’ian, always a TIP’ian”.

You can follow me on my social media accounts:

[mikasemyorka]

Wednesday[+] ~ Strange Life ~ Gacha @ Arcade

Wednesday[+] ~ Strange Life ~ Laptop&Homeworks COMMON

Wednesday[+] ~ Strange Life ~ Max's treasures COMMON

Wednesday[+] ~ Strange Life ~ Rug COMMON

Wednesday[+] ~ Strange Life ~ Mess COMMON

Wednesday[+] ~ Strange Life ~ Guitar COMMON

Wednesday[+] ~ Strange Life ~ Bedside Table COMMON

Wednesday[+] ~ Strange Life ~ Book Shelf COMMON

Wednesday[+] ~ Strange Life ~ Mirror&Posters COMMON

Wednesday[+] ~ Strange Life ~ Lisa COMMON

Wednesday[+]  ~ Strange Life ~ Paper Lights COMMON

Wednesday[+] ~ Strange Life ~ Cabinet COMMON

Wednesday[+] ~ Strange Life ~ Pictures Wall RARE

Wednesday[+] ~ Strange Life ~ Dorm Skybox ULTRARARE

BOILDEGG CHRISTMAS GACHA @ TMD

BOILDEGG 22: Christmas BOX black

BOILDEGG 2: Christmas Tree

BOILDEGG 11: Christmas  mouse code

BOILDEGG 16: Christmas candy

BOILDEGG 17: Christmas candy fight

BOILDEGG 7: Christmas cup black

BOILDEGG 18: Christmas hug

Worn:

.:villena:. - Sweatshirt [S] Fresh

[Cubic Cherry] {Lala} glasses

.Olive. the Addie Hair // Streaks

FAKEICON / basal socks / maitreya

[business-treasureee-blog]

Team Business Treasure

Sangalang, Krisha Mae A

Santos, Linneth M.

Sanguyo, Kenth Kimdy M.

Sarmiento, Jenina V.

Silvestre, Michelle L.

Valmonte, Jerico B.

Vargas, Pamela Joy R,

Villena, Rhona Jekamiah A,

De Castro, Jericho Miguel R.

[rockbrary]

Aarrrrrrrr, the one and only heavy metal pirates of ALESTORM are back, and they’ve brought with them their 5th full-length album titled ‘No Grave But The Sea‘! Time to put on your eye patch and let the rum flow freely for the unstoppable international party machine, as ALESTORM have finally announced first and hotly anticipated details on their brand new album!

‘No Grave But The Sea‘ will be released on May 26th 2017 on Napalm Records, now the band fronted by Captain Chris Bowes unveiled their upcoming album cover art as well as track listing.

This slideshow requires JavaScript.

Says the band:

“Oh wow! It’s a new Alestorm album! I hope all of you fellow humans & dogs like it; we think it’s pretty gosh darn ok! It’s also our first album to feature our grandiose guitarist Máté Bodor who brings his tasty & delicious solos and rifftacular riffing into the mix. This is the place in the press release where we would usually tell you this album is darker and heavier than our previous works, but that’s probably not true. It is, however, full of epic songs about pirates, drinking, and pseudoscientific cryptogeography. I’m sure y’all will enjoy those things just as much as we do.”

The track list of ‘No Grave But The Sea‘ will read as follows:

1. No Grave But The Sea

2. Mexico

3. To the End of the World

4. Alestorm

5. Bar und Imbiss

6. Fucked with an Anchor

7. Pegleg Potion

8. Man the Pumps

9. Rage of the Pentahook

10. Treasure Island

No other band in the galaxy creates such epic modern symphonic folk metal anthems with endless hooks that will be stuck in your head until the heat death of the universe. Or in ALESTORM‘s own words…”Stupid songs about getting drunk and stealing treasure”. Twisted together with blistering harmonized guitar & keyboard solos, thunderous power metal majesty, and unrelenting modern metal riffing, ‘No Grave But The Sea‘ is nothing less than the perfect soundtrack to the most epic battle of your life. “A pirate’s life is simple; we drink and steal and kill!” So raise up your tankard into the sky for this brand new treasure of pirate metal!

To pre-order your copy of ALESTORM‘s upcoming album, visit:http://www.napalmrecordsamerica.com/store/alestorm 

In support of ‘No Grave But The Sea‘, ALESTORM will drop their anchor at the following live dates! More shows will be announced soon.

20.03.17 CA – Montreal, QC / Theatre Corona

21.03.17 CA – Quebec City, QC / Le Cercle

22.03.17 CA – Toronto, ON / The Opera House

Festival Shows

23.-26.03.17 UK – Gwynedd / HRH UNited 2017

25.03.17 UK – Gwynedd / Hammerfest

09.-11.06.17 UK – Castle Donington / Download Festival

16.-18.06.17 FR – Clisson / Hellfest

16.-18.06.17 BE – Dessel / Graspop Metal Meeting

09-.12.08.17 ES – Villena / Leyendas Del Rock 11.-12.08.17 AT – Graz / Metal On The Hill

For More Info Visit: www.alestorm.net www.facebook.com/alestormband www.napalmrecords.com

ALESTORM UNVEIL FIRST DETAILS ABOUT BRAND NEW ALBUM ‘NO GRAVE BUT THE SEA’! Announce Cover Artwork, Track Listing And Release Date! Aarrrrrrrr, the one and only heavy metal pirates of ALESTORM are back, and they've brought with them their 5th full-length album titled 'No Grave But The Sea'!

[phgq]

CTA allows inspection of Smart's books in P3.2-B tax case

#PHnews: CTA allows inspection of Smart's books in P3.2-B tax case

MANILA -- The Court of Tax Appeals (CTA) has upheld a lower court's order allowing the inspection of corporate finance records of telecommunications giant Smart Communications Inc. in connection with the Makati City government's assessment of PHP3.246 billion for deficiency franchise taxes and fees for the years 2012 to 2015 against the firm.

In its 13-page decision dated February 5, the CTA's Second Division through Associate Justice Jean Marie A. Bacorro-Villena denied for lack of merit the firm's petition questioning the Makati City Regional Trial Court (RTC) Branch 133's resolution on the controversy.

Associate Justices Juanito C. Castaneda Jr. and Cielito N. Mindaro-Grulla concurred in the ruling.

The CTA's ruling affirmed the June 28, 2019 resolution by RTC Judge Augusto Jose Y. Arreza against Smart on the petition for certiorari it filed against the city government and city treasurer Jesusa E. Cuneta.

The Makati court had granted the city's motion for the production or inspection of documents. The telco giant claimed the lower court's actions would be tantamount to permitting Makati City to a second audit in relation to its franchise tax payments for the years 2012 to 2015.

It claims opening its books is "improper" since this would allow Makati City "to take inconsistent stances since the latter already upheld the validity and correctness of its NOA (Notice of Assessment) yet it could take another look at it to validate the assessment's accuracy".

The firm also questioned the "relevancy" of some of the documents sought particularly those pertaining to its nationwide revenues, including revenues from other localities which Smart said, "contain information referring to matters outside respondent Makati City's territorial jurisdiction and pertain to the taxable period that it can no longer be assessed for".

The Makati City government insisted that the documents sought are not confidential in nature to warrant their non-production in court and pointed out that the documents are necessary following the firm's failure to provide the city with a breakdown of gross sales/receipts of its branches.

"The Court does not...perceive any injury of such magnitude if the assailed resolutions are allowed to stand. Neither can grave abuse of discretion be attributed to the actions of the public respondent (Makati City)," the CTA ruled.

Sought for production was the firm's general ledger, particularly the consolidated book for the years 2011 to 2014 and Makati branches and sales offices.

Likewise sought were the sales book for the same year and cash register book, general journal book, application form and billing assessment from other LGUs, schedule, and summary of payments, breakdown of gross sales, quarterly and monthly value-added tax (VAT) returns and summary/breakdown of other income of branches and offices from other localities. (PNA)

***

References:

* Philippine News Agency. "CTA allows inspection of Smart's books in P3.2-B tax case." Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1093504 (accessed February 11, 2020 at 10:31PM UTC+14).

* Philippine News Agency. "CTA allows inspection of Smart's books in P3.2-B tax case." Archive Today. https://archive.ph/?run=1&url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1093504 (archived).

[xyzagerondio-blog]

It’s your birthday, but I’m the lucky one. You’re always in my mind ‘till the midnight sun. Everyday, I indulge in the gift of you. I am beyond blessed, I promise to stay true. Your smile still blows me away, you’re happiness means the world to me. Your birthday simply intensifies what I feel and how much I treasure what we share. Nothing compares. So on your special day, I thank you. Thank you for what you give to me. You fill me up and make me whole. There is no gift in the world more valuable. Happy birthday to my one and only! 💞 ©️ Xy-za Villena Gerondio

[fyeah-history]

Treasure of Villena The Treasure of Villena (in Spanish Tesoro de Villena) is one of the greatest hoard finds of gold of the European Bronze Age. It comprises 59 objects made of gold, silver, iron and amber with a total weight of almost 10 kilos, 9 of them of 23.5 carat gold. This makes it the most important find of prehistoric gold in the Iberian Peninsula and second in Europe, just behind that from the Royal Graves in Mycenae, Greece. The iron pieces are the oldest found in the Iberian Peninsula and correspond to a stage in which iron was considered to be a precious metal, and so was hoarded. The gold pieces include eleven bowls, three bottles and 28 bracelets.