#azithromycin mechanism

[drpedi07]

Azithromycin Drug

Medical information for Azithromycin on Pediatric Oncall including Mechanism, Indication, Contraindications, Dosing, Adverse Effect, Interaction, Renal Dose, Hepatic Dose.

[nerdgirlnarrates]

Medblr, I think we ought to have an antibiotics bracket. Just for fun. Everyone can submit their favorite antibiotic regimens and write propaganda for them (or anti-propaganda for the ones you hate) before we crown the one true antibiotic (regimen). Doesn’t have to be a single medication, it can be a combo. Here’s some of what I’m thinking of including:

vanc/zosyn

Azithromycin

Amp/gent

Rifampin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/ethambutol

Augmentin

Cephalexin

Vanc/ceftriaxone

Amphotericin

Nitrofurantoin

Vote however you want—what you prescribe most, best side effect profile, most interesting mechanism, vibes, whatever. Let me know what other antibiotics you think I should include!

[rilifegujarat]

Azithromycin Dihydrate Powder

Azithromycin Dihydrate Powder is recognized for its potent antimicrobial belongings, making it a cornerstone in combating a diverse range of bacterial infections. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, thereby impeding the growth and proliferation of harmful pathogens.

[azipro500]

Trust Azipro 500: Your Essential Guide to Better Health

Intro

In the relentless battle against bacterial infections, the medical community constantly seeks effective weapons. Among the arsenal of antimicrobial agents, Azipro medicine emerges as a potent ally. Designed to combat a wide range of infections, Azipro pills are not just any ordinary antibiotic; they represent a beacon of hope for patients grappling with various bacterial assaults. This blog post delves into the power of Azipro 500 mg pills, elucidating how they work, the spectrum of infections they tackle, and much more. Whether you're a healthcare professional, a patient, or simply someone interested in the science behind antibiotics, understanding the role of Azipro in fighting infection is essential.

What Exactly is Azipro Medicine?

Azipro medicine stands out in the pharmaceutical world as the brand name for Azithromycin, a member of the macrolide antibiotics family. This group of medications is celebrated for its ability to thwart bacterial growth by disrupting the process of protein synthesis. Azithromycin, the active ingredient in Azipro, distinguishes itself through its comprehensive action against a wide array of bacteria and its pharmacokinetic properties, which facilitate shorter, more manageable treatment courses. The typical prescription of Azipro 500 mg underscores its effectiveness in managing various infections, permitting a once-daily intake that simplifies adherence for patients. This particular dosage reflects the drug’s strength and versatility in addressing numerous bacterial challenges, positioning Azipro as a critical tool in modern medical treatments for bacterial infections.

The Intricacies of How Azipro Works Against Bacteria

The underlying mechanics through which Azipro pills exert their bacteriostatic effects are rooted in their interaction with bacterial ribosomes. Azithromycin, the core component of Azipro, specifically latches onto the 50S ribosomal subunit. This targeted attachment disrupts the critical process of protein synthesis, halting the bacterial cell's ability to produce proteins vital for its growth and multiplication. One of the defining characteristics of Azipro's mechanism is its capacity for intracellular accumulation, particularly within phagocytes. This unique trait enables the drug to be efficiently transported to the locus of infection, ensuring a concentrated attack against the invading bacteria. This strategic delivery system not only amplifies the drug's effectiveness but also plays a significant role in reducing the likelihood of systemic side effects, making Azipro a sophisticated and formidable adversary against bacterial pathogens.

The Spectrum of Infections Azipro Pills Tackle

Azipro 500 mg pills exhibit a remarkable capability to address a diverse array of bacterial infections, underscoring their significance in the antimicrobial arsenal. These infections include respiratory conditions such as bronchitis and pneumonia, where Azipro acts decisively to curb the infection's progression. Its efficacy extends to combating skin infections, offering relief and recovery to patients suffering from these often uncomfortable conditions. Of particular note is Azipro's effectiveness against sexually transmitted diseases, including chlamydia, providing a crucial tool in sexual health treatment protocols. Additionally, its utility in treating ear infections highlights its role in managing common yet distressing ailments. Beyond these applications, Azipro has demonstrated value in addressing more complex infections, such as Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) in individuals with HIV, showcasing its adaptability and comprehensive action against a wide spectrum of bacterial challenges. This versatility not only highlights Azipro's pivotal role in treating various infections but also underscores its importance in tailoring treatment to the specific needs of patients across different medical contexts.

Navigating Through the Dosage and Administration of Azipro

The proper dosage and method of taking Azipro are vital components in leveraging its full potential in combating bacterial infections. A standard regimen involves consuming Azipro 500 mg pills, typically once a day. The exact duration of treatment varies, as it's contingent on the type and severity of the infection being addressed, and will be determined by a healthcare professional. Patients are urged to adhere strictly to the prescribed course, ensuring it's completed in full to avert the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Azipro's flexibility allows it to be ingested with or without food, which accommodates differing patient preferences and lifestyles. However, maintaining a consistent schedule for taking the medication each day enhances its efficacy and supports optimal health outcomes.

Understanding the Side Effects and Precautions of Azipro

Like any medication, Azipro can have side effects, although not everyone experiences them. Among the more common reactions are gastrointestinal disturbances, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort. On occasion, patients might encounter more severe issues such as allergic reactions, which could manifest as rash, itching, or difficulty breathing, liver dysfunction characterized by jaundice or dark urine, and alterations in heart rhythm, potentially indicated by dizziness or palpitations. Individuals with histories of liver or kidney disease, or those with known cardiac issues, should engage in a thorough discussion with their healthcare provider to evaluate the suitability of Azipro for their condition. Additionally, while Azipro is generally well-received by the body, it's crucial for patients to report any unusual or persistent symptoms to their doctor promptly. This proactive approach enables the management of side effects and supports the safety and effectiveness of the treatment regimen.

Debunking Myths and Addressing Concerns About Azipro Pills

In an era where misinformation can spread as rapidly as bacteria, it’s crucial to separate fact from fiction regarding Azipro pills. A common misunderstanding is the belief that Azipro can be used as a cure-all for any infection, including viral ones such as influenza or the common cold. However, Azipro is specifically designed to combat bacterial infections and has no effect on viruses. Another area of confusion lies in the dosage and administration of Azipro. Some patients might think it’s acceptable to halt their medication as soon as they start feeling better. This practice, however, not only jeopardizes the individual's recovery but also contributes to the broader issue of antibiotic resistance, making bacteria harder to defeat over time. It’s essential to follow the prescribed course of Azipro medicine fully, as directed by a healthcare professional, to ensure its maximum effectiveness and minimize the risk of resistance development. Understanding and addressing these misconceptions plays a vital role in enhancing the appropriate use of Azipro pills and safeguarding their utility for years to come.

The Role of Azipro in the Larger Battle Against Antibiotic Resistance

The escalating threat of antibiotic resistance is a critical challenge in public health, necessitating responsible antibiotic use. Azipro, as an effective antimicrobial, plays a significant role in this context. Ensuring that Azipro is prescribed appropriately and that patients adhere to the complete course of treatment is fundamental in minimizing the risk of developing resistant strains of bacteria. Education on the importance of following healthcare professionals' instructions regarding antibiotic use is vital. Additionally, ongoing research into Azipro's application in novel therapeutic strategies offers hope for sustaining its effectiveness against resistant bacteria. This approach underscores a collective responsibility to utilize antibiotics like Azipro judiciously, aiming to safeguard their potency and ensure they remain a viable option in the arsenal against bacterial infections for as long as possible.

[mrfr-blogs]

Exploring Market Growth Factors in the Macrolide Antibiotics Market Industry

Market Overview –

In 2022, the market for Macrolide antibiotics was estimated to be worth USD 50.9 billion. The Macrolide Antibiotics market is expected to increase from USD 57.57 billion in 2023 to USD 154.13 billion by 2032, with a compound yearly growth rate (CAGR) of 13.10% over the forecast period (2023-2032).

The Macrolide Antibiotics Market is witnessing robust growth due to their effectiveness against a wide range of bacterial infections. Demand for macrolide drugs is increasing as healthcare providers rely on them for treating respiratory, skin, and sexually transmitted infections. Market players are innovating to develop new formulations and improve drug delivery mechanisms, driving market expansion.

The Macrolide Antibiotics Market is witnessing significant growth globally, driven by the increasing prevalence of bacterial infections and the effectiveness of macrolide antibiotics in treating them. Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, making them effective against a wide range of bacterial pathogens. Factors such as the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the spread of infectious diseases, and the growing demand for outpatient treatments contribute to the market's expansion.

The market encompasses various macrolide antibiotics, including azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin, used to treat respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and sexually transmitted diseases, among others. Additionally, advancements in drug delivery formulations and the introduction of novel macrolide antibiotics drive market growth by improving efficacy and patient compliance.

However, challenges such as antibiotic overuse, side effects, and regulatory hurdles hinder market expansion. Despite these challenges, the Macrolide Antibiotics Market presents opportunities for pharmaceutical companies to develop new formulations and expand their product portfolios, ultimately addressing unmet medical needs and improving patient outcomes in the fight against bacterial infections.

Segmentation –

The global macrolide antibiotics market is segmented on the basis of drugs, which includes azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, fidaxomicin, and telithromycin. On the basis of route of administration, the market is segmented into oral, parenteral. On the basis of indication, the market is segmented into infection due to mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella sp, or bordetella pertussis, symptomatic cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis in patients with AIDS, cerebral toxoplasmosis, uncomplicated skin infections, and others. On the basis of end user, the market is segmented into hospitals, dermatology clinics, pharmaceutical companies, and others.

Regional Analysis –

Regional analysis of the Macrolide Antibiotics Market provides crucial insights into the distribution and trends of antibiotic usage across different geographic areas. Understanding regional dynamics helps stakeholders identify patterns in antibiotic resistance, treatment preferences, and healthcare infrastructure. For instance, regions with higher incidences of bacterial infections may exhibit greater demand for macrolide antibiotics like azithromycin or clarithromycin.

Developed regions with advanced healthcare systems often have stringent antibiotic stewardship programs in place, leading to more judicious use of antibiotics and lower rates of resistance. In contrast, developing regions may face challenges such as limited access to healthcare facilities or inadequate surveillance systems, contributing to higher rates of antibiotic misuse and resistance. By conducting a thorough regional analysis, stakeholders can tailor their marketing strategies, pricing models, and distribution channels to meet the specific needs of each region.

Additionally, understanding regional variations in antibiotic resistance patterns enables the development of targeted interventions and antimicrobial stewardship initiatives. Overall, regional analysis plays a pivotal role in guiding decision-making and shaping effective strategies for addressing antibiotic resistance in the macrolide antibiotics market.

Key Players –

Macrolide Antibiotics Key companies include Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, Pfizer Inc., Neo Química, Macrolide Pharmaceuticals, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Fresenius Kabi USA, Sandoz International GmbH, Gland Pharma Limited, Mylan N.V., and WOCKHARDT, among others.

Related Reports –

Meningitis Diagnosis and Treatment

Endodontic Devices

Fertility Drug and Surgery

Opioids

For more information visit at MarketResearchFuture

[pharmrx]

Keflex Vs Amoxicillin

Antibiotics are effective antibacterial substances against microorganisms. Antibiotics of Keflex vs Amoxicillin are the most common form of antibacterial agents and are therefore widely used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. Bacteria can be killed or suppressed by these substances. It is not effective against viral infections such as colds and flu. Antibiotics should only be used to treat mild conditions that are unlikely to be resolved without antibiotics. You can Buy Keflex online through the website or buy Amoxicillin.

Buy Keflex online

The majority of antibiotics come from only a few types of medicines, despite the fact that there are over 100 of them. These are the most common antibiotic classes:

Penicillin like penicillin and amoxicillin Cephalosporins like cephalexin (Keflex)

Macrolides like erythromycin (E-Mycin), clarithromycin (Biaxin), and azithromycin (Zithromax)

Fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin), and ofloxacin (Floxin)

Sulfonamides like co-trimoxazole (Bactrim) and trimethoprim (Proloprim)

Tetracyclines like tetracycline (Sumycin, Panmycin) and doxycycline (Vibramycin) Aminoglycosides like gentamicin (Garamycin) and tobramycin (Tobrex).

Keflex vs Amoxicillin Mechanism

Mechanism of: Keflex

Buy Keflex online to treat various infections caused by bacteria. Before starting to take cephalexin, do inform your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it the same or to penicillin or other cephalosporins like cefpodoxime or if you have any other medication allergies.  Keflex treats various infections caused by bacteria.

Before buy Keflex online users should know that this product contains inactive components which can cause allergic reactions or other problems 

Mechanism of: Amoxicillin

Bacterial infections include middle ear infections, strep throat infections, pneumonia, skin infections, and urinary tract infections(UTI) among other various infections.

Get Amoxicillin as it is a penicillin-type of antibiotic that fights bacteria. (which is Prevacid).

While we talk about Keflex vs Amoxicillin, we should know that the fact that Keflex and Amoxicillin are also sometimes taken together with another antibiotic known as clarithromycin (which is Biaxin) for the treatment of stomach ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. This type of combination of antibiotics is sometimes used with a stomach acid reducer called lansoprazole.

Get Amoxicillin Online

The trade or brand name, created by the meds firm that makes the medicine, and the generic name, which is based on the antibiotic’s molecular structure or chemical class, are the two names that most antibiotics have. Keflex vs Amoxicillin, for example, are capitalized trade names. If you are thinking about where to buy Keflex vs Amoxicillin then you can buy it from an online website at a fingertip. Cephalexin and penicillin are generic antibiotics that are not capitalized.

Dosage For Amoxicillin And Keflex

Dosages of: Keflex

 Keflex dosages and forms as per your doctor’s direction. The dosage is dependent on your medical condition and response to the treatment. Take this medication at similar time intervals daily for better results.

Keflex is an antibiotic that is available in the below-mentioned dosages and forms:

Capsules in the strength of: 

250mg

500mg

750mg

Oral suspension as:

125mg/5mL

250mg/5mL

Tablets in the strength of:

250mg

500mg

Tablets and capsules can be taken with water. Read  medication information about Keflex  and consume it through the water.

Dosages of: Amoxicillin

The dosage is dependent on your medical condition and response to the treatment.

Take this medication at similar time intervals daily for better results.

Amoxicillin antibiotic that comes in the below-mentioned dosages and forms:

Capsule in the strengths of:

250mg

500mg

Oral solutions in the strengths of:

125mg/5mL

200mg/5mL

250mg/5mL

400mg/5mL

Tablets in its strengths of:

875mg

Tablets and capsules can be taken with water. buy Amoxicillin online and consume it through the water.

Patients should take immediate medical help if they experience an erection which lasts more than 4 hours

In Reference To Keflex VS Amoxicillin

Amoxicillin And Keflex Side Effects

Side Effects Of: Keflex

if you are thinking to Buy Keflex then know that it has common side effects after consumption:

Diarrhea

Dizziness

Tiredness

Headache

Stomach upset

Abdominal pain or cramps

Joint pain

Vaginal itching or discharge

Nausea

Vomiting

Upset stomach may occur

Itching

Swelling or/and

Rashes

Side Effects Of: Amoxicillin

Common effects after you buy Amoxicillin can be:

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhea

White patches in your Mouth

A change in vaginal discharge or other new symptoms

Dark urine persistent nausea or vomiting

Stomach or abdominal pain

Yellowing of eyes or skin

Bleeding Persistent sore throat

Fever

Nausea

Itching

Swelling especially in the facial area

Tongue

Trouble breathing.

If you have to buy Keflex online and got affected by this medicine, then talk to your doctor immediately if you observe developing diarrhea in both Keflex vs Amoxicillin that is frequent and persistent, abdominal or stomach pain/cramps or the presence of blood or mucus in your stool. Because this can be a sign of a rare intestinal effect caused due to bacteria C. difficile. If you see other effects which are other than the above-listed ones, tell your doctor or pharmacist.

Keflex vs Amoxicillin Benifits

Benefits of: Keflex

Before buy Keflex online know that this medication may interact with blood thinners such as metformin or probenecid. Tell your doctor if you are taking these medications before starting any antibiotic meds.

Cephalexin may affect live bacterial vaccines (like typhoid vaccine) to not work properly. Therefore inform your health care professional that you have Keflex online or using cephalexin prior to any immunizations/vaccinations.

Do not take this antibiotic med if you are allergic to amoxicillin or to any other penicillin antibiotic like ampicillin (Omnipen, Principen), dicloxacillin (Dycill, Dynapen), oxacillin (Bactocill), penicillin (Beepen-VK, Ledercillin VK, Pen-V, Pen-Vee K, Pfizerpen, V-Cillin K, Veetids) and other similar ones. Before taking amoxicillin, do inform your doctor if you are allergic to cephalosporins like Omnicef, Cefzil, Ceftin, Keflex, and others.

Benefits of: Amoxicillin

Do not take this antibiotic meds if you are allergic to buy Amoxicillin or to any other penicillin antibiotic like ampicillin (Omnipen, Principen), dicloxacillin (Dycill, Dynapen), oxacillin (Bactocill), penicillin (Beepen-VK, Ledercillin VK, Pen-V, Pen-Vee K, Pfizerpen, V-Cillin K, Veetids) and other similar ones.

Before taking amoxicillin, do inform your doctor if you are allergic to cephalosporins like Omnicef, Cefzil, Ceftin, Keflex, and others.

The liquid form of this antibiotic medication may contain sugar. Caution is advised if you already have diabetes.

Amoxicillin has the possibility to make birth control pills less effective. Therefore ask your doctor about using a nonhormonal way of birth control like a condom or diaphragm or spermicide to prevent pregnancy while taking this medicine. Antibiotic medicines may cause diarrhea.

The liquid form of this antibiotic medication may contain sugar. Caution is advised if you already have diabetes.

Keflex vs Amoxicillin both meds mix with the blood through nerves & should make a note to have a nice sound sleep its also recommend telling your doctor if you are pregnant or planning to conceive as it may not be safe to take buy Keflex online from a US-based pharmacy this medication at that time. It may also not be safe to breastfeed when taking this medicine.

Bonus Tips:

Both Keflex vs Amoxicillin is the most used meds used for the same reason. If you’re looking for other similar products like Keflex and Amoxicillin. Here are some medicines that you can refer Clindamycin, Omnicef, and Levofloxacin these are the best similar medicine that helps to fight bacterial infection.

Conclusion

Keflex vs Amoxicillin (Cefalexin) both can treat specific bacterial diseases, including those of the center ear, bone and joint, skin, and urinary tract. It might likewise be utilized for particular kinds of pneumonia and strep throat, and to forestall bacterial endocarditis. Buy Keflex vs Amoxicillin to treat bacterial infection. Cefalexin isn’t compelling against contaminations brought about by methicillin-safe Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), most Enterococcus, or Pseudomonas. Like, different anti-infection agents, cefalexin can’t treat viral diseases, for example, seasonal influenza, normal cold, or intense bronchitis.  buy Keflex vs Amoxicillin to stop the growth of bacterial infection in the body

Cefalexin can be utilized in individuals who have gentle or direct aversions to penicillin. However, it isn’t suggested for those with extreme penicillin allergies. Amoxicillin is a penicillin anti-microbial. It is utilized to treat bacterial contaminations, like chest diseases (counting pneumonia) and dental abscesses. Amoxicillin is utilized to treat a wide assortment of bacterial diseases. This med is a penicillin-type anti-infection. It works by halting the development of microbes. This anti-toxin treats just bacterial diseases.

[medswin12]

Buying Medication From Online Generic Pharmacies

Online pharmacies, much like their branded counterparts, vary in their product lineups. It is possible to find sites that only sell brand-name products, those that exclusively sell generic medications, and those that sell both. It is notable that a large number of online drugstores seem to carry generic medication, only offering brand drugs when there are no existing generic equivalents. There are some advantages inherent to each set-up that people who buy medication online might want to consider. azicip 500

Generic pharmacies clearly have the advantage for customers in terms of prices. Online pharmacies tend to have lower prices than their brick-and-mortar counterparts due to lower operating costs. An online drugstore that sells only generic products can have even lower prices, since generic products are already much cheaper. This is because they don't have any research and developments costs behind them. In cases where a generic equivalent is available and the doctor believes there would be no adverse effects to the treatment, then ordering from an online pharmacy should be considered an option.

Another possible advantage of online pharmacies that only sell generics is availability. There are instances wherein, due to legal restrictions and patent protections, companies in the United States cannot legally produce a generic equivalent. These restrictions do not apply to other countries, so it is entirely possible for online generic pharmacies to provide a cheaper generic drug that isn't available in the U.S. yet. This can be very useful for those who cannot afford a brand-name drug, but lack any generic alternatives available in traditional pharmacies. azicip 500 mg

Some online pharmacy reviews may be concerned over the safety of using generic drugs. This should not be the case, assuming that these online generic pharmacies follow the regulations set forth by the FDA. Generic medications should be chemically identical to their brand-name equivalents. This means that they should have the same active ingredient, have the same mechanism of action in the body, and dissolve at the same rate in the bloodstream. Online pharmacies which stock generic drugs must establish that the central components in their products are the same as those in brand-name counterparts, to show that the medications are legitimate.

There are some who believe that online pharmacies that only sell generics are better than those that attempt to sell both generic and brand-name drugs. This is not necessarily true, since some people may prefer having the ability to compare a generic to its brand-name equivalent. Others find that the specialization of a generics-only pharmacy lends itself to better prices, since the drugstore only needs a single supplier for its products. azicip 500 tablet

Ultimately, whether online pharmacies follow a generics-only model or not is irrelevant, so long as they are legitimate and can supply the needs of their customers. Generic medications, even those that are manufactured outside of the U.S., can be just as effective as their branded counterparts. The lower prices and similar effectiveness makes them appealing alternatives, and the convenience of online shopping makes the internet the ideal place to get them.

View More - azithromycin 500

[doctorfoxtor]

I got 25% of my questions correct today so who's the winner in all of this? The people I paid for their question bank, probably

100 days of productivity

Day 10

RS/CVS

endocarditis prognosis: viridans = good prognosis (overall strep mortality ~5%); staph/culture-negative = poor prognosis (overall staph mortality ~30%); prosthetic valves and low serum complement also assoc. w/ poor prognosis

prosthetic valves = gent + RIF + fluclox if known MSSA source + vanc if unknown MSSA or suspected MRSA or PCN allergy

native valves = fluclox if MSSA; benzylpenicillin if strep + low-dose gent if less PCN-sensitive; vanc + RIF if PCN-allergy or MRSA; amox/(vanc if PCN-allergic) + low-dose gent if neither

latent TB in HIV → INH x9 mos

AV block: MILD RASH: myotonic muscular dystrophy, IHD, Lyme, digitoxicity (often +atrial tachy), RHD, aortic abscess/aortic root dilation, sarcoid, hypo/hyperkalaemia

CNS

NCS: ↓compound muscle action potential amplitude → axonal neuropathy

NCS: reduced velocity/conduction blocks → myelin disorders; reduced amplitude → axonal disorders

dizziness + absent corneal reflex = acoustic schwannoma

mumps meningitis causes low CSF glucose! however, other CSF stigmata point to viral disease (normal to mildly elevated protein, lymphocytes, negative stains/cultures) (differentiate from TB by acuity of mumps vs subacuity/chronicity of TB + cobwebbing in TB + *markedly* elevated protein in TB; PCR is 75% sensitive for TB)

GIT

best single-marker indicator of severity in acute pancreatitis is CRP; good predictor of necrosis

mucoid diarrhoea + very mild anaemia + hypokalaemia → villous adenoma (IRL, anaemia → r/o ca colon; but a colonoscopy will catch the adenoma anyway)

inducing Crohn's remission: 1. glucocorticoids + salazines 2. add-on azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine or MTX if cannot use aza/6-MP 3. add-on infliximab (I am unsure why aza/6-MP are used for inducing remission as they take upwards of 2-3 months to take effect; they are generally excellent for *maintaining* remission, not inducing it, but them's the guidelines I guess)

Endo/Repro/Infections

9am cortisol between 100-500 → inconclusive; proceed to cosyntropin test (but as long as levels <500 you will proceed with cosyntropin stimulation test)

urethritis NAAT-neg for gono/chlam → doxy x1 wk or azithromycin (NAAT will only be positive 2 weeks after likely transmission event)

malaria: sensitivity of QBC is greater than than of thick smear for parasite burden estimation, but less than that of thin smear for species identification

Onc/Haem

AIHA: in warm, the haemolysis occurs *extravascularly* (hence haptoglobin and peripheral smear will NOT show stigmata of haemolysis); in cold, the haemolysis occurs *intravascularly* (so hapto/smear WILL reflect haemolysis)

myelofibrosis = V617F JAK2 mutation (asso. w/ teardrop poikilocytosis)

Renal/Biochem/Toxo

MDRD equation for eGFR: CAGE: Creat, Age, Gender, Ethnicity

ADPKD assoc. w/ AR (aortic root dilation), MVP/MR, TR

warfarin × azathioprine interaction → ↓warfarin effect → impaired thromboprophylaxis in immunosuppressed (mechanism unknown)

atorvastatin (only) × digoxin → digitoxicity (inhibition of digoxin transport by the p-glycoprotein efflux transporter)

all statins interact with fibrates, but fenofibrate has the least potential for precipitating the myotoxic interaction and should be preferred when both statins and fibrates must be prescribed

thiazides cause impotence in up to 33% of patients???

if VICKO STUMBLED, luckily for him those toxins are dialysable: Valproate, Isoniazid/Isopropyl alcohol, Carbamazepine, Kerosene/Ketones, Organophosphates, Salicylates, Topiramate, Urea, Methanol/Methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline etc), Barbiturates/Benzos, Lithium, Ethylene glycol/Ethanol, Dabigatran

[tinyshe]

[remember to save and share as this information is being suppressed and censored]

Awareness Foundation COVID-19 Roundtable

Story at-a-glance

The Awareness Foundation COVID-19 Roundtable is a sign of wakefulness and hope during times of censorship and suppression

It includes honest opinions and expertise from 14 high-profile doctors, including myself, with a focus on the potential dangers being posed by the experimental mass COVID-19 vaccination campaign

Experts discuss how COVID-19 vaccines may cause a coming tsunami of hospitalization and deaths, along with debilitating chronic disease, early signs of which are already appearing

All agree that there’s enough evidence to halt the global COVID-19 vaccination campaign, either for everyone or — particularly — for those to whom the vaccines pose the greatest risks with little to no benefit, namely children and young people, pregnant women and those who have already recovered from COVID-19

In this time of extreme censorship and suppression of scientific debate, The Awareness Foundation COVID-19 Roundtable,1 hosted by Katherine Macbean of the Awareness Foundation, is a sign of wakefulness and hope. It includes honest opinions and expertise from 14 high-profile doctors, including myself, with a focus on the potential dangers being posed by the experimental mass COVID-19 vaccination campaign.

Each has faced censorship when speaking out, and though there are some differing viewpoints, all agree that there’s enough evidence to halt the global COVID-19 vaccination campaign, either for everyone or — particularly — for those to whom the vaccines pose the greatest risks with little to no benefit. This includes children and young people, pregnant women and those who have already recovered from COVID-19.

I highly recommend setting aside two hours to watch this roundtable discussion in full — it’s a rarity in the present day to hear such candor and open debate. However, I’ve also compiled some of the highlights below, which include warnings about the dangers these experimental vaccines may pose to society.

A Tsunami of Chronic Disease and Death

Will COVID-19 vaccines cause a coming tsunami of hospitalization and deaths, along with debilitating chronic disease? One expert on the panel, Dr. Peter McCullough, an internist, cardiologist, epidemiologist and full professor of medicine at Texas A&M College of Medicine in Dallas with a master's degree in public health, said he’s focused more on the short-term adverse effects from the shot. These nonfatal injuries fall into four major categories:

Neurologic

Immunologic

Hematologic

Cardiac

“What I'm seeing is just the late emergence of various neurologic syndromes. And it probably depends on where the seeding occurs of, uh, of, you know, the uptake of the genetic material in the brain or support cells in the brain, but there's a whole variety of cerebral, cerebellar, even peripheral nervous system abnormalities,” McCullough said, adding:2

“I've seen it in my clinic and they seem to be emerging three, four or five, six months later after vaccination … So I'm getting increasingly alarmed here that this is not just a simple one- or two-day problem. And so there's great concern, particularly in younger kids that over a course of three or six or nine months, they'll end up with heart failure or cardiac death.

… What I see is, potentially from these signals, not mass death, but just a large number of Americans and people around the world with a new chronic disease of some sort of neurodegenerative disease or cardiac disease. The patients that I'm aware of, these problems seem to be quite disabling.”

Another panel member, Dr. Vladimir Zelenko, who has treated thousands of COVID-19 patients using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), azithromycin and zinc sulfate,3 with great success, has a different take. He believes there is a very distinct possibility that everyone who receives the COVID jab may die from complications in the next two to three years:4

“I'm just going to give you the perspective of a clinician who deals with people that are dying … 4 million dead people can testify to the unique clinical syndrome to put them there. Basically, a natural animal virus was changed to infect humans, and then its lethality was augmented to cause blood clots and lung damage.

And in concept here, we're dealing with a Hitler/Stalin type of mentality with weapons of mass destruction and the way to win this war — and it's very winnable — is in the following manner. It's a narrative war. So we need to spread the following two ideas … Don't give into the fear and choose to destroy yourself, No. 1. No. 2, treat your problem early. If these two ideas could penetrate the fixed calls of humanity, then it's really the end of this crisis.”

Dr. Tess Lawrie, whose company The Evidence-Based Medicine Consultancy has worked with the World Health Organization, agreed that the vaccines are unsafe for children and adults alike:5

“They're actually not safe for anybody, and it's clear. The databases are screaming. The databases are early warning systems, and the databases around the world are screaming that we are facing a tsunami of chronic disease.”

Inflammatory Disorders, Cancer Markers on the Rise

Dr. Richard Urso, an ophthalmologist in Houston, Texas, is also concerned:6

“Early on, we were seeing things, mostly thrombotic, but later, as we get into two and three months [after vaccination], we’re seeing a lot of inflammatory issues. I’ve had a host of people with inflammatory ocular disorders, as well as having orbital inflammatory diseases.

I typically don’t see this rash number of people. For people who don’t know, my clinical practice is probably one of the largest in the United States, if not the largest, and we get a tremendous number, in volume, of patients who come through our office. And I’m seeing late inflammatory disease, and it responds quite well to inflammatory medicines.”

Some have brushed off the notion that the virus could be a bioweapon because it didn’t cause sudden, mass deaths. But this is a misconception. A successful bioweapon can be something that causes long-term, progressive, chronic-type diseases, noted Dr. Richard Fleming, a physicist, nuclear cardiologist and attorney.

In 1994, Fleming introduced the theory of inflammation and vascular disease, which explains why these inflammable thrombotic diseases, and the causes, including viruses like SARS-CoV-2, produce disease states like COVID-19.

“As I laid out in the theory in 1994,” Fleming said, “you're going to see an inflammable thrombotic response. That’s the primary thing that people are noticing, be that heart disease or retinol disease.” The other factor is a prion component of this virus, “which is also a chronic smoldering disease.” Fleming noted:7

“If you're going to actually develop something that's going to have a massive effect on your ‘enemy,’ your goal isn't to kill the enemy any more than it was the goal of the United States in Vietnam to kill the enemy.

The goal was to maim the enemy so that more of the enemy would be taken off the field. What we've seen is something that's been implemented that is an ideal by a weapon designed to demoralize and to feed people the enemy, and to cause a slow smoldering process.”

Fleming cited data from Pfizer that showed in the 12 to 14 days following the second injection of the Pfizer mRNA vaccine, elderly individuals had a 2.6-fold increase in symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. “This is an inflammable thrombotic process affecting every organ system and prion diseases that not only affect the brain, but also affect the heart and other vital organs of the body.”8

Dr. Ryan Cole, a Mayo Clinic-trained, triple-boarded pathologist, also said that he’s seeing potential cancer-causing changes, including decreases in receptors that keep cancer in check, and other adverse events post-vaccine:9

“I’m seeing countless adverse reactions … it's really post-vaccine immunodeficiency syndrome … I'm seeing a marked increase in herpetic family viruses, human papilloma viruses in the post-vaccinated. I'm seeing a marked uptick in a laboratory setting from what I see year over year of an increase of usually quiescent diseases.

In addition to that — and correlation is not causation — but in the last six months I have seen — you know, I read a fair amount of women's health biopsies — about a 10- to 20-fold increase of uterine cancer compared to what I see on an annual basis. Now we know that the CD8 cells are one of our T-cells to keep our cancers in check.

I am seeing early signals … what I'm seeing is an early signal in the laboratory setting that post-vaccinated patients are having diseases that we normally don't see at rates that are already early considerably alarming.”

Do the Vaccinated Pose a Risk to the Unvaccinated?

Sherri Tenpenny has heard thousands of anecdotal reports that something is being transmitted from the vaccinated to the unvaccinated:10

“We're injecting a synthetically made messenger RNA and strips of synthetically made double-stranded DNA by different mechanisms, and if that transmission goes to the other person, they don't get COVID, they don't get COVID symptoms that we typically recognize as COVID. They get bleeding, they get blood clots, they get headaches, they get heart disease, they get all of these different things.”

Dr. Robert Malone, the inventor of the mRNA and DNA vaccine core platform technology,11 doesn’t agree that anything is being “passed” from vaccinated people to others, adding that while it may be possible for mRNA to be shed through breast milk to nursing infants, possibly causing gastrointestinal symptoms, anything else is just speculation.

Others suggest it could be more of a hormonal or pheromonal issue than some type of “shedding,” which may help explain why women are also reporting abnormalities with their menstrual cycles following vaccination. Dr. Lee Merritt, an orthopedic and spinal surgeon, brought up a 2015 report by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which looked at “shedding” in mRNA vaccines, which they call gene therapies.12 She explained:13

“They talk about, they're very concerned about the shedding — and they do call it shedding, whether that's technically correct … And they tell you in this thing who to protect, they tell you to protect neonates, immunocompromised people and elderly with bad immune systems.

They also say, we don't know what's being shed. They say it could be genetic material. It could be activated viruses and it could be a recombinant product. This is what's in the FDA data.”

Immediately Halt the Vaccine Program

All of the experts agreed that evidence suggests the mass COVID-19 vaccination program should be halted. “There is enough evidence now just from the European Medicines Agency alone, 1.7 million in reported adverse events and 17,000 deaths that the four clinical trials should be stopped,” said Dolores Cahill, a professor at the school of medicine at the University College Dublin.

“They are detailed in the classifications, cardiac related immune, uh neuropathological and fertility associated.

So I think we all have duties as doctors and scientists to say, if something is causing more harm than good, which this clearly is, we should, I think, unify and called for a stop to the clinical trials worldwide, and also that any individual prime ministers and regulators that continue the trial would have to be liable for any adverse events.”

Malone believes that the vaccines have merit for certain populations, namely the elderly, but is advocating for prohibition on vaccination for infants and newborns, through young adults up to ages 30 to 35. “And specifically,” he said, “I'm trying to stop this crazy effort to force universities and schools to have universal vaccination.” In addition, he added:

“We can argue about risk-benefit for elderly, but the risk-benefit ratio for newborns through young adults is explicitly clear. It is upside down. It's not subtle there. You're going to kill more. And, and personally, I also feel that we can dig in really hard on the reproductive health in pregnancy, in women, that there just aren't data to support the use of this product because of the potential female reproductive health consequences.”

Dr. Urso added the other significant population that has far more to risk than gain from vaccination: the COVID-recovered. “The immune status should be more important than the vaccination status,” he said.

“So I think there's three groups that are easily winnable arguments [to avoid vaccination]: pregnant women, the young and … the COVID recovered … I mean, that's a, that's a lousy thing to do to get all these people that are COVID recovered, good immune status and give them a vaccination for something they don't need.”

How to End Fear and Optimize Your Immune System

The roundtable participants are planning to continue their discussion offline to formally request an end to mass COVID-19 vaccination for the mentioned groups as well as create a statement to end government interference with the practice of medicine. Many physicians have had their hands tied when it comes to prescribing early treatments for COVID-19, like ivermectin. As Fleming noted:

“… The reason why people die with COVID is because they're not receiving treatment, so I would argue that we need to make certain that people, the physicians, are allowed to treat without government interference and that we put a hold on the dissemination of the vaccines at this point in time, until we can further investigate them safely.”

Dr. Sam White, whose reputation has been under attack since he released a video on social media detailing his concerns about the suppression of the science around therapeutics in the U.K., added:

“We could end the fear overnight by allowing access to therapeutics and changing the mainstream media narrative that there's no need for masks. There's no need for lock downs. This is more treatable than flu, as far as I'm concerned, we're just not allowed to do any treatment. If the public knew that it changes the narrative overnight.”

While we work on changing the narrative, or at least opening up discussions of science outside of the narrative, it’s always a good idea to optimize your immune system.

Toward this end, I recommend optimizing your vitamin D levels to 60 to 80 nanograms per milliliter and improving your metabolic flexibility so your body can seamlessly transition between burning fats and glucose as your primary fuel. One way to do this is to condense your eating window to about six to eight hours a day.

Even without changing your calories, this can make a profound difference, but from a perspective of choosing the right foods, one of the most important strategies that I’ve learned over my four decades of studying this is to avoid processed foods, nearly all of which are loaded with vegetable, or seed, oils.

These oils have a high content of linoleic acid, which contributes to mitochondrial instability and increases susceptibility to oxidative stress. This, in turn, increases immune dysfunction and mitochondrial dysfunction. These are simple strategies I recommend, as they're useful to improve your overall health and resiliency to fight any infection.

As mentioned, I highly recommend listening to the discussion in full to get all of the details that weren’t included here. At the next meeting, the group plans to discuss how to move forward to challenge the narrative in greater detail, including fighting back against the organizations, such as the Wellcome Trust and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, that are heavily investing in this.

[legionellariskassessmentleeds]

What is Legionella Risk Assessment?

To clarify what legionella hazard evaluation is, I believe I should initially clarify what legionella is. Legionella is a conceivably lethal irresistible sickness. It's a kind of pneumonia which flourishes in warm conditions at temperatures from 25 - 45 celsius. Any age gathering can be in danger of legionella contamination if occupant of working in a climate which is viewed as high danger. Be that as it may, men beyond 50 years old, specifically those men who smoke are of higher danger of contamination.

Legionellosis has 2 structures; legionaires' sickness and Pontiac fever. Legionaires' sickness causes pneumonia and can cause demise, while Pontiac fever is a lot milder ailment normally like an awful instance of flu. While a few group who get contaminated with legionella bacterium just experience the ill effects of minor sickness a modest number lamentably kick the bucket from the infection.

Legionella or bacterium legionalla pneumophila can be found in limited quantities inside the climate around us, in common wellsprings of water, for example, springs and lakes and represents no danger of contamination to people.

Hazard of Legionella Infection from Domestic Water Supplies

Legionella can be found in a lot higher focuses in any case, inside man-made water supply frameworks, like hot and cold homegrown water pipes and inside industry. In the event that conditions are appropriate the microscopic organisms can duplicate and colonize the framework, expanding the danger of legionella contamination. Especially if the water framework is associated with a shower or splash tap, since it is in these circumstances that people can get tainted with legionella by breathing in sullied respirable drops or pressurized canned products. Get More Info legionella risk assessment leeds

The high danger of experiencing a legionella disease water supplies, specific inside work environment conditions, has been extensively decreased by more tight wellbeing and security guidelines being brought into power. The Health and Safety at Work Act, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health or COSHH Regulations and The Control of Legionella Bacteria in Water Systems guidelines help guarantee that businesses keep up their water frameworks to an appropriately significant level that contaminations are kept to a base in the UK.

Legionella Risk Assessment Services

The requirement of guidelines concerning water frameworks in work environments, for example, relaxation focuses, schools or colleges, mechanical plants, care homes and office blocks, is the work of natural wellbeing workplaces and organizations that do legionella hazard evaluation administrations.

Such legionella hazard appraisal suppliers offer a bundle of administrations that limits the quantity of legionella contaminations by guaranteeing that official rules are met. They do legionella evaluations, which can include standard investigation, checking, cleaning and record keeping of information for examination. Just as suggestions for how your own individuals from staff can execute a Legionella Control Scheme where by they deal with the danger of legionella themselves.

Furthermore legionella hazard evaluation organizations give advantageous preparing to individuals from your staff, whom you've given obligation regarding upholding the Legionella Control Scheme and complete autonomous legionella control reviews to keep up the adequacy of your in-house legionella control plot.

Legionella Symptoms and Treatment

Those experiencing being contaminated with legionaires' infection will in general have a fever, the chills and a dry hack, yet additionally can experience the ill effects of muscle throbs, migraines, sluggishness and loss of hunger and coordination or ataxia. For some situation individuals who have gotten tainted, experience the runs and heaving.

The most widely recognized treatment for diseases of legionella, is with anti-microbials. Grown-ups of 18 and over are endorsed levofloxacin and azithromycin, while those experiencing legionella diseases of the age of 12 to 18 are given antibiotic medications. The viability of utilizing anti-microbials these days is significantly higher than in the 1970's, death rates whenever endorsed rapidly after contamination are around 5%.

[didanawisgi]

Dear Sir,

Arshad et al show evidence for a reduced mortality in Covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine alone or with azithromycin in an observational study in USA (Arshad et al., 2020). Data on effectiveness and toxicity of hydroxychloroquine are controversial (Liu et al., 2020, Devaux et al., 2020, Gautret et al., 2020, Tang et al., 2020, Geleris et al., 2020).

A total of 539 COVID-19 hospitalised patients were included in our cohort in Milan, from February 24 to May 17,2020 of whom 174 died in hospital (day 14 probability of death: 29.5%–95%CI: 25.5–34.0). We divided a subset of our cohort in three groups who started treatment a median of 1 day after admission: those receiving hydroxycholoroquine alone (N = 197), those receiving hydroxycholoroquine + azithromycin (N = 94), and those receiving neither (controls) (N = 92). Of the latter group, 10 started HIV antivirals (boosted-lopinavir or –darunavir), 1 teicoplanin, 12 immunomodulatory drugs or corticosteroids, 23 heparin and 46 remained untreated. The percent of death in the 3 groups was 27%, 23% and 51%. Mechanical ventilation was used in 4.3% of hydoxychloroquine, 14.2% of hydroxycholoroquine + azithromycin and 26.1% of controls. Unweighted and weighted relative hazards of mortality are shown in Table 1. After adjusting for a number of key confounders (see table), the use of hydroxycholoroquine + azithromycin was associated with a 66% reduction in risk of death as compared to controls; the analysis also suggested a larger effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in patients with less severe COVID-19 disease (PO2/FiO2 > 300, interaction p-value<.0001). Our results are remarkably similar to those shown by Arshad et al.

[nerdgirlnarrates]

Welcome to the Antibiotic Tournament!

It's about time we had a showdown between our favorite antibiotic regimens. First round start tomorrow (3/8): I'll post two polls a day, and they'll be open for a week. You can find the list of antibiotics below, but it's not too late to submit more--just reply to this post! You can also write propaganda for why your antibiotic should win, and I'll include it in the poll.

Vote however you want: best coverage, coolest mechanism of action, easiest dosing, best side effect profile, etc. You can find all the polls under the tag antibiotic tournament.

Let the games begin!

Current list of competitors:

Amikacin

Rifampin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/ethambutol

Bedaquiline

Meropenem

Cephalexin

Ceftriaxone

Vanc/zosyn (pip-tazo)

Amp/gent

Vanc/ceftriaxone

TMP-SMX

Ceftriaxone/flagyl (metronidazole)

Fosfomycin

Ciprofloxacin

Levofloxacin

Tigecycline

Clindamycin

Azithromycin

Fidaxomycin

Erythromycin

Nitrofurantoin

Metronidazole

Linezolid

Augmentin

Penicillin

Flucloxacillin

Zosyn (Pip/tazo)

Doxycycline

Clofazimine

[onlinemedikament-blog]

The Prosperity Of Chlamydia Treatment

Chlamydia is definitely an infection which is because the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis which is the most typical std. As much as 25 percent of men with Chlamydia don't have any signs and signs and symptoms. In males, Chlamydia might generate signs and symptoms parallel to gonorrhea.

Signs and symptoms may include discharge in the penis or rectum, burning sensation during peeing, rectal discharge or discomfort, and testicular tenderness or discomfort. About 30% of ladies with Chlamydia present signs and symptoms, including burning sensation during peeing, rectal discomfort or discharge, painful sexual activity, vaginal discharge, signs and symptoms of PID, salpingitis, and liver inflammation similar to hepatitis.

Chlamydia infection is principally the frequent sexually transmitted illness within the U . s . States. If perhaps you are persons and individuals with several partners are in utmost risk.

Detecting Chlamydia infection entails sample from the urethral discharges that face men or cervical discharges in ladies. If people participate in rectal sexual contact, sample in the rectum could also be needed. The sample is delivered for any monoclonal antibody test or fluorescent, cell culture, or DNA probe test. A number of these tests can also be performed around the urine sample Online Medikament.

The Chlamydia treatment includes proper antibiotic therapy including tetracyclines, erythromycin, or azithromycin. You can buy Chlamydia with syphilis or gonorrhea, if you possess a std, you need to be screened for other STDs too. Every sexual contact should be tested for Chlamydia. Sexual partners ought to be cured to prevent passing the problem with other people. There's no considerable resistance after the problem and you might grow to be constantly infected. A follow-up assessment can be achieved in four days to ensure when the infection continues to be treated.

There's also natural ways to relieve the condition by doing a bit of nutritional modifications which can be useful. Carrying out a low-fat and-fiber diet and also the diet must comprise a variety of fresh vegetables and fruit. These food types include high volume of phytonutrients and important vitamins that help with maintaining your body strong and fuel the defense mechanisms to fight infections. Limit use of fat, sugar, highly-junk foods, alcohol, and caffeine, which lowers the immune function. Take multivitamin and mineral supplement every single day, drink cranberry juice because it works well for stopping UTIs. Consumption of acidophilus pills can avoid candida albicans while under antibiotics treatment. Eat fresh garlic clove or take garlic clove pills to assist in fighting infection.

The problem, if never treated, may advance to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which could cause scars within the fallopian tubes leading to sterility. Scarring from the tubes also amplify the prospect of an ectopic pregnancy or tubal pregnancy. If your lady have Chlamydia during pregnancy, it may cause untimely labor and delivery. Furthermore, the newborn may grow Chlamydia conjunctivitis and Chlamydial pneumonia for the reason that situation. Protected sexual practices and constant condom utilization are essential means to assist in reducing the chances of you being infected. Screening test for Chlamydia is recommended each year for sexually energetic women age 25 and more youthful and ladies over age 25 who've new or numerous sex partners.

To place yourself comfortable, visit STD clinics and seek talk to their doctor. There you'll be able to find out in case you really have or don't have Chlamydia. This can also decrease the likelihood of you transferring the condition with other people.

[mcatmemoranda]

Asthma Pathophysiology and Treatment

Pathophysiology

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that involves many cells, in particular: mast cells, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and epithelial cells. This chronic inflammation leads to airway hyperresponsiveness and limitation of airway flow (obstruction). The persistence of inflammation can lead to airway edema. Long-term inflammation can lead to airway remodeling and permanent loss of lung function.

Treatment

Since inflammation is the primary pathologic mechanism in asthma, maintenance medication that reduces inflammation is first-line therapy.

If a patient is acutely wheezing, he or she may need quick-acting rescue medications that focus on bronchodilation and opening up the airways.

Maintenance Medication for Moderate Persistent Asthma

The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 3 (2007) recommends different combinations of medications depending on the severity of disease. (Note that for patients at all stages, a short-acting beta2-agonist inhaler is recommended as a quick-acting rescue medication to be used on an as needed basis.)

Moderate persistent asthma requires Step 3 treatment. Step 3 recommends either the combination of a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta2-agonist inhaler OR a medium-dose inhaled corticosteroid alone for maintenance medications.

Systematic reviews demonstrate the efficacy of the combination of a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta2-agonist inhaler and that this combination is more effective than the same dose of inhaled corticosteroids alone, higher dose inhaled corticosteroids alone or the combination of inhaled-corticosteroids and anti-leukotrienes. Therefore, the combination of an inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta2-agonist inhaler may be preferable. However, per the Expert Panel Report guidelines, either option A or option B can be used as a maintenance regimen for patients needing Step 3 treatment.

Although there is a FDA warning about the increase in asthma-related deaths with long-acting beta2-agonist inhalers alone, the FDA removed this warning from combination inhalers containing both an inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta2-agonist in 2017. If using an inhaled corticosteroid with a long-acting beta2 agonist, it is best to use a combination inhaler that contains both of these medications rather than give the medications in separate inhalers. (See Cates et al, 2014 and Stempel et al, 2016.)

High dose inhaled corticosteroids are reserved for severe asthma as the risk of adverse effects increase with dose. Inhaled corticosteroids are well-tolerated and safe at the recommended doses. To reduce the potential adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids: spacers are recommended to reduce local side effects, patients are advised to rinse their mouths and spit after inhalation, and consider adding a long-acting beta agonist to a low- or medium-dose of inhaled corticosteroid rather than using a higher dose of corticosteroid.

Oral corticosteroids suppress, control, and reverse airway inflammation. However, side effects with chronic administration include among other things: osteoporosis, adrenal suppression, growth suppression, dermal thinning, hypertension, Cushing's syndrome, cataracts, increased emotional lability, psychosis, peptic ulcer disease, atherosclerosis, aseptic necrosis of the bone, diabetes mellitus, and myopathy. Every effort, then, is given to minimizing systemic corticosteroid use and maximizing other modes of therapy. When oral corticosteroids are resorted to (for quick relief of symptoms in a moderate or severe asthma exacerbation), they are given for a short duration, and side effects are monitored. Multiple courses of oral systemic corticosteroids (more than three courses annually) should prompt re-evaluation of asthma management for the patient.

Leukotriene receptor antagonists may be used in conjunction with low-dose inhaled corticosteroids. A Cochrane review also revealed as additions to patients already on inhaled corticosteroids, a long-acting beta2 agonist inhaler improves symptoms and lung function, while preventing exacerbations, more effectively than leukotriene receptor antagonists. A recent study suggests the efficacy of using a leukotriene-receptor antagonist as monotherapy in the treatment of asthma, however, at this time, clinical guidelines for the management of asthma have not changed.

Theophylline may also be used in conjunction with low-dose inhaled corticosteroids, but is not used that often due to the difficulty in titrating the theophylline dose to the correct level. A meta-analysis demonstrated that salmeterol (a long-acting beta2 agonist) inhaler led to improved lung function and more symptom-free days and nights compared to theophylline.

There is an emerging role of anticholinergic medication in the treatment of asthma. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) confirmed that the addition of an anticholingeric medication to an inhaled corticosteroid lowered the risk for asthma exacerbations. However, current clinical guidelines for the management of asthma do not include this medication.

Generally, antibiotics are not needed in acute exacerbations or in chronic management of asthma. For example, one study noted no benefit of using azithromycin in acute exacerbations of asthma . However, another study demonstrated that for patients with persistent asthma symptoms despite appropriate medications, 500 mg azithromycin three times per week for 48 weeks resulted in fewer asthma exacerbations and an improved quality of life, though diarrhea was a common side-effect.

There also has been research into whether a combination inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta2-agonist can be used as single maintenance and reliever therapy (i.e. as both a maintenance medication and a relief medication). Studies using budesonide as the inhaled corticosteroid and formoterol as the long-acting beta-2 agonist have shown the promise of this approach since formoterol is a long-acting beta-2 agonist with a fast onset of action. A systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) demonstrated that single maintenance and reliever therapy lowered risk of asthma exacerbations compared to the traditional approach of inhaled corticosteroids (with or without a long-acting beta2 agonist) as controller medication and short-acting beta2 agonists as relief therapy. However, no inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta2-agonist product has received FDA approval to be both maintenance and relief medication and current clinical guidelines for the management of asthma do not discuss the single maintenance and reliever therapy approach.

[kreuzaderny]

Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United States veterans hospitalized with Covid-19

In this study, we found no evidence that use of hydroxychloroquine, either with or without azithromycin, reduced the risk of mechanical ventilation in patients hospitalized with Covid-19. An association of increased overall mortality was identified in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine alone. These findings highlight the importance of awaiting the results of ongoing prospective, randomized, controlled studies before widespread adoption of these drugs.

[aloviaskinclinic]

ACNE TREATMENT

What is Acne Treatment? Acne vulgaris is a chronic skin disease involving the oil glands at the base of hair follicles. It can lead to the formation of blackheads, whiteheads, nodules, bumps, and pus-filled lesions on the face, neck, chest, back, and upper arms. Acne starts during adolescence, though it can affect any age group. Adult-onset acne is prevalent in women with underlying hormonal disturbances. Acne impacts a patient's quality of life, affecting self-esteem and psychosocial development. Patients have to take over-the-counter and sometimes prescription-based acne treatments, and choosing the most effective therapy can be confusing. (Skin specialists in Gurgaon near me)

Diagnosis and Treatment for Acne

The diagnosis of acne vulgaris is primarily clinical. History and physical examination can help determine if there is an underlying cause of the Acne. Like An exacerbating medication or endocrinological abnormality causing hyperandrogenism (e.g., polycystic ovarian syndrome). And should be specially investigated in older women and women with menstrual irregularities. Other dermatologic manifestations of androgen excess include seborrheic, hirsutism, and androgenetic alopecia.

Treatment for acne vulgaris should aim to reduce the severity and recurrences of skin lesions and improve appearance. The approach depends on the severity of the Acne, the treatment preferences, the patient's age, and adherence and response to previous therapy. Your dermatologist can help formulate a treatment plan that's best suited for you.

The Best Acne Treatment At-home care There are a few self-care activities you can try at home to prevent pimples and clear up your Acne -

Cleaning your skin daily with mild soap to remove excess oil and dirt

Shampooing your hair regularly and keeping it out of your face

Using water-based makeup or labeled non -comedogenic (non-pore-clogging)

Not squeezing or picking pimples, which spreads bacteria and excess oil

Not wearing hats or tight headbands

Not touching your face

Topical medications for Acne Treatment

Benzoyl peroxide is an antimicrobial that kills the bacteria that cause Acne. It is also helpful in removing dead skin cells and excess oils, which can cause blockage in the pores.

Clindamycin: It's another antimicrobial used in the treatment.

Niacinamide: It is an anti-inflammatory agent that also increases skin hydration.

Salicylic acid- The target of this ingredient is also to prevent the pores from becoming plugged.

Topical retinoids- Like tretinoin and adapalene are present in many acne medications. And are often used as the first line in combination with antimicrobials.

Mild side effects of topical medications include stinging, dryness, and burning sensations with redness.

Oral medications for Acne Treatment

Antibiotics When topical agents are insufficient or not tolerated in moderate to severe Acne cases, systemic antibiotics are often considered the following line of treatment. These include tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, azithromycin, etc.(Skin specialists in Gurgaon near me)

Isotretinoin Isotretinoin effects all causative mechanisms of Acne — it changes abnormal follicular keratinization, decreases sebum production by 70%, decreases P. acnes colonization, and is anti-inflammatory. Isotretinoin therapy must be monitored carefully. Its adverse effects include potent teratogenicity, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatoxicity.

If you are interested in learning more about PRP therapy, please click here and send a query to Alovia Clinic, or reach out to our expert Dr. Naren Parkash