#bacteriolagist

[scotianostra]

On 6th August 1881 Sir Alexander Fleming was born in Lochfield, near Darvel.

Well before Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin he tried to convince doctors in the field hospitals of World War One that treating wounds with antiseptic, not only cleaned the wounds but also lowered the soldier’s natural resistance to infection because they were killing white blood cells. His mentor Almroth Wright believed that a saline solution – salt water – should be used to clean deep wounds, because this did not interfere with the body’s own defenses and in fact attracted white cells. Fleming proved this result in the field.

Wright and Fleming published their results, but most army doctors refused to change their ways, resulting in many preventable deaths.

After the war Fleming discovered an enzyme called Lysozyme, an important role in the prevention of bacterial infections, while this was an important breakthrough in preventing infections in the first place it had little or no effect on many other microbes that infect humans. Lysozyme is present in the body, for instance it is i in tears, saliva, sweat, and other body fluids, It destroys bacteria that attempts to enter our body through these passageways. In the case of tears, they protect our eyes from bacterial invaders.

Fleming had left a jar of mould unattended during a holiday. On returning to work he noticed that a jar of Staphylococcus bacteria – a green yellow mould – had covered the dish except one area which was clear of the bacteria – rather like a halo effect.

This was Fleming’s great Eureka moment – the moment he correctly deduced that some antibacterial agent had crept in and successfully stopped the bacteria. He later identified this antibacterial agent as a rare form of Penicillium notatum which had drifted in from a mycology lab nearby. He later talked about the importance of chance in this discovery.

"I have been trying to point out that in our lives chance may have an astonishing influence and, if I may offer advice to the young laboratory worker, it would be this—never neglect an extraordinary appearance or happening. It may be—usually is, in fact—a false alarm that leads to nothing, but may on the other hand be the clue provided by fate to lead you to some important advance."

Fleming named this fungus penicillin and tried to grow it in his lab. He published his discovery in the “Journal of Experimental Pathology” in 1929 but did not receive much attention at the time as most of his clinical trials had been inconclusive and penicillin could not be produced in large enough quantities to be useful. Fleming was convinced that the fungus had limited usefulness but his research was taken up by two researchers from Oxford University named Ernst Chain and Howard Florey. These two were successful in producing purified penicillin which became indispensable during World War II, and helped to save thousands of lives through its use in antibiotics. In 1945, as a result of their combined efforts and discoveries, Fleming, Chain and Florey were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

So the untidiness of a Scottish scientist ultimately led to countless many lives being saved, Fleming himself predicted that one day the antibiotics might be less effective, as is the case nowadays, we wait in hope of another "accident"