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mindfiresolutions1 · 6 months ago

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How a .NET Development Company Can Help Build High-Performance APIs

In today’s fast-paced digital landscape, APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are the foundation of connectivity between diverse software applications, driving efficiency and interoperability across platforms. As businesses strive to enhance user experience, scalability, and functionality, building high-performance APIs becomes a priority. A reliable .NET Development Company can bring robust expertise in API development, ensuring secure, scalable, and efficient solutions that meet unique business needs. In this article, we’ll explore how a .NET development company contributes to high-performance API development, key benefits of leveraging .NET for APIs, and considerations when migrating from legacy systems, such as Migrating from ColdFusion to ASP.NET Core.

Why .NET for API Development?

The .NET framework, and more recently .NET Core, provides a comprehensive set of libraries, tools, and features to build efficient APIs. It supports multiple programming languages (such as C# and F#), runs on multiple operating systems (Windows, Linux, macOS), and offers strong compatibility with various platforms. This flexibility and power make .NET a solid choice for developing APIs tailored for performance, security, and scalability.

Key Benefits of .NET for High-Performance APIs

Speed and Performance: .NET is known for its high-speed execution and optimized performance, which is critical for APIs that must handle many requests quickly. .NET Core, in particular, is designed with speed in mind, offering enhancements that ensure minimal memory usage and high throughput.

Cross-Platform Compatibility: .NET Core’s ability to operate across different operating systems enables companies to build APIs compatible with Linux, Windows, and macOS. This allows APIs to be deployed seamlessly in varied environments, supporting a broad range of clients.

Security and Reliability: Security is essential for any API, and .NET’s built-in authentication and authorization features provide a strong foundation. Microsoft regularly updates .NET with security patches, safeguarding APIs against vulnerabilities and unauthorized access.

Scalability: APIs built with .NET can be scaled easily to accommodate growing workloads. As business needs evolve, a well-designed .NET API can be scaled up without compromising performance, ensuring a responsive experience even as demand increases.

How a .NET Development Company Builds High-Performance APIs

A dedicated .NET development company provides a team of skilled professionals experienced in building APIs that maximize .NET’s capabilities. Here are some ways they can assist in crafting high-performance APIs:

1. Architecture and Design Optimization

A .NET development company will conduct an in-depth analysis to understand the business requirements and objectives for the API. Using this information, they design a scalable architecture, choosing between RESTful and gRPC protocols to suit the use case. REST APIs are versatile and widely compatible, while gRPC, supported by .NET Core, is highly efficient for internal APIs requiring low latency and high-speed communication.

2. Performance-First Development Approach

Ensuring that APIs perform efficiently under heavy traffic involves leveraging best practices such as caching, load balancing, and minimizing database calls. A .NET development company can integrate caching mechanisms (such as Redis) to reduce database dependency and improve response times. Additionally, they can use asynchronous programming and dependency injection to optimize data handling, improving API responsiveness.

3. Seamless Migration and Integration

If a business is already using a legacy system, transitioning to a high-performance .NET API can bring immediate benefits. For instance, Migrating from ColdFusion to ASP.NET Core provides better performance and compatibility with modern software solutions. This transition requires a structured migration plan to avoid downtime and ensure data integrity. A .NET development company can streamline this process by handling backend changes, rewriting code for compatibility, and optimizing it for .NET Core’s advantages.

4. Enhanced Security Measures

Security is paramount for any API dealing with sensitive information. A professional .NET development company will implement secure access control, using protocols such as OAuth 2.0 and JWT (JSON Web Tokens) to protect data. They also ensure that the API meets security compliance standards, including data encryption, to safeguard against common threats like injection attacks and cross-site scripting (XSS).

5. Testing and Quality Assurance

Before deploying the API, rigorous testing ensures that the API performs as expected under various conditions. .NET development companies use automated testing frameworks, such as NUnit and xUnit, to run load testing, integration testing, and security assessments. This process allows for the identification and resolution of potential bottlenecks, ensuring the API is ready for high traffic without compromising performance or functionality.

6. Ongoing Maintenance and Support

Post-launch, a .NET development company offers maintenance and updates for the API. This involves monitoring the API’s performance, applying updates, and troubleshooting any issues that may arise. With continuous support, companies can be confident that their API remains efficient, secure, and compatible with the latest technologies.

Key Considerations When Migrating from ColdFusion to ASP.NET Core

Legacy applications, like those built on ColdFusion, may need an upgrade to meet the current performance demands and feature requirements of modern software. Migrating from ColdFusion to ASP.NET Core can bring numerous advantages, including enhanced speed, cross-platform compatibility, and improved developer support.

Here are some essential points to keep in mind:

Compatibility Analysis: Ensure that ASP.NET Core supports all the functionalities that were previously built in ColdFusion. A .NET development company can analyze the current features and ensure compatibility.

Data Migration: Moving data from ColdFusion databases to a .NET-compatible database (such as SQL Server or PostgreSQL) requires careful planning and execution. Data security and accuracy during migration are crucial for a successful transition.

Code Refactoring: ColdFusion and ASP.NET Core have different architectures, which means some code will need refactoring. A .NET development company can handle this efficiently, ensuring that refactored code is optimized for performance.

Testing and Debugging: Once migration is complete, extensive testing ensures the new API works as expected. Load testing helps confirm the API’s resilience under different usage scenarios.

Real-World Applications of High-Performance .NET APIs

.NET APIs are used in diverse applications, from e-commerce platforms and finance apps to IoT systems and healthcare platforms. The .NET framework’s robustness and flexibility make it ideal for creating APIs that meet high-performance requirements in complex, data-driven industries. Here are some examples:

E-Commerce: APIs for e-commerce platforms built on .NET Core can handle massive traffic loads, process secure transactions, and integrate with external payment gateways seamlessly.

Healthcare: Healthcare APIs require strict security measures, efficient data handling, and seamless integration with various systems. .NET’s data security features and support for interoperability make it an ideal choice.

Financial Services: Financial applications need fast, reliable APIs to process transactions, manage user authentication, and integrate with financial data sources. .NET offers the security and performance needed for these applications.

Conclusion

A high-performance API is the backbone of digital transformation for any business seeking to enhance connectivity, scalability, and user satisfaction. Partnering with a .NET Development Company ensures that businesses receive well-architected, secure, and efficient APIs that harness the full potential of the .NET framework. From handling complex integrations and data migrations to deploying scalable and secure solutions, .NET development companies can help build APIs that keep businesses ahead in an increasingly connected world. Whether it’s Migrating from ColdFusion to ASP.NET Core or developing an API from scratch, the expertise of a .NET development company ensures a future-ready API solution designed for success.

#.NET development companies

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evalogical · 1 year ago

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coldfusion development company

A ColdFusion development business specializes in using the powerful programming language and development platform Adobe ColdFusion to create dynamic websites and web apps. Usually, these businesses have a group of knowledgeable ColdFusion developers that are adept at using the language's capabilities to create unique solutions that meet the demands of their customers. ColdFusion development businesses provide a range of services, including as web application development, website management, ColdFusion consultancy, ColdFusion migration of legacy systems, and technology integration. Delivering high-performing, secure, and scalable systems that successfully support clients' business goals is frequently given top priority. These organizations, with their proficiency in ColdFusion development, are essential in assisting enterprises to improve their web visibility and optimize their processes.

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mindfiresolutions-blog · 2 years ago

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ColdFusion: The Superior Choice for Web Development at Mindfire Solutions

ColdFusion's Edge in Web Application Development

In today's fast-paced digital world, ColdFusion emerges as a premier solution, offering developers the ability to deliver superior results with fewer obstacles. Recognized for swift development of both web and mobile applications, ColdFusion isn't just a programming language, but a comprehensive platform. Mindfire Solutions stands by ColdFusion as a pivotal tool in our web development arsenal, helping developers zero in on core requirements with unparalleled efficiency.

ColdFusion's Harmony with Diverse Languages and Systems ColdFusion effortlessly works alongside Java and various web languages. Built on the Java foundation, it enables the seamless utilization of pre-existing Java code. The inherent ability of ColdFusion to not only amalgamate with diverse technologies but also maintain such collaborations economically is its standout trait.

Top-notch Developer Resources Mindfire Solutions developers harness the power of multiple open-source ColdFusion libraries and projects, fostering an environment of innovation. With an array of open-source frameworks at their disposal, our developers are always equipped with the best.

Capacity for High-demand Scenarios ColdFusion's architecture supports the construction of vast systems that can withstand significant traffic spikes. Whether it's a web application expecting a high influx of users or intensive server requests, ColdFusion stands resilient.

Moreover, ColdFusion's adaptability extends to creating remote services, be it SOAP web services or Flash Remoting, making it an ideal match for client-side technologies like Flex.

Efficiency without Compromising Excellence With ColdFusion, Mindfire Solutions promises optimal solutions that judiciously utilize resources without any quality trade-offs.

ColdFusion’s Mastery in Mobile Development

As mobile platforms increasingly dominate the digital landscape, Mindfire Solutions emphasizes building robust hybrid mobile apps compatible with devices like iPhones, iPads, and Android smartphones.

By leveraging Adobe ColdFusion (2016 release) and ColdFusion Builder (2016 release), we ensure multi-platform targeting for mobile apps. The end-result is a consistent performance across desktop browsers, mobile browsers, and native applications.

The ColdFusion Mobile Platform focuses on a streamlined development cycle, from conception to deployment. Some key components include:

CFML Language: Enhancements in CFML ensure seamless conversion to mobile-friendly HTML/JavaScript.

PhoneGap Framework Integration: Facilitating rapid cross-platform mobile app development with ColdFusion's transformed JavaScript.

ColdFusion Builder: In tandem with the ColdFusion Server, it expedites the entire mobile application development process.

Mindfire Solutions and Offshore Services

Mindfire Solutions is a trusted offshore development partner, catering to clientele from North America, Europe, and beyond. We pride ourselves on delivering offshore software and web development services without any compromise on quality.

Our offshore model, honed over years of experience, seamlessly extends a company's development bandwidth with cost-effective, scalable, and highly skilled tech expertise. The enduring benefits of a trusted ColdFusion Development partner like Mindfire Solutions go beyond immediate deliverables.

Our ColdFusion Expertise All our technical wizards are ColdFusion veterans, each boasting over a decade of hands-on experience. This proficiency guarantees exceptional and consistent results. We are committed to proactive solutions, ensuring your applications always function at their best.

In-depth System Analysis and Code Scrutiny Join forces with our experts for a thorough system audit and structured code analysis. Our vast expertise in contemporary ColdFusion frameworks empowers your team to consistently stay ahead of the curve.

Mindfire Solutions: ColdFusion Excellence Personified Mindfire Solutions takes pride in its diligent approach to ColdFusion development. We're not just service providers; we're your partners in success, helping bring your product vision to life with unmatched precision and expertise.

#software development #software testing #python developers #php web development

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webdevelopmentcompanyincanada · 4 years ago

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Web Development Company

Web Development Company :

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Surely not only makes things well but also does something right, the largest gain in the production of software (as is the case with many other fields of business).

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Lean software methods with a micro-team made up of only senior staff—your advantage – more benefit AND less risk.

· Our whole workforce is in-house, long-term.

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With our competent web designers and engineers, e-commerce networks come to an end.

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Our supply of design & production covers:

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· Mobile happy websites are reacting to Web design.

· Registration of hosting and domain names

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We Work With...

We are working with Java, PHP and .NET on the major web platforms. Ruby on Python and Rails, as well as Node.js. Hundreds of open source and industry elements have included. With different online servers and APIs, we have incorporated our applications.

We will do both if you like "breaking edge" or more conservatives.

In the other side, we will manage this too, whether you don't know what it entails and have a current framework it needs to be rewritten or incorporated, either translated into ASP or ColdFusion or anything like this.

Both web-based apples, including internet browsers, cell phones, laptops, WebTV and wide touch screens, operate equally well on any framework that we develop.

Conclusion :

By compliance with international standards and regulations, we build a wide variety of website design services. We have a professional team of website designers skilled in the phase of consulting to create and assemble everything properly.

We have a clear history of corporate website management services as an enthusiastic web design firm. Our company is the most inexpensive web development services, from consumer assessments to diverse framing and strategic brainstorming, supplying the multinational consumer with great performance.

And if you do not browse quickly, it will kill your brand image, regardless of how much commitment, experience, or creative design you place in the website GUI. Your goods may never stress, and their true knowledge will remain a secret. Choose our service with a flexible and sensitive website to boost your company.

#web development #webdevelopmentcompany #webdevelopment #webdevelopmentcompanyincanada

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djsoutsourcing · 5 years ago

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Top Leading Coldfusion Development Company

It's a middleware language which is used to develop web applications interpreted in Java. Coldfusion is a very fast platform for web development and for design also.Using this technology, your task will be finished in an easy and effective manner. It helps to perform high level tasks without any problems.

#coldfusiondeveloper #itcompany #softwarecompany

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manojgangaiah · 5 years ago

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myresellerhome · 2 years ago

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Best practices to strengthen Plesk server security

For any web hosting company or server administrator, server security is the most important aspect of server management. Every internet company needs to provide careful attention to protecting its servers. In this section, we will discuss the most crucial parts of hardening Plesk servers and monitoring them for security flaws.

What is Plesk?

Plesk was initially introduced to the public in the year 2001 after being developed by Plesk, Inc., a Russian corporation. In 2003, Plesk was acquired by SWSoft, which then transformed itself into Parallels the following year. After Oakley Capital had purchased it in 2015, it was spun off into its own independent company. The commercial web hosting data centre automation software known as Plesk was designed specifically for Linux/Unix and Windows-based companies that provide commercial hosting services.

The user-friendliness of Plesk's menu makes it an excellent choice as a control panel solution for virtual private servers (VPS) and dedicated servers. To put it another way, a server that uses Plesk is so simple to operate that even someone with little to no prior server administration knowledge may begin managing their server right away. The administrator has the ability to establish client and site templates, which, in essence, is the process of allotting resources for domains and/or customers. In addition, Plesk was developed with the goal of making the normal management and administration of websites easier to perform. On a single server or across numerous servers, Plesk can automate a wide variety of operations and tasks. Plesk is a web hosting platform that comes with a control panel that gives the administrator the ability to set up websites, reseller accounts, e-mail accounts, DNS, and database accounts from a web browser.

Integration of support for content management systems (CMS) is included in Plesk; supported CMS include WordPress, Joomla, and Drupal, among others; this list is not exhaustive. Other technologies, such as Docker, multi-server management, and framework environments for Node.js, PHP, Python, Ruby on rails, and a great deal more, have also been added to it. In addition to Microsoft Windows, Plesk is compatible with a variety of Linux and Unix operating systems. In addition, the MySQL and PostgreSQL databases, the Microsoft SQL Server and Desktop Engine, the Apache Tomcat Java platform server, and the ColdFusion server are all supported by Plesk.

The term "extensions" refers to "add-ons," and those "add-ons" comprise software packs that are not included in the core codebase. These extensions interact and integrate completely with Plesk on every level. In addition, you do not have to pay for extensions that you do not require because Plesk's user interface was built to just add the features that you require.

Hardening the Security of Plesk Servers Using Generic Steps

Latest After installation, Plesk immediately provides a higher level of protection than before. Advisor, which integrates the best possible security practices and speed tune-up of the server and hosted domains, was recently released as part of the Plesk software suite. At the same time, it is a smart idea to make certain that the following normal actions are carried out:

Ensure regular Plesk updates

Change the strength of your password to Strong.

Install Google Authenticator on your device and use two-step verification to access your account.

To protect the mail server, make use of SSL and TLS.

Set sFTP connection

Restrict the access that administrators have to the system

Limit remote access via XML API

Be sure to make regular use of the Web Application Firewall.

You should make regular use of the WP Toolkit Security Check.

Configure automatic updates for all instances of WordPress.

Ensure that out-of-date web applications are not being used and that those that are being used are regularly updated. Failure to comply with this guideline may result in unanticipated holes in security.

Checking existing websites with VirusTotal's Website Check is recommended.

The Firewall should be used to close any ports that are not currently being used.

Tips for Maintaining Server Safety with Plesk on Linux

Make use of the key file in order to enable SSH access.

When establishing SSH connections, use a port of your choice.

There is no root SSH authentication available.

If you do not use Perl or Python on your website, turn off those languages' support and do not use them yourself. Mod /mod python

Use the Opsani vulnerability scanner.

Configure Fail2Ban to thwart any efforts at hacking.

Stay away from PHP handlers that are served up as Apache modules because this is not a secure approach.

Ensure that the option to update system packages automatically is selected.

Server Security Tips for Plesk under Windows

Custom port usage for RDP connections is a must

Get rid of unused programming languages

Make sure you install the latest Windows updates

Restrict users from overriding handlers via the web. config files

Keep DDOS protection enabled

Top Security Best Practices to Protect Your Plesk Server

1. Always Use the Latest Version of Plesk

Before you do anything further, check to see if your Plesk configurations have been brought up to date. The updates to Plesk install any additional components that you might require in order to significantly improve the server's level of security. The most effective method for ensuring the safety of a Plesk server is to ensure that it is always kept up to date. You may determine whether or not you have an updated version by using the following methods:

In the options menu, select the option to "Automatically Install Plesk Updates."

As part of the security updates, you need to make sure that the Plesk Firewalls, Fail2Ban, and ModSecurity packages have been properly installed.

2. The Safeguarding Process

It's possible that the security settings in Plesk will let you make secure FTP connections to the server. You have the ability to change the password settings by using a robust password.

To make changes to the minimum password requirement:

Under "Settings," click "Security." Once there, locate the "Password Strength" button within that section, and choose the level of security that best suits your needs. Now, select the OK button.

If FTP is configured to only allow authorized connections to the server, it can prevent attacks from occurring. The use of a strong password to protect the server from intrusions at the principal login location is one way to increase the level of security provided by Plesk. By employing this strategy, we are able to protect the server from being attacked with brute force.

3. Attack Utilizing Both Fail2Ban and Force

With the assistance of the Fail2Ban, the log files on the Plesk server are monitored and secured against attacks using brute force. It treats as suspect any attempt to log in that is not authorized. In the event that any of these failed login attempts are performed, the Fail2Ban will either send a notification to the user or temporarily prevent the user's IP address from gaining access to the server.

How to Configuration instructions for Fail2Ban

Make a filter that looks for odd activity in log files by utilizing one or more regular expressions. This filter may be used to search for it.

The sentence you receive in jail depends on the specific circumstances of your case. In the event of an attack, this might make it possible to carry out vital measures by utilizing the information that has been provided.

Please provide a listing of the IP address that was provided. You can protect your server from being attacked by limiting access to only the IP addresses that have been allowed.

In addition to this, you might also try either activating or deactivating a jail that you have set up. On the other hand, if you think it's necessary, you might make an effort to unblock the IP address that was previously banned. In general, Plesk comes equipped with a large number of predefined prison configurations and filters.

4. The configuration of the Web Application Firewall under ModSecurity

ModSecurity is a tool that assists in the detection and prevention of attacks on your web applications. The web application firewall has a rule set that decides how to respond to incoming requests and how they should be treated. In other words, the Firewall is activated whenever a user makes a request, and the HTTP request will only acquire material from the website if the check is successful.

Using Plesk, you are now able to activate ModSecurity and add your own personalized configurations to the parameters for the ruleset.

In order to install the ModSecurity component, you should follow these steps:

You will need to navigate to the "Updates and Upgrades" settings in order to get rid of or add any component. Find the Web Hosting Groups by going to the submenu that says "Add/Remove Components" under that.

You now have the option of using predefined ModSecurity rules or creating your own from scratch.

5. Changing the settings on the Firewall

The network connections that are trying to establish a connection to your server are monitored and kept safe by the Plesk Firewall. The following is a list of the steps to configure:

The first thing you need to do is go to "Tools and Settings" and then pick "Firewall Management." Pick "Firewall Rules Management" from the menu, and then activate it.

At this point, a preview of the status box that authorizes the Firewall module will be displayed. You just need to turn it on.

You have successfully arrived at your destination when a green box indicating success displays and the firewall rules management is operational.

To modify the settings of the Firewall,

Using the Plesk Tools and Settings interface, you are able to modify the Plesk Firewall rules.

At this point, pick the SSH server.

Select the option for the property that will permit you to allow traffic from some sources while preventing it from entering from others.

Include the IP address to which you would like access to be granted.

Select the OK button.

What to do in the event that the server's security is breached

Moving everything over to the new server is what we recommend in this situation. If the attack is successful, the invaders will have their privileges raised to the root level, which means they will have complete control over the server. Even if you uncover malware or rootkits during the investigation and remove them, this does not guarantee that there will be no more instances of either on your system. Malware can be loaded straight into RAM if the user so chooses. It is possible for already infected servers to have backdoors enabled or even common cronjobs set up for use in order to download rootkits.

Even if you successfully restore the server to a previous snapshot, there may still be issues with the server. Because, in many instances, it is unclear exactly when the server was hacked and when rootkits were uploaded to the server.

The question now is how to locate the origin of the issue.

When utilizing security solutions that are specifically designed to scan for rootkits and malware, it is important to keep the following in mind: these solutions rely solely on previously identified patterns in order to determine the presence of malware, and they may be completely ineffective in detecting brand new forms of malicious software. Please call a security audit company that specializes in such circumstances if you want to be absolutely certain about how the server was compromised. Please refrain from changing anything before the investigation has been completed in order to prevent the loss of traces.

Conclusion

There are a few recommended procedures that should be carried out in order to improve the security of a Plesk server. Among these is the utilization of a firewall, the updating of software, and the monitoring of logs. In the event that you come under assault, having a backup and security strategy that is kept up to date is of the utmost importance.

Myresellerhome.com

We offer experienced web hosting services that are customized to your specific requirements.

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lucid-outsourcing-solutions · 7 months ago

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ColdFusion Development Company In India

#coldfusion performance #hire coldfusion developers #coldfusion developers #coldfusion

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ogulg · 2 years ago

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Designing a Website

We have two assignments to design websites. One with HTML and CSS codes and the another one is Wordpress.

The website design seperates into two groups. One is Static website and the other one is Dynamic website.

A static website is one that has Web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a client Web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML); Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are used to control appearance beyond basic HTML. Images are commonly used to create the desired appearance and as part of the main content. Audio or video might also be considered "static" content if it plays automatically or is generally non-interactive. This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos, and other content and may require basic website design skills and software. Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as a classic website, a five-page website or a brochure website are often static websites, because they present pre-defined, static information to the user. This may include information about a company and its products and services through text, photos, animations, audio/video, and navigation menus.

Static websites may still use server side includes (SSI) as an editing convenience, such as sharing a common menu bar across many pages. As the site's behavior to the reader is still static, this is not considered a dynamic site.

A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically. Server-side dynamic pages are generated "on the fly" by computer code that produces the HTML (CSS are responsible for appearance and thus, are static files). There are a wide range of software systems, such as CGI, Java Servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP), Active Server Pages and ColdFusion (CFML) that are available to generate dynamic Web systems and dynamic sites. Various Web application frameworks and Web template systems are available for general-use programming languages like Perl, PHP, Python and Ruby to make it faster and easier to create complex dynamic websites.

A site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user. For example, when the front page of a news site is requested, the code running on the webserver might combine stored HTML fragments with news stories retrieved from a database or another website via��RSS to produce a page that includes the latest information. Dynamic sites can be interactive by using HTML forms, storing and reading back browser cookies, or by creating a series of pages that reflect the previous history of clicks. Another example of dynamic content is when a retail website with a database of media products allows a user to input a search request, e.g. for the keyword Beatles. In response, the content of the Web page will spontaneously change the way it looked before, and will then display a list of Beatles products like CDs, DVDs, and books. Dynamic HTML uses JavaScript code to instruct the Web browser how to interactively modify the page contents. One way to simulate a certain type of dynamic website while avoiding the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis is to periodically automatically regenerate a large series of static pages.

Reference

Website - Wikipedia

#web authoring

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blackcatblog-blog · 6 years ago

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PAF TUTORIAL 1

Question 1

What is the difference between declarative and imperative programming paradigms?

The term programming paradigm refers to the style or way of thinking and addressing problems. Simply, it's a programming style. There may be more than one type programming paradigm...

Never use the phrase “programming language paradigm.”

A paradigm is a way of doing something (like programming), not a concrete thing (like a language). Now, it’s true that if a programming language L happens to make a particular programming paradigm P easy to express, then we often say “L is a P language” (e.g. “Haskell is a functional programming language”) but that does not mean there is any such thing as a “functional language paradigm”.

Some Common Paradigms

Following are few examples for programming paradigms.

Imperative: Programming with an explicit sequence of commands that update state.

Declarative: Programming by specifying the result you want, not how to get it.

Structured: Programming with clean, goto-free, nested control structures.

Procedural: Imperative programming with procedure calls.

Functional (Applicative): Programming with function calls that avoid any global state.

Function-Level (Combinator): Programming with no variables at all.

Object-Oriented: Programming by defining objects that send messages to each other. Objects have their own internal (encapsulated) state and public interfaces. Object orientation can be.

In this article we are not going to discuss about above all. Here we are going to talk about declarative programming and imperative programming. declarative programming and imperative programming are two different approaches that offer a different way of working on a given project or application. But what is the difference between declarative and imperative programming? And when should you use one over the other?

What is imperative programming?

Let's start with imperative programming first. It's the form and style of programming in which we care about how we get a response, step by step. We want the same result at the end of the day, but we ask the registrant to do things in a certain way in order to get the right answer we are looking for.

Your code focuses on creating statements that change program states by creating algorithms that tell the computer how to do things. It closely relates to how hardware works. Typically your code will make use of conditinal statements, loops and class inheritence.

Procedural and object-oriented programming belongs to the imperative paradigm that you know about languages such as C, C ++, C #, PHP, Java and of course Assembly.

Problems with an Imperative Approach

You may already be seeing some issues with the imperative approach. First, our code is pretty messy. The script does a bunch of things, and we don’t know which part of the script is dedicated to which functionality. Second, it’s not easily reusable. If we try to do another analysis, we’ll be changing variables or copy and pasting code, which violates the programming principle of DRY—don’t repeat yourself. Third, if we need to change the program, there are many parts that are dependent on other parts, which means that one change is likely to require a bunch of other changes to accommodate it.

Advantage:

Very simple to implement

It contains loops, variables etc.

Disadvantage:

Complex problem cannot be solved

Less efficient and less productive

Parallel programming is not possible

What is declarative programming?

Next, let’s take a look at declarative programming This is the form or style of programming where we are most concerned with what we want as the answer, or what would be returned. Here, we as developers are not concerned with how we get there, simply concerned with the answer that is received.

Control flow in declarative programming is implicit: the programmer states only what the result should look like,not how to obtain it.

No loops, no assignments, etc. Whatever engine that interprets this code is just supposed go get the desired information, and can use whatever approach it wants. (The logic and constraint paradigms are generally declarative as well.)

In computer science the declarative programming is a style of building programs that expresses logic of computation without talking about its control flow. It often considers programs as theories of some logic.It may simplify writing parallel programs. The focus is on what needs to be done rather how it should be done basically emphasize on what code code is actually doing. It just declare the result we want rather how it has be produced. This is the only difference between imperative (how to do) and declarative (what to do) programming paradigms. Getting into deeper we would see logic, functional and database.

Imperative: C, C++, Java Declarative: SQL, HTML (Can Be) Mix: JavaScript, C#, Python

Think about your typical SQL or HTML example,

SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Country=’Mexico’;

<article> <header> <h1>Declarative Programming</h1> <p>Sprinkle Declarative in your verbiage to sound smart</p> </header> </article>

By glancing at both examples, you have a very clear understanding of what is going on. They’re both declarative. They’re concerned with WHAT you want done, rather than HOW you want it done.

commonly listed advantages of declarative programming?

Reuse: it is easier to create code that can be used for different purposes; something that’s notoriously hard when using imperative constructs.

Idempotence: you can work with end states and let the program figure it out for you. For example, through an upsert operation, you can either insert a row if it is not there, or modify it if it is already there, instead of writing code to deal with both cases.

Error recovery: it is easy to specify a construct that will stop at the first error instead of having to add error listeners for every possible error. (If you’ve ever written three nested callbacks in node.js, you know what I mean.)

Commutativity: the possibility of expressing an end state without having to specify the actual order in which it will be implemented.

Disadvantages of declarative programming?

Thre is not much but as a user of a declarative language, you have limited or no control over how your inputs are dealt with and therefore have no option but to mitigate the impact of any imperfections/bugs in the underlying language and rely on the providers of the declarative language to address the issues.

Summary

Declarative programming is when you say what you want

Imperative language is when you say how to get what you want.

A simple example in Python:

Declarative

small_nums = [x for x in range(20) if x < 5]

Imperative

small_nums = [] for i in range(20): if i < 5: small_nums.append(i)

The first example is declarative because we do not specify any "implementation details" of building the list.you aren't saying how to obtain what you want; you are only saying what you want.

So finally I hope that you got an idea about what is declarative and Imperative programming.

References

Images

https://bit.ly/2UWZO5r

https://bit.ly/2IcV7TO

Other

https://bit.ly/2DLHl4O

https://bit.ly/2k405RO

https://bit.ly/2SSNfHV

https://bit.ly/2NI8QmQ

https://bit.ly/2DGDQN9

https://bit.ly/2TAZold

Question2

What is the difference between procedural programming and functional programming.

In a previous letter we have talked about imperative and declarative progamming. So now we are going to discuss about the difference between procedural programming and functional programming.

Functional Programming Paradigm

A functional language (ideally) allows you to write a mathematical function, i.e. a function that takes “n” arguments and returns a value. If the program is executed, this function is logically evaluated as needed.

The functional programming paradigms has its roots in mathematics and it is language independent. The key principal of this paradigms is the execution of series of mathematical functions. The central model for the abstraction is the function which are meant for some specific computation and not the data structure. Data are loosely coupled to functions.The function hide their implementation. Function can be replaced with their values without changing the meaning of the program. Some of the languages like perl, javascript mostly uses this paradigm.

Functional Programming is,

Often recursive.

Always returns the same output for a given input.

Order of evaluation is usually undefined.

Must be stateless. i.e. No operation can have side effects.

Good fit for parallel execution

Tends to emphasize a divide and conquer approach.

May have the feature of Lazy Evaluation.

Examples of Functional programming paradigm:

JavaScript : developed by Brendan Eich Haskwell : developed by Lennart Augustsson, Dave Barton

Scala : developed by Martin Odersky

Erlang : developed by Joe Armstrong, Robert Virding

Lisp : developed by John Mccarthy

ML : developed by Robin Milner Clojure : developed by Rich Hickey

Procedural Programming Paradigm

A procedural language performs a series of sequential steps. (There’s a way of transforming sequential logic into functional logic called continuation passing style.) This paradigm emphasizes on procedure in terms of under lying machine model. There is no difference in between procedural and imperative approach. It has the ability to reuse the code and it was boon at that time when it was in use because of its reusability.

Procedural Programming is,

The output of a routine does not always have a direct correlation with the input.

Everything is done in a specific order.

Execution of a routine may have side effects.

Tends to emphasize implementing solutions in a linear fashion.

Examples of Procedural programming paradigm:

C : developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson

C++ : developed by Bjarne Stroustrup

Java : developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems

ColdFusion : developed by J J Allaire

Pascal : developed by Niklaus Wirth

Summary

More simply the difference between these two is like this,

Functional programming focuses on expressions

Procedural programming focuses on statements

Expressions have values. A functional program is an expression who’s value is a sequence of instructions for the computer to carry out.

Statements don’t have values and instead modify the state of some conceptual machine.

In a purely functional language there would be no statements, in the sense that there’s no way to manipulate state (they might still have a syntactic construct named “statement”, but unless it manipulates state I wouldn’t call it a statement in this sense). In a purely procedural language there would be no expressions, everything would be an instruction which manipulates the state of the machine.

Haskell would be an example of a purely functional language because there is no way to manipulate state. Machine code would be an example of a purely procedural language because everything in a program is a statement which manipulates the state of the registers and memory of the machine.

The confusing part is that the vast majority of programming languages contain both expressions and statements, allowing you to mix paradigms. Languages can be classified as more functional or more procedural based on how much they encourage the use of statements vs expressions

In procedural, I’d ask:

Go to the kitchen.

Open the fridge.

Look for beer.

If you find beer, grab it.

Close the fridge.

Walk back here.

In functional, I’d tell you:

Here’s how to walk.

Here’s how to access the fridge.

Here’s how to look for something.

Here’s how to grab something.

That’s all about the difference between procedural programming and functional programming. I hope now you have an idea about the difference.

References

Images

https://bit.ly/2Eb7Dip

Other

https://bit.ly/2X2vd8m

https://bit.ly/2SzoF2y

https://bit.ly/2SSNfHV

Question 3

Lambda calculus and Lambda expressions in functional programming.

Alonzo Church (1903–1995 ) Professor at Princeton (1929–1967) and UCLA (1967–1990) Invented the Lambda Calculus. It was developed to to study computations with functions.

Imperative programming concerned with ��how.” Functional programming concerned with “what.”

Based on the mathematics of the lambda calculus (Church as opposed to Turing). “Programming without variables” It is elegant and a difficult setting in which to create subtle bugs. It’s a cult: once you catch the functional bug, you never escape.

The lambda calculus has three basic components, or lambda terms: expressions, variables and abstractions. The word expression refers to a superset of all those things: an expression that can be a variable name, an abstraction or a combination of those things.

An abstraction is a function. It is a lambda term that has a head and a body and is applied to an argument. An argument is an input value. The head of a function is a 𝜆(lambda) followed by a variable name.The body of the function is another expression. So a simple function might look like: 𝜆x.x . It’s an identity function because it just return the argument passed to it. In the previous example of f(x) = x + 1 we were talking about a function called f, but the lambda abstraction 𝜆x.x has no name. It’s an anonymous function (we all are familiar with this term, because it’s a very powerful idea and almost all imperative languages have some sort of implementation of it too). In the definition the dot separates the parameters of the lambda function from the body.

earlier Functional programming languages are based on Lambda Calculus, as we have learned a bit more about lambdas we can relate more about how they are connected. We might have heard the phrase Functions are first class citizens in functional languages. Lets explain that a bit. Imperative languages usually treat functions differently than other values(variables, objects and other inhabitants of a program) in the program though that is changing with omnipresence of lambdas(anonymous) function everywhere.

But in functional languages functions are just like any other value. You can toss function around, return another function from a function body, compose functions to build complex functionalities from simple functions and all sorts of cool things.

And if the function is a pure( like mathematical one) which always return the same output for the same input you don’t even need to care where the function is being evaluated, be it in another core of the same machine or in the cloud because you don’t need to care. All you want is the result of applying the function to an input.

Building Software is a complex task and Composability is a(or is the) way to handle complexity. You start with simple building blocks and compose them to build complex program to solve complex problems. Pure functions are such building blocks.

In a way, programs in functional languages are like reducing expressions(remember beta reduction from last paragraph). The compilers continue evaluating expressions until it reaches a point when it can’t reduce the expression anymore and the execution is complete.

x -(Variable)

A character or string representing a parameter or mathematical/logical value

(λx.M) -(AbstractionFunction)

definition (M is a lambda term). The variable x becomes bound in the expression.

(M N) -(ApplicationApplying)

a function to an argument. M and N are lambda terms.

References

Images

https://bit.ly/2UU9AVY

https://bit.ly/2ByXvhK

Other

https://bit.ly/2EdUSE1

https://bit.ly/1TsPkGn

https://bit.ly/2Szi3RP

Question 4

What is meant by “no side-effects” and “referential transparency” in functional programming?

Referential Transparency

Referential transparency is a property of a specific part of a program or a programming language, especially functional programming languages like Haskell and R. An expression in a program is said to be referentially transparent if it can be replaced with its value and the resulting behavior is the same as before the change. This means that the program's behavior is not changed whether the input used is a reference or an actual value that the reference is pointing to.

As programs are composed of subprograms, which are programs themselves, it applies to those subprograms, too. Subprograms may be represented, among other things, by methods. That means method can be referentially transparent, which is the case if a call to this method may be replaced by its return value:

int add(int a, int b) { return a + b } int mult(int a, int b) { return a * b; } int x = add(2, mult(3, 4));

In this example, the mult method is referentially transparent because any call to it may be replaced with the corresponding return value. This may be observed by replacing mult(3, 4) with 12:

int x = add(2, 12)

In the same way, add(2, 12) may be replaced with the corresponding return value, 14:

int x = 14;

None of these replacements will change the result of the program, whatever it does.

side effect

Functional programming is based on the simple premise that your functions should not have side effects; they are considered evil in this paradigm. If a function has side effects we call it a procedure, so functions do not have side effects. We consider that a function has a side effect if it modifies a mutable data structure or variable, uses IO, throws an exception or halts an error; all of these things are considered side effects. The reason why side effects are bad is because, if you had them, a function can be unpredictable depending on the state of the system; when a function has no side effects we can execute it anytime, it will always return the same result, given the same input.

Simply side effect refers simply to the modification of some kind of state - for instance:

Changing the value of a variable;

Writing some data to disk;

Enabling or disabling a button in the User Interface.

References

https://bit.ly/2GsOFGv

https://bit.ly/2X5qYsP

https://bit.ly/2UYMLR9

https://bit.ly/2BA9Li4

https://bit.ly/2nG5zHG

Question 5

Key features of Object Oriented Programming

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of “objects”, which may contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. A feature of objects is that an object’s procedures can access and often modify the data fields of the object with which they are associated (objects have a notion of “this” or “self”). In OOP, computer programs are designed by making them out of objects that interact with one another.[1][2]There is significant diversity of OOP languages, but the most popular ones are class-based, meaning that objects are instances of classes, which typically also determine their type.

Many of the most widely used programming languages (such as C++, Object Pascal, Java, Python etc.) are multi-paradigm programming languages that support object-oriented programming to a greater or lesser degree, typically in combination with imperative, procedural programming. Significant object-oriented languages include Java, C++, C#, Python, PHP, JavaScript, Ruby, Perl, Object Pascal, Objective-C, Dart, Swift, Scala, Common Lisp, and Smalltalk.

OOP Characteristics:

Objects

Classes

Data Abstraction

Encapsulation

Inheritance

Polymorphism

Objects:

In other words object is an instance of a class.

Classes:

These contain data and functions bundled together under a unit. In other words class is a collection of similar objects. When we define a class it just creates template or Skelton. So no memory is created when class is created. Memory is occupied only by object. In other words classes acts as data types for objects.

Data Hiding:

This concept is the main heart of an Object oriented programming. The data is hidden inside the class by declaring it as private inside the class. When data or functions are defined as private it can be accessed only by the class in which it is defined. When data or functions are defined as public then it can be accessed anywhere outside the class. Object Oriented programming gives importance to protecting data which in any system. This is done by declaring data as private and making it accessible only to the class in which it is defined. This concept is called data hiding. But one can keep member functions as public.

Encapsulation:

The technical term for combining data and functions together as a bundle is encapsulation.

Inheritance:

Inheritance as the name suggests is the concept of inheriting or deriving properties of an exiting class to get new class or classes. In other words we may have common features or characteristics that may be needed by number of classes. So those features can be placed in a common tree class called base class and the other classes which have these charaterisics can take the tree class and define only the new things that they have on their own in their classes. These classes are called derived class. The main advantage of using this concept of inheritance in Object oriented programming is it helps in reducing the code size since the common characteristic is placed separately called as base class and it is just referred in the derived class. This provide the users the important usage of terminology called as reusability

Polymorphism and Overloading:

Poly refers many. So Polymorphism as the name suggests is a certain item appearing in different forms or ways. That is making a function or operator to act in different forms depending on the place they are present is called Polymorphism.

And due to this all future object oriented programming language like c++, java are more popular in use .

References

Images

https://bit.ly/2tpi5g9

Other

https://bit.ly/2zV49xn

https://bit.ly/20Rx76M

Question 6

How the event-driven programming is different from other programming paradigms?

Event-driven programming is a programming paradigm in which the flow of program execution is determined by events - for example a user action such as a mouse click, key press, or a message from the operating system or another program. An event-driven application is designed to detect events as they occur, and then deal with them using an appropriate event-handling procedure. The idea is an extension of interrupt-driven programming of the kind found in early command-line environments such as DOS, and in embedded systems (where the application is implemented as firmware).

References

https://bit.ly/2X60aJ5

https://che.gg/2SSmxCj

https://bit.ly/2ylqy6S

Question 7

Compiled languages, Scripting languages, and Markup languages.

Programming Languages

A programming language is simply a set of rules that tells a computer system what to do and how to do it. It gives the computer instructions for performing a particular task. A programming language consists of a series of well-defined steps which the computer must strictly follow in order to produce the desired output. Failure to follow the steps as it has been defined will result in an error and sometimes the computer system won’t perform as intended.These instructions are usually written by programmers who have an in-depth knowledge about a particular programming language. They are not only knowledgeable about the syntax of that language but also they have mastered the data structures and algorithms used for that language. This is because the basic function of a programming language is to translate the input data into meaningful output.

Markup languages

From the name, we can easily tell that a markup language is all about visuals and looks. Basically, this is the primary role of markup languages. They are used for the presentation of data. They determine the final outlook or appearance of the data that needs to be displayed on the software. Two of the most powerful markup languages are HTML and XML. If you have used both of these two languages, you should be aware of the impact that they can have on a website in terms of the aesthetics.

A properly utilized HTML with the help of CSS will result in a beautiful or stunning website. Markup languages are characterized by tags which are used for defining elements in the document. They are human-readable because they contain normal texts.

There are different types of markup languages and each one of them is designed to perform a specific role. For instance, the primary role of HTML is to give a structure to the website and its component. On the other hand, XML was designed to store and transport structured data. If you are planning to be a front-end developer, consider sharpening your knowledge on markup languages.

Scripting language

A scripting language is a type of language that is designed to integrate and communicate with other programming languages. Examples of commonly used scripting languages include JavaScript, VBScript, PHP among others. There are mostly used in conjunction with other languages, either programming or markup languages. For example, PHP which is a scripting language is mostly used in conjunction with HTML. It is safe to say that all scripting languages are programming languages, but not all programming languages are scripting languages.

One of the differences between scripting languages and programming languages is in terms of compilation. While it is a must for a programming to be compiled, scripting languages are interpreted without being compiled. It is important to note that scripting languages are interpreted directly from the source code.

Due to the absence of the compilation process, scripting languages are a bit faster than the programming languages. In recent years, we have seen a widespread use of scripting languages in developing the client side of web applications.

References

Images

https://bit.ly/2V1FGiM

Other

https://bit.ly/2V1FGiM

Question 8

Role of the virtual runtime machines.

A runtime system, also called run-time system, runtime environment or run-time environment, primarily implements portions of an execution model. This is not to be confused with the runtime lifecycle phase of a program, during which the runtime system is in operation. Most languages have some form of runtime system that provides an environment in which programs run. This environment may address a number of issues including the layout of application memory, how the program accesses variables, mechanisms for passing parameters between procedures, interfacing with the operating system, and otherwise. The compiler makes assumptions depending on the specific runtime system to generate correct code. Typically the runtime system will have some responsibility for setting up and managing the stack and heap, and may include features such as garbage collection, threads or other dynamic features built into the language.

Example: Java virtual machine

A Java virtual machine (JVM) is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java programs as well as programs written in other languages that are also compiled to Java bytecode. The JVM is detailed by a specification that formally describes what is required of a JVM implementation. Having a specification ensures interoperability of Java programs across different implementations so that program authors using the Java Development Kit (JDK) need not worry about idiosyncrasies of the underlying hardware platform.

References

https://bit.ly/2TLEH61

https://bit.ly/2V2lkpz

Question 9

How the JS code is executed (What is the runtime? where do you find the interpreter?)

What is JavaScript? JavaScript is primarily a client-side language. JavaScript started at Netscape, a web browser developed in the 1990s. A webpage can contain embedded JavaScript, which executes when a user visits the page. The language was created to allow web developers to embed executable code on their webpages, so that they could make their webpages interactive, or perform simple tasks. Today, browser scripting remains the main use-case of JavaScript.

The runtime environment provides the built-in libraries that are available to the program at runtime (during execution). So, if you're going to use the Window object or the DOM API in the browser, those would be included in the browser's JS runtime environment. A Node.js runtime includes different libraries, say, the Cluster and FileSystem APIs. Both runtimes include the built-in data types and common facilities such as the Console object.

Chrome and Node.js therefore share the same engine (Google's V8), but they have different runtime (execution) environments.

In a way, the runtime is to the engine what the linker is to the compiler in a traditional compiled language.

Unlike C and other compiled languages, Javascript runs in a container - a program that reads your js codes and runs them. This program must do two things

parse your code and convert it to runnable commands

provide some objects to javascript so that it can interact with the outside world.

The first part is called Engine and the second is Runtime.

For example, the Chrome Browser and node.js use the same Engine - V8, but their Runtimes are different: in Chrome you have the window, DOM objects etc, while node gives you require, Buffers and processes.

A JavaScript interpreter is a program or an engine which executes JavaScript code. A JavaScript engine can be implemented as a standard interpreter, or just-in-time compiler that compiles JavaScript to bytecode in some form.

JavaScript is an interpreted language, not a compiled language. A program such as C++ or Java needs to be compiled before it is run. The source code is passed through a program called a compiler, which translates it into bytecode that the machine understands and can execute. In contrast, JavaScript has no compilation step. Instead, an interpreter in the browser reads over the JavaScript code, interprets each line, and runs it. More modern browsers use a technology known as Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation, which compiles JavaScript to executable bytecode just as it is about to run.

References

https://bit.ly/2SH1eR1

https://bit.ly/2SS7g4n

https://bit.ly/2UVp9g0

https://bit.ly/2wqRanM

https://stanford.io/2J5Rev1

Question 10

How the output of an HTML document is rendered, indicating the tools used to display the output.

A web browser is a piece of software that loads files from a remote server (or perhaps a local disk) and displays them to you — allowing for user interaction.

However, within a browser there exists a piece of software called the browser engine.

Within different browsers, there’s a part of the browser that figures out what to display to you based on the files it receives. This is called the browser engine.

The browser engine is a core software component of every major browser, and different browser manufacturers call their engines by different names.

The browser engine for Firefox is called Gecko, and that of Chrome is called Blink, which happens to be a fork of Webkit. Don’t let the names confuse you. They are just names. Nothing serious.

Browser engine is the key software responsible for what we’re discussing.

Sending & receiving information

This is not supposed to be a computer science networks class, but you may remember that data is sent over the internet as “packets” sized in bytes.

The point I’m trying to make is that when you write some HTML, CSS and JS, and attempt to open the HTML file in your browser, the browser reads the raw bytes of HTML from your hard disk (or network).

The browser reads the raw bytes of data, and not the actual characters of code you have written.

The browser receives the bytes of data but it can’t really do anything with it.

The raw bytes of data must be converted to a form it understands.

This is the first step.

From raw bytes of HTML to DOM

What the browser object needs to work with is a Document Object Model (DOM) object.

So, how is the DOM object derived?

Well, pretty simple.

Firstly, the raw bytes of data are converted into characters.

You may see this with the characters of code you have written. This conversion is done based on the character encoding of the html file.

At this point, the browser’s gone from raw bytes of data to the actual characters in the file.

Characters are great, but they aren’t the final result.

These characters are further parsed into something called tokens.

So, what are these tokens?

A bunch of characters in a text file does not do the browser engine a lot of good.

Without this tokenization process, the bunch of characters will just result in a bunch of meaningless text i.e html code — that doesn’t produce an actual website.

When you save a file with the .html extension, you signal to the browser engine to interpret the file as an html document. The way the browser “interprets” this file is by first parsing it.

In the parsing process, and particularly during tokenization, every start and end html tags in the file are accounted for.

The parser understands each string in angle brackets e.g "<html>", "<p>", and understands the set of rules that apply to each of them. For example, a token that represents an anchor tag will have different properties from one that represents a paragraph token.

Conceptually, you may see a token as some sort of data structure that contains information about a certain html tag. Essentially, an html file is broken down into small units of parsing called tokens. This is how the browser begins to understand what you’ve written.

Tokens are great, but they are also not our final result.

After the tokenization is done, the tokens are then converted into nodes.

You may think of nodes as distinct objects with specific properties. In fact, a better way to explain this is to see a node as a separate entity within the document object tree.

Nodes are great, but they still aren’t the final results.

Now, here’s the final bit.

Upon creating these nodes, the nodes are then linked in a tree data structure known as the DOM.

The DOM establishes the parent-child relationships, adjacent sibling relationships etc.

The relationship between every node is established in this DOM object.

Now, this is something we can work with.

If you remember from web design 101, you don’t open the CSS or JS file in the browser to view a webpage. No. You open the HTML file, most times in the form index.html

This is exactly why you do so: the browser must go through transforming the raw bytes of html data into the DOM before anything can happen.

Depending on how large the html file is, the DOM construction process may take some time. No matter how small, it does take some time (no matter how minute) regardless of the file size.

References

https://bit.ly/2E4iehe

Question 11

Different types of CASE tools, Workbenches, and Environments for different types of software systems (web-based systems, mobile systems, IoT systems, etc.)

Types of CASE tools

Classic CASE tools - established software development support tools (e.g. interactive debuggers, compilers, etc.)

Real CASE tools - can be separated into three different categories, depending on where in the development process they are most involved in:

Upper - support analysis and design phases

Lower - support coding phase

Integrated - also known as I-CASE support analysis, design and coding phases

Upper and lower CASE tools are named as such because of where the phases they support are in the Waterfall Model (see below)

References

https://fla.st/2N98YsT

https://bit.ly/2tmwXvF

Question 12

Difference between framework, library, and plugin, giving some examples.

Library vs framework

The key difference between a library and a framework is "Inversion of Control". When you call a method from a library, you are in control. But with a framework, the control is inverted: the framework calls you.

A library is just a collection of class definitions. The reason behind is simply code reuse, i.e. get the code that has already been written by other developers. The classes and methods normally define specific operations in a domain specific area. For example, there are some libraries of mathematics which can let developer just call the function without redo the implementation of how an algorithm works.

In framework, all the control flow is already there, and there's a bunch of predefined white spots that you should fill out with your code. A framework is normally more complex. It defines a skeleton where the application defines its own features to fill out the skeleton. In this way, your code will be called by the framework when appropriately. The benefit is that developers do not need to worry about if a design is good or not, but just about implementing domain specific functions.

Frameworks vs plugins

Frameworks provide functionality, which programs must be written to use; plugins extend something else's functionality, usually in a way that doesn't require rewriting existing programs to use. You may well use both, with a framework that provides a basic interface and plugins that add functionality to the interface.

Library vs plugins

The main difference between plugin and library is that a plugin is an extension that improves the capabilities of an application while a library is a collection of classes and functions that helps to develop a software.

EXAMPLES:

Framework.

Popular examples include ActiveX and .NET for Windows development, Cocoa for Mac OS X, Cocoa Touch for iOS, and the Android Application Framework forAndroid. Software development kits (SDKs) are available for each of these frameworks and include programming tools designed specifically for the corresponding framework.

Plugins

Web browsers have historically allowed executables as plug-ins, though they are now mostly deprecated. (These are a different type of software module than browser extensions.) Two plug-in examples are the Adobe Flash Player for playing videos and a Java virtual machine for running applets.

library

library is a collection of non-volatile resources used by computer programs, often for software development. These may include configuration data, documentation, help data, message templates, pre-written code and subroutines, classes, values or type specifications. In IBM's OS/360 and its successors they are referred to as partitioned data sets.

References

https://bit.ly/2eL9dI8

https://bit.ly/2TLVFkG

https://bit.ly/2BF8LJo

https://bit.ly/2GGkACF

https://bit.ly/2X6AQlW

https://bit.ly/2T07G9f

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