#bahumono

[kemetic-dreams]

Aro Confederacy

The Aro Confederacy (1690–1902) was a political union orchestrated by the Aro people, Igbo subgroup, centered in Arochukwu in present-day southeastern Nigeria. The Aro Confederacy kingdom was founded after the beginning of the Aro-Ibibio Wars. Their influence and presence was all over Eastern Nigeria, lower Middle Belt, and parts of present-day Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea during the 18th and 19th centuries. The Arochukwu Kingdom was an economic, political, and an oracular center as it was home of the Ibini Ukpabi oracle, High Priests, the Aro King Eze Aro, and central council (Okpankpo). The Aro Confederacy was a powerful and influential political and economic alliance of various Igbo-speaking communities in southeastern Nigeria. It emerged during the 17th century and played a significant role in the region until the late 19th century.

The exact origins of the Aro Confederacy are not precisely documented, but it is believed to have been established around the mid-17th century. The Aro people, who were part of the Igbo ethnic group, inhabited the region around present-day Arochukwu in Abia State, Nigeria. They were skilled traders and missionaries who played a pivotal role in connecting various Igbo communities. This migration and their military power, and wars with neighboring kingdoms like supported by their alliances with several related neighboring Igbo and eastern Cross River militarized states (particularly Ohafia, Edda, Abam, Abiriba, Afikpo, Ekoi, Bahumono, Amasiri etc.), quickly established the Aro Confederacy as a regional economic power. The Aro Confederacy's strength came from its well-organized network of Aro agents who were dispersed across different communities in the region. These agents acted as intermediaries in trade, diplomacy, and religious matters. They facilitated commerce, resolved disputes, and spread the worship of the Aro deity known as the "Long Juju" oracle."The Opening Up of Nigeria, the Expedition Against the Aros by Richard Caton Woodville II" 1901

The "Long Juju" oracle was the spiritual centerpiece of the Aro Confederacy. It was housed in Arochukwu and considered a potent source of political authority and religious guidance. The Aro people used the oracle to enforce their influence and control over surrounding communities. It also served as a means to administer justice and settle disputes, often attracting pilgrims seeking solutions to their problems.

The Aro Confederacy gained significant economic power through trade and commerce Their economy was primarily based on agriculture, with the cultivation of crops like palm oil, yams, and cassava. They were also involved in trade with neighboring communities and European merchants. They controlled trade routes that passed through their territories, collecting tolls and taxes from traders. The Aro also engaged in the Trans-Atlantic slave trade by capturing and selling slaves to European traders.

Aro activities on the coast helped the growth of city-states in the Niger Delta, and these city states became important centres for the export of palm oil and slaves. Such city-states included Opobo, Bonny, Nembe, Calabar, as well as other slave trading city-states controlled by the Ijaw, Efik, and Igbo. The Aros formed a strong trading network, colonies, and incorporated hundreds of communities that formed into powerful kingdoms. The Ajalli, Arondizuogu, Ndikelionwu, and Igbene Kingdoms were some of the most powerful Aro states in the Confederacy after Arochukwu. Some were founded and named after commanders and chiefs like Izuogu Mgbokpo and Iheme who led Aro/Abam forces to conquer Ikpa Ora and founded Arondizuogu. Later Aro commanders such as Okoro Idozuka (also of Arondizuogu) expanded the state's borders through warfare at the start of the 19th century. Aro migrations also played a large role in the expansion of Ozizza, Afikpo, Amasiri, Izombe, and many other city-states. For example, Aro soldiers founded at least three villages in Ozizza. The Aro Confederacy's power, however, derived mostly from its economic and religious position. With European colonists on their way at the end of the 19th century, things changed.Burning of Arochukwu 1901

During the 1890s, the Royal Niger Company of Britain bore friction with the Aros because of their economic dominance. The Aro resisted British penetration in the hinterland because their economic and religious influence was being threatened. The Aro and their allies launched offensives against British allies in Igboland and Ibibioland. After failed negotiations, the British attempted to conquer the Aro Confederacy in 1899. By 1901, the tensions were especially intensified when British prepared for the Aro Expedition. The invasion of Obegu (in Igboland) was the last major Aro offensive before the start of the Anglo-Aro War. In November 1901, the British launched the Aro Expedition and after strong Aro resistance, Arochukwu was captured on December 28, 1901. By early 1902, the war was over, and the Aro Confederacy collapsed. Contrary to the belief that the Ibini Ukpabi was destroyed, the shrine still exists, and is intact in Arochukwu and serves mainly as a tourist site.

[legend-collection]

Mami Wata

Mami Wata (Mammy Water), or La Sirene, is a water spirit venerated in West, Central, and Southern Africa and in the African diaspora in the Americas. Mami Wata spirits are usually female but are sometimes male.

The appearance of her hair ranges from straight, curly to kinky black and combed straight back. Most scholarly sources suggest the name "Mami Wata" is a pidgin English derivation of "Mother Water", reflecting the goddess's title ("mother of water" or "grandmother of water") in the Agni language of Côte d'Ivoire, although this etymology has been disputed by Africanist writers in favor of various non-English etymologies, for example, the suggestion of a linguistic derivation from ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian, such as the Egyptian terms "Mami" or "Mama", meaning "truth" "Uati" or "Uat-Ur" for "ocean water". While the exact context of the etymology has been challenged, the purpose of Mami Wata's name derived from pidgin English is to both distinguish her "otherness" and connection with the African and African diaspora. Mami Wata is understood to be a foreign spirit by Africans, and the recognition of her and her name is also a recognition of Africans comprehending worlds other than their own.

A participant at a Mami Wata coming out ceremony.

Historical evidence for such deep antiquity of the goddess's tradition has never been offered. Commonly thought to be a single entity, the term has been applied to a number of African water deity traditions across various cultures. These African cultures were often matriarchal and though "Mami Wata" can refer to both male and female deities, they are most typically thought of as feminine and most often take on a female form in artistic representations.

Mami Wata is often described as a mermaid-like figure, with a woman's upper body (often nude) and the hindquarters of a fish or serpent. In other tales, Mami Wata is fully human in appearance (though never human). The existence and spiritual importance of Mami Wata is deeply rooted in the ancient tradition and mythology of the coastal southeastern Nigerians (Efik, Ibibio, Igbo, Bahumono and Annang people). Mami Wata often carries expensive baubles such as combs, mirrors, and watches. A large snake (symbol of divination and divinity) frequently accompanies her, wrapping itself around her and laying its head between her breasts. Other times, she may try to pass as completely human, wandering busy markets or patronising bars. She may also manifest in a number of other forms, including as a man. Traders in the 20th century carried similar beliefs with them from Senegal to as far as Zambia. As the Mami Wata traditions continued to re-emerge, native water deities were syncretized into it.

While commonly seen with a mirror in hand, Mami Wata is able to embody ritual performances and worship ceremonies for Africans through this instrument. Her mirror represents a movement through the present and the future; her devotees are able to create their own reality through imaging of themselves in their own recreation of Mami Wata's world. In this world, one can embody her sacred powers, fulfilling the inventions of their own reality.

Traditions on both sides of the Atlantic tell of the spirit abducting her followers or random people whilst they are swimming or boating. She brings them to her paradisiacal realm, which may be underwater, in the spirit world, or both. Should she allow them to leave, the travellers usually return in dry clothing and with a new spiritual understanding reflected in their gaze. These returnees often grow wealthier, more attractive, and more easygoing after the encounter.

Van Stipriaan further reports that other tales describe river travellers (usually men) chancing upon the spirit. She is inevitably grooming herself, combing her hair, and peering at herself in a mirror. Upon noticing the intruder, she flees into the water and leaves her possessions behind. The traveller then takes the invaluable items. Later, Mami Wata appears to the thief in his dreams to demand the return of her things. Should he agree, she further demands a promise from him to be sexually faithful to her. The agreement grants the person riches; refusal to return the possessions or to be faithful brings the man ill-fortune.

Her worship is as diverse as her initiates, priesthood and worshippers, although some parallels may be drawn. Groups of people may gather in her name, but the spirit is much more prone to interacting with followers on a one-on-one basis. She thus has many priests and mediums in Africa, America and in the Caribbean who are specifically born and initiated to her.

In Nigeria, devotees typically wear red and white clothing, as these colors represent that particular Mami's dual nature. In Igbo iconography, red represents such qualities as death, destruction, heat, being male, physicality, and power. In contrast, white symbolises death, but also can symbolize beauty, creation, being female, new life, spirituality, translucence, water, and wealth. This regalia may also include a cloth snake wrapped about the waist. The Mami Wata shrines may also be decorated in these colors, and items such as bells, carvings, Christian or Indian prints, dolls, incense, spirits, and remnants of previous sacrifices often adorn such places.

Intense dancing accompanied by musical instruments such as African guitars or harmonicas often forms the core of Mami Wata worship. Followers dance to the point of entering a trance. At this point, Mami Wata possesses the person and speaks to him or her. Offerings to the spirit are also important, and Mami Wata prefers gifts of delicious food and drink, alcohol, fragrant objects (such as pomade, powder, incense, and soap), and expensive goods like jewellery. Modern worshippers usually leave her gifts of manufactured goods, such as Coca-Cola or designer jewellery.

Nevertheless, she largely wants her followers to be healthy and well off. More broadly, people blame the spirit for all sorts of misfortune. In Cameroon, for example, Mami Wata is ascribed with causing the strong undertow that kills many swimmers each year along the coast.

According to Bastian, Mami Wata's association with sex and lust is somewhat paradoxically linked to one with fidelity. According to a Nigerian tradition, male followers may encounter the spirit in the guise of a beautiful, sexually promiscuous woman, such as a prostitute. In Nigerian popular stories, Mami Wata may seduce a favoured male devotee and then show herself to him following coitus. She then demands his complete sexual faithfulness and secrecy about the matter. Acceptance means wealth and fortune; rejection spells the ruin of his family, finances, and job.

Another prominent aspect of the Mami Wata deities is their connection to healing. If someone comes down with an incurable, languorous illness, Mami Wata often takes the blame. The illness is evidence that Mami Wata has taken an interest in the afflicted person and that only she can cure him or her. Similarly, several other ailments may be attributed to the water spirit. In Nigeria, for example, she takes the blame for everything from headaches to sterility.

In fact, barren mothers often call upon the spirit to cure their affliction. Many traditions hold that Mami Wata herself is barren, so if she gives a woman a child, that woman inherently becomes more distanced from the spirit's true nature. The woman will thus be less likely to become wealthy or attractive through her devotion to Mami Wata. Images of women with children often decorate shrines to the spirit.

The people who inhabit the coastal region from Benin, Ghana and Togo worship a vast pantheon of water deities, of which Mami Wata is most prominent. An entire hierarchy of the Mami Wata priesthood exists in this region to officiate ceremonies, maintain the shrines, conduct healing rituals, and initiate new priests and priestesses into the service of various Mami Wata deities. On February, 15, 2020 at 9:00 AM in the city of Cotonou, Benin, Hounnon Behumbeza, a high priest of Vodou and Mami Wata, was officially appointed the Supreme Chief of Mami Wata. As an indication of how revered Mami Wata is in the region, Hounnon Behumbeza's coronation as Supreme Chief of Mami Wata was broadcast live on various television news programs, and featured in local newspapers. The coronation was attended by hundreds of priests from around the region, and the highest dignitaries of Vodou and the Mami Wata tradition. Also in attendance were Benin Republic's minister of culture and several local government officials.

Social disparities in West Africa diffused the belief of individual contracts with spirits as the cause of personal wealth and success in earthly life. Mami Wata embodies the power of money, wealthy and fame acquired in the absence of ethical laws and obligations to the neighbour. The unique exception is a lifelong contract somewhere read as private investment or as long-term debt that can be extinguished or promised without being fulfilled.

As other deities become absorbed into the figure of Mami Wata, the spirit often takes on characteristics unique to a particular region or culture. In Trinidad and Tobago, for example, Maman Dlo plays the role of guardian of nature, punishing overzealous hunters or woodcutters. She is the lover of Papa Bois, a nature spirit.

It is believed that all of ancient Africa possessed a multitude of water-spirit traditions before the first contact with Europeans. Most of these were regarded as female. Dual natures of good and evil were not uncommon, reflecting the fact that water is an important means of providing communication, food, drink, trade, and transportation, but it can drown people, flood fields or villages, and provide passage to intruders. Van Stipriaan suggests that she may be based on the West African manatee, which is an idea that has been proposed by scientists of the Ghanaian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR); in fact, "Mami Wata" is a common name for this animal in the region. Jill Salmons argues that the mermaid image may have come into being after contact with Europeans. The ships of traders and slavers often had carvings of mermaid figures on their prows, for example, and tales of mermaids were popular among sailors of the time. On the other hand, white is traditionally associated with the spirit world in many cultures of Nigeria. The people of the Cross River area often whiten their skin with talcum or other substances for rituals and for cosmetic reasons, for example.

Van Stipriaan speculates that Liberian traders of the Kru ethnic group moved up and down the west coast of Africa from Liberia to Cameroon beginning in the 19th century. They may have spread their own water-spirit beliefs with them and helped to standardise conceptions in West Africa. Their perceived wealth may have helped establish the spirit as one of good fortune.

According to Hounnon Behumbeza, high priest of the Mami Wata tradition in West Africa (Benin, Togo and Ghana), "The Mami Wata tradition consists of a huge pantheon of deities and spirits, not just the often portrayed mermaid". Behumbeza goes on to say that "true knowledge and understanding of Mami Wata is shared with those initiated into the priesthood of Mami and with those who hear the calling for initiation into her mysteries."

Van Stipriaan also believes that this period introduced West Africa to what would become the definitive image of Mami Wata. Circa 1887, a chromolithograph of a female Samoan snake charmer appeared in Nigeria. According to the British art historian Kenneth C. Murray, the poster was titled Der Schlangenbändiger ("The Snake Charmer") and was originally created sometime between 1880 and 1887. Dr. Tobias Wendl, director of the Iwalewa-Haus Africa Centre at the University of Bayreuth, was unable to confirm this after extensive searching (as Der Schlangenbändiger is a masculine term, the title seems suspect). He did discover a very similar photograph titled Die samoanische Schlangenbändigerin Maladamatjaute ("the Samoan Snake Charmer (fem.) Maladamatjaute") in the collection of the Wilhelm-Zimmermann Archive in Hamburg. Whichever the original image, it was almost certainly a poster of a celebrated late 19th-century snake charmer who performed under the stage name "Nala Damajanti", which appeared in several variations, particularly "Maladamatjaute", at numerous venues, including the Folies Bergère in 1886. This identification was also made by Drewal in a 2012 book chapter on Mami Wata. Despite exotic claims of her nationality, she was later identified as one Émilie Poupon of Nantey, France.

This image—an enticing woman with long, black hair and a large snake slithering up between her breasts, ambiguous if she is human or mermaid beyond the image—apparently caught the imaginations of the Africans who saw it; it was the definitive image of the spirit. Before long, Mami Wata posters appeared in over a dozen countries and the popular image was reproduced in 1955 by the Shree Ram Calendar Company in Bombay for the African market. People began creating Mami Wata art of their own, much of it influenced by the lithograph.

[newsnigeria]

Check out names of 372 Races In Nigeria, Which One Is Yours?

ARE YOU TRULY A NIGERIAN? We are learning about each other on this topic and by the end of the year, i will be updating this post with a link to learning more about various races in Nigeria. Here is a list of over 300 races in Nigeria, which one is yours? Kindly write about your race with photos and send it to  ayangaluooduarere.com or omooduareregmaill.com and don't forget to bookmark this page because it will be updated with links to various races before the end of the year. if yours is not listed bellow, please write about your race, location and send it to ayangaluooduarere.com  or omooduarere(@)gmaill.com 1 Abayon Cross River 2 Abua (Odual) Rivers - About Abua People in Nigeria 3 Achipa (Achipawa) Kebbi 4 Adim Cross River 5 Adun Cross River 6 Affade Yobe 7 Afizere Plateau 8 Afo Plateau 9 Agbo Cross River 10 Akaju-Ndem (Akajuk) Cross River 11 Akweya-Yachi Benue 12 Alago (Arago) Piateau 13 Amo Plateau 14 Anaguta Plateau 15 Anang Akwa lbom 16 Andoni Akwa lbom, Rivers 17 Angas Bauchi, Jigawa, Plateau 18 Ankwei Plateau 19 Anyima Cross River 20 Attakar (ataka) Kaduna 21 Auyoka (Auyokawa) Jigawa 22 Awori Lagos, Ogun 23 Ayu Kaduna 24 Babur Adamawa, Bomo, Taraba, Yobe 25 Bachama Adamawa 26 Bachere Cross River 27 Bada Plateau 28 Bade Yobe 29 Bahumono Cross River 30 Bakulung Taraba 31 Bali Taraba 32 Bambora (Bambarawa) Bauchi 33 Bambuko Taraba 34 Banda (Bandawa) Taraba 35 Banka (Bankalawa) Bauchi 36 Banso (Panso) Adamawa 37 Bara (Barawa) Bauchi 38 Barke Bauchi 39 Baruba (Barba) Niger 40 Bashiri (Bashirawa) Plateau 41 Bassa Kaduna, Kogi, Niger, Plateau 42 Batta Adamawa 43 Baushi Niger 44 Baya Adamawa 45 Bekwarra Cross River 46 Bele (Buli, Belewa) Bauchi 47 Betso (Bete) Taraba 48 Bette Cross River 49 Bilei Adamawa 50 Bille Adamawa 51 Bina (Binawa) Kaduna 52 Bini Edo 53 Birom Plateau 54 Bobua Taraba 55 Boki (Nki) Cross River 56 Bkkos Plateau 57 Boko (Bussawa, Bargawa) Niger 58 Bole (Bolewa) Bauchi, Yobe 59 Botlere Adamawa 60 Boma (Bomawa, Burmano) Bauchi 61 Bomboro Bauchi 62 Buduma Borno, Niger 63 Buji Plateau 64 Buli Bauchi 65 Bunu Kogi 66 Bura Adamawa 67 Burak Bauchi 68 Burma (Burmawa) Plateau 69 Buru Yobe 70 Buta (Butawa) Bauchi 71 Bwall Plateau 72 Bwatiye Adamawa 73 Bwazza Adamawa 74 Challa Plateau 75 Chama (Chamawa Fitilai) Bauchi 76 Chamba Taraba 77 Chamo Bauchi 78 Chibok (Chibbak) Yobe 79 Chinine Borno 80 Chip Plateau 81 Chokobo Plateau 82 Chukkol Taraba 83 Daba Adamawa 84 Dadiya Bauchi 85 Daka Adamawa 86 Dakarkari Niger, Kebbi 87 Danda (Dandawa) Kebbi 88 Dangsa Taraba 89 Daza (Dere, Derewa) Bauchi 90 Degema Rivers 91 Deno (Denawa) Bauchi 92 Dghwede Bomo 93 Diba Taraba 94 Doemak (Dumuk) Plateau 95 Ouguri Bauchi 96 Duka (Dukawa) Kebbi 97 Duma (Dumawa) Bauchi 98 Ebana (Ebani) Rivers 99 Ebirra (lgbirra) Edo, Kogi, Ondo 100 Ebu Edo, Kogi 101 Efik Cross River 102 Egbema Rivers 103 Egede (lgedde) Benue 104 Eggon Plateau 105 Egun (Gu) Lagos,Ogun 106 Ejagham Cross River 107 Ekajuk Cross River 108 Eket Akwa Ibom 109 Ekoi Cross River 110 Engenni (Ngene) Rivers 111 Epie Rivers 112 Esan (Ishan) Edo 113 Etche Rivers 114 Etolu (Etilo) Benue 115 Etsako Edo 116 Etung Cross River 117 Etuno Edo 118 Palli Adamawa 119 Pulani (Pulbe) Bauchi, Borno, Jigawa , Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi , Niger, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, etc. 120 Fyam (Fyem) Plateau 121 Fyer(Fer) Plateau 122 Ga'anda Adamawa 123 Gade Niger 124 Galambi Bauchi 125 Gamergu-Mulgwa Bomo 126 Qanawuri Plateau 127 Gavako Borno 128 Gbedde Kogi 129 Gengle Taraba 130 Geji Bauchi 131 Gera (Gere, Gerawa) Bauchi 132 Geruma (Gerumawa) Plateau 133 Geruma (Gerumawa) Bauchi 134 Gingwak Bauchi 135 Gira Adamawa 136 Gizigz Adamawa 137 Goernai Plateau 138 Gokana (Kana) Rivers 139 Gombi Adamawa 140 Gornun (Gmun) Taraba 141 Gonia Taraba 142 Gubi (Gubawa) Bauchi 143 Gude Adamawa 144 Gudu Adamawa 145 Gure Kaduna 146 Gurmana Niger 147 Gururntum Bauchi 148 Gusu Plateau 149 Gwa (Gurawa) Adamawa 150 Gwamba Adamawa 151 Gwandara Kaduna, Niger, Plateau 152 Gwari (Gbari) Kaduna, Niger, Plateau 153 Gwom Taraba 154 Gwoza (Waha) Bomo 155 Gyem Bauchi 156 Hausa Bauchi, Borno, Jigawa, Kaduna,Kano, Kastina, Kebbi, Niger,Taraba, Sokoto, etc 157 Higi (Hig) Borno, Adamawa 158 Holma Adamawa 159 Hona Adamawa 160 Ibeno Akwa lbom 161 Ibibio Akwa lbom 162 Ichen Adamawa 163 Idoma Benue, Taraba 163a Igede Benue 164 Igalla Kogi 165 lgbo Abia, Anambra, Benue, Delta, Ebonyi,Enugu, Imo, Rivers 166 ljumu Kogi 167 Ikorn Cross River 168 Irigwe Plateau 169 Isoko Delta 170 lsekiri (Itsekiri) Delta 171 lyala (lyalla) Cross River 172 lzondjo) Bayelsa, Delta, Ondo, Rivers 173 Jaba Kaduna 174 Jahuna (Jahunawa) Taraba 175 Jaku Bauchi 176 Jara (Jaar Jarawa Jarawa-Dutse) Bauchi 177 Jere (Jare, Jera, Jera, Jerawa) Bauchi, Plateau 178 Jero Taraba 179 Jibu Adamawa 180 Jidda-Abu Plateau 181 Jimbin (Jimbinawa) Bauchi 182 Jirai Adamawa 183 Jonjo (Jenjo) Taraba 184 Jukun Bauchi, Benue,Taraba, Plateau 185 Kaba(Kabawa) Taraba 186 Kadara Taraba 187 Kafanchan Kaduna 188 Kagoro Kaduna 189 Kaje (Kache) Kaduna 190 Kajuru (Kajurawa) Kaduna 191 Kaka Adamawa 192 Kamaku (Karnukawa) Kaduna, Kebbi, Niger 193 Kambari Kebbi, Niger 194 Kambu Adamawa 195 Kamo Bauchi 196 Kanakuru (Dera) Adamawa, Borno 197 Kanembu Bomo 198 Kanikon Kaduna 199 Kantana Plateau 200 Kanufi Kaduna, Adamawa, Bomo, Kano,Niger, Jigawa, Plateau, Taraba, Yobe 201 Karekare (Karaikarai) Bauchi, Yobe 202 Karimjo Taraba 203 Kariya Bauchi 204 Katab (Kataf) Kaduna 205 Kenern (Koenoem) Plateau 206 Kenton Taraba 207 Kiballo (Kiwollo) Kaduna 208 Kilba Adamawa 209 Kirfi (Kirfawa) Bauchi 210 Koma Taraba 211 Kona Taraba 212 Koro (Kwaro) Kaduna, Niger 213 Kubi (Kubawa) Bauchi 214 Kudachano (Kudawa) Bauchi 215 Kugama Taraba 216 Kulere (Kaler) Plateau 217 Kunini Taraba 218 Kurama Jigawa, Kaduna, Niger, Plateau 219 Kurdul Adamawa 220 Kushi Bauchi 221 Kuteb Taraba 222 Kutin Taraba 223 Kwalla Plateau 224 Kwami (Kwom) Bauchi 225 Kwanchi Taraba 226 Kwanka (Kwankwa) Bauchi, Plateau 227 Kwaro Plateau 228 Kwato Plateau 229 Kyenga (Kengawa) Sokoto 230 Laaru (Larawa) Niger 231 Lakka Adamawa 232 Lala Adamawa 233 Lama Taraba 234 Lamja Taraba 235 Lau Taraba 236 Ubbo Adamawa 237 Limono Bauchi, Plateau 238 Lopa (Lupa, Lopawa) Niger 239 Longuda (Lunguda) Adamawa, Bauchi 240 Mabo Plateau 241 Mada Kaduna, Plateau 242 Mama Plateau 243 Mambilla Adamawa 244 Manchok Kaduna 245 Mandara (Wandala) Bomo 246 Manga (Mangawa) Yobe 247 Margi (Marghi) Adamawa, Bomo 248 Matakarn Adamawa 249 Mbembe Cross River, Enugu 250 Mbol Adamawa 251 Mbube Cross River 252 Mbula Adamawa 253 Mbum Taraba 254 Memyang (Meryan) Plateau 255 Miango Plateau 256 Miligili (Migili) Plateau 257 Miya (Miyawa) Bauchi 258 Mobber Bomo 259 Montol Plateau 260 Moruwa (Moro'a, Morwa) Kaduna 261 Muchaila Adamawa 262 Mumuye Taraba 263 Mundang Adamawa 264 Munga (Mupang) Plateau 265 Mushere Plateau 266 Mwahavul (Mwaghavul) Plateau 267 Ndoro Taraba 268 Ngamo Bauchi, Yobe 269 Ngizim Yobe 270 Ngweshe (Ndhang.Ngoshe-Ndhang) Adamawa, Borno 271 Ningi (Ningawa) Bauchi 272 Ninzam (Ninzo) Kaduna, Plateau 273 Njayi Adamawa 274 Nkim Cross River 275 Nkum Cross River 276 Nokere (Nakere) Plateau 277 Nunku Kaduna, Plateau 278 Nupe Niger 279 Nyandang Taraba 280 Ododop Cross River 281 Ogori Kwara 282 Okobo (Okkobor) Akwa lbom 283 Okpamheri Edo 284 Olulumo Cross River 285 Oron Akwa lbom 10 Things You Didn’t Know About ‘ORON’ In Akwa-ibom State.  286 Owan Edo 287 Owe Kwara 288 Oworo Kwara 289 Pa'a (Pa'awa Afawa) Bauchi 290 Pai Plateau 291 Panyam Taraba 292 Pero Bauchi 293 Pire Adamawa 294 Pkanzom Taraba 295 Poll Taraba 296 Polchi Habe Bauchi 297 Pongo (Pongu) Niger 298 Potopo Taraba 299 Pyapun (Piapung) Plateau 300 Qua Cross River 301 Rebina (Rebinawa) Bauchi 302 Reshe Kebbi, Niger 303 Rindire (Rendre) Plateau 304 Rishuwa Kaduna 305 Ron Piateau 306 Rubu Niger 307 Rukuba Plateau 308 Rumada Kaduna 309 Rumaya Kaduna 310 Sakbe Taraba 311 Sanga Bauchi 312 Sate Taraba 313 Saya (Sayawa Za'ar) Bauchi 314 Segidi (Sigidawa) Bauchi 315 Shanga (Shangawa) Sokoto 316 Shangawa (Shangau) Plateau 317 Shan-Shan Plateau 318 Shira (Shirawa) Kano 319 Shomo Taraba 320 Shuwa Adamawa, Borno 321 Sikdi Plateau 322 Siri (Sirawa) Bauchi 323 Srubu (Surubu) Kaduna 324 Sukur Adamawa 325 Sura Plateau 326 Tangale Bauchi 327 Tarok Plateau, Taraba 328 Teme Adamawa 329 Tera (Terawa) Bauchi, Bomo 330 Teshena (Teshenawa) Kano 331 Tigon Adamawa 332 Tikar Taraba 333 Tiv Benue, Plateau, Taraba 334 Tula Bauchi 335 Tur Adamawa 336 Ufia Benue 337 Ukelle Cross River 338 Ukwani (Kwale) Delta 339 Uncinda Kaduna, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto 340 Uneme (Ineme) Edo 341 Ura (Ula) Niger 342 Urhobo Delta 343 Utonkong Benue 344 Uyanga Cross River 345 Vemgo Adamawa 346 Verre Adamawa 347 Vommi Taraba 348 Wagga Adamawa 349 Waja Bauchi 350 Waka Taraba 351 Warja (Warja) Jigawa 352 Warji Bauchi 353 Wula Adamawa 354 Wurbo Adamawa 355 Wurkun Taraba 356 Yache Cross River 357 Yagba Kwara 358 Yakurr (Yako) Cross River 359 Yalla Benue 360 Yandang Taraba 361 Yergan (Yergum) Plateau 362 Yoruba Kwara, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Ekiti, Kogi 363 Yott Taraba 364 Yumu Niger 365 Yungur Adamawa 366 Yuom Plateau 367 Zabara Niger 368 Zaranda Bauchi 369 Zarma (Zarmawa) Kebbi 370 Zayam (Zeam) Bauchi 371 Zul (Zulawa) Bauchi Read the full article

[imholdingoutforahero]

Mami Wata Collection by Sea Sick Surf

From Wikipedia:

Mami Wata (Mammy Water) or La Sirene is a water spirit venerated in West, Central, and Southern Africa, and in the African diaspora in the Americas. Mami Wata spirits are usually female, but are sometimes male.

Mami Wata is often described as a mermaid-like figure, with a woman's upper body (often nude) and the hindquarters of a fish or serpent. In other tales, Mami Wata is fully human in appearance (though never human). The existence and spiritual importance of Mami Wata is deeply rooted in the ancient tradition and mythology of the coastal southeastern Nigerians (Efik, Ibibio, Igbo, Bahumono and Annang people).

[bahumononews]

USUMUTONG COMMUNITY ATTACKS OVER EBOM COMMUNITY ON THE 18TH DECEMBER 2019

USUMUTONG COMMUNITY ATTACKS OVER EBOM COMMUNITY ON THE 18TH DECEMBER 2019

FOLLOWING THE REPORT OF AN EYE WITHNESS THAT LIFE WERE LOST PROPERTY DAMAGE

It was reported that the people of Usumutong invade the community of Ebom in Abi Local Government of cross river state. following the official report of november 15th 2018.

it was assume it was the people of Ebijakara community that leaves in usumutong community that are causing this problem of bahumono crisis .…

[latestinfonews-blog]

SHOCKING: Pastor And His Friend Beheaded While Traveling Through Cross River Community (Photo)

SHOCKING: Pastor And His Friend Beheaded While Traveling Through Cross River Community (Photo)

 A Nigerian  pastor, George Lifted, and his friend, whose identity is still unknown, have been killed in the Bahumono community in Abi Local Government Area of Cross River State.

 It was learnt that the victims were ambushed by irate youths, who beheaded them while they were going to one of the Ebom community.

The gory photographs of the victims were splashed on social media by a Facebook user,…

[toluworld]

Pastor George Lifted & Friend Beheaded In Communal Clash In Cross River State (Photos)

Pastor George Lifted & Friend Beheaded In Communal Clash In Cross River State (Photos)

George Lifted, pastoring Foursquare gospel church, Ebom, Cross River State, was, yesterday, beheaded alongside his friend in the ongoing communal clash ravaging Bahumono.

According to reports, George, from Assiga, was on his way to his church in Ebom, when he met his death in the hands of those suspected to be from Usumutong. It was gathered that the deceased was the third pastor…

[kemetic-dreams]

A shout or ring shout is an ecstatic, transcendent religious ritual, first practiced by African slaves in the West Indies and the United States, in which worshipers move in a circle while shuffling and stomping their feet and clapping their hands. Despite the name, shouting aloud is not an essential part of the ritual.

The ring shout was Christianized and practiced in some African American churches into the 20th century, and it continues to the present among the Gullah people of the Sea Islands and in the African Church.

A more modern form, known still as a "shout" (or "praise break"), is practiced in many African churches and non-African Pentecostal churches to the present day.

"Shouting" often took place during or after a Christian prayer meeting or worship service. Men and women moved in a circle in a counterclockwise direction, shuffling their feet, clapping, and often spontaneously singing or praying aloud. In Jamaica and Trinidad the shout was usually performed around a special second altar near the center of a church building. In the Sea Islands of Georgia and South Carolina, shouters formed a circle outdoors, around the church building itself.

In some cases, enslaved people retreated into the woods at night to perform shouts, often for hours at a time, with participants leaving the circle as they became exhausted.In the twentieth century some African-American churchgoers in the United States performed shouts by forming a circle around the pulpit, in the space in front of the altar, or around the nave.

Ring shouts were sometimes held for the dead. This custom has been practiced by traditional bands of carnival revelers in New Orleans, Louisiana.

The origins of the ring shout are usually assumed to be derived from African dance, and scholars usually point out the presence of melodic elements such as call-and-response singing and heterophony, as well as rhythmic elements such as tresillo and an "hamboned" rhythm, and aesthetic elements such as counter-clockwise dancing and ecstasy,which makes ring shouts similar to ceremonies among people like the Ibos, Yorubas, Ibibios, Efiks, Bahumono and Bakongo people.

Some scholars have suggested that the ritual may have originated among enslaved Muslims from West Africa as an imitation of tawaf, the mass procession around the Kaaba that is an essential part of the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. If so, the word "shout" may come from Arabic shawṭ, meaning "a single run", such as a single circumambulation of the Kaaba, or an open space of ground for running.

According to musicologist Robert Palmer, the first written accounts of the ring shout date from the 1840s. The stamping and clapping in a circle was described as a kind of "drumming," and 19th-century observers associated it with the conversion of slaves to Christianity

[kemetic-dreams]

Abakuá, also sometimes known as Nañigo, is an Afro-Cuban men's initiatory fraternity or secret society, which originated from fraternal associations in the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. Abakuá has been described as "an Afro-Cuban version of Freemasonry". The Cuban artist Belkis Ayón intensively investigated the Abakuá mythology in her prints.

Abakuá members derive their belief systems and traditional practices from the Efik, Efut, Ibibio Igbo and Bahumono spirits that lived in the forest. Ekpe and synonymous terms were names of both a forest spirit and a leopard related secret society. Much of what the Abakua believe in terms of religion is considered a secret only known to members

Due to the secrecy of the society, little is known of the Abakuá language. It is assumed to be a creolized version of Efik or Ibibio, both closely related languages or dialects from the Cross River region of Nigeria, because this is the cultural region and ethnic groups where the society originated

[newsnigeria]

Check out New Post published on Ọmọ Oòduà

New Post has been published on http://ooduarere.com/news-from-nigeria/breaking-news/371-ethnic-groups-nigeri/

The Full List Of All The 371 Ethnic Groups In Nigeria & The States Where They Originated From

Below is a comprehensive list of all Nigerian Tribes and the States where they live… 1 Abayon Cross River 2 Abua (Odual) Rivers 3 Achipa (Achipawa) Kebbi 4 Adim Cross River 5 Adun Cross River 6 Affade Yobe 7 Afizere Plateau 8 Afo Plateau 9 Agbo Cross River 10 Akaju-Ndem (Akajuk) Cross River 11 Akweya-Yachi Benue 12 Alago (Arago) nasarawa 13 Amo Plateau 14 Anaguta Plateau 15 Anang Akwa lbom 16 Andoni Akwa lbom, Rivers 17 Angas Bauchi, Jigawa, Plateau 18 Ankwei Plateau 19 Anyima Cross River 20 Attakar (ataka) Kaduna 21 Auyoka (Auyokawa) Jigawa 22 Awori Lagos, Ogun 23 Ayu Kaduna 24 Babur Adamawa, Bomo, Taraba, Yobe 25 Bachama Adamawa 26 Bachere Cross River 27 Bada Plateau 28 Bade Yobe 29 Bahumono Cross River 30 Bakulung Taraba 31 Bali Taraba 32 Bambora (Bambarawa) Bauchi 33 Bambuko Taraba 34 Banda (Bandawa) Taraba 35 Banka (Bankalawa) Bauchi 36 Banso (Panso) Adamawa 37 Bara (Barawa) Bauchi 38 Barke Bauchi 39 Baruba (Barba) Niger 40 Bashiri (Bashirawa) Plateau 41 Bassa Kaduna, Kogi, Niger, Plateau 42 Batta Adamawa 43 Baushi Niger 44 Baya Adamawa 45 Bekwarra Cross River 46 Bele (Buli, Belewa) Bauchi 47 Betso (Bete) Taraba 48 Bette Cross River 49 Bilei Adamawa 50 Bille Adamawa 51 Bina (Binawa) Kaduna 52 Bini Edo 53 Birom Plateau 54 Bobua Taraba 55 Boki (Nki) Cross River 56 Bkkos Plateau 57 Boko (Bussawa, Bargawa) Niger 58 Bole (Bolewa) Bauchi, Yobe 59 Botlere Adamawa 60 Boma (Bomawa, Burmano) Bauchi 61 Bomboro Bauchi 62 Buduma Borno, Niger 63 Buji Plateau 64 Buli Bauchi 65 Bunu Kogi 66 Bura Adamawa 67 Burak Bauchi 68 Burma (Burmawa) Plateau 69 Buru Yobe 70 Buta (Butawa) Bauchi 71 Bwall Plateau 72 Bwatiye Adamawa 73 Bwazza Adamawa 74 Challa Plateau 75 Chama (Chamawa Fitilai) Bauchi 76 Chamba Taraba 77 Chamo Bauchi 78 Chibok (Chibbak) Yobe 79 Chinine Borno 80 Chip Plateau 81 Chokobo Plateau 82 Chukkol Taraba 83 Daba Adamawa 84 Dadiya Bauchi 85 Daka Adamawa 86 Dakarkari Niger, Kebbi 87 Danda (Dandawa) Kebbi 88 Dangsa Taraba 89 Daza (Dere, Derewa) Bauchi 90 Degema Rivers 91 Deno (Denawa) Bauchi 92 Dghwede Bomo 93 Diba Taraba 94 Doemak (Dumuk) Plateau 95 Ouguri Bauchi 96 Duka (Dukawa) Kebbi 97 Duma (Dumawa) Bauchi 98 Ebana (Ebani) Rivers 99 Ebirra (lgbirra) Edo, Kogi,FCT,NasarawaBorno,Ondo 100 Ebu Edo, Kogi 101 Efik Cross River 102 Egbema Rivers 103 Egede (lgedde) Benue 104 Eggon Plateau 105 Egun (Gu) Lagos,Ogun 106 Ejagham Cross River 107 Ekajuk Cross River 108 Eket Akwa Ibom 109 Ekoi Cross River 110 Engenni (Ngene) Rivers 111 Epie Rivers 112 Esan (Ishan) Edo 113 Etche Rivers 114 Etolu (Etilo) Benue 115 Etsako Edo 116 Etung Cross River 117 Etuno Edo 118 Falli Adamawa 119 Fulani (Pulbe) Bauchi, Borno, Jigawa , Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi , Niger, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, etc. 120 Fyam (Fyem) Plateau 121 Fyer(Fer) Plateau 122 Ga’anda Adamawa 123 Gade Niger 124 Galambi Bauchi 125 Gamergu-Mulgwa Bomo 126 Qanawuri Plateau 127 Gavako Borno 128 Gbedde Kogi 129 Gengle Taraba 130 Geji Bauchi 131 Gera (Gere, Gerawa) Bauchi 132 Geruma (Gerumawa) Plateau 133 Geruma (Gerumawa) Bauchi 134 Gingwak Bauchi 135 Gira Adamawa 136 Gizigz Adamawa 137 Goernai Plateau 138 Gokana (Kana) Rivers 139 Gombi Adamawa 140 Gornun (Gmun) Taraba 141 Gonia Taraba 142 Gubi (Gubawa) Bauchi 143 Gude Adamawa 144 Gudu Adamawa 145 Gure Kaduna 146 Gurmana Niger 147 Gururntum Bauchi 148 Gusu Plateau 149 Gwa (Gurawa) Adamawa 150 Gwamba Adamawa 151 Gwandara Kaduna, Niger, Plateau 152 Gwari (Gbari) Kaduna, Niger, Plateau 153 Gwom Taraba 154 Gwoza (Waha) Bomo 155 Gyem Bauchi 156 Hausa: Bauchi, Borno, Jigawa, Kaduna,Kano, Kastina, Kebbi, Niger,Taraba, Sokoto, etc 157 Higi (Hig) Borno, Adamawa 158 Holma Adamawa 159 Hona Adamawa 160 Ibeno Akwa lbom 161 Ibibio Akwa lbom 162 Ichen Adamawa 163 Idoma Benue, Taraba 164 Igalla Kogi Igbo-culture 165 lgbo: Abia, Anambra, Benue, Delta, Ebonyi,Enugu, Imo, Rivers 166 ljumu Kogi 167 Ikorn Cross River 168 Irigwe Plateau 169 Isoko Delta 170 lsekiri (Itsekiri) Delta 171 lyala (lyalla) Cross River 172 lzondjo) Bayelsa, Delta, Ondo, Rivers 173 Jaba Kaduna 174 Jahuna (Jahunawa) Taraba 175 Jaku Bauchi 176 Jara (Jaar Jarawa Jarawa-Dutse) Bauchi 177 Jere (Jare, Jera, Jera, Jerawa) Bauchi, Plateau 178 Jero Taraba 179 Jibu Adamawa 180 Jidda-Abu Plateau 181 Jimbin (Jimbinawa) Bauchi 182 Jirai Adamawa 183 Jonjo (Jenjo) Taraba 184 Jukun Bauchi, Benue,Taraba, Plateau 185 Kaba(Kabawa) Taraba 186 Kadara Taraba 187 Kafanchan Kaduna 188 Kagoro Kaduna 189 Kaje (Kache) Kaduna 190 Kajuru (Kajurawa) Kaduna 191 Kaka Adamawa 192 Kamaku (Karnukawa) Kaduna, Kebbi, Niger 193 Kambari Kebbi, Niger 194 Kambu Adamawa 195 Kamo Bauchi 196 Kanakuru (Dera) Adamawa, Borno 197 Kanembu Bomo 198 Kanikon Kaduna 199 Kantana Plateau 200 Kanufi Kaduna, Adamawa, Bomo, Kano,Niger, Jigawa, Plateau, Taraba, Yobe 201 Karekare (Karaikarai) Bauchi, Yobe 202 Karimjo Taraba 203 Kariya Bauchi 204 Katab (Kataf) Kaduna 205 Kenern (Koenoem) Plateau 206 Kenton Taraba 207 Kiballo (Kiwollo) Kaduna 208 Kilba Adamawa 209 Kirfi (Kirfawa) Bauchi 210 Koma Taraba 211 Kona Taraba 212 Koro (Kwaro) Kaduna, Niger 213 Kubi (Kubawa) Bauchi 214 Kudachano (Kudawa) Bauchi 215 Kugama Taraba 216 Kulere (Kaler) Plateau 217 Kunini Taraba 218 Kurama Jigawa, Kaduna, Niger, Plateau

219 Kurdul Adamawa 220 Kushi Bauchi 221 Kuteb Taraba 222 Kutin Taraba 223 Kwalla Plateau 224 Kwami (Kwom) Bauchi 225 Kwanchi Taraba 226 Kwanka (Kwankwa) Bauchi, Plateau 227 Kwaro Plateau 228 Kwato Plateau 229 Kyenga (Kengawa) Sokoto 230 Laaru (Larawa) Niger 231 Lakka Adamawa 232 Lala Adamawa 233 Lama Taraba 234 Lamja Taraba 235 Lau Taraba 236 Ubbo Adamawa 237 Limono Bauchi, Plateau 238 Lopa (Lupa, Lopawa) Niger 239 Longuda (Lunguda) Adamawa, Bauchi 240 Mabo Plateau 241 Mada Kaduna, Plateau 242 Mama Plateau 243 Mambilla Adamawa 244 Manchok Kaduna 245 Mandara (Wandala) Bomo 246 Manga (Mangawa) Yobe 247 Margi (Marghi) Adamawa, Bomo 248 Matakarn Adamawa 249 Mbembe Cross River, Enugu 250 Mbol Adamawa 251 Mbube Cross River 252 Mbula Adamawa 253 Mbum Taraba 254 Memyang (Meryan) Plateau 255 Miango Plateau 256 Miligili (Migili) Plateau 257 Miya (Miyawa) Bauchi 258 Mobber Bomo 259 Montol Plateau 260 Moruwa (Moro’a, Morwa) Kaduna 261 Muchaila Adamawa 262 Mumuye Taraba 263 Mundang Adamawa 264 Munga (Mupang) Plateau 265 Mushere Plateau 266 Mwahavul (Mwaghavul) Plateau 267 Ndoro Taraba 268 Ngamo Bauchi, Yobe 269 Ngizim Yobe 270 Ngweshe (Ndhang.Ngoshe-Ndhang) Adamawa, Borno 271 Ningi (Ningawa) Bauchi 272 Ninzam (Ninzo) Kaduna, Plateau 273 Njayi Adamawa 274 Nkim Cross River 275 Nkum Cross River 276 Nokere (Nakere) Plateau 277 Nunku Kaduna, Plateau 278 Nupe Niger 279 Nyandang Taraba 280 Ododop Cross River 281 Ogori Kwara 282 Okobo (Okkobor) Akwa lbom 283 Okpamheri Edo 284 Olulumo Cross River 285 Oron Akwa lbom 286 Owan Edo 287 Owe Kwara 288 Oworo Kwara 289 Pa’a (Pa’awa Afawa) Bauchi 290 Pai Plateau 291 Panyam Taraba 292 Pero Bauchi 293 Pire Adamawa 294 Pkanzom Taraba 295 Poll TarabaPolchi Habe Bauchi 297 Pongo (Pongu) Niger 298 Potopo Taraba 299 Pyapun (Piapung) Plateau

300 Qua Cross River 301 Rebina (Rebinawa) Bauchi 302 Reshe Kebbi, Niger 303 Rindire (Rendre) Plateau 304 Rishuwa Kaduna 305 Ron Piateau 306 Rubu Niger 307 Rukuba Plateau 308 Rumada Kaduna 309 Rumaya Kaduna 310 Sakbe Taraba 311 Sanga Bauchi 312 Sate Taraba 313 Saya (Sayawa Za’ar) Bauchi 314 Segidi (Sigidawa) Bauchi 315 Shanga (Shangawa) Sokoto 316 Shangawa (Shangau) Plateau 317 Shan-Shan Plateau 318 Shira (Shirawa) Kano 319 Shomo Taraba 320 Shuwa Adamawa, Borno 321 Sikdi Plateau 322 Siri (Sirawa) Bauchi 323 Srubu (Surubu) Kaduna 324 Sukur Adamawa 325 Sura Plateau 326 Tangale Bauchi 327 Tarok Plateau, Taraba 328 Teme Adamawa 329 Tera (Terawa) Bauchi, Bomo 330 Teshena (Teshenawa) Kano 331 Tigon Adamawa 332 Tikar Taraba 333 Tiv Benue, Plateau, Taraba and Nasarawa 334 Tula Bauchi 335 Tur Adamawa 336 Ufia Benue 337 Ukelle Cross River 338 Ukwani (Kwale) Delta 339 Uncinda Kaduna, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto 340 Uneme (Ineme) Edo 341 Ura (Ula) Niger 342 Urhobo Delta 343 Utonkong Benue 344 Uyanga Cross River 345 Vemgo Adamawa 346 Verre Adamawa 347 Vommi Taraba 348 Wagga Adamawa 349 Waja Bauchi 350 Waka Taraba 351 Warja (Warja) Jigawa 352 Warji Bauchi 353 Wula Adamawa 354 Wurbo Adamawa 355 Wurkun Taraba 356 Yache Cross River 357 Yagba Kwara 358 Yakurr (Yako) Cross River 359 Yalla Benue 360 Yandang Taraba 361 Yergan (Yergum) Plateau 362 Yoruba Kwara, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Ekiti, Kogi 363 Yott Taraba 364 Yumu Niger 365 Yungur Adamawa 366 Yuom Plateau 367 Zabara Niger 368 Zaranda Bauchi 369 Zarma (Zarmawa) Kebbi 370 Zayam (Zeam) Bauchi 371 Zul (Zulawa) Bauchi

If you did not see your Tribe Name in this list, you can add please.