#Underwater Precast Concrete

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Underwater Concrete Market Size, Revenue Share, Drivers & Trends Analysis, 2024–2030

The Underwater Concrete Market was valued at USD 129.0 billion in 2023 and will surpass USD 179.3 billion by 2030; growing at a CAGR of 4.8% during 2024 - 2030. This specialized market is gaining momentum due to its indispensable role in building and maintaining underwater structures such as bridges, tunnels, ports, and offshore platforms. The unique properties of underwater concrete allow it to set and harden in wet environments, making it a key material for projects that push the boundaries of engineering and construction.

The underwater concrete market has seen significant growth over the past few years, driven by the increasing demand for maritime infrastructure and the need for durable, long-lasting materials in challenging environments. As countries around the world invest in coastal development and offshore energy projects, the need for high-performance concrete solutions has never been greater.

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Key Market Drivers

Growing Maritime Infrastructure Projects: The expansion of ports, harbors, and offshore wind farms has led to an increased demand for underwater concrete. These projects require materials that can withstand the harsh conditions of the marine environment, including saltwater corrosion and pressure from deep-sea installations.

Technological Advancements: Innovations in concrete technology, such as self-compacting concrete and anti-washout admixtures, have enhanced the performance and reliability of underwater concrete. These advancements have made it possible to undertake more complex and large-scale projects with greater efficiency.

Environmental Regulations and Sustainability: With the global emphasis on sustainability, there is a growing focus on eco-friendly underwater concrete solutions. This includes the use of recycled materials and low-carbon cement, which help reduce the environmental impact of construction projects.

Rising Investment in Coastal Defense: As climate change leads to rising sea levels, there is an increased need for robust coastal defense structures. Underwater concrete is vital for the construction of sea walls, breakwaters, and other protective barriers designed to shield coastal areas from erosion and flooding.

Challenges in the Market

Despite its growth, the underwater concrete market faces several challenges:

High Costs: The production and application of underwater concrete can be more expensive than traditional concrete, mainly due to the specialized materials and techniques required. This can be a barrier for smaller projects or regions with limited budgets.

Technical Complexity: Working in underwater environments presents numerous challenges, including the need for precise placement and the risk of material loss due to water currents. Skilled labor and advanced equipment are essential for successful underwater concrete applications.

Environmental Concerns: While there is a push for more sustainable solutions, the environmental impact of underwater concrete projects, particularly in sensitive marine ecosystems, remains a concern. The industry is under pressure to develop and adopt greener practices.

Market Segmentation

The underwater concrete market can be segmented based on application, material type, and region:

Application: Major applications include bridges, tunnels, underwater repairs, and offshore structures. Each application has specific requirements that drive the demand for different types of underwater concrete.

Material Type: The market offers various types of underwater concrete, such as high-density concrete, lightweight concrete, and fiber-reinforced concrete. The choice of material depends on the specific needs of the project and the environmental conditions.

Region: Geographically, the market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the rest of the world. Asia-Pacific is currently the largest market due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, particularly in countries like China and India.

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Future Outlook

The underwater concrete market is poised for continued growth as infrastructure demands rise and technological advancements continue to improve the performance and sustainability of concrete solutions. With increasing investments in maritime and offshore projects, the market is expected to expand, offering new opportunities for innovation and development.

Moreover, as environmental concerns take center stage, the industry will likely see a shift towards more sustainable practices, including the development of low-carbon and eco-friendly underwater concrete formulations. This evolution will be essential for meeting the challenges of the future while minimizing the impact on our oceans and waterways.

Conclusion

The Underwater Concrete Market is a dynamic and vital sector within the broader construction industry. Its role in enabling the development of critical infrastructure beneath the water's surface cannot be overstated. As the world continues to expand its maritime capabilities and address the challenges posed by climate change, the importance of high-quality, reliable underwater concrete will only grow. The future of this market lies in innovation, sustainability, and the ability to meet the ever-evolving demands of global infrastructure development.

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Types of Cement Used in Construction and Their Applications

Cement is the key binding material in construction, playing a critical role in the strength, durability, and longevity of any structure. However, not all cement is the same. Different types of cement are formulated for specific uses and performance requirements. Choosing the right type of cement is essential to ensure safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness in construction.

This article explores the major types of cement used in construction along with their specific applications.

1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

Description: Ordinary Portland Cement is the most widely used cement type. It is available in three grades: 33, 43, and 53, depending on compressive strength after 28 days.

Applications:

Residential and commercial buildings

Pavements and bridges

General-purpose concrete and mortar works

2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)

Description: PPC is made by blending pozzolanic materials like fly ash with OPC. It has better resistance to chemical attacks and reduced heat of hydration.

Applications:

Plastering and masonry work

Marine structures

Sewage and drainage systems

Mass concrete work like dams

3. Rapid Hardening Cement

Description: This cement gains strength faster than OPC, especially during the first few days. It is ideal when early removal of formwork or quick project turnaround is needed.

Applications:

Road repairs

Precast concrete work

Cold weather concreting

4. Sulphate Resisting Cement

Description: This type is designed to resist sulphate attacks. It contains a lower percentage of tricalcium aluminate.

Applications:

Foundations in sulphate-rich soils

Marine structures

Sewage treatment plants

5. Quick Setting Cement

Description: Quick setting cement sets faster than OPC, making it suitable for works where setting time is crucial.

Applications:

Underwater construction

Cold regions

Grouting work

6. Low Heat Cement

Description: This cement produces less heat during the hydration process, reducing the risk of cracking in large structures.

Applications:

Dams

Mass concrete works

Retaining walls

7. White Cement

Description: White cement is similar to OPC but is made from raw materials with low iron content. It has high aesthetic value and is used for decorative purposes.

Applications:

Wall putty and tiles

Architectural finishes

Precast decorative products

8. Portland Slag Cement (PSC)

Description: PSC is made by mixing granulated blast furnace slag with OPC. It provides enhanced durability and chemical resistance.

Applications:

Marine and coastal structures

Industrial foundations

Mass concreting

9. High Alumina Cement

Description: High in alumina content, this cement is known for its high early strength and resistance to chemical attacks.

Applications:

Chemical plants

High-temperature structures

Sewer linings

10. Expansive Cement

Description: This cement expands slightly on setting, helping reduce shrinkage cracks.

Applications:

Grouting

Repair works

Pre-stressed concrete

Conclusion

Understanding the types of cement and their applications ensures that the right product is used for the right job. This not only improves structural integrity but also enhances durability, efficiency, and sustainability.

When quality Cement and performance matter, always choose trusted cement brands like JK Cement, which offer a wide range of certified products suitable for all construction needs.

[sunalimerchant]

Top 5 Applications of Twin-Path Slings in the Construction and Oil & Gas Industries

Twin-Path slings have emerged as a revolutionary advancement in lifting and rigging technology. Designed for high-capacity lifting with unmatched safety features, these synthetic slings are widely used in demanding sectors like construction and oil & gas. With their dual-path redundancy, lightweight handling, and advanced safety indicators like Check-Fast and RFID tracking, Twin-Path slings are trusted for critical lifts where failure is not an option.

Here are the top five applications of Twin-Path slings in the construction and oil & gas industries:

1. Lifting and Placing Precast Concrete in Urban Construction

In construction, especially urban and high-rise projects, lifting heavy precast concrete elements—such as beams, columns, and panels—requires precision and high load-bearing capability. Twin-Path slings provide the strength needed for these lifts without the bulk and weight of traditional wire ropes or chains.

Because Twin-Path slings are significantly lighter than steel alternatives, riggers can handle them more easily and position them quickly, increasing efficiency on the job site. Their soft body also reduces the risk of damaging delicate architectural surfaces, a common issue when using metal slings.

2. Rigging and Hoisting in Offshore Oil Platforms

Offshore oil rigs face extreme conditions where heavy-duty lifting must be both reliable and safe. Twin-Path slings are ideal in these environments due to their resistance to saltwater corrosion and their ease of use in confined or elevated spaces.

They’re commonly used to lift large modules, equipment skids, and pipe bundles onto and off platforms. Thanks to their redundant load paths, even if one internal core fails, the other will continue to support the load—making them exceptionally safe for mission-critical offshore lifts.

3. Handling Turbines and Generators in Power Plant Construction

Power plants—both fossil fuel and renewable—require the installation of heavy turbines, generators, and transformer units. These components often weigh several tons and need precise alignment during installation.

Twin-Path slings excel in this role thanks to their high strength-to-weight ratio. Because they are more flexible than metal alternatives, they conform easily to the load shape, allowing for better load distribution and reducing the risk of slippage or damage to equipment. Additionally, integrated RFID chips allow for instant identification and inspection records, which is vital on large, complex job sites.

4. Heavy Equipment Transportation and Placement

In both construction and oil & gas operations, moving large machinery—such as bulldozers, pump jacks, compressors, or drilling rigs—is a routine task. Twin-Path slings allow for the safe and secure lifting of this equipment with fewer riggers required due to their lighter weight.

These slings also minimize downtime by allowing for faster setup and takedown compared to traditional rigging systems. Their flexibility makes them easier to store and transport, especially in mobile operations where space and time are limited.

5. Pipe Laying and Subsea Infrastructure in Oil & Gas Fields

Twin-Path slings are also invaluable in subsea installations, particularly for laying large-diameter pipeline segments and positioning underwater manifolds. Their lightweight construction is a significant advantage when using remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) or when deploying from vessels with limited crane capacity.

Moreover, their durability in chemically harsh and high-pressure environments makes them a better choice than many synthetic or metal alternatives. The Check-Fast system embedded in many Twin-Path slings alerts operators to overload conditions—ensuring safety even in remote or automated applications.

Conclusion

As construction projects and oil & gas operations grow in complexity and scale, the demand for high-performance rigging solutions continues to rise. Twin-Path slings offer an ideal combination of safety, strength, and operational efficiency. From urban construction sites to offshore oil platforms, their innovative design and proven reliability make them indispensable for heavy lifting operations.

For teams looking to increase job site safety, reduce fatigue, and streamline rigging processes, investing in Twin-Path slings is not just a smart choice—it’s a future-proof one.

[divinejhonson]

Boost Your Construction Efficiency with Concrete Pump Technology in Karachi

 In the bustling metropolis of Karachi, where the skyline evolves rapidly, efficient construction practices are essential to meet the demands of urban development. One of the most transformative innovations in the construction industry is concrete pump technology. The introduction of Concrete Pump Karachi services has revolutionized the way concrete is transported and applied, offering unmatched efficiency, precision, and cost-effectiveness. This article explores the advantages of using concrete pump technology in Karachi’s construction projects, its various applications, and how companies like Allied Materials are leading the charge in providing state-of-the-art solutions.

Understanding Concrete Pump Technology

Concrete pumps are mechanical devices that transport liquid concrete from the mixing station directly to the construction site. Unlike traditional methods that rely on manual labor or cranes, concrete pumps use hydraulic pressure to deliver concrete efficiently over long distances and to elevated heights.

Types of Concrete Pumps

Boom Pumps: Equipped with a robotic arm, these pumps are ideal for high-rise buildings or hard-to-reach areas.

Line Pumps: These pumps use a series of hoses or pipes to transport concrete horizontally or vertically, suitable for smaller projects.

Specialized Pumps: Designed for specific applications, such as tunnel construction or underwater projects.

Why Concrete Pump Technology is a Game-Changer in Karachi

Karachi’s construction landscape is characterized by high-rise buildings, congested urban areas, and tight project deadlines. Traditional methods of transporting and pouring concrete are often inefficient and time-consuming, posing significant challenges to developers and contractors.

1. Enhanced Efficiency

Concrete pumps significantly reduce the time required to transport and pour concrete. This efficiency is particularly beneficial for large-scale projects in Karachi, where timely completion is critical.

2. Precision and Accuracy

With concrete pump technology, contractors can pour concrete directly into the required location, minimizing wastage and ensuring consistent application. This precision is vital for projects that demand high structural integrity.

3. Accessibility

Concrete pumps can deliver concrete to hard-to-reach areas, such as upper floors of high-rise buildings or narrow urban spaces. This versatility is invaluable in a city like Karachi, where space constraints are common.

4. Reduced Labor Costs

By automating the concrete pouring process, concrete pumps reduce the need for manual labor, leading to significant cost savings.

5. Improved Safety

Using concrete pumps minimizes the risk of accidents associated with manual handling or crane operations. This contributes to a safer work environment on construction sites.

Applications of Concrete Pump Technology in Karachi

Concrete pumps are versatile and can be used for a wide range of construction projects in Karachi:

1. High-Rise Buildings

Karachi’s skyline is dominated by towering residential and commercial buildings. Concrete pumps are essential for transporting concrete to upper floors quickly and efficiently.

2. Infrastructure Projects

From bridges and flyovers to roads and tunnels, concrete pumps are indispensable for large-scale infrastructure development in Karachi.

3. Residential Projects

For smaller residential projects, line pumps provide an efficient solution for pouring concrete in tight spaces or complex layouts.

4. Industrial Construction

Factories, warehouses, and other industrial facilities benefit from the high-volume delivery capabilities of boom pumps.

5. Specialized Applications

Concrete pumps are also used for unique projects such as underwater constructions, retaining walls, and precast structures.

Challenges in Adopting Concrete Pump Technology in Karachi

While concrete pump technology offers numerous benefits, its adoption in Karachi is not without challenges:

1. High Initial Investment

Concrete pumps require a significant upfront investment, which can be a deterrent for small contractors. However, companies offering rental services provide an affordable alternative.

2. Maintenance and Operation

Proper maintenance and skilled operators are crucial for the efficient functioning of concrete pumps. Lack of training or resources can lead to operational inefficiencies.

3. Logistics and Accessibility

Delivering concrete to congested urban areas in Karachi can be challenging. Proper planning and coordination are essential to overcome these logistical hurdles.

4. Awareness and Adoption

Many contractors in Karachi are still unaware of the advantages of concrete pump technology. Increased awareness and education can accelerate its adoption.

Choosing the Right Concrete Pump Provider in Karachi

Selecting a reliable concrete pump provider is essential for maximizing the benefits of this technology. Here’s what to look for:

1. Reputation and Experience

Choose a provider with a proven track record in delivering high-quality services.

2. Equipment Quality

Ensure that the provider offers well-maintained and modern equipment that meets industry standards.

3. Skilled Operators

Trained and experienced operators are crucial for the safe and efficient use of concrete pumps.

4. Customer Support

Opt for a provider that offers excellent customer support, including maintenance and troubleshooting services.

For reliable and efficient Concrete Pump Karachi services, consider Allied Materials, a trusted name in the industry offering top-notch solutions for projects of all scales.

The Role of Concrete Pumps in Karachi’s Urban Development

Concrete pump technology is playing a pivotal role in shaping Karachi’s urban landscape. As the city continues to grow, the demand for efficient and sustainable construction practices is on the rise.

1. Supporting Smart City Initiatives

Concrete pumps contribute to smart city projects by enabling faster and more sustainable construction practices.

2. Boosting Economic Growth

By improving construction efficiency, concrete pumps help accelerate project timelines, reducing costs and fostering economic development.

3. Enhancing Infrastructure Resilience

The precision and durability of concrete pumps ensure the structural integrity of critical infrastructure projects, such as bridges and flyovers.

Future Prospects of Concrete Pump Technology in Karachi

The future of concrete pump technology in Karachi looks promising, driven by advancements in equipment, increased awareness, and growing demand for efficient construction solutions.

1. Technological Innovations

Emerging technologies, such as GPS-enabled pumps and self-cleaning systems, are set to further enhance the efficiency and usability of concrete pumps.

2. Increased Adoption

As more contractors and developers recognize the benefits of concrete pump technology, its adoption is expected to grow rapidly.

3. Government Support

Policies promoting infrastructure development and sustainable construction practices will likely boost the demand for concrete pump services in Karachi.

Conclusion

Concrete pump technology has emerged as a game-changer in Karachi’s construction sector. Its ability to enhance efficiency, precision, and safety makes it an indispensable tool for modern construction projects.

As the city continues to expand and urbanize, the demand for innovative construction solutions will only increase. Companies like Allied Materials are leading the way by providing reliable and high-performance Concrete Pump Karachi services, helping developers and contractors meet the challenges of today’s fast-paced construction industry.

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Underwater Concrete Market is Projected to Hit $175.8 billion by 2028, at a CAGR of 5.3%

The report “Underwater Concrete Market by Raw material (Concrete, Precast Concrete), Application (Dams & Reservoirs, Marine Constructions, Underwater repairs, Offshore Wind Power Generation, Tunnel), Laying Techniques, and Region – Global Forecast to 2028″, size is estimated to be USD 135.7 billion in 2023, and it is projected to reach USD 175.8 billion by 2028 at a CAGR of 5.3%. Rising…

[delvenservices]

Underwater Concrete Market Key Players & Growth Opportunities Analysis Report

Underwater Concrete Market, by Raw Material (Concrete, Admixtures, Precast concrete, cement) Application (Swimming pools, Marine Construction, Underwater Repair), laying technique (Tremie method, Bucket placing, Pump method, Others) and region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa and South America).

Market Overview

The global Underwater Concrete market size was estimated at USD 129.65 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 193.27 billion in 2030 at a CAGR of 5.87% during the forecast period 2023-2030.

Underwater concrete is a special type of high-performance concrete used for the construction of bridges, ports, foundations in high water soils, and almost all offshore and land structures. The introduction of the underwater concrete process can save engineers from using the conventional construction method by isolating the water, which will reduce the disturbance in the plant operation and save significant savings. Immersed concrete is a highly flowable concrete that can spread into place under its own weight and achieve adequate compaction without vibration, segregation and flow defects.

Increase in dams and bridges, favorable government initiatives for underwater construction and increasing use of hydropower have expanded the market area. The need for repair and maintenance of existing underwater structures is increasing, driving the growth of the global underwater concrete market. In addition, increasing use of underwater concrete in hydropower, marine, coastal defense, underwater repair, tunnels, swimming pools and other industries is fueling the growth of the underwater concrete market globally. Improvement in the quality of hydraulic construction in developing countries is also a driving factor for the global underwater concrete market. However, fluctuating prices of raw materials and wrong investment can hinder market development. However, introduction of non-washable underwater concrete mixes and increasing production of eco-friendly underwater concrete will create huge opportunities for market growth during the forecast period.

The subsea concrete market had been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic as the demand for subsea concrete had decreased in several industries. Import and export of construction materials had been suspended due to closures and shutdowns during the pandemic. Transport services were banned worldwide, affecting trade in construction materials. Therefore, the supply and demand of these materials ceases. However, after the removal of the restriction, the underwater concrete market has accelerated its growth as it offers many advantages in various industries.

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Delvens Industry Expert's Standpoint

The pandemic had a considerable impact on businesses globally, with nations like India and China bearing the brunt of the virus's outbreak. The underwater concrete market offers lucrative opportunities for industry players and investors as marine construction projects continue to grow. Ensuring durability, corrosion resistance and compliance with environmental standards is critical to the sustainable growth of the underwater concrete industry. The underwater concrete market is expected to continue to grow, fueled by urbanization, coastal infrastructure development and the expansion of offshore energy projects. Advances in concrete technology, including self-compacting concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete, are likely to contribute to market expansion. These factors have led to the expansion of the market and increased demand for Underwater Concrete solutions.

Key Findings

The raw material segment is further fragmented into Concrete, Admixtures, Precast concrete, cement. The precast concrete segment is expected to account for a larger market size during the forecast period. Precast concrete refers to concrete components that are produced in a controlled environment, usually in a factory or precast plant, before being transported and placed on a construction site. It involves pouring concrete into reusable molds or molds that allow for standardized production and quality control. Precast concrete growth is driven by increasing infrastructure projects such as offshore energy projects, port and harbour construction, and bridge and tunnel projects.

The laying technique segment is further bifurcated into Tremie method, Bucket placing, Pump method, Others. The tremie method is the largest market during the forecast period. The tremie method is versatile and is used in many underwater construction projects such as marine foundations, bridge piers and other underwater structures. It can be used at different depths and locations, making it suitable for many applications. The Tremie method also reduces water contamination of the concrete mix. By submerging the outlet of the pipe, it prevents water from entering the concrete, maintaining the desired properties and strength. These factors make the tremie method a reliable and efficient installation method for underwater structures.

The application segment is further bifurcated into Swimming pools, Marine Construction, Underwater Repair. Marine construction to account for a larger market size during the forecast period. Marine construction projects are boosting the growth of the underwater concrete market due to several different factors. These projects include the development of coastal infrastructure, offshore energy facilities, underwater transport infrastructure, coastal protection measures and repair and restoration works. The demand for underwater concrete stems from the need to build durable and flexible structures in the marine environment. In addition, government investments and initiatives in maritime infrastructure continue to drive market expansion. Overall, the increasing focus on coastal development, offshore energy projects, connectivity and the need to protect coastal areas from erosion and other natural hazards is driving the demand for underwater concrete.  

The market is also divided into various regions such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and Middle East and Africa. Asia-Pacific is estimated to account for the largest market share during the forecast period due to rapid urbanization.

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Regional Analysis

North America to Dominate the Market

Asia-Pacific is estimated to account for the largest market share during the forecast period. In Asia-Pacific, Rapid economic expansion and urbanization in countries such as China, India, and Southeast Asia have increased the demand for new ports, harbors, offshore buildings, bridges, and coastal protection works to support expanding commerce and economic activity.

 Competitive Landscape

Sika AG

Conmix Ltd

M-con Products Inc.

Wieser Concrete

Rockbond SCP

Heidelberg Cement. Group

lementbau Osthessen GmbH & Co

ELO KG

Hi-Con

Metalco SRL

KPM Industries Ltd.

GCP Applied Technologies, Inc.

Mapei S.p.A

Saint-Gobain

Gulf precast concrete

MC-Bauchemie

U.S. Concrete

TAKTL

Ceentek

CEMEX

Recent Developments

In May 2023, Sika AG acquired the MBCC Group to strengthen its footprint across all regions and reinforce its range of products and services across the entire construction industry.  

In March 2022, Sika AG has acquired Sable Marco Inc., a manufacturer of cementitious products and mortars in Canada.

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Reasons to Acquire

Increase your understanding of the market for identifying the most suitable strategies and decisions based on sales or revenue fluctuations in terms of volume and value, distribution chain analysis, market trends, and factors.  

Gain authentic and granular data access for the Underwater Concrete Market to understand the trends and the factors involved in changing market situations.  

Qualitative and quantitative data utilization to discover arrays of future growth from the market trends of leaders to market visionaries and then recognize the significant areas to compete in the future.  

In-depth analysis of the changing trends of the market by visualizing the historic and forecast year growth patterns.

Report Scope

The Underwater Concrete Market is segmented into various segments such as raw material, application, laying technique and region:

Based on Raw Material

Concrete

Admixtures

Precast concrete

Cement

Based on the Application

Swimming pools

Hydropower

Shore Protection

Tunnels

Marine Construction

Underwater Repair

Others

Based on the laying technique

Tremie method

Bucket placing

Pump method

Others

About Us:

Delvens is a strategic advisory and consulting company headquartered in New Delhi, India. The company holds expertise in providing syndicated research reports, customized research reports and consulting services. Delvens qualitative and quantitative data is highly utilized by each level from niche to major markets, serving more than 1K prominent companies by assuring to provide the information on country, regional and global business environment. We have a database for more than 45 industries in more than 115+ major countries globally.

Delvens database assists the clients by providing in-depth information in crucial business decisions. Delvens offers significant facts and figures across various industries namely Healthcare, IT & Telecom, Chemicals & Materials, Semiconductor & Electronics, Energy, Pharmaceutical, Consumer Goods & Services, Food & Beverages. Our company provides an exhaustive and comprehensive understanding of the business environment.

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[jemch]

How It’s Made Index（S21~S30）

How It’s Made是由 Discovery Channel 制作一款王牌节目，又被翻译为制造的原理或造物小百科， 本片从2001年推出至今，涵盖了几乎所有的制造技术 ，非常适合机械专业和对此感兴趣的同学。希望大家享受这趟制造的艺术之旅！

第二十一季推出时间为2013-04-04至2013-08-01

S21E01 Rubber Gloves; Soap Carvings; Aircraft Cabinets; Motorcycle Brake Locks 橡胶手套，肥皂雕刻，飞机木柜，摩托车制动锁

本集看点：极其舒适的橡胶手套制作过程；

S21E02 Powder Horns; Handcrafted Molds; Perogies; Inner Tubes 粉角，手工模具，饺子，内胎

S21E03 Lace; Antique Frame Replicas; Orchids; Unicycle Wheel Hubs 蕾丝，古董架复制品，兰花，独轮车轮毂

S21E04 External Hard Drives; Frozen Shrimp; Thai Rice Boxes; Paper Towel 外置硬盘，冷冻虾，泰国米箱，纸巾

本集看点：硬核的西部数据移动硬盘组装制程；

S21E05 Tea; Roof Finials; Artificial Flowers; Alloy Wheels 茶，屋顶饰物，人造花，合金轮毂

S21E06 Gel Caps; Playground Spring Riders; Frozen Pancakes; Natural Rubber 胶囊，摇摇玩具，冷冻煎饼，天然橡胶

S21E07 Paper Umbrellas; Coal; Aircraft Seats; Urns 纸伞，煤，飞机座椅，瓮

S21E08 Aluminum Canoes;Wood Bowls;Wheelchair Accessible Vans;Marimbas 铝独木舟，木碗，残疾人改装车，木琴

S21E09 Indy Car Seats; Paper Flowers; Stand-by Generators; 赛车座椅，纸花，备用发电机

S21E10 Knee Replacements; Leaf Springs; Lavender; Rivets and Rivet Tools 膝关节置换，钢板弹簧，薰衣草，铆钉和铆钉的工具

本集看点：另外一种大型弹簧结构；铆钉的工作原理；

S21E11 Cast Iron Stoves; Ultralight Aircraft; Snow Groomers; Rubber Bands 铸铁炉具，超轻型飞机，推雪车，橡皮筋

S21E12 Barber Chairs; Sewage Pumps; Bimini Boat Tops; Diesel Filters 理发椅，污水泵，比米尼游乐船，柴油过滤器

S21E13 Car Tires; Silk; Art Conservation; Scuba Tanks 汽车轮胎，丝绸，艺术保护，潜水氧气瓶

本集看点：铝合金终极冲压教程；

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:8e3c0ca289825ca99cbb7699dcbaf926aeb42265&dn

第二十二季推出时间为2013-10-10至2014-01-16

S22E01 Electric Stand-Up Vehicles; Frozen Fruit; Beer Coasters; Forged Door Handles 电动站立车，冰冻水果，啤酒杯垫，锻造门把手

本集看点：专业铁匠；

S22E02 Rock Crushers;Fabric Lampshades;Cake Sprinkles;Steam Irons 岩石破碎机，织物灯罩，蛋糕彩条，蒸汽���斗

S22E03 Indy Steering Wheels;Mixed Salad;Wind Turbines 印地赛车方向盘，什锦沙拉，风力涡轮机

S22E04 Blast Doors; Lipstick; Artificial Palm Trees; Brass Plaques 防爆门，口红，人造棕榈树，黄铜牌匾

S22E05 Carbon Fiber; Antique Frame Restoration; Railcar Movers; Hood Ornaments 碳纤维，古董保存架，有轨机车，车头装饰品

S22E06 Sawhorses and Toolboxes;Sorbet Pops;School Buses 史丹利工具箱，便携汁冰糕，校车

S22E07 Sanders;Solid Terrain Models;Stucco;High-Speed Roll-up Doors 抛光机，固体地形模型，水泥，高速卷门

S22E08 Pressed Glass;Pickup Truck Caps;Alpaca Yarn;Utility Knives 压制玻璃，敞蓬小型载货卡车，羊驼纱线，工具刀

S22E09 Body Casting; Downdraft Stoves; Compression Garments; Electric Motorcycles 身体模型，气流炉灶，长袜，电动摩托车

S22E10 Sidecars;Frozen French Toast;Refrigerator Compressors;Superchargers 摩托侧箱，冷冻法式土司，冰箱压缩机，增压器

S22E11 Custom Knee Braces;Air Conditioners;Window Films;Motorcycle Exhaust 定制膝盖支撑，空调，窗户贴膜，摩托车排气管

S22E12 Solid State Drives;Eye Shadow;Limousines;Dead Blow Hammers 固态硬盘，眼影，豪华加长轿车，香槟锤

本集看点：先进半导体制程制作的硬盘；

S22E13 Dragster Tires; Icing; Floating Docks; Spiral Pipes 赛车轮胎，冰淇淋，飘浮船坞，螺旋管

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:c1ddbd38f95041c1482295587ae0c59e19416937&dn

第二十三季推出时间为2014-04-03至2014-07-03

S23E01 Motion Sensors; Belt Loaders; Pheasant Breeding; Diving Helmets 运动传感器，带式装载机，野鸡养殖，潜水头盔

本集看点：先进半导体制程制作的传感器芯片；

S23E02 Rawhide Lampshades; Chocolate Chip Cookies; MRI Scanners 皮灯罩，巧克力饼干，核磁共振成像扫描仪

S23E03 Noise Barrier Walls; Front-Load Washers; Bourbon; Flexible Circuit 声音屏障墙，滚筒洗衣机，威士忌，柔性电路板（FPC）

本集看点：柔性电路板是如何加工的；

S23E04 Railway Bridge Ties; Membrane Filters; Hydraulic Post Drivers; Bi-Planes 铁��桥梁枕木，膜过滤器，桩机，四翼飞机

S23E05 Hospital Laundry; Brass Instrument Restoration; Horse Replicas; Excavation 医院洗衣，铜管乐器修复，马复制品，挖掘机挖斗

本集看点： 用玻璃纤维制作空心复制品；巨厚钢板的激光切割，折弯与焊接；

S23E06 Ceramic Fireplaces; Synthetic Corks; Parking Garage Floor Slabs 陶瓷壁炉，合成软木塞，车库楼板

本集看点： 多种塑胶粒子组合的连续注塑；

S23E07 Oil Pressure Sensors; Printing; Equipment Simulators; Head & Neck Restraints 油压传感器，大型印刷，设备模拟器，护颈

本集看点： 打金线制程；

S23E08 Mobile Concert Stages; Mascara; Continuous Miners; Wood Gift Boxes 移动音乐会舞台，睫毛膏，挖煤机，木制礼品盒

S23E09 NASCAR Car Bodies; Hurley Sticks; Tube Amplifiers; Thermal Coffee Pots 纳斯卡跑车车身，赫尔利球球棒，声音放大器，热咖啡壶

S23E10 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations; Grappa; Lunar Rover Replicas 电动汽车充电站； 格拉巴酒； 月球车复制品

S23E11 Slate Tiles; Hot Dog Carts; Garage Door Openers; Bicycle Seats 板岩瓷砖；热狗车； 车库门开启器； 自行车座椅

S23E12 Racing Leathers; Evaporative Cooling Towers; Rocking Chairs; Wire Wheels 赛车皮革；蒸发冷却塔； 摇椅； 钢丝轮

本集看点： 滚丝螺纹工艺；

S23E13 Mountain Bikes; Rice; Lever Action Rifles 山地自行车；大米；杠杆动作步枪

S23E14 Shark Week Edition: Surfboards; Diving Regulators; SCUBA Tanks; Water Skis 回收冲浪板； 潜水调节器； 潜水氧气瓶； 滑水板

S23E15 300th Episode - Shark Week Edition: Sails; Reef Aquariums; Oceanographic Buoys; Folding Kayaks 风帆； 珊瑚礁水族馆； 海洋浮标； 折叠皮划艇

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:33139d133183e8bf6e6dfec6684ca9f07bec0982&dn

第二十四季推出时间为2014-09-25至2015-01-15

S24E01 Saunas; Wheelchair Lifts; Dioramas 桑拿； 轮椅升降机； 立体模型

S24E02 Oil Lamps; Chocolate Mints; Underfloor Heating; Pillows 油灯； 巧克力薄荷糖； 地板采暖; 枕头

S24E03 Upright Pianos; Flags; Wet/Dry Vacuums; Medieval Axes ���式钢琴； 旗帜； 湿式/干式吸尘器； 中世纪斧头

S24E04 Skeletal Replicas; Ice Buckets; Dining Chairs; Inground Pools 骨骼复制品； 冰桶； 餐椅； 地下游泳池

S24E05 Automatic Sliding Doors; Gin; Firearms Restoration 自动推拉门； 杜松子酒; 枪械修复

S24E06 Scuba Lights; Sandals; Race Car Simulators; Fibreglass Doors 潜水灯；凉鞋；赛车模拟器； 玻璃钢门

S24E07 Wood Windows; Cashmere Fabric; Plastic Recycling; Architectural Glass 木窗； 羊绒面料； 塑料回收； 建筑玻璃

S24E08 Gas Barbecues; Mattress Pads; Ear Prostheses 燃气烧烤炉； 床垫； 耳假体

S24E09 Recycled Skateboards; Braided Pastry; Construction Trailers; Vises 回收滑板； 编织糕点； 施工拖车； 虎钳

S24E10 Plasma Gems; Special Effects Snow; Piano Restoration 等离子宝石； 特效雪； 钢琴修复

S24E11 3-Wheel Electric Bikes; Skin Cream; Patio Heaters; Wood Wheels 三轮电动自行车； 润肤霜; 天井取暖器； 木轮

S24E12 Old West Holsters; Underwater Video Housings; Soy Beverages; Pet Nail Trimmers 老西部皮套； 水下视频外壳； 大豆饮料； 宠物指甲修剪器

S24E13 Wood Garage Doors; Sand and Salt Spreaders; Animatronic Dinosaurs 木车库门； 沙子和盐撒布机； 电子动画恐龙

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:0a4eda224bbaf24666bb12c13bf1cd5732bf51fd&dn

第二十五季推出时间为2015-04-02至2015-07-02

S25E01 Grammy Awards; Bicycle Lights; Above-Ground Pools; Foldable Solar Panels 格莱美奖; 自行车灯； 地上游泳池； 可折叠太阳能电池板

S25E02 Led Stage Lights; Apple Cider; Chemical Tank Trailers; Ornate Stone Floor LED舞台灯； 苹果酒; 化学品罐拖车； 华丽的石地板

S25E03 Fishing Line; Industrial Mixers; Natural Baking Soda; and Tow Trucks 钓鱼线; 工业搅拌机； 天然小苏打； 拖车

S25E04 Storage Sheds; Industrial Fans; Parchment Paper; and Climbing Walls 储藏棚； 工业风扇；羊皮纸；攀岩墙

S25E05 Precast Concrete Walls; 3D Printers; Telescopic Cranes; Kerosene Lamp Burners 预制混凝土墙； 3D 打印机； 伸缩式起重机； 煤油灯燃烧器

S25E06 Car Headlamps; Directional Drills; Pet Combs; and Stained Glass Restoration 汽车大灯； 定向钻； 宠物梳子； 彩色玻璃修复

S25E07 Handcrafted Skis; Septic Tanks; Hydroformed Chassis Parts; Aquarium Windows 手工制作的滑雪板； 化粪池; 液压成型底盘零件； 水族馆窗户

S25E08 Zip Line Brakes; Silk Fiber Lamps; Round Balers; Comfort Shoes 拉链线制动器； 丝纤维灯； 圆形打包机； 舒适鞋

S25E09 Armored Vehicles; Tension Fabric Buildings; Rowers; Sculpture Enlargements 装甲车； 张力织物建��； 划船者； 雕塑放大

S25E10 Mountain Bike Suspensions; Surgical Sutures; Grain Dryers; and Frying Pans 山地自行车悬架； 手术缝合； 谷物烘干机； 煎锅

S25E11 Downhill Ski Bindings; Immersion Washers; Mining Ventilation; Pencil Sharpeners 速降滑雪绑定； 浸入式垫圈； 矿用通风； 卷笔刀

S25E12 Gingerbread Houses; Livestock Trailers; Hangar Doors; and Toy Figurines 姜饼屋； 牲畜拖车； 机库门； 玩具公仔

S25E13 Traffic Signal Poles; Coffee Filters; and Chainsaw Mining Machines; 交通信号杆； 咖啡过滤器； 链锯采矿机；

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:78ae318559e0477f5bb1db0abb0fcfa841e491be&dn

第二十六季推出时间为2015-09-10至2015-12-17

S26E01 Time-Delay Locks; Brownies; Pallet Dispensers; and Crystal Chandeliers 延时锁； 布朗尼; 托盘分配器； 水晶吊灯

S26E02 Bead Wire; Mini Pepperoni; Irrigation Sprinklers; and Leather Gloves 珠线； 迷你意大利辣香肠； 灌溉喷头； 皮手套

S26E03 Mouth-Blown Window Glass; Water Pumps; Sake; Tweezers 口吹窗玻璃； 水泵; 清酒; 镊子

S26E04 Statue Restoration; Tripods; Polish Sausages; Welding Guns 雕像修复； 三脚架； 波兰香肠； 焊枪

S26E05 Champagne; ATMs; Marine Turbochargers; 香槟酒; 自动取款机； 船用涡轮增压器；

S26E06 Sharpening Steels; Bladder Pumps; Ironing Boards; and Kayak Paddles 磨刀钢； 膀胱泵； 烫衣板； 皮划艇桨

S26E07 Champagne Hoods; Pneumatic Systems; Espresso Machines; Pizza Ovens 香槟罩； 气动系统； 浓缩咖啡机； 比萨烤箱

S26E08 Stile & Rail Doors, Steam Cleaners, Hand-Held Pizzas, and Power Brushes 轨道门；蒸汽清洁器；手持比萨饼；电动刷

S26E09 Industrial Casters; Wedding Cakes; THz Spectrometers; Racing Catamarans 工业脚轮； 婚礼蛋糕； 太赫兹光谱仪； 竞速双体船

S26E10 Ceramic Grills, Pneumatic Punchers, Water Jet Fountains, Wooden Surfboards 陶瓷烤架、气动打孔机、喷���喷泉、木制冲浪板

S26E11 Vibrating Mining Screens; Whoopie Pies; Utility Poles; Roller Conveyors 振动采矿筛； 百日咳派； 电线杆； 滚筒输送机

本集看点：电线杆也内卷；

S26E12 Exercise Bikes; Cornish Pasties; Pasta Makers; Slate Products 健身车； 康沃尔馅饼； 面食制造商； 板岩产品

S26E13 Channel Signs, Wetsuits, and Aluminum Aircraft 航道标志；潜水服；铝制飞机

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:85892a96e09b0d9f596d98bcd450aeb870a6af3d&dn

第二十七季推出时间为2016-05-19至2016-08-15

S27E01 CNC Assembly Machines; Lemon Tarts; Miniature War Figures 数控组装机； 柠檬馅饼； 微型战争人物

S27E02 Chemical Tank Pressure Vents; Candy Wafers; Food Trucks; Traditional Ropes 化学品罐压力通风口； 糖果晶圆； 食品卡车； 传统绳索

S27E03 Graphene; Worlds Smallest Car; Force Testers; Composite Cans 石墨烯； 世界上最小的汽车； 力测试仪； 复合罐

本集看点：单层的石墨烯是如何分离出来的；

S27E04 LED tubes; chocolate peanut butter bars; robotic medication dispensers. LED灯管；巧克力花生酱棒；机器人配药器

S27E05 Commercial drones; aquarium fish; runway cleaners. 商用无人机； 观赏鱼； 跑道清洁工

S27E06 Wooden Matches, Tillage Machines, Telescopic Gangways 木火柴、耕地机、伸缩式舷梯

S27E07 Mosquito Coils, Solar-Assist Tricycles, Palm Oil, Fiberglass Chopper Guns 蚊香、太阳能辅助三轮车、棕榈油、玻璃纤维斩波枪

S27E08 Wood Toys, Retro Toasters, Laboratory Furnaces, Aerogel 木制玩具、复古烤面包机、实验室炉、气凝胶

S27E09 Combination Squares, Farmed Shrimp, Ball Valves and String Trimmers 组合方形、养殖虾、球阀和切线器

S27E10 Chinese-style Furniture, Electrical Switches, Thai Fish Sauce, Cappers 中式家具、电器开关、泰式鱼露、压盖机

S27E11 Mortars and pestles; bowling lane conditioners; crematories 研钵和研杵； 保龄球道调节器； 火葬场

S27E12 Race Car Oil Tanks; Plaster Mouldings; Lemongrass Oil 赛车油箱； 石膏线条； 柠檬草油

S27E13 Coconut Charcoal; Dial Indicators; Wet Downdraft Tables; Bassoon Reeds 椰子炭； 表盘指示器； 湿式下吸台； 巴松��簧片

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:5289719d3944f98f2c2d425cd79b0487aec36fc7&dn

第二十八季推出时间为2016-08-22至2016-11-03

S28E01 Classic Car Gauges; Chocolate Marble Cake; Ghillie Kettles 经典汽车仪表； 巧克力大理石蛋糕； 吉利水壶

S28E02 Pasta Dies; Blueberries; Composting Toilets; Surge Arresters 面食模具； 蓝莓; 堆肥厕所； 避雷器

S28E03 Angle Grinders; Berry Baskets; Omnidirectional Speakers 角磨机； 浆果篮； 全向扬声器

S28E04 Cartridge Blades; Chocolate Banana Loaves; Vending 墨盒刀片； 巧克力香蕉面包； 自动售货机

S28E05 Ultra-Thin Glass; Pallet Dismantlers; Cupcakes; Stainless Steel 超薄玻璃； 托盘拆卸器； 纸杯蛋糕; 不锈钢

本集看点： 溢流熔融法制作的柔性超薄玻璃（应该是康宁）；

S28E06 Potash; Leather Bracelets; Wild Rice; Hex Key L Wrenches 钾肥； 皮革手链； 野米; 六角扳手 L

S28E07 Nail Files; Birch Canoes; Boat Hardtops; High Voltage Circuit 指甲锉； 桦木独木舟； 船硬顶； 高压电路

S28E08 Macarons; Pine Needle Baskets; Micrometers 马卡龙； 松针篮； 千分尺

S28E09 Endoscopes; Megaphones; Uranium 内窥镜； 扩音器； 铀

S28E10 Hollow Disk Pumps; Palm Sugar; Yachts 空心圆盘泵； 棕榈糖; 游艇

S28E11 Abalone Collagen; Digital-to-Analog Converters; Embosssed 鲍鱼胶原蛋白； 数模转换器； 压花

S28E12 Thai Barbecues; Diving Masks & Fins; Bassoons 泰式烧烤； 潜水面罩和脚蹼； 巴松管

S28E13 Wooden Utensils; Transport Refrigeration Units; Moccasins 木制餐具； 运输制冷装置； 莫卡辛鞋

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:6b3298e03c0e32ede5bc1b81e13a315adae86528&dn

第二十九季推出时间为2017-06-22至2017-09-24

S29E01 Skateboard Wheels; Baklava & Galaktoboureko; CO2 滑板轮；千层酥皮奶冻玉米糕 ；二氧化碳

S29E02 Nuno Felt; Drum Crushers; Kimchi; Parquet Floors 努诺毡；鼓式破碎机；泡菜；镶木地板

S29E03 Wood Watches; Steel Bicycles; Raw Pet Food; Replica Police 木表； 钢制自行车； 生宠物食品； 复制警察

S29E04 Thermoplastic Fire Helmets; Basketry Sculptures; Coffee 热塑性消防头盔； 篮子雕塑； 咖啡

S29E05 Office Chairs; Vinobrew; Reconditioned Sander Drums 办公椅； 酒酿； 翻新砂光鼓

S29E06 Fireplace Bellows; Calissons; Diving Watercraft 壁炉波纹管； 卡利松； 潜水艇

S29E07 Artist Brushes; DEF Tank Heaters; Game Tables; Art Glass 艺术家画笔； DEF 储罐加热器； 游戏桌； 艺术玻璃

S29E08 Flying Water Bikes; Throttle Position Sensors; Cinnamon 飞行水上自行车； 油门位置传感器； 肉桂

S29E09 Foosball Tables; Marseille Soap; Laguiole Pocket Knives 桌上足球桌； 马赛皂； 拉吉奥小折刀

S29E10 Berets; Pastis; Stationary Bikes 贝雷帽； 意大利面食； 固定自行车

S29E11 Bistro Sets; Letterpress Printing; Bamboo Lights; Asphalt 小酒馆套餐； 凸版印刷； 竹灯； 沥青压车

S29E12 Technological Corks; Zinc Gutters; Traditional Ham; Chisteras 技术软木塞； 锌天沟； 传统火腿； 奇斯特拉斯游戏手臂

S29E13 Pentanque Ball; Biologic Medicines; Asphalt Pavers; Basques 滚球； 生物药物； 沥青摊铺机； 巴斯克鞋

本期看点：空心半铁球焊接，再两步CNC制作出完美球形；

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:971ec4ef1ce447538e18d1305ec2f8103daee29d&dn

第三十季推出时间为 2017-09-11至2017-12-18

S30E01 Leather Basketballs; Flood Gates; Wood Panel Canvases; Shoelaces 皮革篮球； 防洪闸； 木板画布； 鞋带

S30E02 Power Steering Pumps; Asian Bowl Meals; Walking Canes 动力转向泵； 亚洲碗餐； 手杖

S30E03 Plant Oil Extractors; Custom Chandeliers; Power Trainers; Coffee Pods 植物油提取器； 定制吊灯； 力量训练器； 咖啡包

S30E04 Witness Samples; Pressure Washers; Bee Hives; Cast Iron Cookers 见证样品； 压力垫圈； 蜂箱； 铸铁炊具

S30E05 Leather Sculptures; Travel Hot Plates; Ochre; Hurdy Gurdies 皮革雕塑； 旅行热板； 赭石；赫迪·古尔迪斯

S30E06 Spiral Stairs; Pita Bread; Exhaust Headers; Molded Limestone Artwork 螺旋楼梯； 皮塔饼； 排气集管； 模压石灰石艺术品

S30E07 Recycled Skateboard Guitars; Solar Street Lights; Dolls 回收的滑板吉他； 太阳能路灯； 娃娃

S30E08 Glass Sculptures; Racing Pulley Systems; Inductors; Medicine Balls 玻璃雕塑； 赛车滑轮系统； 电感器； 药丸

S30E09 Fish Rubbings; Clay Shooting Machines; Almonds; High-End Motorcycles 鱼拓片； 粘土射击机； 杏仁; 高端摩托车

S30E10 Throttle Bodies; Limestone Fireplace Mantels; Candied Fruit & Fruit Jellies; Linen Ukulele 节气门体； 石灰石壁炉架； 蜜饯和果冻； 亚麻尤克里里

S30E11 Rubber Balls; Motion Chairs; Montreal Smoked Meat; Motorized Scooters 橡胶球； 运动椅； 蒙特利尔熏肉； 电动滑板车

S30E12 Aerospace Fasteners; Cactus Pear Puree; Lab Reactors 航空紧固件； 仙人掌梨泥； 实验室反应器

S30E13 Wall Beds; Sundae Cups; Digital Paintings; Badminton Rackets 壁床； 圣代杯； 数字绘画； 羽毛球拍

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:cc865a515b621051b71e833bd62e466fc45949d3&dn

[builders9]

Everything You Need to Know About Cement

What is Cement: A Cement is a binding material in construction that is used for setting, hardening, and adhering to other materials to bind them together. Cement is mixed with fine aggregates to produce mortar which is used for masonry and with sand and gravel to produce concrete. The cement which is used in construction is inorganic and is generally composed of lime or calcium.

WHAT IS CEMENT MADE OF CEMENT

MANUFACTURING CEMENT COMPOSITION TYPES OF CEMENT

TOP CEMENT BRANDS IN INDIA

CEMENT AS STRONG AS CONCRETE

What is Cement made of

Cement is made up of through a chemical combination of 8 main ingredients during the cement production process. These ingredients are generally extracted from limestone, clay, marl, shale, chalk, sand, bauxite and iron ore.

Cement Manufacturing Process

Cement manufacturing is a complex process that starts with first mining and then grinding the raw materials. The raw materials are limestone and clay which are ground to a fine powder, which is then heated at a high temperature of 1450 degrees Celsius in a cement kiln.

In the above process, chemical bonds between the raw materials are broken and then they are recombined to form new compounds. The new compound formed is called a clinker which are rounded nodules between 1mm and 25 mm.

The clinker is grounded to form fine powder in a cement mill and then is mixed with gypsum to produce cement. The powdered cement is then mixed with water and aggregates to form the concrete that is used in construction.

Cement Composition

Lime or Calcium oxide(CaO): Sources are limestone, chalk, shells, shale, or calcareous rock

Silica(SiO2): Sources are sand, old bottles, clay or argillaceous rock

Alumina(Al2O3): Sources are bauxite, recycled aluminium, clay

Iron(Fe2O3): Sources are clay, iron ore, scrap iron, and fly ash

Gypsum(Ca2SO4.2H2O): found in limestone

Types of cement

1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)📷

Ordinary Portland Cement is a hydraulic cement that consists of two-third of calcium silicates (3 CaO•SiO2, and 2 CaO•SiO2), the remaining components are aluminium and iron-containing clinker and other compounds. The ratio of CaO to SiO2 is greater than 2.0. The magnesium oxide content (MgO) is always less than 5.0%.

The composition of Ordinary Portland Cement is as follows:

Argillaceous or silicates of alumina ( sources are clay and shale)

Calcareous or calcium carbonate (sources are limestone, chalk, and marl)

Uses of Ordinary Portland Cement are as follows:

It is mainly used for the purpose of general construction

It is also generally used in masonry works and projects

2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)📷

Portland Pozzolana Cement could be a naturally created artificial cement that contains oxide in reactive forms. It reacts with hydrated oxide to make further cementations materials once it’s finely divided.

The composition of Portland Pozzolana Cement is as follows:

OPC clinker

Gypsum

Pozzolanic Materials (Sources area unit ash, volcanic ash, and Calcined clay or oxide fumes)

Uses of Portland Pozzolana Cement area unit as follows:

PPC is typically utilized in hydraulic structures, marine structures, construction comes near shore, dam construction, etc

It is additionally utilized in pre-stressed and post-tensioned concrete members

As it provides a stronger surface finishing, it’s utilized in ornamental and art structures

It is additionally utilized in the manufacture of formed sewerage pipes and art structures

It is also used in the manufacture of precast sewage pipes

3. Rapid Hardening Cement📷

When finely grounded Tri-calcium salt (C3S) is added in OPC cement with higher content, it gains strength over OPC cement. This sort of OPC is named fast Hardening Cement. Its initial setting time is half-hour and final setting time is 600 minutes.

The composition of fast hardening cement:

• Tricalcium salt (C3S)

• Dicalcium salt (C2S)

• Tricalcium compound (C3A)

• Tetracalcium aluminoferrite of the whole weight of cement

Uses of fast Hardening Cement:

• Rapid hardening cement is generally used wherever fast construction is required just like the construction of pavements

• It is employed where high strength is needed

4. Quick Setting Cement📷

Quick setting cement is that the cement that sets in an exceedingly very short time. The initial setting time is five minutes and therefore the final setting time is half-hour.

The composition of Quick Setting Cement:

Clinker

Aluminium salt (1% to three by weight of clinker)

Uses of Quick Setting Cement:

• It is employed in underwater construction

• It is additionally employed in rainy & weather conditions

• It is employed at higher temperature wherever water evaporates simply

• Also used in anchoring or rock bolt mining and tunneling

5. Low Heat Content Cement📷

It is a special variety of cement that produces low heat of association throughout the set time. Some chemical composition of standard hydraulic cement is changed to cut back the warmth of association.

The chemical composition of low enthalpy cement:

• A low proportion (5%) of tricalcium chemical compound

• A higher proportion (46%) of declaiming salt

Uses of Low Heat Cement

• It is employed for the development of the dam’s massive footing, massive raft slabs, and turbine plinths

• It is additionally used for the development of chemical plants

Top Cement Brands In India

List of prime ten firms in Bharat by revenue and market share:

1. UltraTech Cement Ltd

UltraTech Cement Ltd. is the largest manufacturer of gray cement prepared to combine Concrete (RMC), and white cement in Bharat. Its conjointly one among the leading cement producers globally. Ultratech is the Largest among the highest five cement firms in Bharat.

• Revenue: Rs 38657 Cr

• Production capacity: 102.75 MTPA

• Employees: 12000

• Market Share: 21.4 %

2. Ambuja Cements Ltd

Ambuja Cements Ltd is among the highest ten Cement firms in Bharat. It’s the second-largest producer of cement in Bharat supported turnover.

• Revenue: Rs 26646 Cr

• Production capacity: 29.65 MTPA

• Employees: 5180

• Market Share: 6.2 %

3. ACC Ltd

ACC restricted is one of India’s leading makers of cement and premix concrete with seventeen cement factories, seventy-five prepared combine concrete plants. It’s the third leading cement firms in Bharat.

• Revenue: Rs 15398 Cr

• Production capacity: 28.4 MTPA

• Employees: 6731

• Market Share: 6 %

4. Shree Cement Ltd

Shree Cement Ltd is that the Fourth among the highest ten firms in Cement in terms of sales. These days Total Cement capability of the corporate is 29.30 million tons.

• Revenue: Rs 12,555 Cr

• Production capacity: 29.30 MTPA

• Employees: 6,299

• Market Share: 7%

5. Dalmia Asian Country Ltd

Dalmia Asian country Ltd is Fifth among the highest ten firms in Cement by Total Revenue. The corporate has cement-producing plants within the southern states of the province (Dalmiapuram & Ariyalur) and province (Kadapa), with a capability of nine million tonnes once a year.

• Revenue: Rs 9,642 Cr

• Production capacity: 26.5 MTPA

• Employees: 5,634

• Market Share: 5.5 %

6. Birla Corporation restricted

Birla is the flagship Company of the M.P. Birla cluster. It’s one of the highest leading cement corporations in India.

• Revenue: Rs 6,778 Cr

• Production capacity: 15.5 MTPA

• Employees: 5,776

• Market Share: 3.2 %

7. India Cements Ltd

India cements Ltd was established in the year 1946 by 2 men, Shri S N N Sankaralinga Iyer and Sri T S Narayanaswami.

• Revenue: Rs 5,770 Cr

• Production capacity: 15 MTPA

• Employees: 4300

• Market Share: 3

8. The Ramco Cements restricted

Ramco Cements restricted is the company of the Ramco cluster, which is a well-known business cluster of South India. It has it’s headquarter in Chennai. It’s in the eighth position in the list of ten cement companies in India.

• Revenue: Rs 5,310 Cr

• Production capacity: 16 MTPA

• Employees: 3034

• Market Share: 3

9. Orient Cement Ltd

Orient Cement was once, a region of Orient Paper & Industries. It is emerging as one  of the fastest-growing and leading cement makers in India.

• Revenue: Rs 2,570 Cr

• Production capacity: 8 MTPA

• Employees: 1500

• Market Share: 1.6 %

10. Heidelberg Cement India Ltd

Heidelberg Cement India restricted could be a subsidiary of Heidelberg Cement cluster, Germany. The corporate has its operations in Central India at Damoh (Madhya Pradesh), Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh), and in Southern India at Ammasandra (Karnataka).

• Revenue: Rs 2,182 Cr

• Production capacity: 5.4 MTPA

• Employees: 1100

• Market Share: one: 1 %

Is Cement as Strong as Concrete

Pure cement isn’t stronger than concrete as cement is just binding materials that bind mixture and sand with the assistance of water. If alone cement is employed it’ll shrink and has no compressive strength that concrete is thought for. Pure cement is truly an element of concrete.

Cement is truly a dry and achromatic powder that solidifies once water is added. It’s the ingredient that hardens concrete once water is mixed.

Concrete, on the opposite hand, is created of a minimum of 3 elements cement, sand, and aggregates. Cement may be thought of as the “glue” that binds these ingredients.

Concrete may be thought of as stronger since it contains gravel and aggregates that create a lot of hard-wearing. Concrete conjointly gets tougher with age. Cement may be a binder and concrete forms the majority.

The strength depends on the water/cement magnitude relation. The lower the magnitude relation, the higher is the strength and vice-versa. However lower water content makes it troublesome to compact the concrete particularly if it’s a ferroconcrete structure. To beat the problem we tend to use the large-sized mixture in mass concrete structures and lower size aggregates in ferro-concrete structures. For an identical volume of aggregates, a bigger particle size features a lesser expanse therefore a lesser amount of the water-cement paste is going to be adequate. Therefore there’s nothing like whether or not concrete or cement being the stronger of the two.

Summary

Cement could be a binding agent to stick various building materials along. The foremost common forms of cement employed in the development trade are Portland cement and Asphalt cement. Portland cement one of the foremost vital ingredients in concrete. It’s either in the form of dry powder or in the paste (mortar) that hardens and binds to all matter it’s touching. Cement could be a basic material for every type of construction together with housing, roads, schools, hospitals, dams, and ports, also for ornamental applications and things like tables, sculptures, or bookcases.

For more information visit: https://builders9.com/

[architectnews]

Australian marine observatory by Baca Architects will resemble a whale emerging from water

Baca Architects has designed a marine observatory called the Australian Underwater Discovery Centre that will mimic a whale surfacing off the coast of Geographe Bay.

The centre, which will be built two kilometres out at sea beside Busselton Jetty in Western Australia, will be positioned partially underwater and feature a large window overlooking the ocean floor.

It has been developed by Baca Architects to replace an existing observatory off of the jetty that is currently struggling to meet visitor demand. The goal is for it to become the world's largest centre of its kind, open for both the public and scientists to observe the marine habitats of Geographe Bay.

Above: the centre will be built in the water beside the Busselton Jetty. Top image: it is intended to evoke a whale's head

"The current underwater visitor experience at the end of the two-kilometre-long pier has been greatly successful but has reached its capacity," explained the studio's director, Richard Coutts.

"The operator sought to have a new cultural building that would be able to cope with higher visitor numbers and provide a larger underwater viewing window, quite literally, on the ocean floor," he told Dezeen.

"The brief set out the client's spatial needs and a requirement to deliver something iconic which will draw tourists in," added Coutts. "The goal is to promote the education, awareness and monitoring of the jetty's immediate marine environment and the wider environs of Geographe Bay."

The building will be partially submerged in water

Baca Architects was appointed to design the AUDC for Busselton Jetty by Subcon – a marine contractor with experience in installing artificial reefs.

The whale-shaped proposal was one of three designs that the studio first developed for the scheme, with the others being a cave-like structure and a building that resembled a ship.

Through a series of local consultation events, the public was then invited to choose the final design that would be developed by Baca Architects with the client, engineers and Subcon.

The main marine observatory will be positioned on the lowest floor

The AUDC will be built largely built from concrete, complete with a light-frame roof that will be constructed by yacht builders. Concrete was chosen for its durability and ability to withstand harsh conditions, such as in marine environments.

It is also hoped the concrete will help stabilise internal temperatures through thermal mass, with the help of a water heat exchange system for heating and cooling.

Across the front of the building, Baca Architects will use a porous, bioreceptive variation of the material to encourage the growth of barnacles and algae.

Inside, the AUDC has been designed as a sequence of spaces, which will invite visitors to explore a series of art galleries and exhibition areas above sea level before descending to the ocean floor-level observatory.

Several structural glass windows will be incorporated to provide views out both above and below the sea, including one that extends the full height of the building. From the outside, this window will be intended to evoke "the cetacean's eye".

The AUDC will be complete with a restaurant below sea level, and sculptures and artwork positioned out on the ocean floor.

It is slated for completion in 2022. The structure will be precast in a nearby boatyard, before being towed out and submerged in location.

A series of galleries will be positioned above sea level

A similar approach was used to build Europe's first underwater restaurant by Snøhetta in Båly, Norway, which was constructed on a barge 20 metres from its final site before being towed out to its final location.

Baca Architects is a London architecture studio founded by Coutts in 2003. While the AUDC marks its foray into underwater architecture, the firm is familiar with building on the water and creating flood-resilient structures.

Among its most notable projects are the UK's "first amphibious house" on the River Thames and a modular, floating dwelling on Chichester Canal.

The post Australian marine observatory by Baca Architects will resemble a whale emerging from water appeared first on Dezeen.

[sunandaspecialitycoatings]

SUNANDA CHEMICALS RECOGNISED AS PRODUCT INNOVATOR OF THE YEAR 2015

Indian Construction Chemical Company 'Sunanda Speciality Coatings Pvt. Ltd.' bagged the award for the 'Development of Anti-washout admixture' for the first time in the Indian continent.

Hon'ble Chief Minister of Gujarat Mrs. Anandiben Patel, Chief guest at the inauguration of India Chem function congratulated the winners, as an encouragement to indigenous R&D and innovation in the chemicals sector, which is thought to be one of the key stakeholders in making Hon'ble Prime Minister's 'Make in India' program a success.

Sunanda Company's Chairman and Managing Director, Dr. Surendra Manjrekar pointed out that concrete when poured under water will disintegrate as the cement gets washed away resulting in concrete not setting. Typically over 90% of the cement is washed away resulting in massive loss in terms of money, resources and poor quality of underwater construction.

This novel anti washout admixture for concrete was by Sunanda to be used for the underwater construction of a weir for the Srisailam Dam (India's 2ndlargest hydropower project) across the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh, India Same . Since there are no manufacturers of anti washout admixture in India, this development was significant involving over 100 trials. This admixture allows for construction to take place underwater with less than 8% loss of cement and has the potential to revolutionize the construction of underwater structures like dams, bridge piers jetties, weirs, canals, foundations etc.

Dr. Manjrekar further added that primarily this breakthrough in anti-washout technology for the first time in India has made the construction of hydraulic structures sustainable. Hydraulic structures are of paramount importance for making India self sufficient in terms of energy, hydro-power project, irrigation projects and so forth. The use of such anti-washou admixtures, has opened avenues for many applications in the construction industry in India wherever underwater concreting becomes necessary such as cases of seismic retrofit design construction of bridges, tremie concreting to connect precast concrete pile caps, underwater repair of stilling basins, concreting for caissons, concreting for jetties, weirs, dams, canals, etc

The Company has won 'product Innovator of the Year 2012 and 'product Innovator of the Year 2013'.

[bimoutsourcing]

The most common type of them, a precast concrete pile is a deep foundation used to transfer loads from a upper, soft layer of soil to a hardar, capable lower layer. They can be rectangular, square, round or polygonal in shape. Extra reinforcements are provided in the concrete so as to provide support for the forces received before the instalent.

The precast concrete piles are constructed in a casting yard. Then they are transported to the required location and installed as necessary. They are constructed by pouring the concrete in a conventional reinforcement cage. This has several steel bars in horizontal and vertical positions, held together by individual or spiral ties.

Types of Precast Concrete Piles - There are two main categories into which we can divide:

1. Driven Precast Concrete Piles: It is precast in a construction yard and then hammered into the soft ground at the target location. At most they can go up to 40 feet deep.

2. Bored Precast Concrete Piles: After they are made in the construction yard, they are transferred to the target location. The location already has boreholes for the piles; they are just lowered into these holes. Any space remaining between the bore hole and the pile is grouted.

Difference between the Driven and Bored Precast Concrete Piles:

a. Bored piles are better in urban locations since they avoid the noise and vibrations caused by vibrators. b. The bore hole can be as deep as necessary, or as deep as the machinery can go. Unlike driven piles, the bore piles have no depth limit. c. Driven piles can be established quickly. d. Driven piles can be easily used underwater.

The good and the bad about Precast Concrete Piles.

Advantages of Precast concrete piles:

a. Increases the bearing capacity of the soil b. Flexible in sizes and shapes c. Faster to produce due to standardized manufacture d. Faster project progression when piles available e. Reinforcements stay in the same position f. Can be driven underwater g. No need to wait for pile to mature h. Building structures beside does not disturb them i. Highly resistant to corrosive effects j. No waste generation k. Very economic l. Can withstand high tension loads

Disadvantages of Precast concrete piles:

a. Heavy weight requires specialized equipment and infrastructure b. Need to be careful while transporting c. Driven precast concrete piles require specialized machinery to drive them d. Requires extra reinforcements to withstand transportation strain e. Size of the piles are limited by transport ability and construction yard f. Cannot change anything in the field g. Difficult nd uneconomical to cut the pile h. Not available on short notice

Important information to be kept in mind:

A. The Precast concrete piles can be up to 20 meters long only. To increase the length of the structure, two or more piles need to be joined together. B. In case of driven piles, additional reinforcements need to be provided in order to withstand the hammering. C. You must use M25 grade concrete to make Precast concrete piles. D. Site investigation needs to be carried out according to IS 1892. E. Chemical properties of the soil needs to be analysed and countered accordingly when manufacturing the piles. F. Design of driven piles should conform to IS 2911 1.3 and bored piles should conform IS 2911 1.4.

[hypercon-blog]

A few weeks ago, we were asked if we could concretise under water with our UHPC. Our customer wants to create artificial reefs for new nature reserves and coastal protection and stabilize old offshore wind turbines and design the foundations that they have the function of a reef for nature and not a simple smooth concrete block. This is possible with UHPC of a certain quality. On ship the concrete is mixed and then pumped under water. The consistency and the curing time would then have to be adapted to the sea movement. Pumping UHPC on site is easier and requires less effort than properly positioning heavy precast elements underwater. https://www.instagram.com/p/Bwzj9CEgRWC/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=xv7oiosd4r1y

[siliconenz]

10 Impressive Uses Of Precast Concrete

Precast Concrete is a kind of construction product. It is formed when concrete is casted into a reusable mold which is then stored in a controlled surrounding. Finally, it is transported to the construction site. Romans first made the use of concrete molded into different forms to build tunnels and other complex structures. Since then, precast concrete has been used in various forms.

Uses of Precast Concrete:

Agricultural Products:

Precast concrete can combat the extreme environmental conditions making it durable for decades of usage. It is used in agricultural products such as Cattle Feed Bunks, Cattle Grid, Agricultural fencing, Slurry Channels, Grain Stores, and other Agricultural Buildings. Precast panels are used extensively in the US for different agricultural products. 

Building Luxuries:

Precast concrete is used in building components and luxuries such as fireplace mantels, Cladding, Curtain Walls, etc. Other Structural applications include Beams, Floors, and Walls. A multi-storeyed parking is typically made up of precast concrete. The various parts like Columns, Panels, Stairs, and Slabs are precast which are then put together in the parking space.

Retaining Walls:

A retaining wall is one in which can retain the soil. Precast concrete allows Building Retaining Walls like Residential Walls, sea walls, Commercial Retaining Walls, Modular Block Systems and Segmental retaining walls.

Sanitary Products:

Sanitary Products are designed for underground installation to be used for removing pollutants from sanitary run-off. Examples of these include catch basins and manholes.

Utility Products:

Precast concrete is used as a protective material for various electrical, gas, steam or communication systems. These products include Meter Boxes, panel vaults, Pull Boxes, Transformer Pads, utility vaults and utility buildings.

Water/Wastewater Products:

A water/wastewater product made up of precast concrete as able to hold water or other liquids which can be further transformed into non contaminating liquids. The examples of water or wastewater products include aeration systems, Dry Wells, dosing tanks, Water or Sewage Storage Tanks, Wet Wells, Fire Cisterns, etc.

Transporation Products:

These products used in construction ensure road, airport and railroad safety. Precast Transportation products include bridge systems, Railroad Crossing, Concrete Barriers, Sound Walls, rubber-tired metro railways.

Modular Paving:

Precast concrete is used as a paver which is a brick, stone or tile used for exterior flooring. These products come in various colors, shapes, and sizes. It is designed in such a way so as to give a delusive appearance of brick, wood or stone.

Specialized Products:

Precast concrete is used in other specialized products such as cemetery products, storage of hazardous materials and marine products like Floating Docks, Underwater Structures, railings for the deck, etc.

Sandwich Wall Panels:

A sandwich wall panel is one in which two units of concrete are separated by an interior void or insulation held together with steel trusses. This type of panels is used for almost every building including Schools, Apartments, Offices, Hotels, Motels, dormitories, and Houses. The benefits of using such panels include durability, Ease of Construction, Energy Efficiency, Noise Attenuation, and Aesthetic Versatility.

Our Brief Introduction

Silicon Engineering Consultants Limited is an ISO:27001-2005 IT Security Certified Company specializing in CAD based services. Our company serves to give efficient solutions in the field of architectural, engineering and construction. We also provide detailing services such as Precast Panel Detailing. These services are offered to various parties involved in the process such as structural consultants, contractors, manufacturers and Precast Wall Panels Detailers. We also outsource our Precast Detailing Service in Australia, China, New Zealand, and other states of US and UK. Our Precast Detailing Service New Zealand offers quality controlled and standardized services in New Zealand.

if you have any further query, Please feel free to Contact US

[bimoutsourcing]

Jacketing is a process that is undertaken to repair the structural members. It's generally applied for columns while it is also utilized for other members like beam. Under this system, a jacket is arranged around the reinforcement and concrete is filled into the jacket. It raises the section of the member and as well as it's load bearing strength.

The purpose of Jacketing is to fortify weak RCC columns which are decayed over a period of time caused by harmful climatic conditions or poor maintenance.

Under this system, weak concrete as well as rusted rebars are fully eliminated. By arranging additional rebars, entire sectional area is extended to improve the compressive strength of columns. Additional rebars are arranged with stirrups and attached to old concrete with shear keys. Bond coat is provided on old concrete surface and polymer concrete is poured in form work.

Jacketing is provided from all sides or from three/two sides. It can also be provided from one side also.

Collars belong to jackets which encircle only for a part of a column or pier. These are normally used to give strong support to the slab or beam at the top of the column.

The form for the jacket comprises of timber, corrugated metal, precast concrete, rubber, fiberglass, or special fabric; and may be constant in some cases. The form should be supported with spacers to retain equivalent clearance among it and the existing member.

Materials, like traditional concrete and mortar, epoxy mortar, grout, and latex-modified mortar and concrete, are employed as encasement materials. For jacketing, the void among the form and the prevailing member is stuffed with pumping, tremie, or preplaced aggregate concrete.

Jacketing is mainly utilized for doing the repairing work of deteriorated columns, piers, and piles and easily be applied in underwater. The method is very effective for safeguarding the concrete, steel, and timber sections against further diminution and for strengthening.

Permanent forms should be used while providing protection against weathering, abrasion, and chemical pollution. The collar allows increased shear strength for the slab, and it reduces the effective length of the column.

Prior to apply jackets or collars, all decayed concrete should be eliminated, cracks should be patched, existing reinforcement must be cleansed, and surfaces should be developed. The surface preparation makes the bond better of the newly set materials with the prevailing structure, that is complicated for underwater repairs. For underwater conditions, a plastic shell should be used at the splash zone for the reduction of abrasion.

To get more information, click on the following link theconstructor.org