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processproductionsophielindsay · 3 years

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CHRISTO AND JEANNE CLAUDE

Wall of Oil Barrels - Rideau de Fer (The Iron Curtain) (1961-62)

https://doyle.com/auctions/13dd02-n-a/catalogue/133-christo-iron-curtain-wall-of-oil-barrels-color-offset-lithograph

Christo and Jeanne-Claude's first collaborations involved wrapping dozens of oil barrels with cloth and rope, and stacking them in layers across public spaces to partially or completely block access. Earlier iterations of this site-specific work on Rue Visconti in Paris included a version in the courtyard of Christo's studio, as well as 1961's Stacked Oil Barrels and Dockside Packages, both of which were installed for two weeks on the harbor in Cologne, Germany. Particularly in Wall of Oil Barrels, the artists expanded the scope and scale of the previous works, creating a larger and more impenetrable wall of both wrapped and unwrapped barrels that blockaded a section of a city street. Christo was propelled by the idea of spatially reconfiguring a specific outdoor location with a common, contextually misplaced object, a notion that would play a role in many of his future creations and collaborations with Jeanne-Claude. The piece used 89 barrels, and measured 13.2 feet wide, 2.7 feet deep, and 13.7 feet tall. It took eight hours to assemble. An expression of the artists' views on the disruptive nature of the Cold War and the Berlin Wall, which was then being built, Wall of Oil Barrels commented on the politics of space, freedom, and mobility under increasingly conservative and divisive governmental policies throughout Europe. Since they installed it without permission, Parisian authorities demanded that the piece be dismantled, but Jeanne-Claude could persuade them to allow the work to remain in place for several hours. This monumental work and its brief celebrity as a public nuisance helped Christo and Jeanne-Claude gain early notoriety in Paris. Oil barrels became an important medium for Christo in 1958. He had been using smaller, every day, affordable objects like beer cans, but the barrels started a significant shift towards larger works, while still adhering to a distinct type of sculptural form. Wall of Oil Barrels was Christo's first large-scale work, and marked the beginning of the collaborative, massively scaled, site-specific works for which he and Jeanne-Claude would become famous.

Wrapped Coast (1968-69)

http://www.panthalassa.org/wrapped-coast-by-christo-jeanne-claude/

Using one million square feet of erosion-control synthetic fabric, 35 miles of polypropylene rope, 25,000 fasteners, threaded studs, and clips, Jeanne-Claude and Christo wrapped 1.5 miles of rocky coast off Little Bay in Sydney, Australia to create Wrapped Coast in the late 1960s. This method of wrapping was something that Christo had experimented with previously, using smaller objects, but this monumental effort became the largest single artwork ever created surpassing Mount Rushmore. It remained wrapped for ten weeks, beginning October 28, 1969. The draping of the fabric over the coast helped to re-contextualize and de-familiarize a well-known natural setting, and revealed the essential form and shape of the coast as a discrete object. Passersby experienced a shift in their commonplace perspective of the landscape by having limitations - both visual and physical - imposed upon the viewing process. This selective imposition also brought about new and unexpected revelations about the coastline, particularly its formal and structural qualities as a cohesive object with a distinct shape, substance, and volume.

Valley Curtain (1975)

https://www.theartstory.org/artist/christo/artworks/

In the Spring of 1970, Christo and Jeanne-Claude began work on Valley, a 200,200 square foot section of orange, woven nylon fabric that stretched across an entire Colorado valley. The gigantic, crescent-shaped fabric was suspended on a steel cable and anchored to two mountain tops, between Grand Junction and Glenwood Springs in the Hogback Mountain Range. They tied it down with 27 ropes and spread across the valley at a maximum measurement of 1,250 feet wide and 365 feet high. Valley Curtain was a tremendous feat of engineering and coordination that experienced significant and expensive setbacks. Christo and his team first attempted to install the curtain on October 9, 1971, but a gust of wind caught the fabric and it flew away, ripping on the surrounding rocks and construction equipment. On August 19, 1972, it was at last erected successfully, but it remained intact for only 28 hours, until a wind at over 60 miles per hour threatened to tear through it once more. Workers dismantled the piece shortly thereafter. For the brief time that it was in place, the bright orange drape slung between the craggy mountains reinvigorated the valley's contours, highlighting its natural flow, rhythm, and volume. Like many of the duo's large-scale environmental works, it brought new perspective to a familiar landscape, and encouraged a refreshed appreciation of the natural world. The bold color of the fabric popped against the bright sky, the muted blue mountains in the distance, and the greenery covering the nearby hills. Few viewers could see it live in its short, 28-hour existence, which added to the work's sense of fragility, vulnerability, and urgency, while also stimulating an awareness of the emptiness that accompanied its eventual dismantling. The work was documented extensively in photographs: ultimately, the most prolific medium of earthworks, these types of works which are purposely subjected to environmental change, impermanence, and decay.

The Umbrellas (1984-91)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Umbrellas_(Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude)

This piece took place simultaneously in two different rural locations, one in Japan outside the city of Tokyo, and the other in California north of Los Angeles. The umbrellas were assembled in California and composed of fabric, aluminum, steel, wooden supports, bags, and molded base covers. Each umbrella was 19 feet high and 28 feet wide. 1,340 blue umbrellas were installed in Japan, a color chosen to evoke the rich vegetation and water resources of the area, and 1,760 yellow umbrellas were placed in California, reflecting the golden grass that covers the nearby grazing hills. In Japan, the umbrellas were placed closer together following the geometry of the rice fields, and they were spread further out in California, where vast expanses of agricultural land dominate much of the Central Valley. The usage of umbrellas in each location symbolizes the similarities, and the differences associated with the ways of life and the land usage in each area. They represented the varied availability and character of the land, and the temporary cycles of cultivation wrought by human industry. After years of preparation and planning, environmental studies, wind tests, and negotiations, the first steel bases went down December 1990. The exhibit was finally unveiled on October 9, 1991, and received about 3 million visitors. It became a huge tourist attraction and a popular site for picnics and weddings. The work quickly turned controversial, however, when one umbrella caught a strong wind and pinned a woman against a rock, ultimately killing her and injuring three others. The project was cited for removal and during the dismantling process, a Japanese worker was electrocuted when an umbrella he was holding hit an electrical wire. Some critics responded to these tragic accidents by taking umbrage with the egocentrism of Christo's spectacle-oriented, massively scaled visual productions, and subsequent projects became more difficult for the artists to find financial and governmental backing.

Christo's early education in Soviet Socialist Realism, and his experience fleeing his home as a refugee of political revolution, informed his career's many forays into real-world politics as a primary subject and source of his art making. His 35-year collaboration with the artist Jeanne-Claude, and the large-scale site-specific works they co-authored, stand out as his career's greatest achievements. Together, the duo created monumentally scaled sculptures and installations which often used the technique of draping or wrapping large portions of existent landscapes, buildings, and industrial objects with specially engineered fabric. Christo and Jeanne-Claude made works that stand out as some of the most grandiose, site-specific artworks ever. While they often insisted that the aesthetic properties of their art made up its primary value, reactions from audiences and critics worldwide have long recognized a broader commentary operating across their work, and themes ranging from environmental degradation, to the vexed history of the 20th century and the Cold War, to the perseverance of democratic and humanist ideals.

· Christo and Jeanne-Claude's interventions in the natural world and the built environment altered both the physical form and the visual experience of the sites, allowing viewers to perceive and understand the locations with a new appreciation of their formal, energetic, and volumetric qualities.

· The artists' choice to remain intermittently inside and outside the frameworks of legality lends much of their work a built-in aspect of dissent and resistance. It also expands upon and emboldens a long legacy of quasi-legality in art, where art exists in a realm somewhere between the "real" world and fantasy, and affords the art world with distinct privileges and restrictions.

· Christo and Jeanne-Claude often worked outside the gallery system, refusing to negotiate sales of drawings and commissions through an art dealer. In this respect, they took a definitive stance on the political and economic infrastructure of the global art market, and set a precedent for artists working outside the system who still cultivated an international level of success.

· Whereas Land Artists usually made a point of blurring the lines of distinction between the artwork itself and its natural setting and/or materials, Christo and Jeanne-Claude's art relied on developing a high contrast between the engineered, man-made elements and the site's organic characteristics. Their work therefore pushes the envelope of what makes up site-specific, large-scale installation art, and expands the genre discourse to incorporate controversial themes of industrialization, bureaucratization, and late capitalism.

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grindingstreets · 2 years

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If any of you are going to Denver soon, check out the Fuel & Iron Bar in the heart of downtown Denver. Located in the LoDo district at 1526 Blake Street, the bar opened this week and features signature Pueblo-style poutine, slopper sliders and craft beer and will showcase the rich industrial and agricultural history of the Pueblo region of Colorado. I am one of the small investor partners in the private company that is the reimagining of Colorado Fuel & Iron the steel conglomerate controlled by the John D. Rockefeller and Jay Gould families which was at one time the largest landowner in the state of Colorado. The steel mills, coal mines, and company towns of CF&I employed over 15,000 people at one time and attracted immigrants from all over the world and helped establish the Italian, Croatian, Slovenian, Mexican, German, Greek, and African-American populations of the state. The Denver bar joins a larger project under construction which is the $15 million redevelopment of a landmark steel era building in Pueblo into a food hall with multiple restaurant concepts from some of the top chefs, apartments, performing arts and event space, and a farming operation. #denver #denverbars #denverfood #denvernightlife #denverlifestyle #denverrestaurants #denverlodo #lodo https://www.instagram.com/p/Cc-5JTQrk65/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

#denver #denverbars #denverfood #denvernightlife #denverlifestyle #denverrestaurants #denverlodo #lodo

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peakyballer654 · 2 months

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Unveiling the Finest Agricultural Steel Buildings in Colorado

When it comes to agricultural buildings Colorado, there's no compromise on quality and durability. Farmers and ranchers across the Centennial State understand the importance of sturdy structures to protect their valuable assets and livelihoods from the unpredictable weather conditions and other challenges of rural life. Among the myriad options available, agricultural steel buildings stand out as the epitome of strength, resilience, and longevity.

The Versatility of Agricultural Steel Buildings

Agricultural steel buildings in Colorado are not just structures; they are investments in the future of farming and ranching operations. These buildings offer unparalleled versatility, catering to a wide range of agricultural needs. Whether it's storing equipment, housing livestock, or providing workspace for various farm activities, steel buildings excel in meeting the demands of modern agriculture.

The Advantages of Steel Frame Agricultural Buildings

Durability:

The rugged terrain and harsh climate of Colorado demand structures that can withstand the test of time. Steel frame agricultural building Colorado rises to the occasion with their inherent strength and durability. Constructed from high-quality steel, these buildings offer superior resistance to rust, corrosion, and damage from pests or natural elements.

Customization:

No two farms are alike, and neither should be their buildings. Steel frame agricultural buildings offer unparalleled customization options to suit the unique needs and preferences of each farmer or rancher. From size and layout to features and accessories, every aspect of the building can be tailored to optimize functionality and efficiency.

Cost-Effectiveness:

While the upfront cost of agricultural steel building construction Colorado may seem daunting, it pales in comparison to the long-term savings they provide. With minimal maintenance requirements and exceptional durability, steel buildings offer an unmatched return on investment over their lifespan. Additionally, their energy-efficient design can lead to significant savings on heating, cooling, and lighting expenses.

Choosing the Right Agricultural Steel Building

Assessing Needs:

Before embarking on the journey of constructing an agricultural steel building, it's essential to assess your specific needs and requirements. Consider factors such as the intended use of the building, size constraints, budget considerations, and any future expansion plans. This initial evaluation will lay the foundation for a successful building project.

Selecting a Reputable Provider:

The success of your agricultural steel building in Colorado hinges on choosing the right provider. Look for a company with a proven track record of delivering high-quality steel buildings tailored to agricultural applications. Consider factors such as experience, expertise, customer testimonials, and industry certifications when making your decision.

Prioritizing Quality:

When it comes to agricultural steel buildings, quality should always take precedence over cost. Opting for cheap materials or cutting corners during construction may lead to costly repairs, compromised structural integrity, and safety hazards down the line. Invest in top-of-the-line materials and craftsmanship to ensure your building stands the test of time.

#agricultural buildings colorado #agricultural steel building colorado #steel frame agricultural building colorado #agricultural steel building construction colorado

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architectnews · 4 years

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University of Colorado Denver students share architecture projects in the Rocky Mountains

A high-altitude lavatory with gabion walls and a reimagined motel feature in this VDF school show of work from University of Colorado Denver's College of Architecture and Planning.

The projects range from built to conceptual and were created by students as part of their graduate and undergraduate degrees in architecture.

While some designed interventions to improve the experience of tourists and trekkers in the Rocky Mountains, others imagined electric vehicle charging stations for Tesla, which are capable of responding to the context in which they are placed.

University of Colorado Denver

University: University of Colorado Denver, College of Architecture and Planning Courses: BSc Architecture, MArch Studios: BSc Architecture – Design Studio 4 and the "Normal, Colfax" Research and Design Seminar MArch – Studio 4: Design-Build and Studio 6: Prototype Replication and Singularity

MArch Studio 6: Prototype Replication and Singularity statement:

"Through the design of a prototype for a Tesla-branded electric vehicle (EV) charging facility, this studio investigated the tensions and synergies between the repeatability required to create multiple manifestations of the charging facility and the need to remain flexible and adapt to the site while developing and maintaining brand identity.

"As a studio funded by the PCI Foundation, the students used precast concrete as the primary construction system, requiring them to address the repeatability of the precast members within a single prototype or through multiple manifestations of the prototype."

University of Colorado Denver student housing by Macy Funk, BSc Architecture

"The University of Colorado Denver campus is unique in its diverse student body, which lives in private housing spread across the metropolitan area. The cultural diversity of the student body extends to every facet of the university's identity and is foundational to its values.

"This project posits an on-campus housing solution for students that reflects their common desire to gather and learn from one another socially. The resulting building proposal is bisected and divided by a loose collection of cylindrical and ovoid cloisters."

Studio: Design Studio 4 Tutor: Kevin Hirth

Vocational School by Regan Wood, Sara Rowsell and Alli Purvis, BSc Architecture

"Sited along a dense urban corridor, the vocational school responds to Denver's legacy as an economy of largely self-contained labour and education. It consists of a simple, stripped structure that houses the life, work and training of its inhabitants.

"Students are provided with leasable space to practice their craft in close proximity to one another. The radical stance of the dense urban forms, reminiscent of similar buildings in the adjacent downtown area, is emphasised through the overlay of a rubberised roofing membrane that covers the surface of the school, landscape and other surrounding elements."

Studio: Design Studio 4 Tutor: Kevin Hirth

Motel by Justin Watson, BSc Architecture

"The American West has a long tradition of itineracy. In Colorado alone, towns have swollen and shrunk with incredible speed due to the boom and bust of gold, oil, steel, tourism and agriculture. In the twentieth century, this itineracy was epitomised by the suburban station wagon, laden with luggage and ferrying families to far-flung destinations of leisure.

"The twenty-first century has seen this model disrupted by the pervasiveness of inexpensive air travel and the consolidation of the hotel industry. Roadside motels at the base of the Rocky Mountains once bustling with business now often represent a stepping stone for those close to homelessness, providing day-to-day housing at a cut-price rate.

"This project reimagines a roadside motel on a rural site in the plains just east of Denver. It hopes to offer a place for rest and relaxation to all inhabitants of the city while creating a new legacy for an often tarnished and abandoned building typology."

Studio: Design Studio 4 Tutor: Kevin Hirth

Mobile Home by Trevor Carrasco, BSc Architecture

"This concept was produced as a part of an ongoing research project studying a decaying but well-preserved urban corridor built during the 1960's. It reimagines a common low-cost prefabricated housing model as a monument.

"Formal characteristics were derived from vernacular structures nearby and reconfigured into a new figure in the landscape to foreground issues of social and economic inequity."

Course: "Normal, Colfax" Research and Design Seminar Tutor: Kevin Hirth

Cottonwood Cabins by the MArch Colorado Building Workshop students

"High on the Colorado Plateau, in a desert landscape characterised by juniper and ponderosa pine forests, six bunkhouses and an outdoor kitchen create a welcome refuge for trekkers at the Cottonwood Gulch base camp. The objective was to foster a sense of community while reinterpreting the local vernacular which is rooted in the surrounding landscape.

"The cabin's construction is an investigation into mass timber building techniques. The screw-laminated timber acts as a single diaphragm, achieving greater spans and cantilevers than individual pieces of lumber could alone. The cabins are elevated above the landscape to give a degree of separation from the fauna of the high desert. On the interior, bunks are suspended from the ceiling offering trekkers the agency to occupy the space how they wish."

Project website: coloradobuildingworkshop.cudenvercap.org Studio: Studio 4: Design-Build Tutors: Rick Sommerfeld, Will Koning and JD Signom

Longs Peak Privies by the MArch Colorado Building Workshop students

"Longs Peak in Rocky Mountain National Park is one of the most frequented peaks in the State of Colorado that is more than 14,000 feet high. But since backcountry toilets were installed on the trail in 1983, the technology has deteriorated in the harsh climate to the point that waste now has to be removed by shovel, placed into five-gallon buckets and carried down the mountain using llamas.

"We collaborated with the National Park Service to design and construct new backcountry privies using lightweight prefabricated construction and emerging methods of waste collection to minimise the human footprint in Colorado's backcountry.

"The final design consists of prefabricated, structural gabion walls. Within the gabions, thin steel plate moment frames triangulate the lateral loads within the structure while stones, collected on-site, are used as ballast. This innovative assembly allows for rapid on-site construction and an architecture that disappears into the surrounding landscape."

Project website: coloradobuildingworkshop.cudenvercap.org Studio: Studio 4: Design-Build Tutors: Rick Sommerfeld and Will Koning

Electric Oasis by Kristina Bjornson and Malgosia Tomasik, MArch

"The notion of the prototype is deficient in the fact that it assumes a mass-produced scheme can be imposed on any landscape despite its individual needs. In creating a prototype for a Tesla charger station, we wanted to challenge the standardisation of architecture by encouraging unique modifications in the design process.

"We followed a kit-of-parts approach that allows the supercharger stations to adapt and react to their context, taking into account the climatic zone, urban versus rural setting, proximity to other charging stations and lot size. These criteria inform the envelope design, orientation, light filtration and overall scheme. Distinct characteristics of light infiltration were considered to develop a responsive parametric facade based on the unique orientation and climatic data of the site."

Kristina Bjornson website: kvbjornson.com Malgosia Tomasik website: goshatomasik.com

Engaging Flows by Shane Krenn and Lorraine Ziegler

"The typology of the gas station has traditionally augmented the notions of efficiency and in-and-out culture, separating the traveller from the local. We conduct an investigation on how a new prototypical architecture could facilitate lingering. Early discussions pointed us towards the clustering of programmatic volutes to guide flows, generate in-between spaces for impermanent programmes and reframe the context to situate the traveller alongside the local.

"As a conceptual prototype for Tesla, brand recognition and repeatability across differing contexts necessitated the development of a kit of parts. A series of concrete panels and fins yield a multiplicity of programmatic volute shapes, allowing the prototype to be adapted across environments."

Shane Krenn website: shanekrenn.com/engagingflows Lorraine Ziegler portfolio: issuu.com/lorrainezoranziegler

Virtual Design Festival's student and schools initiative offers a simple and affordable platform for student and graduate groups to present their work during the coronavirus pandemic. Click here for more details.

The post University of Colorado Denver students share architecture projects in the Rocky Mountains appeared first on Dezeen.

#Architecture – Dezeen

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famousobservationbouquetme · 4 years

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Geomembranes Market Analysis - Growth, Share, Size, Overview, Supply, Demand, Trends and Outlook 2025

Competitive Analysis:

The players in the Global Geomembranes Market Analysis are coming up with new technologies for manufacturing heavy duty products with higher durability. Use of recycled materials for the production of geomembranes has aided the market players to expand their business on innovative platforms. In January 2018, Western Canada's wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has opted for Eqoqua's Geomembrane Technology for an odor control project.

The leading players profiled by MRFR in the report on the Global Geomembranes Market are GSE Environmental, LLC (the U.S.), Atarfil SL (Spain), Carlisle SynTec Systems (the U.S.), Solmax International, Inc. (Canada), Plastika Kritis S.A. (Greece), Officine Maccaferri S.p.A (Italy), Agru America, Inc. (the U.S.), NAUE GmbH & Co. KG (Germany), Colorado Lining International, Inc. (the U.S.), Firestone Building Products Company, LLC (the U.S.), and others.

Market Segmentation:

The Global Geomembranes Market has been segmented on the basis of Type, Technology, Application and End-Users.

Based on Type, the Geomembranes Market is segmented into HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE, PVC, EPDM, PP, and others.

Based on Technology, the Geomembranes Market is segmented into blown film, cast film, laminations and others.

Based on Application, the Geomembranes Market is segmented into waste & landfills, mining, water storage, canals, oil and gas, and others.

Based on End-Users, the Geomembranes Market is segmented into aquaculture, agriculture, water management, industrial packaging, petrochemicals, building and construction, and others.

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Regional Analysis:

Geographically, the Global Geomembranes Market is segmented into Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, Latin America and the Middle East and Africa. The Geomembranes Market in the Asia Pacific region is dominating the Global Geomembranes Market owing to extensive use of geomembranes in construction activities and rapid infrastructural development in the emerging economies of India and China. The Europe region is following Asia Pacific with respect to market size. The Geomembrane Market in this region is majorly driven by the increased demand for geomembranes in industrial packaging, aquaculture, construction and other industries. The North America region is projecting significant growth in the global geomembranes market during the forecast period owing to the extensive application of geomembranes in waste management and landfills, mining, oil and gas, water storage and various other industries.

Market Overview:

Geomembrane is a synthetic membrane barrier with very low permeability and is used to control fluid migration in human-made structures or systems. According to the published study report by Market Research Future (MRFR), the Global Geomembranes Market is anticipated to expand at a strong CAGR of 9.5% during the forecast period of 2016-2023 and to reach the valuation of 4.05 Bn by the end of the forecast period.

Market Drivers and Restraints:

The growing demand for Geomembrane due to its extensive use in construction and mining activities are majorly driving the Global Geomembranes Market. Increasing utilization of Geomembranes at domestic level is also fueling the growth of the Global Geomembranes Market.

The properties of Geomembranes such as impact resistivity, tear resistivity, interface shear strength, tensile strength and elasticity have widened the application field of geomembranes, leading to the expansion of the Global Geomembranes Market. Introduction of specially formulated geomembrane liner range that provides high chemical resistance, imperviousness, durability and corrosion protection is impacting positively on the growth of the Global Geomembranes Market.

The widespread use of geomembranes to prevent water loss, to protect groundwater against seepage of pollutants and in water storage and canals are inducing high demand for geomembranes in the global market, resulting in the expansion of the Global Geomembrane Market. However, the use of geosynthetic clay liner in landfill and lining systems is likely to act as a threat to the growth of the Global Geomembranes Market.

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#Geomembranes Market Analysis

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topworldhistory · 5 years

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One settlement in modern-day Illinois hosted a population of around 20,000, while another featured multiple-story buildings.

Long before the arrival of European explorers, soldiers and settlers in North America, the portion of the continent north of Mexico was inhabited by as many as 18 million native people. And contrary to the popular perception of American Indians living a nomadic existence, many of the continent’s aboriginal inhabitants lived in thriving urban centers.

One settlement, Cahokia in modern-day Illinois, had a population of 20,000 at its peak around 1250 A.D. Around that same period in time, New Mexico’s Chaco Canyon was the center of a sophisticated culture that erected what were the most massive buildings on the continent, until the rise of skyscrapers built from steel girders in the late 1800s.

Those urban centers were part of what historians Lisa Krissoff Boehm and Steven Hunt Corey have described as “a landscape rich with its own history—a land shaped by diverse peoples living in varying patterns of settlement.”

Cahokia Sprawled Over Five Square Miles

Long before the arrival or European settlers, many of America's native inhabitants lived in thriving urban centers. Cahokia in modern-day Illinois, at its peak around 1250 A.D. had a population of 20,000—close in size to medieval London.

View the 8 images of this gallery on the original article

Like cities in other parts of the world, Cahokia, which sprawled over an area of about five square miles, developed in a highly desirable spot. The settlement was situated along a flood plain that provided fertile soil for agriculture, with nearby hickory forests to provide wood and other raw materials as well as wildlife to hunt, according to Lori Belknap, site manager for the Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site.

Cahokia also had convenient access to the nearby Mississippi River, which its residents—a people known as the Mississippian culture—navigated in large dugout canoes. “It likely was a trading center,” Belknap says.

Like a modern city with suburbs, Cahokia’s outer edge was a residential area, consisting of houses made from sapling frames lined with clay walls and covered by prairie grass roofs. Further inside was a log palisade wall and guard towers, which protected a central area filled with 120 earthen mounds. Some served as bases for what probably were important community buildings, while other cone-shaped mounds functioned as burial sites. Still others apparently were markers that delineated the city’s boundaries, according to Belknap.

READ MORE: 10 Native American Inventions

At the center was the 100-foot-tall Monks Mound, the largest earthen mound in North America, which had four terraces and a ramp or stairway leading up from the ground. From the top of the mound, one could take in a panoramic view of Cahokia and its surrounding realm.

North America’s Ancient Cities (TV-PG; 1:01)

One of the most remarkable things about Cahokia is that it appears to have been carefully planned around 1000 A.D., with a rectangular-shaped Grand Plaza whose core design mirrors the native vision of the cosmos, according to archaeologist Thomas Emerson. From the beginning, the city’s builders had “grandiose visions of what Cahokia would be,” Emerson explains. “It did not grow by slow accretion through time.”

The events that led to the deliberate building of Cahokia and the rapid growth of its population remain unclear. “A religious prophet? The immigration of a foreign elite group? The introduction of maize?” Emerson says. “The options seem endless, but we have few answers right now.”

Cahokia’s decline, which began around 1250 or 1300, and culminated in the site’s abandonment by 1350, are similarly mysterious. A recent study suggests the settlement’s demise was linked to climate change since a decrease in rainfall would have affected the Mississippians’ ability to grow their staple crop of maize. Others think that the sheer size and diversity of the Cahokian population may have led to irreconcilable rifts.

“It was a large population, composed of immigrants from the midcontinent who brought very different practices and beliefs to the city,” Emerson says. “The management of differences requires a strong social and political consensus within a group. If that consensus collapses, societies will fragment into their smaller groups that existed based on kinship, ethnicity, religious beliefs, residential propinquity, shared economic goals, etc.”

Chaco Canyon Featured Multi-Story Stone Structures

In the 12th century, Pueblo Bonito housed over 1,200 people. The city is in a shape of a huge D, with its round back to the canyon wall.

In New Mexico, the Chaco Canyon settlement flourished between 850 and 1250 A.D. Over the years, researchers have come up with wildly varying estimates of the center’s peak population, from around 2,000 to as many as 25,000, according to a 2005 National Park Service report.

Chaco Canyon appears to have been the ceremonial, trade and administrative hub of a network of neighboring communities, some as far as 60 miles away. A 2016 study by University of Colorado Boulder researcher Larry Benson found that Chaco Canyon’s salty soil wasn’t good for growing corn and beans, so the settlement had to import food and other resources from those places. Those communities were connected by an extensive network of roads and an irrigation system, according to Boehm and Corey.

Builders in Chaco Canyon developed sophisticated stone masonry construction techniques that allowed them to erect 150 multi-story structures, some as tall as five to six stories in height, with hundreds of rooms. In addition to stone, the builders used about 240,000 trees, some harvested from the Chuska Mountains about 50 miles to the west, according to a 2015 study by University of Arizona scientists.

The great houses, as these massive structures were called, probably weren’t dwellings, but rather public buildings used when people of the region gathered for ceremonies or to engage in commerce, according to NPS.

View of the Chaco Ruins Culture National Park in New Mexico, 2014.

“Elite chiefs constructed the great houses to demonstrate their authority,” Benson, an adjoint curator of anthropology at the University of Colorado Boulder’s Museum of Natural History, says. “However, they did not live in the canyon. Instead, they lived in wetter more productive regions at the periphery of the San Juan Basin where they oversaw the production of foodstuffs and the harvesting of mammals.”

In 2017, DNA analysis of remains suggested that the settlement may have been founded and ruled over a period of more than 300 years by dynastic elite that controlled the ritual practices at Pueblo Bonito, the 600-room structure that was the settlement’s most important building.

Like Cahokia, the Chaco Canyon settlement was abandoned eventually. Some have suggested that people in the area cut down too much of the forests, leading to erosion and destruction of farming. But a 2014 study by University of New Mexico researchers concluded that there wasn’t evidence to support that scenario.

from Stories - HISTORY https://ift.tt/33n7CBb November 26, 2019 at 12:17AM

#Worldhistory

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News top stories daily news hot topics Coral threat, woman bites camel, Reagan home in peril: News from around our 50 states

News top stories daily news hot topics

News top stories daily news hot topics Alabama

Sir Bernard Law: A pygmy hippopotamus has been born on the Sir Bernard Law Zoo. The zoo final week launched the arrival of the calf born Aug. 4. The calf changed into born to first-time oldsters: mom Asali and dad Mikey. Asali gave beginning to twins, but the zoo acknowledged the opposite calf lived most efficient two days thanks to a condition that made it unable to nurse. The zoo acknowledged mom and small one will be housed in a non permanent habitat positioned within the South The US realm of the zoo, come the flamingos, until the calf is a pair of twelve months faded. The pygmy hippopotamus is a colossal mammal native to the forests and swamps of western Africa. The species is even handed endangered within the wild.

News top stories daily news hot topics Alaska

Anchorage: The nation’s most costly wildfire this twelve months is one that began in June and restful continues to burn on the Kenai Peninsula. The Swan Lake fireplace has to this level trace about $46 million to fight, in accordance to the Nationwide Interagency Fire Heart in Boise, Idaho. The Anchorage Each day Info stories that places it before the Walker Fire in California, which the Idaho center says trace about $29 million to fight. A lightning strike in June began the Alaska fireplace within the Kenai Nationwide Natural world Refuge. Rain later diminished fireplace process, but it flared again in August’s hot, dry stipulations. Fire officials acknowledged that as of Thursday, it had burned greater than 261 square miles and changed into 57% contained. There had been 265 firefighters struggling with the natural world.

News top stories daily news hot topics Arizona

Flagstaff: The growth plans of Lowell Observatory comprise it discontinuance to opening a brand new open-deck observatory, a movable-roof facility that contains six telescopes to be used each by researchers and by the public. The Arizona Each day Solar stories that the open-deck observatory is getting its finishing touches in preparation for an Oct. 5 mountainous opening. Its six telescopes encompass one designed for viewing galaxies and star clusters and one other supposed for learning the particulars of the worthy nearer – no no longer as a lot as in substantial phrases – moon and planets in our photo voltaic machine. Perched on forested Mars Hill overlooking downtown Flagstaff, Lowell is the save astronomer Clyde Tombaugh spotted Pluto, then is named Planet X, in 1930. The non-public observatory changed into based by Percival Lowell in 1894.

News top stories daily news hot topics Arkansas

West Memphis: Carvana, a firm that facilitates shopping and promoting faded vehicles on-line, plans to open a $40 million advanced in eastern Arkansas and create greater than 400 jobs. The Arkansas Economic Pattern Commission on Friday launched Carvana will detect an inspection and distribution center in West Memphis. Gov. Asa Hutchinson says Arizona-based completely mostly Carvana is changing the faded automobile change through technology and colossal buyer provider. Prospects can browse hundreds of vehicles on Carvana.com to finance, draw discontinuance, change in for an present automobile, or agenda supply or pickup by potential of the firm’s Automobile Merchandising Machines.

News top stories daily news hot topics California

San Francisco: The metropolis’s famous cable cars are running again after a 12-day provider cease to rehabilitate the gearboxes that back flee the 19th-century public transportation machine. The wooden cars had been slowly rock climbing San Francisco’s hills Monday, with operators ringing their brass bells. The San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency removed the manually operated cable cars from streets Sept. 11. The gearboxes poke 30-foot-huge wheels in a cable automobile powerhouse that pull the 12 miles of steel cables below the cable automobile tracks that bewitch the engineless cable cars up the metropolis’s steep hills. Officials negate the work is segment of an give a enhance to mission began in 2017 to repair heavy gear in provider since 1984. It has an estimated trace of about $6 million.

News top stories daily news hot topics Colorado

Durango: Officials negate fish populations within the Animas River comprise been severely depleted attributable to suffocation prompted by debris from a 2018 wildfire. The Durango Herald stories Animas River fish populations are down about 80% attributable to runoff stuffed with ash from the 416 Fire, which burned an estimated 84 square miles of mostly U.S. Forest Service land within the Hermosa Creek watershed in southwest Colorado. Dispute natural world officials negate heavy rains and flooding from July to September 2018 prompted the runoff. The first full-scale Colorado Parks and Natural world look for conducted since then chanced on a 64% decline from the river’s historical average amount of trout. Officials negate there changed into a 95% decline from the river’s historical average of fish longer than 14 inches.

News top stories daily news hot topics Connecticut

Groton: Greater than $2 million in federal grants has been awarded to a program to back create a clearinghouse for seaweed aquaculture review and promote southern New England shellfish aquaculture. Connecticut Sea Grant, based completely totally on the University of Connecticut’s Avery Level campus, will additionally be a contributor to 2 additional projects exciting the improvement of model relate legislation for seaweed sales and building a various seafood processing group of workers. The funding is segment of the Nationwide Sea Grant College Program, which specializes in marine review and sustainable building of marine resources. The Nationwide Sea Grant Seaweed Hub will get $1.1 million in federal funds, whereas the shellfish initiative will get $1.2 million.

News top stories daily news hot topics Delaware

Dover: Dispute agriculture officials are growing a quarantine in northern Delaware so as to fight the unfold of the invasive spotted lanternfly. The quarantine now entails all of New Fort County north of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. The relate Division of Agriculture is urging the public to execute on draw and anecdote the bug to the company. The invasive pest feeds on greater than 70 plant species, collectively with maples, apple trees and hops. Adults resemble colourful moths and are active from July to December. Below the quarantine, firms will need to comprise permits to pass regulated articles within or from the condominium. Regulated objects encompass plant life, proceed and construction supplies. The frequent public is urged to be aware a compliance guidelines.

News top stories daily news hot topics District of Columbia

Washington: Hundreds of activists blocked predominant intersections throughout the nation’s capital Monday, disturbing speedy government action on climate commerce. Below the banner of ShutDownDC, a nice coalition of activist groups sought to lift the morning traffic within the capital metropolis to a standstill. At one area about three blocks from the White Rental, activists parked a yellow-and-purple sailboat within the center of the intersection with several protesters handcuffed to the frame. Washington police comprise a standing coverage to handbook sure of mass arrests of protesters, if imaginable. And even those protesters who needed to be gash free from the sailboat with welding gear had been no longer arrested. The Metropolitan Police Division did arrest 26 those that had been blockading the entrance to a valuable tunnel.

News top stories daily news hot topics Florida

Orlando: A girl is expressing outrage after her 6-twelve months-faded granddaughter changed into handcuffed, arrested and fingerprinted thanks to a tantrum in faculty. Meralyn Kirkland acknowledges that her granddaughter would possibly presumably well presumably want been performing out at school final Thursday but says it changed into because the baby had no longer been drowsing effectively thanks to a clinical condition. In an interview with WKMG Info 6, Kirkland acknowledged a workers member at an predominant college changed into kicked whereas looking out for to quiet the baby. That’s when the college’s resource officer, Dennis Turner, intervened and despatched the first grader to a juvenile detention center for fingerprints and a mug shot. Orlando police negate they’ve launched an interior investigation to resolve if the resource officer adopted appropriate protocol in engaging the girl on battery fees.

News top stories daily news hot topics Georgia

Atlanta: A mapping program is discovering that rural broadband entry within the relate is worse than federal officials first draw. Lawmakers are trying to search out ways of bringing more broadband provider to rural areas – and they must know the extent of the topic. On the opposite hand, WABE Radio stories lawmakers comprise most efficient had mistaken maps from the Federal Communications Commission. Deana Perry, who runs the Georgia Division of Community Affairs’ rural broadband program, told lawmakers the FCC maps faded census blocks. If one particular person had broadband in a block, the total block changed into classified as served. Now, a brand new relate mapping program the employ of a type of methodology is discovering that there are vastly more underserved areas in Georgia than the federal maps showed.

News top stories daily news hot topics Hawaii

Captain Cook dinner: Moral four years after a valuable marine warmth wave killed monumental swaths of this archipelago’s fragile reefs, scientists are warning that a return of anecdote-environment hot water within the Pacific will cause more frequent bleaching and presumably coral demise. Even handed one of many relate’s most appealing coral reefs prospers appropriate below the outside in a bay on the west hover of Hawaii’s Immense Island. On shoreline a long way from the impacts of sunscreen and throngs of holiday makers, scientists ogle early signs of what’s expected to be a catastrophic season of coral bleaching in Hawaii. The ocean right here is about 3.5 degrees Fahrenheit above frequent for this time of twelve months. Coral can recover from bleaching, but when it's a long way uncovered to warmth over several years, the likelihood of survival decreases.

News top stories daily news hot topics Idaho

Boise: A federal bewitch says a mining firm within the relate has no longer complied with court orders and continues to violate neat water rules. The Idaho Statesman stories U.S. Chief Magistrate Buy Ronald Bush on Thursday determined Atlanta Gold had no longer carried out huge compliance at its Montezuma Creek area above Atlanta in Elmore County. Atlanta Gold’s prison professional Michelle Components acknowledged Friday that the firm would wouldn't comprise any negate on the ruling. The bewitch acknowledged Atlanta Gold’s therapy machine remains incapable of treating elevated volumes of water from annual snow melt or other high-water events equivalent to heavy rains. He acknowledged development has been made, but improvement doesn't equal huge compliance with federal rules. Montezuma Creek is a tributary of the Heart Fork of the Boise River.

News top stories daily news hot topics Illinois

Dixon: Ronald Reagan’s boyhood home would possibly presumably well presumably wish to discontinuance its doorways attributable to financial woes. WREX-TV stories the Ronald Reagan’s Boyhood Dwelling and Visitor’s Heart seeks donations to end afloat. Patrick Gorman, the center’s government director, says the condominium in Dixon generates $30,000 annually through excursions and the reward shop. Working charges trace about $70,000 a twelve months, creating a $40,000 annual deficit. The home is listed on the Nationwide Register of Historic Areas but receives no government funding. Jerry Schnake, the center’s assistant director, says it borrowed $100,000 from the home’s board of administrators in 2016 for a restoration mission, leaving it $70,000 in debt. Gorman says having to discontinuance the home would be a loss to the community and to anyone enraged about history.

News top stories daily news hot topics Indiana

Gary: The metropolis plans to break a long-abandoned sanatorium constructed 90 years ago to aid the unlit community at a time when unlit folks weren’t welcome at so-called white hospitals. The (Northwest Indiana) Times stories the St. John’s Clinic building has been vacant because it closed in 1950 and changed into again and again named regarded as one of many relate’s most endangered structures by Indiana Landmarks. Gary Mayor Karen Freeman-Wilson says the building deteriorated so badly that demolishing it's needed for safety, because it could presumably well presumably crumple. Northwest Indiana Landmarks Director Brad Miller says St. John Clinic is past repair. He says it performed a predominant role, employing unlit doctors and nurses to deal with Gary’s unlit community before hospitals began treating folks of all races.

News top stories daily news hot topics Iowa

West Des Moines: A new whiskey from a native distillery is hitting the shelves this tumble – and it’s mostly made with corn. Foundry Distilling Co. is releasing its first-ever batch of Corn Whiskey, which rested for 10 years in faded Templeton Rye barrels before bottling. Foundry owner Scott Bush says he became interested in corn whiskey a decade ago whereas running Templeton Rye. The whiskey is constituted of 81% corn, 15% rye and 4% barley and bottled at 91 proof. Little greater than 800 cases of Corn Whiskey will be made readily on the market. A diminutive amount of bottles is seemingly to be reserved now or bought foundation Nov. 2 at central Iowa retail outlets cherish Hy-Vee and Fareway. This spirit will be offered solely in Iowa, with an expected retail trace of $79.99 per bottle.

News top stories daily news hot topics Kansas

Dodge Metropolis: A capuchin monkey is recovering after it changed into injured whereas it seems looking out for to give up an intruder from taking a younger monkey. Officials on the Wright Park Zoo negate the older monkey, Vern, changed into damage, and his son, Pickett, changed into chanced on on the outskirts of Dodge Metropolis on Sept. 3. The younger monkey changed into no longer injured. The Dodge Metropolis Each day Globe stories officials on the beginning draw Vern’s injuries had been minor, but a veterinarian chanced on injuries it seems prompted by blunt power trauma. The monkey underwent surgery at Kansas Dispute University on Sept. 10 to repair damaged bones. Zoo spokeswoman Abbey Martin acknowledged Monday that Pickett is doing effectively and abet on repeat. Vern remains in quarantine whereas he recovers. Dodge Metropolis police are investigating the incident.

News top stories daily news hot topics Kentucky

Frankfort: Dispute officials are preparing to begin a program that objectives to amplify the amount of students attempting for elevated education after high college. The Council on Postsecondary Training says in a assertion that the statewide beginning of Gear Up Kentucky is planned for Wednesday at Jap Kentucky University. On the muse, 12 college districts comprise been chosen to participate in this intention that’s being paid for through a grant from the U.S. Division of Training. Gaining Early Consciousness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs presents free products and companies to back students develop better academically and to amplify their recordsdata about postsecondary choices and financing. Council President Aaron Thompson says the initiative “is a sport changing program” that will back discontinuance fulfillment gaps and streamline pathways to university.

News top stories daily news hot topics Louisiana

Grosse Tete: Authorities negate a camel at a truck give up petting zoo sat on a girl after she crawled into its enclosure. Iberville Parish Sheriff’s officials told The Imply on Sunday that the Florida woman’s husband had been throwing treats to their dog below the camel’s fence. Their dog went into the enclosure, and the girl crawled below barbed wire to retrieve the pet. That’s when the 600-pound camel sat on her. She told deputies she bit the camel to free herself. The lady changed into brought to a sanatorium. Deputy Louis Hamilton Jr. acknowledged the couple provoked the camel and cited them for a leash legislation violation. Tiger Truck Quit is about 16 miles out of doorways of Baton Rouge and retains Caspar the camel as an enchantment.

News top stories daily news hot topics Maine

Vinalhaven: Four properties owned by the unhurried pop artist Robert Indiana are in fact in possession of the root that intends to transform his Huge title of Hope island home into an art museum, the root’s chairman says. The Vinalhaven properties, assessed at $1.4 million, encompass Indiana’s Victorian condominium, collectively with a colossal building that can aid as a studio and artist area, one other building that can aid as reward shop and ticket venue, and a microscopic home, Larry Sterrs says. Indiana’s estate remains embroiled in a lawsuit by a firm that held the copyright for his iconic “LOVE” sequence. The lawsuit changed into filed the day before Indiana’s demise final twelve months. With the property transfer this month, the root, which isn’t a social gathering to the lawsuit, can continue its work to turning his used home into a museum to repeat his art work and create art and arts education purposes.

News top stories daily news hot topics Maryland

College Park: A federal bewitch has thrown out a psychotherapist’s lawsuit disturbing the relate’s ban on treating minors with conversion therapy, the put collectively of looking out for to commerce a consumer’s homosexual orientation. U.S. District Buy Deborah Chasanow’s ruling Friday rejected Christopher Doyle’s claims that the legislation violates his First Modification rights to free speech and spiritual freedom. The bewitch acknowledged prohibiting the put collectively of conversion therapy on minors doesn’t prevent licensed therapists from expressing their interior most views about conversion therapy to minor purchasers. Even handed one of Doyle’s attorneys says they will enchantment the bewitch’s decision. Gov. Larry Hogan signed the measure into legislation in Could also simply 2018, making Maryland the 11th relate to create legislation against conversion therapy for minors.

News top stories daily news hot topics Massachusetts

Boston: Michael Bivins, a founding member of the bands New Version and Bell Biv Devoe, is popping his attention from song to sports. The Roxbury YMCA in Boston says Bivins has teamed up with Puma to sponsor a basketball league for adolescence ages 9 to 13. Every Saturday for 10 weeks, eight teams will compete within the league expected to attract 100 youths. Puma and Bivins’ BivFam Basis are conserving all charges. Bivins is a Boston native who restful lives within the metropolis and fondly remembers his comprise days playing adolescence basketball. In a assertion from the Y, Bivins in contrast the league to winning a Grammy. “I desired to – cherish we negate within the song change – remix it and lift it abet,” Bivins says.

News top stories daily news hot topics Michigan

Detroit: Fire has destroyed a building that is segment of the metropolis’s celebrated out of doorways art mission is named the Heidelberg Project. Flames had been shooting during the roof before firefighters brought the blaze below regulate Monday morning. The building east of downtown Detroit has “you” painted throughout it, regarded as one of many structures with the work of artist Tyree Guyton. The rear changed into gutted, and lumps of bricks had been all around the save. Guyton is legendary for attaching sneakers, clocks, vinyl data, stuffed animals and other objects to flee-down homes within the neighborhood. A spokesman, Dan Lijana, says the Heidelberg Project has been hit with fireplace within the past. “Each time we’ve emerged from it stronger,” he says.

News top stories daily news hot topics Minnesota

St. Paul: A illness unfold by bugs has killed a wild deer come Caledonia in Houston County and is suspected within the demise of one other deer nearby. The Division of Pure Resources acknowledged Monday that Houston County is the second county in Minnesota the save wild deer comprise shriveled epizootic hemorrhagic illness. The viral illness changed into confirmed in two farmed deer earlier this month come Rushford in Houston County and in four wild deer come St. Stephen in Stearns County of central Minnesota. The relate’s first known occasion of EHD changed into final October, when it killed six captive deer in Goodhue County of southeastern Minnesota. EHD is unfold by a biting insect called a midge, or no-seeum. It’s no longer regarded as a chance to humans but kills deer fleet.

News top stories daily news hot topics Mississippi

Jackson: The Mississippi Division of Archives and Historic past is offering back to offset the cost of discipline journeys to the relate’s twin history museums within the capital. The department says it has $25,000 to back students who back most public colleges to discuss over with the Museum of Mississippi Historic past and Mississippi Civil Rights Museum and is calling for to bewitch more. Students within the Biloxi, Jackson and Sunflower County districts are admitted free attributable to an endowment established by the W.K. Kellogg Basis. The department says bus firm Cline Excursions is offering free transportation to students in districts within 50 miles of regarded as one of Cline’s six hubs in Ridgeland, Oxford, Starkville, Hattiesburg, McComb and Memphis, Tennessee. Division director Katie Blount says the goal is for every Mississippi pupil to discuss over with the museums.

News top stories daily news hot topics Missouri

Spokane: Spokane College District has adopted a four-day week starting this tumble to enhance workers recruitment and retention. The district can’t provide salaries as high as neighboring districts because it's a long way microscopic and lacks resources. Students back classes Tuesday through Friday with longer work days. Spokane Superintendent Della Bell-Freeman says this permits the district to give more benefits to fresh and future workers. These benefits encompass three-day weekends, fewer work days total, and more family and free time. Dispute lawmakers permitted this selection for districts facing advanced choices throughout an economic downturn in 2010, when relate funding changed into diminutive. Since then, 61 districts comprise transitioned to a four-day week, collectively with Spokane and 27 other districts this twelve months.

News top stories daily news hot topics Montana

Billings: Officials negate it could presumably well presumably lift days to sure a rockslide within the metropolis that damaged a condominium and fleet trapped a relate lawmaker who lives there. The Billings Gazette stories the condominium on the irascible of the Rimrocks changed into beaten early Saturday, and a neighbor helped free Republican Earn. Invoice Mercer, an prison professional who changed into trapped interior. The mosey left a chase of colossal boulders blockading the residential boulevard. Billings public works director Dave Mumford says the cleanup will beginning up after a geotechnical knowledgeable assesses the soundness of the mosey condominium. Mumford says it could presumably well presumably lift about a days to sure the boulevard. He says folks need to restful steer sure of the condominium because the slope and the condominium each appear unstable.

News top stories daily news hot topics Nebraska

Falls Metropolis: Officials are bearing in mind declaring their community “a metropolis of arts.” Space KNCY stories that the Metropolis Council is predicted to make a proclamation next month. The southeast Nebraska community claims Saturday Evening Post illustrator John Falter as a native son, as effectively as painter Alice Cleaver, artist and author Alan Tubach and jazz musician Pee Wee Erwin. The curator at Stalder Gallery in Falls Metropolis, Christina Wertenberger, says this type of proclamation would aid other cities to adopt a identical proclamation and be a step ahead in growing folks’s recordsdata of the humanities. Library Director Hope Schawang says the proclamation would be good because the metropolis has been accumulating and maintaining visible arts for greater than 100 years.

News top stories daily news hot topics Nevada

Reno: A Las Vegas-based completely mostly developer is proposing to form a 20-epic luxurious resort within the coronary heart of downtown Reno. CAI Investments has submitted an utility to the metropolis detailing its plans for a high-give up resort on Courtroom Avenue appropriate south of the Truckee River off South Arlington Avenue. The pass comes greater than a decade after the firm first submitted plans for a broad tower in Reno. CAI Investments CEO Christopher Beavor acknowledged in a video posted on the firm’s web pages that this will be the first “flooring-up, non-gaming, non-smoking upper upscale resort ever constructed in Northern Nevada.” It additionally is predicted to encompass workplace save to back meet rising save a matter to within the Reno condominium.

News top stories daily news hot topics New Hampshire

Plymouth: Excessive college students within the relate who participate within the FIRST Robotics Opponents will bag an additional chance to repeat off their abilities and presumably invent college scholarships. The Governor’s Cup competition being held Saturday at Plymouth Dispute University will enable as a lot as 50 high college seniors to invent scholarships for one semester at regarded as one of many University Intention of New Hampshire or community college campuses. Greater than 25 teams from high colleges throughout the relate are expected to participate. The off-season competition changed into created through a partnership exciting Gov. Chris Sununu, FIRST New Hampshire, the university and community college systems, Eversource and BAE Systems.

News top stories daily news hot topics New Jersey

Newark: Sampling in quite a lot of of homes uncovered to handbook in ingesting water has chanced on that as a lot as 99% of metropolis-issued water filters are working, metropolis and relate officials acknowledged Monday. Tests valid during the final several weeks had been performed after water in two homes with lead pipes showed elevated lead ranges final month without reference to the employ of the filters. Since then, residents in about 14,000 homes comprise been receiving bottled water allotted by the metropolis and spiritual groups. Democratic Gov. Phil Murphy acknowledged Monday that about 300 homes had been tested and that 97% of the filters labored effectively when the tap changed into changed into on. That amount rose to 99% if water ran for 5 minutes before samples had been taken. Metropolis officials acknowledged they would continue distributing bottled water on the moment.

News top stories daily news hot topics New Mexico

Albuquerque: A federal bewitch has rejected an effort by a Native American tribe to reclaim Valles Caldera Nationwide Preserve. U.S. District Buy James Browning no longer too long ago issued a sealed idea denying Jemez Pueblo’s dispute that its aboriginal property rights had been never extinguished. In a court submitting that summarized his findings, the bewitch acknowledged the federal government had sure title to the land, and the case changed into being brushed off. Jemez Pueblo considers the nearly 140-square-mile swath of federally managed public land as a spiritual sanctuary and segment of its extinct area of beginning. The property is home to monumental grasslands, the remnants of a broad volcanic eruption and regarded as one of New Mexico’s most renowned elk herds.

News top stories daily news hot topics New York

New York: First lady Melania Trump rang the gap bell Monday on the New York Stock Commerce. The change’s first female president, Stacey Cunningham, escorted Mrs. Trump and discussed the change’s history with her. They had been flanked by kids from the United Countries Global College whereas standing in front of a backdrop promoting Be Most effective, the first lady’s adolescence initiative. Mrs. Trump obtained applause on the change flooring and chatted with the kids, who regarded enraged and apprehensive. Earlier recordsdata stories acknowledged some oldsters had objected to what they perceived as a politically themed tournament. Participation changed into voluntary. Republican President Donald Trump is in New York for a three-day discuss over with to the United Countries.

News top stories daily news hot topics North Carolina

Ocracoke: The relate’s top education official says quite a lot of of iPads will be despatched to students and teachers on an island damaged by Storm Dorian. North Carolina Public Faculties acknowledged in a press liberate that Superintendent Mark Johnson launched Monday that the department of public instruction would send 200 iPads to Ocracoke College, the save flooding compelled 185 students out of their building. The department says it hopes the iPads will back students end on agenda with schoolwork until their building is seemingly to be reopened. Students are at display attending classes in a instructing center. The liberate says the Sept. 6 typhoon flooded Ocracoke College with greater than 3 toes of water. Gov. Roy Cooper has asked President Donald Trump to repeat the island a catastrophe condominium so federal funds is seemingly to be accessed.

News top stories daily news hot topics North Dakota

Mandan: Metropolis leaders are bearing in mind a proposal to solve an ongoing dispute about whether a Western-themed bar need to restful be allowed to avoid losing a mural in front of the building. The Bismarck Tribune stories Lonesome Dove’s art work and all other present murals would be permitted below the proposed ordinance, but new murals would want to be aware a a type of area of requirements. Lonesome Dove homeowners Brian Berube and August Kersten sued the metropolis over freedom of speech in Could also simply after they had been ordered to avoid losing the mural. The painting depicts the title of the bar collectively with a rearing horseman against brown hills at sundown. Attorney Robert Frommer, who's representing the Lonesome Dove, says the proposed initiative “raises valuable constitutional concerns.” Metropolis commissioners will vote on the proposal Oct. 1.

News top stories daily news hot topics Ohio

Columbus: Four transgender folks disturbing a relate rule preventing folks from changing the gender listings on their beginning certificates comprise won their day in court. U.S. District Courtroom Buy Michael Watson denied the relate’s interrogate that the lawsuit filed by the ACLU, Lambda Moral and the ACLU of Ohio be brushed off. The lawsuit contends the beginning certificates rule imposed by the relate Division of Effectively being and the Space of job of Very predominant Statistics is unconstitutional. Most states already enable such adjustments. Ohio and Tennessee are the final two to ban them. A federal lawsuit disturbing Tennessee’s rule changed into filed in April. Kansas ended a federal lawsuit there in June, when Democratic Gov. Laura Kelly struck a deal by agreeing to enable gender identification adjustments on Kansas beginning certificates.

News top stories daily news hot topics Oklahoma

Norman: The new intervening time president on the University of Oklahoma is condemning the employ of blackface after a pupil’s social media put up showed a white man with a unlit substance painted on his face. OU President Joe Harroz acknowledged in a assertion unhurried Sunday that whereas wearing blackface is racist, free speech protections seemingly prohibit him from doing away with the pupil from campus. The university newspaper OU Each day reported that the pupil acknowledged he changed into wearing a charcoal face cowl and had no racist intent. A community of unlit pupil leaders notified OU administrators regarding the put up Sunday. Two students withdrew from OU final twelve months after a video surfaced of a girl in blackface, and the university severed ties with a fraternity in 2015 after a racist chant changed into caught on video.

News top stories daily news hot topics Oregon

Bend: A university draw says a Pacific Northwest bat that migrates south for the cool weather faces a valuable chance from wind mills. The Bend Bulletin stories a draw by Oregon Dispute University-Cascades concludes that the hoary bat faces an unsure future because its numbers comprise declined by 2% per twelve months. A draw author, Tom Rodhouse, says bats is seemingly to be killed by collisions with propellers and by barotrauma, which occurs when bats circulation through low force zones created by spinning blades of a wind turbine. The sudden commerce in force causes bats’ lungs to make greater sooner than the bats can exhale, ensuing in burst vessels that possess their lungs with blood. Rodhouse says hoary bats in most cases circulation into peril zones because their delicate sonar capabilities can’t detect force drops.

News top stories daily news hot topics Pennsylvania

Harrisburg: The Dispute Police says it hopes to resume accumulating recordsdata early next twelve months on the shuffle of drivers whom troopers pull over after a recordsdata group reported the put collectively ended seven years ago. Highlight PA acknowledged Friday that the company stopped recording the shuffle of drivers in 2012. A relate police spokesman says the commerce changed into attributable to review indicating there wasn’t proof of racial disparities in traffic stops. Highlight PA says relate police tracked that recordsdata until the mid-1970s, then resumed in 2002. A 2004 anecdote chanced on there wasn’t constant proof drivers had been being stopped thanks to their shuffle or ethnicity. The draw additionally chanced on, alternatively, that there comprise been “racial, ethnic, and gender disparities” in how stopped motorists had been treated by troopers.

News top stories daily news hot topics Rhode Island

Providence: Federal justice officials negate the metropolis’s college district had failed its English learning pupil inhabitants for years. The Boston Globe stories it obtained a letter despatched to the metropolis by the Justice Division’s Civil Rights Division in 2018, declaring the district changed into developing English learning students “to fight and, too in most cases, to fail.” The letter says oldsters had been improperly immediate to waive their child’s good to English language purposes. After receiving the letter, the metropolis launched it changed into overhauling its purposes and hiring more teachers certified to educate those students. A metropolis spokeswoman declined to negate on the letter but referenced a settlement into which Providence entered with the Justice Division final twelve months to make sweeping adjustments and determine students immediate of language products and companies. The relate is taking regulate of the struggling district.

News top stories daily news hot topics South Carolina

Allendale: The relate’s smallest county is as soon as again breaking in a brand new leader, native son William Goodson. Allendale County has had to rent a brand new county supervisor about every three or four years in this century to this level. It’s laborious to avoid losing folks without family or other ties in a area without a Walmart and about an hour away from the closest movie theater or interstate highway. The roughly $72,000 salary, whereas appropriate for Allendale County, is about on par with the pay for running the parking department in Charleston. The county now has about 9,000 folks, shedding 14% of its inhabitants because the 2010 U.S. census. A half of-dozen 1950s-generation accommodations line U.S. Freeway 301 during the coronary heart of the county. As soon as the principle New York-to-Miami vacationer highway, it lost the holiday traffic decades ago after Interstate 95 opened two counties over.

News top stories daily news hot topics South Dakota

Expeditiously Metropolis: Dispute regulators will interrogate the Legislature to require greater financial ensures for oil and gas wells in accordance to a failed 40-effectively pure gas mission within the northwest segment of the relate. Dispute minerals and mining administrator Mike Lees says the the department will interrogate for adjustments to the bonding requirements when legislators meet again this cool weather. The Expeditiously Metropolis Journal stories his comments got right here final week throughout a gathering of the relate Board of Minerals and Atmosphere. Lees says the department will suggest that every oil and gas drillers be required to put up bonds of both $50,000 per effectively or a $100,000 blanket bond for an limitless amount of wells, without reference to depth.

News top stories daily news hot topics Tennessee

Nashville: The relate Division of Forestry has moved up its out of doorways burn enable beginning up date this tumble. Burn permits are in fact required to begin up all open-air out of doorways fires within 500 toes of any wooded area, grassland or woodland. Burn permits in most cases beginning up Oct. 15 and flee through Could also simply 15. Permits will be issued by phone or on-line, if stipulations enable. Tennesseans are encouraged to review native restrictions of their neighborhoods before conducting any burning process. In Brentwood, Nolensville and Spring Hill, fireplace officials comprise suspended issuing burn permits, citing “continual warmth and drought stipulations in Heart Tennessee.”

News top stories daily news hot topics Texas

Dallas: A white police officer who fatally shot a unlit neighbor in his comprise home changed into distracted by a phone name with a colleague with whom she’d been romantically eager, a prosecutor acknowledged Monday in the beginning up of the officer’s trial. Amber Guyger, 31, has acknowledged the shooting final twelve months happened after she entered the neighbor’s home one flooring up by mistake. She is on trial for the demise of 26-twelve months-faded Botham Jean, whom she acknowledged she mistook for an intruder in her comprise home. The case is being heard by a jury that perceived to comprise a majority of girls and folks of colour. Jean, an accountant from the Caribbean nation of St. Lucia, “changed into doing no hurt to anyone, which changed into his manner,” Dallas County Assistant District Attorney Jason Hermus acknowledged in a gap assertion. He famous Jean changed into in his lounge drinking a bowl of vanilla ice cream when Guyger entered.

News top stories daily news hot topics Utah

St. George: Municipal officials negate they are looking out for to reevaluate an ordinance that allowed banners for a homosexual pleasure competition to be hung from metropolis light posts. Banners in St. George for the Pride of Southern Utah competition Saturday comprise prompted a discussion of imaginable limits on signage hung from metropolis-owned property. The competition that drew quite a lot of of folks to the metropolis in southwest Utah additionally prompted on-line debates regarding the banners on St. George Boulevard. The discussion began after an email from Councilwoman Michele Randall pronouncing she changed into dim with the banners changed into posted on social media. Randall’s message says the metropolis council need to restful re-evaluate allowing “political statements” on municipal property. Mayor Jon Pike says the coverage that seemingly predates the hot council need to restful be reconsidered.

News top stories daily news hot topics Vermont

Brandon: The metropolis is drafting a legislation that will presumably well presumably restrict building within its river corridors. The Rutland Herald stories the back to the metropolis of Brandon would be that the community would pay less after a federal declared catastrophe. Ed Bove, of the Rutland Regional Planning Commission, says river corridors are the save the riverbeds tend to pass throughout or after storms. They're no longer to be at a loss for phrases with floodplains, which can presumably well presumably be the save water rises and inundates the condominium. He says the improvement restrictions for designated river corridors don’t entirely prohibit building, but what gets constructed into them desires to be designed a sure manner, and building permits need to restful be despatched to the relate for review. Some areas of Brandon are inclined to flooding.

News top stories daily news hot topics Virginia

Richmond: Penal advanced officials are unconstitutionally limiting public entry to executions within the relate by blockading witnesses from seeing sure steps within the process, four recordsdata organizations yell in a federal lawsuit filed Monday. The lawsuit filed in U.S. District Courtroom in Richmond alleges the department is violating the First Modification by the employ of curtains to block witnesses from seeing “needed steps” in accomplishing a deadly injection or electrocution – the 2 execution systems allowed below relate legislation. “These limits on witnesses’ skill to survey Virginia’s executions severely curtail the public’s skill to heed how those executions are administered, or to assess whether a explicit execution violates both the Structure or the relate’s prescribed execution procedures, or is otherwise botched,” the recordsdata organizations relate within the lawsuit.

News top stories daily news hot topics Washington

Olympia: New relate rules for promoting cattle are scheduled to lift create in October, rock climbing fees and nudging producers into the employ of USDA-permitted radio-frequency identification tags. The Capital Press stories ranchers who employ the “840” tags – a three-amount world code for the U.S. – will be ready to anecdote sales on-line to the relate Division of Agriculture. The department hopes the ease will motivate more cattlemen to make employ of the heed. The 840 tags enable animal-health officials to trace a cow from beginning to slaughter. The USDA intends to make 840 tags predominant by 2023. The federal company says monitoring every cow will restrict crippling change sanctions if a farm animals illness breaks out. The 840 tags and on-line reporting will be voluntary, for now.

News top stories daily news hot topics West Virginia

Charleston: A bill expected to be launched throughout the 2020 legislative session would possibly presumably well presumably give up greyhound racing within the relate. Info retail outlets anecdote Republican Senate President Mitch Carmichael launched an idea part Tuesday calling for an give as a lot as the put collectively. He’s now facing opposition from some relate delegates. The Parkersburg Info and Sentinel stories the casinos make video lottery funds of about $15 million annually to the West Virginia Lottery Commission. The lottery commission transfers the cash into purse accounts on the casinos and the racing commission. Carmichael says the cash subsidizes the greyhound change but is seemingly to be better invested in roads and education. Democratic Delegate Shawn Fluharty says ending greyhound racing would bag rid of as many as 1,700 jobs in West Virginia.

News top stories daily news hot topics Wisconsin

Madison: A community of lawmakers is introducing a bill that will presumably well presumably enable American Indians from anywhere within the US to pay resident tuition at University of Wisconsin Intention colleges. The bill’s chief sponsors, Democratic relate Earn. Slash Milroy, Republican Earn. Jeff Mursau and Democratic Sen. Jeff Smith, negate they hope the bill can aid more American Indians to back college in Wisconsin, amplify campus vary and aid as a step in direction of reconciliation after so many tribes lost their land within the 19th century. The bill’s chances are dusky. Aides for Assembly Speaker Robin Vos and Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald didn’t straight away reply to emails inquiring regarding the measure’s potentialities.

News top stories daily news hot topics Wyoming

Gillette: An assault by hackers on a health group’s computer systems has compelled a sanatorium to raze some surgeries, give up admitting patients and transfer some fresh patients to other facilities. Campbell County Effectively being spokeswoman Karen Clarke acknowledged Saturday the Campbell County Memorial Clinic’s emergency room in Gillette is restful working, but the ransomware assault has made some patient care products and companies unavailable. Clarke acknowledged non-compulsory surgeries for Monday had been canceled, and other surgeries are being evaluated case-by-case. Campbell County Effectively being despatched stare Friday that every of its computer systems had been tormented by the assault. In a ransomware assault, hackers lift a computer machine hostage and save a matter to cash in change for restoring entry. Officials negate there would possibly be not any proof any patient recordsdata has been accessed or misused.

From USA TODAY Network and wire stories

Read or Part this epic: https://www.usatoday.com/epic/recordsdata/50-states/2019/09/24/coral-chance-woman-bites-camel-reagan-home-misfortune-recordsdata-round-states/40194799/

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energyphotos-blog1 · 6 years

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New Post has been published on http://twoarticles.com/climate-shelters-past-present-and-future/

climate shelters past, present and future

The Biosphere in Montreal, Canada — a geodesic dome designed by architect Buckminster Fuller.Credit: Tibor Bognar/Alamy

Humanity must find viable living spaces beyond Earth in the next 100 years. So urged physicist Stephen Hawking in 2017, in response to human-driven shifts in planetary systems. A year later, entrepreneur Elon Musk met with 60 scientists and engineers in Colorado to discuss Mars colonization. And turning to our home planet, a handful of architects are designing innovative shelters to withstand the impacts of climate change.

Yet artists, scientists, architects and engineers have been dreaming up similar enclosures for centuries. The sealed dome dominates, and for good reason. It offers the greatest volume for the least surface area, and an uninterrupted space free of columns. It is inherently strong, evenly distributing structural stress through tension. And it offers a womb-like sense of safety. Domes have long drawn the futuristically minded, from architect Buckminster Fuller, who in 1960 imagined placing one over Manhattan to regulate atmospheric conditions, to the designers of Arizona research facility Biosphere 2 and radical artist Tomás Saraceno. Domes embody contradictory, yet symbiotic elements: protection, freedom, potential utopias.

Their reliance on sophisticated technologies to engineer specific ecologies and conditions can, however, leave these spaces smacking of technofetishism and anti-democratic tendencies. Some covered synthetic environments have been designed as elitist enclosures, like gated communities. In fact, the history of these ventures is often tied up in imperial ambitions and class perspectives.

Here, we tell the stories of six enclosed spaces. Some are works of the imagination; others are real ventures that pushed technology to its limits. We reconsider all of them in light of the ethical, social and political complexities they embody, in the context of their times.

Credit: Bettmann/Getty

The curvilinear steel and iron frame of the 1844 Palm House at London’s Kew Gardens supports some 4,200 square metres of glass to maximize light. Created by ironfounder Richard Turner and designer Decimus Burton, its interior climate mimics a tropical rainforest to house specimens collected by plant-hunters such as Francis Masson, who collected its huge South African cycad, Encephalartos altensteinii, in 1773. The steamily realistic atmosphere came courtesy of 12 underground furnaces and a system of pipes and tanks, today replaced by gas-fired heating and atomized humidification. The Palm House represented a wider culture of collecting and containing nature, then fast becoming an object of consumption. It offered a taste of inaccessible, exotic spaces, but also, as Virginia Woolf shows in her 1919 short story ‘Kew Gardens’, a chance for post-Edwardian social classes to mix, sometimes uncomfortably. The glasshouse is now a ‘living laboratory’, supporting a unique collection of plants, many from some of the most threatened environments on Earth.

Credit: Frank R. Paul, ‘Amazing Stories ‘ 1942/Mary Evans Picture Library

This fantastical illustration by Frank Paul, Glass City of Europa, graces the cover of a 1942 issue of US science-fiction magazine Amazing Stories. Paul often imagined enormous structures that dwarfed living beings. This one, on a moon of Jupiter, is built from “transparent and opaque plastics” and features giant domesticated invertebrates as transport. In the same magazine, Paul illustrated Cecil White’s 1927 story ‘The Retreat to Mars’, which centres on the remains of ancient Martians, who donned protective proto-spacesuits for an attempt to colonize Central Africa. Paul’s vision is rooted in the science-fiction tradition of male-centred escapism, exploration and colonization — inspired in turn by the likes of modernist Russian writer Alexander Bogdanov, who imagined a socialist utopia on Mars in his 1908 novel Red Star.

Credit: Bettmann/Getty

Sci-fi luminary Arthur C. Clarke thought up the domed city of Diaspar in The City and the Stars (1956). More than a decade later, real-world designers followed suit. Conceived as a home to 40,000 inhabitants in the Arctic Circle, the 1971 Arctic City was envisioned by architects Frei Otto, Kenzo Tange and Ewald Bubner as a dome 2 kilometres in diameter, containing a multilevel urban system (pictured, Otto with a model of the city). Many such utopias, deliberately decoupled from local climates, emerged during the volatile geopolitics of the cold war. The zeitgeist blended concerns for Earth’s environmental future with an obsession with possible new frontiers: oceans and outer space were framed as pristine, awaiting human colonization. This trio of architects, however, never saw their city built. It was deemed too expensive, and there were fears that the sealed-in residents would never acclimatize, and might even develop psychological issues. Much like Fuller’s dome over Manhattan, the City was later described as a “naive utopia”; Otto became highly critical of it later in life.

Credit: Ocean Reef Group/Nemo’s Garden 2018

Amid rapid ecological shifts, a sustainable food supply for a growing planetary population is of paramount scientific and social concern. For the Ocean Reef Group, the solution lies on the sea bed, away from more volatile climatic conditions on land. Nemo’s Garden, a project launched in 2012 off the coast of Noli, Italy, aims to create an alternative agricultural system. Using the relatively stable temperature of shallow coastal waters and a predictable supply of solar and artificial light, its six domed greenhouses anchored to the sea floor nurture hydroponic crops such as basil and tomatoes. Currently in the experimental phase, Nemo’s Garden is a world away from the monumental architectural visions explored by many. Like domestic greenhouses, these domes illustrate the possibility of a more do-it-yourself approach to biosphere production.

Credit: Bjarke Ingels Group

With average summer temperatures in excess of 40 °C, the arid, oven-like desert emirate of Dubai is home to extraordinary enclosures, including a 22,500-square-metre skiing centre housed in a gargantuan shopping mall. Energy use for air conditioning is extreme. In fact, in 2010–11, the high demand led to widespread power cuts in the north of the United Arab Emirates. Plans have also been proposed for the first temperature-controlled city. Taking the idea of the domed enclosure even further, in 2017, architect Bjarke Ingels announced plans to build the first simulated Mars City, housing some 175,000 square metres of space under sealed domes on Dubai’s deserts (pictured). A response to the United Arab Emirates’ ambitions to build a Mars colony by 2117, the plans aim to emulate the sustainable, locally sourced constructions created by Indigenous peoples living in extreme climates, such as the Inuit of the Arctic.

Credit: ESA

Space agencies and private companies are meanwhile looking closer to home for possible colonization: the Moon. This computer-generated model of the European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) Moon Village visualizes a lunar base that combines the capabilities of multiple spacefaring nations, deploying astronauts, robots and technologies such as 3D printing to serve science, industry and tourism. ESA sees such a venture as a “stepping stone” to Mars and beyond. According to the agency, the base could also be used to learn how to better protect Earth from asteroids and space debris. That vision, however, could also be utilized in an entirely different way. Earth and its biosphere need protection from home-grown threats as well as distant ones. Perhaps the view from the Moon will re-orient us towards our home planet and shared environments, and crack open the exclusive futures implicit in the very concept of an enclosing dome. Perhaps, in the words of geographer Denis Cosgrove, such shelters will localize “us within the world rather than beyond it”.

This article is copyright ezinearticles on website http://www.twoarticles.com 2018

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cryptnus-blog · 6 years

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Trade wars, Trump tariffs causing ripple effects across Colorado | CraigDailyPress.com

New Post has been published on https://cryptnus.com/2018/08/trade-wars-trump-tariffs-causing-ripple-effects-across-colorado-craigdailypress-com/

Trade wars, Trump tariffs causing ripple effects across Colorado | CraigDailyPress.com

At first blush, President Donald Trump’s escalating trade war with major Colorado trading partners such as Canada, China, the European Union and Mexico would not appear to have too much impact on a resort area such as Eagle County, with very little agriculture or manufacturing.

After all, we’re not growing a lot of corn in Gypsum or building a lot of cars in Eagle.

But expert observers say the interconnected nature of the global economy means Eagle County is already seeing a spike in the cost of goods ranging from lumber, steel and aluminum in construction to tech products to food in local grocery stores and restaurants.

“Tariffs imposed by the United States are nothing more than a tax increase on American consumers and businesses — including manufacturers, farmers and technology companies — who will all pay more for commonly used products and materials,” the U.S. Chamber of Commerce stated last month, pointing out $277 million in Colorado exports are “threatened by a trade war.”

Chris Romer, president and CEO of the local Vail Valley Partnership chamber of commerce, echoed the sentiments of the national chamber.

“Retaliatory tariffs imposed by other countries on U.S. exports will make American-made goods more expensive, resulting in lost sales and, ultimately, lost jobs here,” Romer said. “Tariffs are simply a fear-based response to an age-old problem.

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“Working together with other nations on fair trade rather than retaliatory tariffs would likely create better outcomes for the price of things you and I and our visitors buy.”

Trump has already imposed a 25 percent tariff on $34 billion in Chinese goods, which prompted retaliation on an equal amount of American goods by China. In an effort to reduce the $375 billion trade deficit with China, the United States is now considering tariffs on an additional $200 billion in Chinese imports, which would no doubt trigger additional Chinese retaliation.

Ultimately, the stock market may take a hit — although it’s remained steady to date — and reduced revenues for American companies and high net-worth earners would impact both the real estate and tourism industries in Colorado’s high country, experts warn.

BUILDING COSTS

Construction of high-end homes in Eagle and Summit counties has already been impacted by an escalating Canadian trade war, with the United States imposing new tariffs on Canadian lumber, steel and aluminum. The cost of Canadian softwood lumber is up 80 percent since last year — 40 percent of that coming in 2018 — as the U.S. tries to offset Canada’s subsidies for its lumber industry.

“It’s been as much as 40 percent — maybe a little bit more,” Edwards Building Center manager Chris Boyd said of spiking lumber prices since last spring. “(Tariffs) hit metal somewhat, too, but it’s not serious, like for rebar and that kind of thing.”

But Boyd said the lumber wars with Canada have been going on for years.

“You can’t blame Trump on this one,” Boyd said. “It was something that was started under the Obama administration, and they finally came to an end, but it didn’t take effect until this past spring.”

In fact, ongoing U.S. efforts to curtail the impacts of the deeply subsidized Canadian lumber industry on U.S. forestry products predates President Obama and can be traced back to the Ronald Reagan administration in the 1980s. Nevertheless, homebuilders are feeling the pinch even more in recent months and are passing on those price increases to homebuyers.

COLORADO AG HARDEST HIT SO FAR

Colorado beef and pork prices have been impacted as heated trade-war rhetoric with Mexico over renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement continues and China also targets U.S. imports. Colorado corn, a primary feed source for Colorado livestock, has seen a price drop of 20 percent since June 1.

“We’re such a global economy, and we really are impacted and affected by everything else that happens in the world,” said Kim Reddin, of the Colorado Corn trade association in Greeley. “We’re very interconnected, and trade is very much a part of that picture.

“Even in the example of corn, we may not directly export corn to China, but we feed a lot of livestock in the state of Colorado and some of that livestock — the meat products that we have in Colorado — do get exported, so in a sense, our grain is getting exported through livestock.”

The Trump administration last month announced a $12 billion emergency agriculture relief package, but corn growers were lukewarm to that approach.

“(National Corn Growers Association’s) grower members are confronting their fifth consecutive year of declining farm incomes while facing high levels of uncertainty due to ongoing trade disputes and disruptions in the ethanol markets,” Association President Kevin Skunes said, referring to corn-based ethanol in gasoline. “Corn farmers prefer to rely on markets, not an aid package, for their livelihoods.”

Colorado Democratic Sen. Michael Bennet was even more blunt.

“This solution is as insane as the policy that got us into this mess,” Bennet said of the farm subsidies and Trump’s tariffs. “Our farmers and ranchers want to compete and grow in the global economy. The president’s incoherent trade policy continues to lead to missed opportunities. President Trump cannot fix this self-inflicted crisis with a $12 billion slush fund.”

FOOD PRICES?

The jury is still out on the local impacts of the trade wars on food prices. Colorado’s burgeoning distillery business is feeling the pinch from an escalating trade war with the European Union, which Trump called “a foe” and has targeted U.S. alcohol imports for retaliatory tariffs.

Ryan Thompson, founder of the local 10th Mountain Whiskey & Spirit Co., said they were approached in the last year about possibly going into European markets but didn’t pursue it. Now he’s glad they didn’t, and Canada was already a non-starter due to onerous taxes and tariffs.

“We’ve had some opportunity to go into the Canadian market, but we’re ignoring it because of that reason,” Thompson said. “We have our hands full here just trying to grow nationally, so (the trade war) doesn’t really affect us too much. It would be helpful (for it to end), but it’s just kind of the nature of the beast.”

Thompson said brewers have been more impacted because of aluminum price increases.

“But what’s affecting us more is trucking prices,” Thompson said, pointing to a severe labor shortage in the trucking industry. “They’ve almost doubled on us — getting glassware into the distillery. We’ve been more affected by that, but that doesn’t have anything to do with the tariffs or anything.”

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juliandmouton30 · 7 years

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AIA reveals winners of 2017 Honor Awards for the year's best American architecture

Shigeru Ban's Colorado art museum, a Senegalese cultural centre by Toshiko Mori and a Pinterest office in San Francisco are among this year's recipients of design awards from the American Institute of Architects.

The AIA has announced 23 winners of its 2017 Honor Awards, described as "the profession's highest recognition of works that exemplify excellence in architecture, interior architecture and urban design". The awards are bestowed upon architects licensed in the United States, although the projects can be located around the world.

The Aspen Art Museum in Colorado – designed by Shigeru Ban Architects with associate firm CCY Architects – and Thread: Artists' Residency and Cultural Center in rural Senegal by Toshiko Mori Architect were among the honorees in the architecture category.

Other architecture winners include a micro-unit apartment tower in Manhattan, an energy facility at Standard University and the adaptive reuse of a tobacco warehouse in Brooklyn.

The Pinterest headquarters in San Francisco, by IwamotoScott with Brereton Architects, was recognised in the interiors category, while an SOM-designed masterplan for Philadelphia's 30th Street Station won in the regional and urban design category.

Chosen from roughly 700 submissions, the award recipients were selected by a jury of architects and academics.

Paul Revere Williams becomes first black architect to receive AIA Gold Medal

In December, the institute announced it was awarding its 2017 Gold Medal to the late Paul Revere Williams – the first African American to receive the award. Williams, who died in 1980, became the first black architect to join the AIA in 1923.

Read on for an overview of each Honor Award winner from the AIA:

2017 Institute Honor Awards for Architecture

Photograph by Michael Moran

Aspen Art Museum; Aspen, Colorado, by Shigeru Ban Architects with CCY Architects

Founded in the late 1970s as a non-collecting institution, the Aspen Art Museum worked in tandem with the design team to determine programmematic needs and to ensure its new home completely supported the art it hangs. Adhering to a strict 18-month construction schedule, the new museum opened in 2014 and has seen a 400 per cent increase in visitorship and a 1,140 per cent increase in the number of students served by the museum's educational outreach initiatives. Three floors—two above ground, one below—are dedicated to gallery space, while the top floor includes an ample multi-use space, cafe, and public terrace with sweeping views of the Rockies.

Find out more about Aspen Art Museum ›

Photograph by Iwan Baan

Carmel Place; New York City, by nArchitects

Winner of the 2012 adAPT NYC competition for New York City's first micro-unit apartment building, Carmel Place represents a new housing paradigm for the city's growing small household population. The design of the nine-storey building's 55 units aims for spaciousness and luminosity through the implementation of 9'-8" ceilings, 8' tall sliding windows and Juliet balconies. With a goal of conveying the residents' nested scales of community, afforded by varied interior and exterior shared spaces, the building's brick exterior massing resembles four slender "mini-towers" – a microcosm of the city's skyline.

Find out more about Carmel Place ›

Photograph by Jeff Goldberg

Carnegie Hall Studio Towers Renovation Project; New York City, by Iu + Bibliowicz Architects LLP

The Carnegie Hall Studio Towers Renovation Project centred on: renovation, reorganisation, and repurposing of 167,000 square feet of non-performance venues at the National Historic site. The seven-year project encompassed the creation of a Music Education Wing, new roof terrace, consolidation of administrative offices, expanded backstage space and functionality, and facade lighting to showcase the landmark. Substantial interior structural modifications and infrastructure upgrades aided in the success of the renovation. The project was awarded LEED Silver Certification, one of the oldest and most notable buildings in the country with such distinction.

Photograph by Brian Mihaelsick

The Cotton Gin at the CO-OP District; Hutto, Texas, by Antenora Architects

The reuse of the two existing cotton gin structures is the first piece of a 2012 masterplan to revitalise the site, which was purchased by the City of Hutto. Both structures were selectively deconstructed and reused to create a single open-air 6,500-square-foot public events space. The new building is wrapped in perforated stainless steel that reflects the hot Texas sun during the day and provides intriguing transparency at night. The design team succeeded in creating a flexible space for public and private events that complements everything from programmematic functions of the local library and farmer's markets to artisan fairs and wedding receptions.

Photograph by Iwan Baan

Grace Farms; New Canaan, Connecticut, by SANAA with Handel Architects

Grace Farms was established with the idea that "space communicates" and can inspire people to collaborate for good. To realise this vision, Grace Farms Foundation appointed SANAA to create a porous, multipurpose building nestled within an 80-acre landscape that would encourage people to engage with nature, the arts, justice, community, and faith. The River building emerged as a new kind of public space that embodies these aspirations. Its sinuous structure is comprised of 203 individually curved glass panels containing five volumes: a sanctuary; library; commons; pavilion; and partially submerged court.

Find out more about Grace Farms ›

Photograph by Kate Joyce

Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts; Chicago, by Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects with Holabird & Root

Sitting on the southern edge of Chicago's Midway, the Center houses the University of Chicago's visual arts, film, music, and theatre programmes, finally uniting the programmes under one roof. The building comprises a 10-storey tower and an adjacent two-storey "podium." Both are clad in Missouri limestone cut into four-foot lengths and laid as bricks. The material echoes the limestone found on the University's neo-gothic structures as well as Frank Lloyd Wright's Robie House, also located on campus. Bathed in natural light, the smaller building is lit by north-facing skylights throughout its many creative spaces.

Photograph by David Sundberg

St Ann's Warehouse; Brooklyn, New York, by Marvel Architects

Beneath the Brooklyn Bridge, Marvel Architects has brought the brick and mortar ruins of the historic Tobacco Warehouse back to life, creating a new theatre space for renowned presenter St Ann's Warehouse. Leading a team of Silman, Buro Happold and Charcoalblue, Marvel created a controlled acoustical environment using natural state materials - concrete, blackened steel, Douglas-fir plywood. With a respectful sleight of hand, a new roof floats atop a ribbon of solid glass brick. Adjacent to the theatre is a trapezoidal garden designed with Michael Van Valkenberg Landscape.

Photograph by Tara Wujcik

The Six Affordable Veteran Housing; Los Angeles, by Brooks + Scarpa

The SIX is a 52-unit LEED Platinum affordable housing and support services building for disabled veterans. Located in the MacArthur Park area of Los Angeles, which has one of the highest densities in the USA with a total population of 120,000 people in 2.72 square miles. The SIX breaks the prescriptive mould of the traditional shelter by creating public and private "zones" in which private space is de-emphasised, in favour of large public areas. The organisation is intended to transform the way people live away from a reclusive, isolating layout towards a community-oriented, interactive space.

Photograph by Tim Griffith

Stanford University Central Energy Facility; Stanford, California by ZGF Architects

The Central Energy Facility is the heart of Stanford University's transformational campus-wide energy system, projected to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 68 per cent. The centrepiece of this composition of large, industrial components is a central courtyard pivoting around a 2.5-million-gallon hot water thermal storage tank, showcasing the energy plant's mission. The architecture takes its cues from Stanford's rich heritage: the Stanford arcade is reimagined as PV trellis; integrally coloured cast-in-place concrete nods to the prevalent limestone; and weathered Corten steel accents suggest terracotta tile roofs that give the campus much of its character.

Find out more about Stanford University Central Energy Facility ›

Photograph by Iwan Baan

THREAD: Artists' Residency and Cultural Center; Sinthain, Senegal by Toshiko Mori Architect

Located in the remote village of Sinthian, Senegal, this project offers multiple programmes for the community, including a gathering space, performance centre, and residency for visiting artists. In the design, a parametric transformation of the traditional pitched roof inscribes a series of courtyards within the plan of the building while also creating shaded, multi-purpose areas around the perimeter of the courtyard. The inversion of the roof creates an effective strategy for the collection and storage of rainwater, capable of fulfilling substantial domestic and agricultural water needs for the community. Relying exclusively on local materials and construction techniques, the building's traditional structure is formed primarily of bamboo and spaced-brick walls that absorb heat and promote airflow through the building interior.

Photograph by Richard Caspole

Yale Center for British Art Building Conservation Project; New Haven, Connecticut by Knight Architecture

Following nearly forty years of continuous operation, the Yale Center for British Art, designed by Louis I. Kahn and recipient of AIA's Twenty-five Year Award, faced mounting programmematic, infrastructural, and operational pressures which threatened to degrade its extraordinary architectural character. The multi-year conservation project renewed interior finishes that had grown tired and worn; restored and expanded teaching spaces that were oversubscribed and underequipped; fortified spaces for exhibition, storage, and study of the growing collection; and replaced vital building systems which had reached the end of their practical life.

Find out more about Yale Center for British Art ›

2017 Institute Honor Awards for Interior Architecture

Photograph by Paul Warchol

30 Rockefeller Plaza: 65th Floor, Rainbow Room, SixtyFive; New York City, by Gabellini Sheppard Associates with Montroy Andersen DeMarco

Gabellini Sheppard Associates opened a new chapter for the 13,160-square-foot Rainbow Room and 65th floor, blending contemporary needs with design that rekindled the room's original Art Deco-inspired spirit and radiant notoriety of 1934. In the Rainbow Room, the revitalisation of the rotating dance floor, addition of mesmerising crystal window veils, and restoration of the chandelier and central dome, reinforce the modern-day grandeur. In Bar SixtyFive, a faceted ceiling composed of glass-reinforced gypsum panels anchor the space, reinterpreting the open-air height the room once had as a sun parlour.

Photograph by James Haefner

General Motors Design Auditorium; Detroit, by SmithGroupJJR

In 1956, the General Motors styling team moved from Detroit to a new design space. The complex, originally designed by Eero Saarinen, has become a legendary corporate master piece of planning and design. For SmithGroupJJR, the overall design intent was to modernise the facility but to do so in a manner consistent with the original Saarinen detailing. Technologies of materials, lighting and audio/visual have progressed dramatically and the revised Design Dome is now poised for General Motors to re-establish the relevance of this significant space for the design community.

George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health; Washington DC by Payette with Ayers Saint Gross

Located on iconic Washington Circle Park in the heart of the nation's capital, this School of Public Health is a rigorous, innovative response to site and programme. With its most sustainable solutions so deeply embedded as to be nearly indistinguishable, it keenly demonstrates the symbiotic relationship between sustainability and public health. The building's unusual skylit atrium, in which classrooms and study areas overlook the city through an open latticework of floor openings, invites exploration and discovery. The building supports a highly effective learning and interaction environment that is equally memorable for its intimacy and transparency.

Photograph by Matthew Millman

In Situ; San Francisco, by Aidlin Darling Design

Located in the recently reopened San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMoMA), In Situ represents a unique intersection of art, design, food and community. The restaurant features a curated collection of culinary innovators from around the world to make their contributions accessible for greater public engagement. Its design operates at many scales from urban to the intimate, and is intended to engage all of the senses with an emphasis on tactility and acoustics. The exposed interior shell of the building provides a backdrop for discreetly placed "artifacts" which include commissioned art, custom designed lighting, custom furniture and a sculptural wood ceiling.

Photograph by Bruce Damonte

Pinterest HQ; San Francisco, by IwamotoScott Architecture with Brereton Architects

The new Pinterest headquarters is inspired by the redesign of the company's web platform — clean, simple, intuitive. It occupies a concrete structure in the SOMA district that previously housed a John Deer factory. A key aspect of the design extends the existing atrium through to the ground floor, spatially connecting all four floors. The Knitting Stair occupies this newly activated heart of the building. The workspace programme is organised as porous, concentric layers around the atrium and Knitting Stair, opening up to the city at the ground floor's lobby, cafe, all-hands space and maker lab.

University of Massachusetts (UMass) Dartmouth, Claire T Carney Library; Dartmouth, Massachusetts, by DesignLAB with Austin Architects

Conceived in 1963 as a utopian community by architect Paul Rudolph, the UMass Dartmouth campus remains a tour de force of late 20th-century architectural exuberance and optimism. The Claire T Carney Library is the 160,000-square-foot centrepiece of the concentric campus plan. DesignLAB's transformation celebrates the historic architecture, while creating a state-of-the-art learning environment, improved group study spaces, a cafe, a lecture space, and a new campus living room. Inspired by Rudolph's original design intentions, the renovation included the re-introduction of a vibrant colour palette, bold supergraphics, and dynamic social spaces.

Photograph by Hedrich Blessing

Writers Theatre; Glencoe, IL, by Studio Gang

While functional requirements of performance venues often dictate opaque volumes, the 36,000-square-foot Writers Theatre is instead a transparent cultural anchor that embraces its community. A double-height lobby provides a flexible space for outreach, gatherings, and performances, with glass doors that open to the adjacent park. Clad in wood hewn from the site, box office and concessions are treated as furniture, integrated into flexible lobby tribune seating. A canopy walk hung from timber trusses provides an open-air gathering place before, after, and between shows. The two stages are configured to enhance the intimacy for which Writers is known while creating new opportunities for innovative performance.

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2017 Institute Honor Awards for Regional & Urban Design

Photography by James Maguire

Cleveland Civic Core; Cleveland, by LMN Architects

Cleveland's civic centre is one of the most completely realised examples of the City Beautiful movement in US city planning that flourished during the late 1800s. In 1903, architect/planner Daniel Burnham designed the Mall – a large public park flanked by major civic and government buildings on a bluff above Lake Erie. One hundred years later, the Cleveland Civic Core project continues Burnham's vision while reimagining it for the 21st century, weaving together two public assembly facilities with civic green space to catalyse a dramatic revitalisation of the downtown core.

Philadelphia 30th Street Station District Plan; Philadelphia, by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

The master plan for Philadelphia's 30th Street Station District, created through the partnership of Amtrak, Brandywine Realty Trust, Drexel University, PennDOT, and SEPTA, and developed by SOM in association with WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff, OLIN, and HR&A Advisors, will realise the long-awaited vision of a mixed-use urban district centred on a vibrant transportation hub. The plan, determined through a broad and inclusive public process, creates a sweeping transformation of the historic station and the 88-acre rail yard it anchors to build a new neighbourhood above the district's complex transportation infrastructure.

Find out more about Philadelphia 30th Street Station District Plan ›

Reinventing Vilonia; Vilonia, Arkansas by, UA Community Design Center

The town of Vilonia was levelled by an EF-4 tornado that killed 11 people in 2014. The reinvention plan, unanimously adopted by the city council in 2015, is built upon a new strategy to employ underground safe rooms as a municipal planning format that can be transferred to other towns susceptible to tornados. To deal with these issues, the plan calls for the implementation of a "safescape" comprising a modulated system of shipping containers buried underground. By combining the network of safe rooms with a park system and new town loop, residents and visitors will be within a five-minute walk of safety during a tornado.

Regeneracion: A Vision for the Campus and District of the Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico; by Sasaki Associates

"Regeneración", the new Framework Plan for Monterrey Tec's flagship campus rethinks the institution's relationship to its complex urban setting to make a new kind of contribution to the city, the country, and the very nature of higher education in Mexico. Inter-disciplinary learning, mixed-use R&D clusters and cultural facilities are carefully connected to the district by a strong public realm, reinforcing synergies with surrounding neighbourhoods. The plan reflects a new pedagogical vision, and sets the stage for continued expansion of the Tec's influence as an engine of innovation and development in Mexico.

Rock Chapel Marine; Chelsea, Massachusetts, by Landing Studio

A shared-use road-salt transshipment facility and recreation and habitat landscape, Rock Chapel Marine is a new model for the integration of active industrial uses with public access on the working waterfront. Through design, the project interweaves industrial operations with everyday life, making use of the seasonal nature of the salt industry to expand public recreation during the summertime and then return to industrial use in the winter. Structures from the site's former use as an oil terminal are re-appropriated throughout, creating new forms of public engagement with the working waterfront.

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