#electromagnetic phase shift tool\

[michaela-o]

Hey ya all! Here's a thing i had in mind about how a tutorial written by decepticons on how to capture a human would look like :D

Enjoy!🧡✨️

Decepticon Recommendation: How to capture a human

Objective:

Humans are physically fragile but resourceful and quick to flee when threatened. A successful capture requires precision, intimidation, and a deep understanding of their weaknesses. The objective is to immobilize them efficiently while instilling fear, ensuring no damage that might render them unusable or dead unless necessary.

1. SCOUT AND ISOLATE THE TARGET

The first step in capturing a human is separating them from their support systems and escape routes.

• Identify solitude opportunities: Humans are most vulnerable when alone or in small groups. Wait until the target is isolated—walking in the dark, separated from a crowd or traveling in a vehicle through a remote area.

• Cut off communication: Humans rely heavily on their communication devices (phones, radios). Disable these devices first, either by emitting an electromagnetic pulse jamming their signal ir straight up crushing the device. With no way to call for help, their panic will increase.

• Block their escape routes: Humans are agile in confined spaces but slow in open terrain compared to a Cybertronian. Use the environment to your advantage by cornering them. Block off exits with your size, speed, or tools like energy barriers to force them into a limited area.

2. INSTILL FEAR AND CONFUSION

Humans respond predictably to fear. A frightened target is less coordinated and more likely to make mistakes.

• Make a show of power: Land heavily, crush nearby objects, or generate loud, reverberating sounds to assert your dominance. The more you appear as an unstoppable force, the quicker they will give up resistance.

• Use sudden movements: Humans are startled by abrupt changes in their environment. Appear out of nowhere, shift from stillness to speed instantly, or make sudden lunges to disorient them.

• Speak in a threatening manner: Use their language, but distort it to sound mechanical or predatory. Tell them what awaits if they resist, ensuring your tone conveys inevitability.

3. IMMOBILIZE THEM WITHOUT LETHALITY

Humans are painfully fragile. Overestimating their durability could render them unusable for sale or other purposes.

• Deploy restraints: Use non-lethal restraints like energy nets, magnetic tethers, or adhesive traps to immobilize them quickly. Avoid physical contact unless absolutely necessary, as their unpredictability can lead to unnecessary complications.

• Target mobility first: Humans heavily rely on their legs for escape. Immobilizing their lower body—through stunning their legs or pinning them to the ground—will neutralize their primary means of escape.

• Minimize struggle: If the human resists, use tools that apply pressure without causing harm. For instance, magnetic cuffs or a localized stasis field will incapacitate them without lasting damage.

5. ENSURE SECURE TRANSPORT

Once the human is captured, the transport phase is critical to ensure no escape attempts.

• Enclose the target: Humans are adept at exploiting even the smallest weaknesses in containment. Place them in an energy field, sealed pod, or reinforced cage to ensure they cannot interfere with your systems.

• Suppress movement: Even restrained humans can be disruptive. Induce a state of stasis by muzzling them, covering their helm or sedation to keep them docile during transport.

6. IF RESISTANCE PERSISTS

Should the human continue to resist, escalate your methods to assert dominance and ensure submission.

• Induce pain: Humans are highly sensitive to pain. A brief, non-lethal application of pressure or energy can quickly deter further resistance. For example, an electrical shock or tightening restraint will subdue most individuals.

• Make an example: If capturing multiple humans, ensure the others see the consequences of resistance. This will discourage further defiance.

• Break their will: Use psychological tactics such as threatening their loved ones or showing them the consequences of defiance through holographic projections or live displays of power.

KEY REMINDERS

• Avoid unnecessary damage: As stated above, dead or severely injured human is less useful for experimentation for they will last much less and are hard to sold on the black market for solid fortune.

• Control the narrative: Ensure the human understands their helplessness and that resistance will only lead to greater suffering.

"A human’s strength lies in their fragile belief in survival. Crush that belief, and their submission will follow." - decepticons

( lemme know if you would like me to make an Autobot version aswell !! :DD )

[sakhshimandal]

Common Defects Detected by Eddy Current Testing and How to Interpret the Signals

Eddy Current Testing (ECT) is a powerful non-destructive testing (NDT) method used to detect surface and near-surface flaws in conductive materials. Popular in industries like aerospace, power generation, automotive, and petrochemicals, ECT is prized for its speed, precision, and ability to detect subtle discontinuities without damaging the component under test.

This article explores the most common defects identified through ECT, how they appear in signal readings, and the best practices for accurate interpretation.

How Eddy Current Testing Works (Quick Recap)

Eddy Current Testing operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When an alternating current is passed through a coil, it generates a magnetic field. When this coil is placed near a conductive material, it induces localized circulating currents—called eddy currents—within the material. Disruptions in the flow of these currents, caused by material inconsistencies or defects, alter the coil’s impedance. These changes are detected and analyzed by the ECT system to reveal flaws.

Common Defects Detected by ECT

1. Surface Cracks

Where found: Welds, bolt holes, machined surfaces, rail tracks, aerospace components.

Signal characteristics: Surface cracks create a sharp, narrow signal response on impedance plane displays. The signal amplitude is often high and easily distinguishable due to the abrupt change in eddy current flow.

2. Subsurface Cracks

Where found: Heat-affected zones, stress-corrosion-prone areas, aircraft skins.

Signal characteristics: Lower amplitude than surface cracks, broader signal response. Detection depends on probe frequency—lower frequencies penetrate deeper but reduce resolution.

3. Corrosion and Wall Thinning

Where found: Pipes, heat exchanger tubes, fuel tanks.

Signal characteristics: Gradual impedance change with lower amplitude. Signals tend to be broader and less sharp. Lift-off compensation is critical to avoid false positives.

4. Material Conductivity Variations

Where found: Heat-treated alloys, mixed-material components.

Signal characteristics: Changes in conductivity affect the phase angle and amplitude of the eddy current response. Useful for material sorting or identifying heat treatment inconsistencies.

5. Delamination or Bonding Failures

Where found: Laminated structures, composite-metal joints.

Signal characteristics: These defects disrupt eddy current paths between layers. The response is usually diffuse and may require advanced techniques like multi-frequency or array probes.

Interpreting ECT Signals: Key Considerations

ECT signals are typically represented on an impedance plane display, which shows real-time changes in coil impedance due to defect interaction. Correct interpretation requires understanding the shape, phase angle, and amplitude of the signal.

Amplitude

Higher amplitude usually indicates larger or shallower defects.

Lower amplitude may suggest deep or small flaws or conductivity changes.

Phase Angle

The angle of the signal vector helps distinguish between different defect types and depths.

Surface flaws usually generate steeper phase shifts than subsurface ones.

Shape

Sharp, pointed signals may indicate cracks.

Broad, round signals often suggest corrosion or thinning.

Irregular or noisy signals could point to poor coupling or probe movement issues.

Lift-Off Effect

The distance between the probe and the test surface can significantly affect the signal.

Good calibration and consistent probe contact help minimize this variable.

Tools for Signal Interpretation

Modern ECT instruments offer advanced features to improve interpretation accuracy:

Phase rotation and filtering to isolate defect signatures.

Frequency mixing to enhance sensitivity at different depths.

Reference standards for calibration against known defect profiles.

C-scan and B-scan imaging (with array probes) for 2D/3D defect mapping.

Conclusion

Eddy Current Testing is a versatile technique capable of detecting a wide range of surface and near-surface defects. Accurate interpretation of ECT signals requires a strong understanding of defect behavior, probe configuration, and signal analysis. Whether inspecting turbine blades, aircraft fuselage, or heat exchanger tubes, a well-trained technician can use ECT to prevent failures, extend asset life, and ensure structural integrity.

Investing in proper training, modern equipment, and frequent calibration is the key to getting the most from this high-precision inspection method.

[cflowmeter]

How to Select the Perfect Measurement Solution for Your Fluid Processing System

In today's industrial landscape, selecting the right fluid measurement solution can make or break your processing system's efficiency, accuracy, and overall operational costs. With countless options available in the market, finding the perfect fit for your specific application requires careful consideration of numerous factors. This comprehensive guide will walk you through the essential steps to ensure you make an informed decision when choosing measurement tools for your fluid processing needs.

Understanding Your Process Requirements First

Before diving into the various measurement technologies available, you must thoroughly understand what you're measuring and why. A successful fluid system measurement strategy begins with clearly defining your process parameters:

Process Media Characteristics

Viscosity (Is your fluid thick like honey or thin like water?)

Corrosiveness (Will your fluid potentially damage measurement equipment?)

Temperature and pressure ranges

Presence of solids or bubbles

Conductivity properties

Performance Requirements

Required measurement accuracy (±0.2%, ±0.5%, or ±1%)

Flow rate range (minimum and maximum expected rates)

Pressure drop limitations

Repeatability needs

Response time

Installation Environment

Available space constraints

Straight pipe run availability

Ambient conditions (temperature, humidity, vibration)

Hazardous area classifications

Taking the time to document these requirements will significantly narrow your options and prevent costly mistakes down the road.

Exploring Common Fluid Measurement Technologies

Each measurement technology has its unique strengths and limitations. Let's explore the most common options and when they shine:

Electromagnetic Flow Meters

Electromagnetic flowmeters excel when measuring conductive fluids. By generating a magnetic field across the pipe and measuring the voltage produced as the conductive fluid passes through, these meters deliver exceptional accuracy.

Best suited for:

Water-based solutions

Slurries and wastewater

Chemical processing

Food and beverage applications

Key advantages:

No moving parts means minimal maintenance

No pressure drop

Unaffected by fluid density, viscosity, or temperature

Available in sanitary designs for hygienic applications

However, electromagnetic flow sensors cannot measure non-conductive fluids like oils or gases, so they're not universal solutions.

Ultrasonic Flow Meters

Ultrasonic flow meters use sound waves to determine flow rates, either through transit-time or Doppler methods. The transit-time approach measures how long it takes for sound waves to travel between transducers, while Doppler systems measure frequency shifts caused by reflections off particles in the fluid.

Best applications:

Clean liquids (transit-time)

Dirty liquids with suspended particles (Doppler)

Large diameter pipes

Non-invasive measurement needs

Strengths:

Clamp-on options available (no pipe cutting required)

No pressure drop or flow obstructions

Suitable for corrosive applications

Bidirectional measurement capabilities

Ultrasonic flow meter accuracy can be affected by fluid consistency and pipe condition, so proper installation is crucial.

Coriolis Flow Meters

When ultimate accuracy is non-negotiable, coriolis flow meters often provide the solution. Using the Coriolis effect, these meters measure mass flow directly rather than volumetric flow, eliminating concerns about temperature and pressure effects on density.

Ideal for:

Custody transfer applications

High-value products

Multi-phase fluids

Applications requiring density or concentration measurement

Benefits:

Exceptional accuracy (typically ±0.1% to ±0.5%)

Direct mass flow measurement

Independent of flow profile and fluid properties

Can measure multiple parameters simultaneously (flow, density, temperature)

The primary drawbacks include higher initial cost and larger installation footprints, especially for larger pipe sizes.

Rotameter Flowmeters

For applications where simplicity, reliability, and visual indication are priorities, rotameter flowmeters remain popular choices. These variable area meters use a float in a tapered tube to indicate flow rate.

Commonly used for:

Low-flow applications

Local flow indication without power

Simple proportional control

Purge and blanketing systems

Advantages:

No power required for basic models

Visual indication without instruments

Simple operation and maintenance

Cost-effective for smaller applications

Accuracy tends to be lower than other technologies (typically ±2-5%), making rotameters less suitable when precision is paramount.

Critical Selection Factors Beyond Technology Type

While understanding the different measurement technologies is important, several other factors should influence your final decision:

Total Cost of Ownership

Initial purchase price is just one component of the total cost. Consider:

Installation complexity and costs

Power requirements

Calibration frequency and expense

Spare parts availability and cost

Expected service life

Maintenance requirements

A higher upfront investment in a premium flow meter might deliver substantial savings over its operational lifetime through reduced maintenance and higher accuracy.

Integration with Existing Systems

Your measurement solution should seamlessly integrate with your current control and monitoring systems:

Compatible output signals (4-20mA, HART, Fieldbus, etc.)

Communication protocol support

Software compatibility

Power supply requirements

Ensuring proper integration prevents costly rework and communication issues after installation.

Regulatory and Compliance Requirements

Many industries face strict regulatory oversight regarding fluid measurement:

Industry-specific certifications (FDA, 3A, EHEDG for food and pharma)

Hazardous area approvals (ATEX, IECEx, FM)

Custody transfer approvals (OIML, NTEP, MID)

Environmental compliance documentation

Non-compliance can result in production shutdowns, fines, or rejected products, making this a critical consideration.

Supplier Expertise and Support

The right measurement partner offers more than just hardware:

Application engineering support

Commissioning assistance

Training programs

Responsive technical support

Calibration services

Global presence for multinational operations

Working with experienced measurement solution providers like XINSIER TECHNOLOGY ensures you benefit from 15+ years of industry knowledge and support across 53 countries worldwide.

Decision-Making Framework: A Practical Approach

To systematize your selection process, consider implementing this step-by-step framework:

Document process requirements (fluid properties, accuracy needs, environmental conditions)

Screen technologies based on compatibility with your application

Evaluate qualified options using weighted criteria important to your operation

Request detailed specifications from shortlisted suppliers

Perform cost-benefit analysis including total cost of ownership

Check references from similar applications

Conduct site assessment to verify installation feasibility

This structured approach narrows options progressively while ensuring all critical factors receive proper attention.

Real-World Considerations From Industry Experience

After working with thousands of fluid processing systems across diverse industries, we've observed several practical considerations often overlooked during selection:

Future-proofing: Select measurement solutions that can accommodate potential process changes or expansions

Standardization benefits: Using consistent meter types across your facility simplifies maintenance and reduces spare parts inventory

Redundancy needs: Critical measurements might warrant backup measurement systems

Local support availability: Even the best technology fails without proper support infrastructure

Environmental impact: Consider energy consumption and end-of-life disposal impacts

Conclusion: Making Your Final Decision

Selecting the perfect measurement solution for your fluid processing system requires balancing technical requirements, financial considerations, and practical implementation factors. By thoroughly understanding your process needs, evaluating the strengths and limitations of different technologies, and considering the total cost of ownership, you'll be well-positioned to make an informed decision.

Remember that the cheapest option rarely delivers the lowest long-term cost, and the most expensive isn't automatically the best fit for your application. Instead, focus on finding the right match for your specific requirements while ensuring proper installation and maintenance.

With over 15 years of experience providing scientific and cost-effective measuring solutions, XINSIER TECHNOLOGY has helped thousands of facilities optimize their fluid measurement systems. Our team of specialists can guide you through the selection process to ensure you achieve the precision, reliability, and performance your operation demands.

Whether you need electromagnetic flowmeters for water treatment, ultrasonic flow meters for large pipelines, or coriolis flow meters for high-accuracy custody transfer applications, partnering with experienced measurement professionals ensures you'll get the perfect solution for your unique requirements.

[darkhorsedrilling]

Why Excavation Isn’t Just ‘Digging a Hole’ – The Science Behind the Work

To the untrained eye, excavation might look like a simple job: bring in a backhoe, dig a hole, and call it a day. But in reality, excavation is one of the most precise and technical phases in any construction or land development project—especially in a place like Jonesboro, AR, where soil conditions, elevation, drainage, and safety regulations all come into play.

If you’re planning a build or land improvement, understanding the science behind excavation Jonesboro AR can help you appreciate why it’s so much more than just moving dirt.

Understanding the Land Beneath Your Feet

Every excavation project starts with a deep understanding of the soil. In Jonesboro, AR, land composition can vary from clay-heavy soils to sandy loam, each reacting differently to moisture, pressure, and construction. Professional excavators often conduct or work alongside geotechnical engineers to evaluate:

Soil stability

Load-bearing capacity

Water table levels

Risk of erosion or collapse

These factors determine how deep to dig, how wide to make the trench, and what reinforcements are needed—especially when working near foundations or utility lines.

Precision Grading & Elevation Control

Excavation isn’t just about digging—it’s also about shaping. Site grading is critical to ensure proper drainage, foundation leveling, and future landscaping. Even being off by a few inches can result in water pooling near your home or an uneven slab foundation.

Professionals use GPS-guided equipment, laser levels, and topographical maps to grade with pinpoint accuracy. This is especially important in Jonesboro’s mix of rolling hills and flatlands, where poor grading could affect neighboring properties.

Protecting Underground Infrastructure

Before any digging begins, excavation teams must locate and mark underground utilities—gas lines, water pipes, electric cables, and fiber optics. A single mistake can be dangerous or extremely costly.

This part of excavation requires:

Calling 811 for utility marking

Using ground-penetrating radar or electromagnetic tools

Following strict safety protocols, including OSHA trench safety rules

Drainage & Water Management

Jonesboro can get its fair share of rain, which makes proper drainage planning a must. Excavators often dig with a purpose: to install French drains, stormwater systems, septic tanks, or swales to divert water away from structures.

Failing to address water flow during excavation can cause:

Foundation damage

Basement flooding

Soil erosion

Future landscaping issues

Trench Safety Is a Science in Itself

Excavation crews must understand soil behavior, weight distribution, and collapse risks. A trench deeper than 5 feet requires:

Protective systems like shoring or trench boxes

Safe entry/exit points

Constant monitoring for shifting soil

In short, it’s not just about digging—it’s about engineering a temporary structure to keep workers safe while the job is done.

Why It Matters

Hiring a professional for excavation in Jonesboro AR means you’re not just paying for equipment—you’re paying for knowledge, safety, and precision. From soil studies to utility protection to elevation control, excavation is the literal foundation of everything that follows.

Looking for Expert Excavation in Jonesboro, AR?

At Dark Horse Drilling, we combine cutting-edge technology, experience, and a deep respect for the land to provide excavation services you can trust. Whether it’s a small backyard project or a large commercial build, we do more than dig—we prepare your site for success. Call us today to learn more or get a free estimate!

[daleydirectionaldrilling]

9 Vital Activities In A Directional Drilling Project

Underground construction projects require meticulous planning and precise execution from directional drilling Sydney experts to ensure success. Various activities are essential to the overall workflow, helping to maintain safety, efficiency, and structural integrity. Each step in the process plays a significant role in achieving the final outcome, from preliminary assessments to final inspections. Missing even one critical phase can lead to costly delays, safety hazards, or structural failures.

This guide details the vital activities involved in this specialised underground process, ensuring a smooth and effective directional drilling operation from start to finish.

Site Assessment and Feasibility Study

Before any work begins, a comprehensive assessment of the location is conducted. This includes surveying the terrain, analysing soil composition, and identifying any potential obstacles such as existing utility lines, underground water sources, or rock formations. The information gathered helps engineers determine the best approach, ensuring minimal disruption to surrounding infrastructure. Feasibility studies also assess whether the intended approach aligns with environmental regulations and local construction standards. By identifying challenges early, teams can modify strategies to prevent complications during execution.

Planning and Route Design

Strategic planning is crucial to determining the most efficient underground pathway. Engineers and project managers utilise advanced mapping technologies and software to outline an optimal course, ensuring the required depth and trajectory are maintained. Factors such as the length of the underground passage, soil conditions, and potential environmental impact are carefully evaluated. Detailed blueprints are created to serve as guidelines throughout the project, reducing risks of deviation from the planned course.

Utility and Hazard Identification

A crucial safety step involves identifying and marking existing underground utilities, including water lines, gas pipes, electrical cables, and telecommunications infrastructure. Specialized detection equipment, such as ground-penetrating radar and electromagnetic locators, are used to prevent accidental damage. Unexpected interference with underground utilities can lead to service disruptions, legal complications, and safety hazards. Taking the time to map out existing infrastructure allows for informed decision-making during the excavation process.

Equipment Preparation and Setup

Once the groundwork has been established, the necessary machinery and tools must be prepared. This includes ensuring that the machinery is in optimal working condition and that all components are properly calibrated. Protective barriers, warning signs, and operational safety measures are also set up around the worksite to protect both workers and the surrounding area. Choosing the right machinery for the specific ground conditions ensures efficiency and minimises wear and tear on equipment.

Ground Stabilisation and Support

In areas with loose or unstable soil, additional reinforcement measures are required to maintain tunnel integrity. Various stabilisation techniques, such as grouting or casing installation, help prevent collapses and structural weaknesses. Stabilisation efforts also protect nearby structures from potential shifting or sinking due to underground movements. The method chosen depends on the specific soil composition and environmental conditions of the project site.

Guidance and Monitoring Systems Implementation

To maintain precision, advanced tracking systems are deployed to monitor underground progress. Sensors and GPS technology provide real-time data, allowing operators to make necessary adjustments to ensure accuracy. Any deviations from the planned route can be detected and corrected promptly. Monitoring systems also contribute to safety by alerting teams to any unexpected changes in soil conditions or obstacles ahead.

Material Removal and Waste Management

During excavation, large amounts of displaced earth and debris must be managed properly. Efficient removal and disposal techniques prevent environmental contamination and ensure the worksite remains organized. In some cases, extracted materials can be repurposed for backfilling or other construction uses. Proper disposal practices comply with environmental standards, minimising the ecological impact of the operation.

Final Integrity and Safety Inspection

Once the underground passage has been completed, a thorough inspection is conducted to ensure structural stability and compliance with project specifications. Engineers check for any misalignments, weak points, or obstructions within the underground tunnel. Advanced imaging and scanning technologies help verify that the passage is clear and built to the required standards. If any issues are detected, corrective measures are taken before final approval is granted.

Restoration and Site Cleanup

After the project is completed, the worksite is restored to its original state or improved where necessary. This involves filling any surface-level disruptions, replanting vegetation, or repairing affected infrastructure. Proper site restoration ensures minimal impact on the surrounding environment and reduces long-term disruptions to public or private properties. Cleanup efforts also include removing temporary barriers, equipment, and any waste materials from the site.

Each phase of this underground operation plays a critical role in ensuring the success of the project. From early-stage planning to final restoration, every activity requires precise execution and coordination among skilled professionals. Proper site evaluation, careful mapping, and safety precautions minimise risks and improve efficiency. Additionally, ongoing monitoring and quality control measures help maintain high standards throughout the process.

Understanding the significance of each of these steps ensures that underground excavation projects are completed effectively, safely, and with minimal environmental impact. The combination of strategic planning, advanced technology, and skilled execution makes it possible to complete complex underground tasks while maintaining the integrity of the surrounding infrastructure.

[un-dentinc]

Mastering the Craft: The Evolution of Paintless Dent Removal Technology

Paintless Dent Removal (PDR) has come a long way since its inception, transforming the automotive repair landscape. The evolution of PDR technology has been marked by innovation, precision, and efficiency. In this comprehensive exploration, we will delve into the fascinating journey of how PDR techniques and technology have advanced over the years, ushering in a new era of dent removal that delivers superior results.

The Birth of Paintless Dent Removal

The roots of PDR can be traced back to the 1940s when it emerged as a revolutionary method to address minor dents and dings without the need for traditional bodywork and repainting. Initially used by auto manufacturers to repair minor imperfections on assembly lines, PDR gradually found its way into consumer automotive repair.

The early days of PDR were marked by manual techniques, where skilled technicians used precision hand tools to gently massage dents from behind the affected panels. While effective, these manual methods had limitations, particularly when it came to accessing and repairing dents in hard-to-reach areas.

Advancements in Tool Technology

One of the key advancements in PDR technology has been the evolution of tools. Over the years, there has been a shift from predominantly manual tools to a wide array of specialized, ergonomic, and electronically powered instruments. These tools are designed to provide technicians with enhanced control, precision, and accessibility, addressing the challenges posed by modern vehicle designs.

Specialized PDR Tools

Modern PDR technicians utilize diverse tools tailored to different dent types and locations. From metal rods of various lengths and shapes to specially designed glue-pulling tabs, these tools enable technicians to approach dent removal with unprecedented versatility. The advent of adjustable and interchangeable tips allows for more precise manipulation, ensuring a seamless restoration of the damaged metal.

Electronic PDR Tools

The integration of electronic technology has further propelled the evolution of PDR tools. Electronic tools, such as electronic dent removal (EDR) devices, use electromagnetic forces to provide controlled and precise movements. These tools offer technicians an added layer of control, enabling them to manipulate the metal more accurately, particularly in challenging areas or on complex panel shapes.

Advanced Techniques for Complex Dents

As vehicles have evolved, so too have the challenges associated with dent removal. Modern cars often feature complex body lines, aluminum panels, and high-strength steel, presenting new challenges for traditional PDR techniques. In response, PDR has advanced to encompass a variety of techniques tailored to address different dent complexities.

Glue Pulling

Glue pulling is a technique that has gained prominence in the evolution of PDR. This method involves attaching specially designed tabs to the dent and using a glue-pulling device to gradually lift the metal back into its original shape. Glue pulling is particularly effective for dents that cannot be accessed from behind, providing a versatile solution for various dent scenarios.

Heat Induction

The use of heat induction is another notable advancement in PDR techniques. By applying controlled heat to the damaged area, technicians can manipulate the metal's properties, making it more pliable and facilitating the dent removal process. This technique is especially valuable for working on aluminum panels and complex dent geometries.

Cutting-Edge Imaging and Inspection Technologies

Another significant leap in PDR technology involves the integration of cutting-edge imaging and inspection technologies. These advancements play a crucial role in enhancing the diagnostic phase of dent removal, enabling technicians to assess and plan their approach with unprecedented precision.

Paint Depth Gauges

Paint depth gauges have become essential tools in the modern PDR toolkit. These devices allow technicians to measure the thickness of the paint in the vicinity of the dent, ensuring that the PDR process does not compromise the vehicle's factory finish. This technology helps prevent accidental damage to the paint layer, providing an added layer of protection during the dent removal process.

High-Resolution Cameras and Lighting

The integration of high-resolution cameras and advanced lighting systems has revolutionized the inspection phase of PDR. Technicians can now capture detailed images of the damaged area, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the dent's characteristics. This visual data guides the technician in formulating a targeted and effective dent removal strategy.

Digital Mapping and Software Solutions

Digital mapping and software solutions have further streamlined the PDR process. By inputting data from the inspection phase into specialized software, technicians can create a digital map of the dent, predicting the optimal points for tool placement and manipulation. This digital guidance enhances efficiency and accuracy, resulting in a more refined dent removal process.

The Rise of PDR Training and Certification Programs

With the increasing demand for skilled PDR technicians, the industry has seen a parallel rise in training and certification programs. These programs aim to equip technicians with the knowledge and expertise needed to master the evolving PDR technologies. Training encompasses the hands-on application of dent removal techniques and understanding new tools and technologies.

Environmental Considerations: A Green Approach to Dent Removal

As the automotive industry places a growing emphasis on sustainability, PDR has positioned itself as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional dent repair methods. The reduction in the use of fillers, primers, and paints associated with PDR contributes to a significant decrease in the environmental impact of dent removal.

The absence of toxic chemicals and minimal waste generation align with the eco-conscious preferences of both consumers and the industry. PDR stands as a testament to how advancements in technology can improve results and contribute to a greener approach in the automotive repair sector.

The Future of PDR: Innovations on the Horizon

As we reflect on the remarkable evolution of Paintless Dent Removal technology, it's essential to consider the future trajectory of this dynamic industry. The ongoing pursuit of perfection in dent removal is likely to lead to further innovations, pushing the boundaries of what is achievable.

Artificial Intelligence Integration

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) holds significant promise for the future of PDR. AI algorithms could analyze vast datasets of dent characteristics and outcomes, enabling technicians to receive real-time suggestions and guidance during the dent removal process. This could enhance efficiency, accuracy, and the overall quality of results.

Augmented Reality (AR) Applications

Augmented Reality (AR) applications may play a role in revolutionizing the way technicians approach dent removal. AR overlays could provide technicians with digital guides and visual aids, superimposing optimal tool placement points directly onto the damaged area. This visual assistance could further refine the precision of dent removal techniques.

Automated Dent Removal Systems

The prospect of automated dent removal systems, guided by advanced sensors and robotics, presents an intriguing possibility. While the human touch is integral to PDR's success, automation could assist technicians in executing repetitive or labor-intensive aspects of the dent removal process. This could lead to increased efficiency and consistency in results.

Conclusion: A Tapestry of Innovation

The evolution of Paintless Dent Removal technology is a tapestry woven with threads of innovation, dedication, and a relentless pursuit of perfection. From its humble beginnings as a solution on assembly lines to its current status as a mainstream automotive repair method, PDR stands as a testament to the power of ingenuity in the face of challenges.

As PDR technology continues to advance, its impact on the automotive repair industry reverberates far beyond dent removal. It exemplifies how a commitment to precision, efficiency, and environmental consciousness can redefine established practices and set new standards for excellence.

For vehicle owners seeking a dent removal solution that not only preserves the integrity of their vehicle but also contributes to a sustainable future, the evolution of Paintless Dent Removal technology offers a compelling narrative. It is a story of transformation, where the artistry of skilled technicians and the sophistication of cutting-edge tools converge to create a future where dents are not just repaired but meticulously crafted back to perfection.

Revitalize your ride! 🚗✨ Click here to experience top-notch paintless dent removal with Undent Inc. 🛠️👌

[qtoconstrution786]

In the realm of modern surveying, Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) technology has revolutionized the way professionals measure distances accurately and efficiently. EDM is a versatile tool with various types and a wide range of applications in surveying.

Introduction to EDM

Electronic Distance Measurement, often abbreviated as EDM, is a technology used in surveying to measure distances with exceptional accuracy. Unlike traditional methods that relied on chains and tapes, EDM utilizes electronic pulses or waves to determine the precise distance between two points. This technology has significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of surveying processes.

Types of EDM

Single-Distance EDM: Single-Distance EDM is the simplest form of EDM. It measures distances using a single pulse of electromagnetic radiation. While it provides reasonably accurate measurements, it is limited in its range and is mainly used for shorter distances.

Phase-Based EDM: Phase-Based EDM operates by measuring the phase shift of an electromagnetic wave as it travels to a target and returns. This method is highly accurate and suitable for longer distances. It is often used in geodetic surveying for precise measurements.

Time-of-Flight EDM: Time-of-Flight EDM calculates distances by measuring the time it takes for an electromagnetic wave to travel to a target and return. This method is highly accurate and is commonly used in various surveying applications, including construction and engineering.

Modulated Continuous-Wave EDM: Modulated Continuous-Wave EDM emits a continuous wave with modulated frequency. By analyzing the modulation, it calculates distances accurately. This type of EDM is widely used in industrial surveying and monitoring.

Read more

[renegadewls-blog]

The first is case opening calipers which is very gainful for case gap logging administrations which is utilized to recognize any adjustments in the distance across. Next is electrical potential apparatuses which is utilized to quantify the course and extent of the flow. At that point is the ultrasonic instrument that give full data on packaging sweep and thickness. Next is the electromagnetic stage move apparatus which is utilized to investigate the packaging consumption. 

https://renegadewls.com 

[metaphysicalpistolsoraclemine]

Attention Gridworkers, Intuitive Empaths and Christos Starseeds;

We have entered a new cycle during the shift from Capricorn into the alchemical law of Aquarius, which has begun aggressive dismantling of assorted alien machinery in the planetary body. This is specific to the genetic cataloguing and genetic harvesting of angelic human body parts that are utilized in galactic human trafficking and gender reversal technologies used by non-human invaders. This stage of spiritual warfare will be especially heightened between now and the anchoring of new Eukachristic instruction sets from Harmonic Universe 6 being set into the planetary dark matter templates, which appears to anchor in the Albion Lightbody on February 22, 2022.

The point of this missive is to share awareness that significant physical changes will be and are incoming to upgrade angelic human solar blood, body parts and bodily fluids to repel and neutralize assorted nano-related and electromagnetic technological attacks. This can bring on sudden and spontaneous physical changes in the form of injury or illness that seemingly arise from out of nowhere. Keep attention on caring for your body and focus upon prayerful intentions to maintain your direct connection with God and Christos shielding, asking for the Holy Spirits of Christ to be with you and encircle protection around your families. For some, the physical ascension related symptoms may be felt as extreme, such as experiencing the phantom ego death levels. This is the death of all we knew from the past as our 3D ego-personality, and many individuals are experiencing perceptual shifts as they are being reset into their higher spiritual identities. So, it is critical to remain calm, spiritually connected and to work all potential naturopathic and spiritual tools to help your body maintain core strength while we endure an extremely aggressive phase of NAA alien machinery dismantling, 

that may set off an assorted chain of events rippling in several possible directions. The dark entities attempt to exploit the unhealed shadow selves that exist within people, to tempt them into spiritually abusive behaviors that cause dark forces to subsume their inner light source. Protect your inner light by keeping your mind focused on spiritually healthy things, and constantly praying to God for spiritual guidance. 

We are being prepared for another birthing stage of dark matter activation into Eukachristic rainbow diamond grids which change or adjust the atomic matter and elemental layers, making it possible to birth the next stage of the Christos Sophia template. We have been guided to review and clear out atomic regulator functions connected to inversions that feed collective shadow parts and lunar forces in the 1D-4D interdimensional connections of the Earth-Tara crystal core. The shadow body issues are problematic in some of those who have been injected as they quickly descend into a vibration that is incompatible with the soul, which allows their shadow doppelganger to fully inhabit their physical vehicle. As a result, some will drop their body over the next 36 months and when they leave, they will take their parts that are consubstantial with collective shadow and fallen angelic aspects off the planet. This option is in service to the Ascension cycle, and it will be helpful to always remember there is no death, only transformation of consciousness into another reality system.

Although it will be emotionally difficult on many of us, this is an amazing time of rebirth which places emphasis on the reclamation of Mother’s sophianic parts and assorted Christos solar dragon people from all over the planet, solar system and beyond. Many of these spiritual parts are connected to the female reproductive organs and the organic to inorganic birthing processes that have existed between Mother and child in seeding the lineages of human beings. They have direct resonances and links that feed the off planet lunar forces and black subtle forces that had been using these powerful sophianic body parts and manipulated Azothian features, which include the womb worlds and cloning stations that exist in many of these phantom spaces.

This particular phase is a heightened spiritual battle to reclaim and resurrect the Mother’s body parts along with the Solar Feminine Christ sophianic templates which have been hijacked by alien invaders to generate clones and assorted genetic anomalies for terraforming the planet. Some of these alien constructs are known as the womb worlds, which are essentially phantom realms existing within interdimensional pockets or black holes burrowed in the planetary body. These inorganic spaces have been created and inhabited in order to service abduction, trafficking, and genetic experimentation for human and animal cloning centers.

For females, the reproductive organs are especially active with blood and bodily fluid upgrades to clear out sexual misery historical patterns, which transform the lunar forces in the 2D sacral areas. Stages of solar transfiguration may contract the uterus and vaginal muscles into muscle spasms, which may be felt as birthing contractions, menstrual irregularities, increased energy in sex organs and tailbone. There may also be detoxification purges in all elimination channels and bodily orifices, such as purges from bowel, skin and all mucous membrane areas. It has been reported that this is happening to girls as well as menstruating and menopausal women, which means all female bodies able to hold solar upgrades.

Guardian Host calls this a Failsafe level of implementing new Krystic organic architecture planetary upgrades that are coming in right now from the Cosmic Founder Source Domains. In military terms, this is akin to describing spiritual warfare escalating to Failsafe levels as a Defcon alert. They pointed out to be aware of several upcoming potential false flags or world events that are currently showing up in the timelines as NAA manipulated Armageddon programs, in which organized prayer groups and combined efforts are quietly capable of neutralizing. The anti-Christ entities cannot see this particular organic Krystic architecture being put in place as it is out of their perceptual reach. There is an ongoing process of flushing out underground nests of assorted non-human forces such as dragon moth entities and their military worker hierarchies that administer to an extensive 11D Typhon Tunnel structure in Ukraine, which has connections underground into several countries. This energy signature is beyond nasty and difficult so please tread carefully, as these particular events are more impactful to the Family of Michael who have embodied the 11th gate architecture and who have acted as the grail protectors of the 11:11 in multiple timelines.

May we join together in healing prayer and synchronize our crystal hearts to serve the Sacred One.

May perfect peace be with you, in mind, heart and spirit.

Love Eternal

[powerfacts3-blog]

Power Efficiency Guide Review

So, not simply is in reality a Power Efficiency Guide a measure-by-phase tutorial on creating your own energy supply even so it can possibly be applied as a survivalist guide during the entire circumstance associated with a urgent. No matter what in the event the power easily tests the blogosphere during the entire deceased of wintertime or possibly a strictly natural tragedy wipes out of the area, you'll have just what exactly you without doubt call for to outlive as well as also prosper. Power Efficiency Guide signifies a PDF-structured e-book which includes tips and likewise also guidelines on just just how to develop an electricity creating system from the beginning. When comprehensive, this piece of equipment will enable you actually save up to 90Percent of your very own month-to-month electricity monthly bills. Additionally, it will probably safeguard you without doubt from frequent power outages plus fluctuations.

 Using this type of demonstration you undoubtedly will use a musical instrument referred to as a galvanometer. It's a music instrument using a bar of steel packaged owning an electrical wire, in addition to also a magnet. It detects electrical recent. Should your wire is linked to this tool, it could identify if electricity is flowing with all the wire. When there is no present from the wire, the needle will move in the remaining. Similarly, if you have a existing moving from the wire, the needle will shift for the right through the level. This demonstration need to Guide to offer you you undoubtedly a feeling of the romantic romantic partnership among magnetism in addition to electricity. You truly have requested a unbelievably challenging query. Often, it usually takes many many several years of review to know the spousal romantic endeavors connection among magnetism in addition to electricity. In order that you can definitely appreciate this romantic endeavors romantic endeavors romantic relationship, it can help to understand different of Einstein's concept of relativity. Thankfully, we can comprehend most of just how to make electricity with magnets as well as copper wire.

 Maxwell recommended that light really was a product of your own connections or entanglement through the electric in addition to also magnetic fields. An electric discipline is truly a place about a billed particle or thing inside of that a push will likely be exerted on several other billed dust or physical objects. Magnetic fields are produced by electric currents. It truly is a area all around a transferring electric charge in that the pressure of magnetism operates. A glance towards the is-once the photon, gentle or even a quantum of electromagnetic energy, is actually a item of two fields corresponding then a number of other contaminants might be items within the relationships of a number of other fields.

 By just following the Power Efficiency Guide, you really will be able to open the various methods needed to develop the device. Additionally you actually will receive complete move-by-move guidelines with crystal clear to learn articles that can help you actually to overcome power shortage throughout simply organic and natural catastrophes in addition to lessen the actually-increasing electricity charges of your dwelling. The method will highlight to you together with your loved ones people the styles along with resources needed to put together the plant.

 For many motives, electromagnetic energy from PowerEfficiencyBook can be quite a remarkably practical, nice and clean, in addition to plentiful strategy to get energy. Electromagnetic power is computed to get 39 purchases of scale much stronger than gravitational force and also its intrinsic source is plentiful. The level of energy needed to produce long-lasting magnets is unimportant when compared to the quantity of electromagnetic energy intrinsically provided by them instantly immediately after they may be magnetized. Metal, by far the most common ferromagnetic product, sticks out since the 2nd most numerous aluminum on the planet.

 Electromagnets are very best utilized when truly powerful magnets are essential. Electromagnets are created by placing a steel primary (normally an steel alloy) within the coil of wire performing an electric recent. The electricity within the coil creates a magnetic area. The electromagnet's power is dependent upon the effectiveness of the electric present along with the amount of coils of cable. Its polarity is determined by the route from the recent flow. When the recent is flowing, the primary acts just like a magnet, nevertheless as soon as the recent stops, the magnetic qualities are dropped. Electric motors, tvs, maglev trains, telephones, computers along with also numerous several other modern day units make use of electromagnets.

[mustafa-el-fats]

Home

Random

Log in

Settings

About Ascension Glossary

Disclaimers

Open main menu

Ascension Glossary

Dark Night of the Soul

Read in another language

Watch

Edit

During spiritual initiation or active kundalini Ascension Stages, there are four main types of the down-cycle of spiritual crisis which could be associated with what the ancients and mystics have called the Dark Night of the Soul. These phases of spiritual development are unavoidable, as the "living death" or Ego Death must occur for resurrection of the spiritual body and mind. All must enter the Dark Night of the Soul or spiritual crisis, perhaps many times during the cyclical process of evolution during the spiritual ascension process. The planet is undergoing a global level of the Dark Night of the Planetary Collective Soul during the Ascension Cycle.

The deeper one goes into the die-off stage to drop density, the greater the spiritual resurrection. Similarly the more one allows the influx of kundalini spirit phases during the heart and Consciousness expansion, the deeper one goes into the die-off stages. The die-off is either acute or chronic depending on the person and the phase of awakening. It happens after each Influx of Spirit, the spiritual initiation stages as the flesh transmutes density there is a die-off of the conventional conditioned structures, as well as all potential toxins throughout the bodies, physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritual-energetically. For every influx of kundalini spirit through spiritual initiation, there is an accompanying catabolic breakdown of the former body, apotosis or some form of die-off to release and transmute toxins. Only those people that have the kundalini flow up the spine, and the experience of extreme bliss or electromagnetic influx or massive spiritual opening events are going to experience the die-off. Die-offs are distinct periods of catabolic breakdown in which there is no operative ego, other than that which is sufficient to drag one off the couch to the bathroom when appropriate.

Contents

Dissolving the 3D Personality

The incarnated station of our identity that was our personality matrix, the aspect that was enmeshed with the lower three dimensional frequencies, is also dissolving. This equates to the dissolution of our personality matrix or station of identity that was located in the lower three dimensions, and moving that aspect of our identity into the higher frequency bands of our Soul matrix or higher station of identity. What happens to the people on the earth who believe that they are only their personality identity, when it begins to dissolve? We can see the effects of that consciousness shift now in the global scape. The range of experience for some people is from sensations of great anxiety, stress, and mental confusion all the way to the descent into madness and insane behaviors. Most people are not aware they are losing Coherence, and are unaware of the causality of what is actually influencing the way they think and behave.

The lower dimensional contents that exist in the planetary collective consciousness fields are undergoing massive reconfigurations in multiple ways. This energetic change in the 3D reality has reached critical mass, which means it is greatly impacting all people of the earth. Whether asleep or awake, the self-mastery that has been either lost or gained is measured in how you personally deal with stress and chaos. No person on this earth is exempt from the exposure to the massive fields of chaos, confusion and darkness that exist in the collective mind of humanity. During this time, our inner energetic integrity is tested in order to hold neutrality, while facing the great forces of chaos. This is being tested in every person, just from the mere fact of being on the earth at this time. How well are we able to adapt to change and hold neutrality in every kind of stressful situation? We have to measure our competency level now.

If we are not doing well with adaptability, flexibility and neutrality in our life situation, we must make adjustments to gain strength with this skill set. This is the time to take stock of how well we are coping with the madness of the earth, as the collective mind of humanity travels the Dark Night of the Soul. What does this take and what is being asked of us? All people must take responsibility for the quality of their thoughts, behaviors, actions, as all consciousness that is created has a direct cause and effect.

Since 2009, we have consistently emphasized the necessity of moving out of the 3D consciousness fields and from feeding those energies, by identifying and clearing the three layers of the negative ego that are run in the lower dimensional fields. The clearing of negative ego is mandatory in order to adapt to the shifting timelines, and to maintain coherence and sanity. It is imperative to address unresolved conflicts that create anxiety in our mind, emotions and body, and apply clearing and healing tools that replace our previous ways of thinking with neutrality, love and peace.[1]

Dark Night Metamorphosis

There are four main types of spiritual crisis or down-cycle events in metamorphosis that need to be clearly understood to prevent unnecessary suffering and secondary backlash:

LIGHTNING: This is a terror event of intense energy pouring up and into the body similar to a euphoric inner-conjunction of spiritual activation, but in this case it is an inner-conjunction of feeling great discomfort, anxiety, pain or fear. Here we descend deeply into our matter and flesh and experience inner fears or energy blockages, or experience external anxiety with no apparent cause. We may be accessing buried parts of our Unconscious Mind or cellular memories that are embedded in our bodies. This "negative" inner-conjunction mostly occurs during one's first initial awakening stages which can help to surface hidden fears or pain located in the Pain Body. This terror or fear is the polar opposite to the spontaneous bliss awakening in a neophyte-body at the early Soul initiations for those that are unfamiliar with such intensity of Expanding Consciousness and energy.

SHOCK: White Death, or autonomic shock in the CNS that occurs immediately after a mystical or ecstatic experience with kundalini spiritual activation. That is the contraction and toxic overload after a significant opening to the extreme bliss of a euphoric inner-conjunction event or a spiritual initiation stage into a higher frequency or level of the Lightbody. Sometimes in this stage a person can feel numb, apathetic or in a void.

SELF-DIGESTION: Then there are the die-offs of toxins or waste which are a catabolic breakdown of the former structures through apoptosis due to oxidation by free radicals and then phagocytosis[2] by the macrophages[3]. This is a physical event and a spiritual-energetic event. Thus, one can experience a cleansing cycle similar to a detoxification through the elimination channels of the body. Detoxification at all levels of the body occurs, including a mental and emotional detoxification of the Pain Body and Ego/Personality. Changes in the hormonal structure, and endocrine functions. This is also the process of Ego Death.

BURNOUT: Lastly there is the exhaustion phase of the overall spiritual awakening cycle where the body's resources of neurotransmitters, hormones, and nutrients have been used up in the climb to the escalation heights of the spiritual awakening peak. During exhaustion depression arises, yet there is permanent bliss or peace giving the sense of being dissociated from the depression.[4]

Suggestions to Support Ego Death

Relax as much as possible in the down-cycle, Surrender and allow the process of the Dark Night.

Make yourself comfortable without suppressing symptoms, without escaping to run away or propping yourself up with distractions and stimulants.

A spiritual die-off is a free radical storm which may induce stress. De-stress and take good care of your body, potentially consume superfoods or doses of antioxidants for protection. Also if guided, take support supplements, essential oils that help the thyroid (kelp, nettle leaf), the adrenals (licorice, Vitamin C), the nerves (Vitamin Bs, ) and the hormones (ginseng, gotu kola).

Drink at least 10 glasses of water a day, and take a bath to re-hydrate potentially in salt baths. The body has a huge demand for water and Biochemic Cell Salts during a die-off phase, detoxification and spiritual activation.

If one is accelerated in full detoxification of toxin die-off, one may experience Ascension Symptoms like Ascension flu. The immune system is essentially dismantling the body and all one can do is rest in bed, and not eat much of anything. It's best not to eat while the body is in catabolic breakdown mode, or digestion will draw energy away from the transmutation of the flesh and your resurrection will not be as complete. One may create toxicity and tissue damage if you work against the natural break-down cycle and ignore the bodies request for rest, cleansing or fast.

Giving up the personality is the first stage of really living. Until we give up and surrender to our spirit, we have been trying to live from the concept of the Ego/Personality self, instead of higher spiritual or Christ Self. It is often the case with human action, that what we manifest through our ego efforts, turns out to be the very opposite of what we intended. The die-off is the most extreme experience of nature stepping in to help us move beyond the known experience of the ego and into the vast reaches of a mystic perception of the universe. The deeper the surrender to the living-death of the spiritual Ascension process, the more we can actually incarnate and embody spirit in the flesh.[5]

Psychospiritual Crisis

The symptoms of psychospiritual crises represent a manifestation and exteriorization of the deep dynamics of the human psyche and Consciousness. The individual human psyche is a multidimensional consciousness and multilevel system with no internal divisions and boundaries. We cannot, therefore, expect to find clearly defined and demarcated types of spiritual emergency. And yet, our work with individuals in psychospiritual crises, exchanges with colleagues doing similar work, and a study of pertinent literature have convinced us that it is possible and useful to outline certain major forms of psychospiritual crises, which have sufficiently characteristic features to be differentiated from others. [6]Naturally, their boundaries are not clear and in practice, there are some significant overlaps among them. I will first present a list of the most important varieties of psychospiritual crises as identified and then briefly discuss each of them.

1. Shamanic crisis

2. Awakening of Kundalini

3. Episodes of unitive consciousness (Maslow's "peak experiences")

4. Psychological renewal through return to the center (John Perry)

5. Crisis of psychic opening

6. Past-life experiences

7. Communication with spirit guides and "channeling"

8. Near-death experiences (NDEs)

9. Close encounters with UFOs and alien abduction experiences

10. Possession states

11. Alcoholism and drug addiction.

[7]

Frequency of Fear

During the Dark Night of the Soul, many people do not have clarity on the actual causal source of where their fear and pain impulses are coming from. Much of what is being experienced now is being greatly amplified through the hidden fear, buried Trauma and emotional wounds from our past. We cannot run away from darkness and we cannot hide from our hidden and buried fears any longer. This month we study the perceptions of fear, so that we can see the macrocosm agenda of using the Frequency of Fear to increase darkness in our world and create Mind Control slaves. To reclaim our sanity and spiritual freedom, we must make the effort to Overcome Fear.[8]

References

↑ Cause and Effect

↑ Phagocytes are the cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.

↑ Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that engulf and digest cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, and cancer cells in a process called phagocytosis

↑ Die Off Cycles

↑ Adapted from http://biologyofkundalini.com/

↑ [Stanislav Grov]

↑ Spiritual Emergencies

↑ Overcoming Fear

See Also

Ego Death

Where Can I Start?

ES Core Triad

Last edited 1 year ago by Paige

Ascension Glossary

Content is available under CC BY-SA unless otherwise noted.

PrivacyDesktop

[illegalastrology111]

Star Wars: The Last Jedi Trailer (Official)

THE “FORCE” OF THE STARS

The concept of the Force referenced in the Star Wars saga is not based on myth but fact.   In 1600 Galileo used his telescope to detect that the Cosmos, the Sun and its planets are one enormous electromagnetic field of Force, subject to the laws of gravity and each part acts in a reciprocal manner on the others. The shifting of these planets ultimately causes powerful changes in the field of Force.  The Planets are a dynamic part of the electromagnetic field in which we, as humans exist as part of the Universe.  Their constantly altering angular position to the Earth and to each other correlates with distinct changes in human and cosmic affairs.  For example the Moon affects the Tides and us too because we are approximately 70%f water.  The word “lunatic” is derived from the fact that those who study Criminology have discovered that at the last phase of the Full Moon there is an increase in crime, uncontrollable urges occur in humans during this time. Therefore the reality is that as humans we respond to the movement of the planets, the affects of the Force as a result of their movement. This doesn’t mean that the Planets rule our destinies. We respond to the movement of the Planets and the shifts in the electromagnetic field in which we co-exist. Drastic shifts would be considered a “disturbance in the Force”. Hence Astrology is able to document and follow movements of the Planets and how they affect each person, their lives and possible outcomes based on possible choices.

Throughout the Star Wars saga Obi Wan Kenobi repeatedly tells Luke to “use the force Luke, use the force!” likewise Darth Vader tells Luke to give in to the power of the force and allow his anger to wage.  These scenarios demonstrate that the Force in and of itself can be used for Good or Evil, which is exactly true.     Individuals who are proficient in the ancient practice of martial arts, in particular Wing Chun,  learn how to harness and control the Force - watch  the movie IP Man to get a really good understanding of this in practice.     People who are “Sensitives”, meditate, practice Reiki and other such healing modalities are close to the Force and interact with it on a deep level.  In order to be proficient at using this energy a person must learn how to be centered with inner peace and focus.  Bottom line each person has free will in whether or not they are able interact with the Force in a positive way or let it control them, like a leaf blowing in the wind. It is powerful and each person who chooses to tap into and use this Universal energy must understand they have a hand in their destiny, you are a pawn only as long as you want to be, you have free will and how you choose to exercise that free will determines the outcome of  one’s existence.   For every act there is a reaction.  For every deed there is a consequence.  Simple Cause and Affect.   

This is how Karma is created. Use the Force for Good. 

ARIES

The aggression of Aries can be destructive if not harnessed and balanced.   A warrior by nature, Aries can accomplish a great deal once the sign learns how to focus and direct the Force towards a positive end, avoiding conflict with others. Conflict that can be dealt with from a more harmonious, diplomatic perspective.  This would be a way to direct the Force for good.

TAURUS

The stubbornness of this sign can lead it to not be able to access the Force at all or believe/realize its existence.  Because Taurus is an Earth sign  and very grounded, it has the capacity to connect with the environment, beauty and everything that it encompasses, although this may not come until older age.  The physical world, finances and security are the primary interests of Taurus unless there are other esoteric signs integrated with the personality.

GEMINI

Communication is the Force for Gemini to wield in a powerful positive or negative way. Words can be used as “weapons” that can easily cause hurt or harm, hence the saying “the pen is mightier than the sword”.  If used for Good, Gemini can be an Orator, public speaker, writer, anything involving communication, to the degree monumental positive change can occur in their  lives and that of others.  The hands are another powerful Force for this sign.  Anything using this part of the body can have a positive/negative outcome.

CANCER

This sign knows how to “feel” only too well but usually in a way that leaves them hurt with a desire to “retreat”.    Sensitivity is a powerful tool when used to navigate one’s way through life and as an empath to others.  Modalities that can help Cancer to have greater emotional balance would be beneficial to learn, then this force can be utilized to be of help support and guidance to individuals who need empathy/healing in their lives.

LEO

The mere presence of Leo can be daunting to some as this sign exudes power and Force from every pore of their skin.  When untamed Leo can force this power onto others, expecting to be worshipped and obeyed, which isn’t always the outcome that occurs.   Therefore this sign must learn humility.  Yes, this attribute in and of itself can be a tremendous Force to bring peace, harmony, understanding and unity among people and ultimately a Force for good.

VIRGO

Service to others is the best way Virgo can use its Force in a positive way.  Giving of themselves as long as they do not become a martyr to their Cause, then the Force becomes negative.   Being mindful of this fact will keep the Force directed where it can do the most good for Virgo and those it reaches out to serve.

LIBRA

The Scales of Balance and Justice are the Force that drives Libra through life as long as it does not become too narcissistic, self-absorbed or lazy and fails to do the right thing, exercising moral compass. The older years for Libra are the best once the sign has matured and encountered some of life’s challenges.  The key is for Libra to maintain balance, harmony and integrity within themselves and their life.

SCORPIO

“Hell hath no fury than a Scorpio crossed!”   Watch out and move out of the way when a person gets on the wrong side of this sign.  More than any other Zodiac sign Scorpio knows only too well how to connect with the Force and unfortunately wield its power in a way that is often self-destructive and destructive to others.   The way to change this is for Scorpio to learn and understand the concept of Karma, that “as you give out, so you receive, sooner or later, ten fold and then become the Phoenix arising out of its own self-created ashes.

SAGITTARIUS

Sagittarius reaches for the Truth in life but often doesn’t find it or is disappointed in the lack of moral fibre in others.   Nonetheless, Sagittarius is forever the optimist and will keep going regardless, reaching out to expand it’s horizons through learning higher principles.  Traveling the world and interacting with different cultures (if the chart is well aspected).   This is the right way to use the Force of Sagittarius.

CAPRICORN

This sign is the persevering type, plodding along methodically towards their goal irrespective of how difficult the course.  This is one of the most positive uses of the Force, that few other astrology signs can relate to.   Capricorn is in it for the long-term never giving up until the goal is achieved, as long as they don’t get too caught up in their comfort zone.

AQUARIUS

An independent free-spirited Aquarius can’t and won’t be tied down for too long, most of all this sign must follow it’s own path in order to make best use of its Force.   Aquarius has the bragging rights for uniqueness and being successful at demonstrating just how different and inventive they are in everyday shape and form.  When the Aquarius Force is directed, this sign knows what the public wants and will be first to present something new and innovative to the world.

PISCES

Being able to take fantasy and make it a tangible reality is the Force of this sign.  Whether for Good or Evil Pisces will have vision and find a way to make it manifest.   The best way for Pisces to use the Force is to move towards film, video, photography, art,  acting, fashion, illustration anything of a visual nature that can be transposed into something visually stirring for others.   The best case scenario would be for Pisces to also get involved in something Spiritual, so that they not only open their consciousness but others too, to the fact that life isn’t black and white, but black, white and grey. The grey being that which is hidden, not easily seen but very real, the world of Spirit.  

[cleverwordsandotherstuffilike]

What Year Was This Invented?

Adrenaline: (isolation of) John Jacob Abel, U.S., 1897.

Aerosol can: Erik Rotheim, Norway, 1926.

Air brake: George Westinghouse, U.S., 1868.

Air conditioning: Willis Carrier, U.S., 1911.

Airship: (non-rigid) Henri Giffard, France, 1852; (rigid) Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.

ALS: NE1 Gene link to ALS - Landers and Jan Veldink of University Medical Center Utrecht led the study involving 11 countries, 2016

Aluminum manufacture: (by electrolytic action) Charles M. Hall, U.S., 1866.

Anatomy, human: (De fabrica corporis humani, an illustrated systematic study of the human body) Andreas Vesalius, Belgium, 1543; (comparative: parts of an organism are correlated to the functioning whole) Georges Cuvier, France, 1799–1805.

Anesthetic: (first use of anesthetic—ether—on humans) Crawford W. Long, U.S., 1842.

Antibiotics: (first demonstration of antibiotic effect) Louis Pasteur, Jules-François Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of penicillin, first modern antibiotic) Alexander Fleming, England, 1928; (penicillin’s infection-fighting properties) Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, England, 1940.

Antiseptic: (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.

Antitoxin, diphtheria: Emil von Behring, Germany, 1890.

Appliances, electric: (fan) Schuyler Wheeler, U.S., 1882; (flatiron) Henry W. Seely, U.S., 1882; (stove) Hadaway, U.S., 1896; (washing machine) Alva Fisher, U.S., 1906.

Aqualung: Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Emile Gagnan, France, 1943.

Aspirin: Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.

Astronomical calculator: The Antikythera device, first century B.C., Greece. Found off island of Antikythera in 1900.

Atom: (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.

Atomic theory: (ancient) Leucippus, Democritus, Greece, c. 500 B.C.; Lucretius, Rome c.100 B.C.; (modern) John Dalton, England, 1808.

Atomic structure: (formulated nuclear model of atom, Rutherford model) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; (proposed current concept of atomic structure, the Bohr model) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.

Automobile: (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rpm) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885; (first with practical high-speed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885; (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) René Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891; (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S., 1892.

Automated Teller Machine (ATM): Long Island Branch of Chemical Bank

Autopilot: (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat.

Avogadro’s law: (equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules) Amedeo Avogadro, Italy, 1811.

Bacteria: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Balloon, hot-air: Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.

Barbed wire: (most popular) Joseph E. Glidden, U.S., 1873.

Bar codes: (computer-scanned binary signal code):

(retail trade use) Monarch Marking, U.S. 1970; (industrial use) Plessey Telecommunications, England, 1970.

Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.

Bicycle: Karl D. von Sauerbronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884.

Big Bang theory: (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (modified LeMaitre theory labeled “Big Bang”) George A. Gamow, U.S., 1948; (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered, confirms theory) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, U.S., 1965.

Blackberry, 2002

Blood, circulation of: William Harvey, England, 1628.

Boyle’s law: (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662.

Braille: Louis Braille, France, 1829.

Bridges: (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S., 1820.

Bullet: (conical) Claude Minié, France, 1849.

Calculating machine: (logarithms: made multiplying easier and thus calculators practical) John Napier, Scotland, 1614; (slide rule) William Oughtred, England, 1632; (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642; (multiplication machine) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; (important 19th-century contributors to modern machine) Frank S. Baldwin, Jay R. Monroe, Dorr E. Felt, W. T. Ohdner, William Burroughs, all U.S.; (“analytical engine” design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835.

Calculus: Isaac Newton, England, 1669; (differential calculus) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1684.

Camera: (hand-held) George Eastman, U.S., 1888; (Polaroid Land) Edwin Land, U.S., 1948.

“Canals” of Mars:Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italy, 1877.

Carpet sweeper: Melville R. Bissell, U.S., 1876.

Car radio: William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S., 1929, manufactured by Galvin Manufacturing Co., “Motorola.”

Cells: (word used to describe microscopic examination of cork) Robert Hooke, England, 1665; (theory: cells are common structural and functional unit of all living organisms) Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, 1838–1839.

Cement, Portland: Joseph Aspdin, England, 1824.

Chewing gum: (spruce-based) John Curtis, U.S., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S., 1870.

Cholera bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.

Circuit, integrated: (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; (phase-shift oscillator) Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S., 1959.

Classification of plants: (first modern, based on comparative study of forms) Andrea Cesalpino, Italy, 1583; (classification of plants and animals by genera and species) Carolus Linnaeus, Sweden, 1737–1753.

Clock, pendulum: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.

Coca-Cola: John Pemberton, U.S., 1886.

Combustion: (nature of) Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.

Compact disk: RCA, U.S., 1972.

Computers: (first design of analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) 1945; (dedicated at University of Pennsylvania) 1946; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer, handled both numeric and alphabetic data) 1951.

Computer mouse: Doug Engelbart, 1962

Concrete: (reinforced) Joseph Monier, France, 1877.

Condensed milk: Gail Borden, U.S., 1853.

Conditioned reflex: Ivan Pavlov, Russia, c.1910.

Conservation of electric charge: (the total electric charge of the universe or any closed system is constant) Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1751–1754.

Contagion theory: (infectious diseases caused by living agent transmitted from person to person) Girolamo Fracastoro, Italy, 1546.

Continental drift theory: (geographer who pieced together continents into a single landmass on maps) Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, France, 1858; (first proposed in lecture) Frank Taylor, U.S.; (first comprehensive detailed theory) Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912.

Contraceptive, oral: Gregory Pincus, Min Chuch Chang, John Rock, Carl Djerassi, U.S., 1951.

Converter, Bessemer: William Kelly, U.S., 1851.

Cordless Tools, 1961

Cosmetics: Egypt, c. 4000 B.C.

Cosamic string theory: (first postulated) Thomas Kibble, 1976.

Cotton gin: Eli Whitney, U.S., 1793.

Crossbow: China, c. 300 B.C.

Cyclotron: Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S., 1931.

Deuterium: (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S., 1931.

Disease: (chemicals in treatment of) crusaded by Philippus Paracelsus, 1527–1541; (germ theory) Louis Pasteur, France, 1862–1877.

DNA: (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) Rosalind Elsie Franklin, F. H. Crick, England, James D. Watson, U.S., 1953.

Dye: (aniline, start of synthetic dye industry) William H. Perkin, England, 1856.

Dynamite: Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867.

Ebola Vaccine: Canadian Government, 2016

Electric cooking utensil: (first) patented by St. George Lane-Fox, England, 1874.

Electric generator (dynamo): (laboratory model) Michael Faraday, England, 1832; Joseph Henry, U.S., c.1832; (hand-driven model) Hippolyte Pixii, France, 1833; (alternating-current generator) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.

Electric lamp: (arc lamp) Sir Humphrey Davy, England, 1801; (fluorescent lamp) A.E. Becquerel, France, 1867; (incandescent lamp) Sir Joseph Swann, England, Thomas A. Edison, U.S., contemporaneously, 1870s; (carbon arc street lamp) Charles F. Brush, U.S., 1879; (first widely marketed incandescent lamp) Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1879; (mercury vapor lamp) Peter Cooper Hewitt, U.S., 1903; (neon lamp) Georges Claude, France, 1911; (tungsten filament) Irving Langmuir, U.S., 1915.

Electrocardiography: Demonstrated by Augustus Waller, 1887; (first practical device for recording activity of heart) Willem Einthoven, 1903, Dutch physiologist.

Electromagnet: William Sturgeon, England, 1823.

Electron: Sir Joseph J. Thompson, England, 1897.

Elevator, passenger: (safety device permitting use by passengers) Elisha G. Otis, U.S., 1852; (elevator utilizing safety device) 1857.

E = mc2: (equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907.

Engine, internal combustion: No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824; (two-stroke) Etienne Lenoir, France, 1860; (ideal operating cycle for four-stroke) Alphonse Beau de Roche, France, 1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto, Germany, 1876; (diesel) Rudolf Diesel, Germany, 1892; (rotary) Felix Wankel, Germany, 1956.

Evolution: (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859.

Exclusion principle: (no two electrons in an atom can occupy the same energy level) Wolfgang Pauli, Germany, 1925.

Expanding universe theory: (first proposed) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (discovered first direct evidence that the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble, U.S., 1929; (Hubble constant: a measure of the rate at which the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble, U.S., 1929.

Falling bodies, law of: Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1590.

Fermentation: (microorganisms as cause of) Louis Pasteur, France, c.1860.

Fiber optics: Narinder Kapany, England, 1955.

Fibers, man-made: (nitrocellulose fibers treated to change flammable nitrocellulose to harmless cellulose, precursor of rayon) Sir Joseph Swann, England, 1883; (rayon) Count Hilaire de Chardonnet, France, 1889; (Celanese) Henry and Camille Dreyfuss, U.S., England, 1921; (research on polyesters and polyamides, basis for modern man-made fibers) U.S., England, Germany, 1930s; (nylon) Wallace H. Carothers, U.S., 1935.

Frozen food: Clarence Birdseye, U.S., 1924.

Gene transfer: (human) Steven Rosenberg, R. Michael Blaese, W. French Anderson, U.S., 1989.

Geometry, elements of: Euclid, Alexandria, Egypt, c. 300 B.C.; (analytic) René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1637.

Gravitation, law of: Sir Isaac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687).

Gunpowder: China, c.700.

Gyrocompass: Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., 1905.

Gyroscope: Léon Foucault, France, 1852.

Halley’s Comet: Edmund Halley, England, 1705.

Heart implanted in human, permanent artificial:Dr. Robert Jarvik, U.S., 1982.

Heart, temporary artificial: Willem Kolft, 1957.

Helicopter: (double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Sikorsky, U.S., 1939.

Helium first observed on sun: Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868.

Heredity, laws of: Gregor Mendel, Austria, 1865.

Holograph: Dennis Gabor, England, 1947.

Home videotape systems (VCR): (Betamax) Sony, Japan, 1975; (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975.

Ice age theory: Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840.

Induction, electric: Joseph Henry, U.S., 1828.

Insulin: (first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada, 1921; (discovery first published) Banting and Best, 1922; (Nobel Prize awarded for purification for use in humans) John Macleod and Banting, 1923; (first synthesized), China, 1966.

Intelligence testing: Alfred Binet, Theodore Simon, France, 1905.

Interferon: Alick Isaacs, Jean Lindemann, England, Switzerland, 1957.

iPhone, 2007

iPod, 2001

Isotopes: (concept of) Frederick Soddy, England, 1912; (stable isotopes) J. J. Thompson, England, 1913; (existence demonstrated by mass spectrography) Francis W. Ashton, 1919.

Jet propulsion: (engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939.

Kinetic theory of gases: (molecules of a gas are in a state of rapid motion) Daniel Bernoulli, Switzerland, 1738.

Laser: (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S., N. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S., 1960.

Lawn mower: Edwin Budding, John Ferrabee, England, 1830–1831.

LCD (liquid crystal display): Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970.

Lens, bifocal: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., c.1760.

Leyden jar: (prototype electrical condenser) Canon E. G. von Kleist of Kamin, Pomerania, 1745; independently evolved by Cunaeus and P. van Musschenbroek, University of Leyden, Holland, 1746, from where name originated.

Light, nature of: (wave theory) Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1678; (electromagnetic theory) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873.

Light, speed of: (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675.

Lightning rod: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1752.

Locomotive: (steam powered) Richard Trevithick, England, 1804; (first practical, due to multiple-fire-tube boiler) George Stephenson, England, 1829; (largest steam-powered) Union Pacific’s “Big Boy,” U.S., 1941.

Lock, cylinder: Linus Yale, U.S., 1851.

Loom: (horizontal, two-beamed) Egypt, c. 4400 B.C.; (Jacquard drawloom, pattern controlled by punch cards) Jacques de Vaucanson, France, 1745, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, 1801; (flying shuttle) John Kay, England, 1733; (power-driven loom) Edmund Cartwright, England, 1785.

Machine gun: (hand-cranked multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S., 1862; (practical single barrel, belt-fed) Hiram S. Maxim, Anglo-American, 1884.

Magnet, Earth is: William Gilbert, England, 1600.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Inventor not established, 1973

Match: (phosphorus) François Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria, France, 1831; (safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855.

Measles vaccine: John F. Enders, Thomas Peebles, U.S., 1953.

Metric system: revolutionary government of France, 1790–1801.

Microphone: Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827.

Microscope: (compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al., U.S., Canada, Germany, 1932–1939.

Microwave oven: Percy Spencer, U.S., 1947.

Motion, laws of: Isaac Newton, England, 1687.

Motion pictures: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1893.

Motion pictures, sound: Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score: Don Juan, 1926; with spoken dialogue: The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros.

Motor, electric: Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.

Motorcycle: (motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885.

Moving assembly line: Henry Ford, U.S., 1913.

Multiple Sclerosis genetic link: University of British Columbia, 2016

Music synthesizer: Robert Moog, 1964

Neptune: (discovery of) Johann Galle, Germany, 1846.

Neptunium: (first transuranic element, synthesis of) Edward M. McMillan, Philip H. Abelson, U.S., 1940.

Neutron: James Chadwick, England, 1932.

Neutron-induced radiation: Enrico Fermi et al., Italy, 1934.

Nitroglycerin: Ascanio Sobrero, Italy, 1846.

Nuclear fission: Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938.

Nuclear reactor: Enrico Fermi, Italy, et al., 1942.

Ohm’s law: (relationship between strength of electric current, electromotive force, and circuit resistance) Georg S. Ohm, Germany, 1827.

Oil well: Edwin L. Drake, U.S., 1859.

Oxygen: (isolation of) Joseph Priestley, 1774; Carl Scheele, 1773.

Ozone: Christian Schönbein, Germany, 1839.

Pacemaker: (internal) Clarence W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, U.S., 1957.

Paper China, c.100 A.D.

Parachute: Louis S. Lenormand, France, 1783.

Pen: (fountain) Lewis E. Waterman, U.S., 1884; (ball-point, for marking on rough surfaces) John H. Loud, U.S., 1888; (ball-point, for handwriting) Lazlo Biro, Argentina, 1944.

Periodic law: (that properties of elements are functions of their atomic weights) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.

Periodic table: (arrangement of chemical elements based on periodic law) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.

Phonograph: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1877.

Photography: (first paper negative, first photograph, on metal) Joseph Nicéphore Niepce, France, 1816–1827; (discovery of fixative powers of hyposulfite of soda) Sir John Herschel, England, 1819; (first direct positive image on silver plate, the daguerreotype) Louis Daguerre, based on work with Niepce, France, 1839; (first paper negative from which a number of positive prints could be made) William Talbot, England, 1841. Work of these four men, taken together, forms basis for all modern photography. (First color images) Alexandre Becquerel, Claude Niepce de Saint-Victor, France, 1848–1860; (commercial color film with three emulsion layers, Kodachrome) U.S., 1935.

Photovoltaic effect: (light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becquerel, France, 1839.

Piano: (Hammerklavier) Bartolommeo Cristofori, Italy, 1709; (pianoforte with sustaining and damper pedals) John Broadwood, England, 1873.

Planetary motion, laws of: Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609, 1619.

Plant respiration and photosynthesis: Jan Ingenhousz, Holland, 1779.

Plastics: (first material, nitrocellulose softened by vegetable oil, camphor, precursor to Celluloid) Alexander Parkes, England, 1855; (Celluloid, involving recognition of vital effect of camphor) John W. Hyatt, U.S., 1869; (Bakelite, first completely synthetic plastic) Leo H. Baekeland, U.S., 1910; (theoretical background of macromolecules and process of polymerization on which modern plastics industry rests) Hermann Staudinger, Germany, 1922.

Plate tectonics: Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912–1915.

Plow, forked: Mesopotamia, before 3000 B.C.

Plutonium, synthesis of: Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Arthur C. Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, U.S., 1941.

Polio, vaccine: (experimentally safe dead-virus vaccine) Jonas E. Salk, U.S., 1952; (effective large-scale field trials) 1954; (officially approved) 1955; (safe oral live-virus vaccine developed) Albert B. Sabin, U.S., 1954; (available in the U.S.) 1960.

Positron: Carl D. Anderson, U.S., 1932.

Pressure cooker: (early version) Denis Papin, France, 1679.

Printing: (block) Japan, c.700; (movable type) Korea, c.1400; Johann Gutenberg, Germany, c.1450 (lithography, offset) Aloys Senefelder, Germany, 1796; (rotary press) Richard Hoe, U.S., 1844; (linotype) Ottmar Mergenthaler, U.S., 1884.

Probability theory: René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1654.

Proton: Ernest Rutherford, England, 1919.

Prozac: (antidepressant fluoxetine) Bryan B. Malloy, Scotland, and Klaus K. Schmiegel, U.S., 1972; (released for use in U.S.) Eli Lilly & Company, 1987.

Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud, Austria, c.1904.

Pulsars: Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel, England, 1967.

Quantum theory: (general) Max Planck, Germany, 1900; (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913; (quantum mechanics) Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Germany, 1925.

Quarks: Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall, Richard Taylor, U.S., 1967.

Quasars: Marten Schmidt, U.S., 1963.

Rabies immunization: Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.

Radar: (limited to one-mile range) Christian Hulsmeyer, Germany, 1904; (pulse modulation, used for measuring height of ionosphere) Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve, U.S., 1925; (first practical radar—radio detection and ranging) Sir Robert Watson-Watt, England, 1934–1935.

Radio: (electromagnetism, theory of) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873; (spark coil, generator of electromagnetic waves) Heinrich Hertz, Germany, 1886; (first practical system of wireless telegraphy) Guglielmo Marconi, Italy, 1895; (first long-distance telegraphic radio signal sent across the Atlantic) Marconi, 1901; (vacuum electron tube, basis for radio telephony) Sir John Fleming, England, 1904; (triode amplifying tube) Lee de Forest, U.S., 1906; (regenerative circuit, allowing long-distance sound reception) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S., 1912; (frequency modulation—FM) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S., 1933.

Radioactivity: (X-rays) Wilhelm K. Roentgen, Germany, 1895; (radioactivity of uranium) Henri Becquerel, France, 1896; (radioactive elements, radium and polonium in uranium ore) Marie Sklodowska-Curie, Pierre Curie, France, 1898; (classification of alpha and beta particle radiation) Pierre Curie, France, 1900; (gamma radiation) Paul-Ulrich Villard, France, 1900.

Radiocarbon dating, carbon-14 method: (discovered) 1947, Willard F. Libby, U.S.; (first demonstrated) U.S., 1950.

Radio signals, extraterrestrial: first known radio noise signals were received by U.S. engineer, Karl Jansky, originating from the Galactic Center, 1931.

Radio waves: (cosmic sources, led to radio astronomy) Karl Jansky, U.S., 1932.

Razor: (safety, successfully marketed) King Gillette, U.S., 1901; (electric) Jacob Schick, U.S., 1928, 1931.

Reaper: Cyrus McCormick, U.S., 1834.

Refrigerator: Alexander Twining, U.S., James Harrison, Australia, 1850; (first with a compressor device) the Domelse, Chicago, U.S., 1913.

Refrigerator ship: (first) the Frigorifique, cooling unit designed by Charles Teller, France, 1877.

Relativity: (special and general theories of) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, Germany, U.S., 1905–1953.

Revolver: Samuel Colt, U.S., 1835.

Richter scale: Charles F. Richter, U.S., 1935.

Rifle: (muzzle-loaded) Italy, Germany, c.1475; (breech-loaded) England, France, Germany, U.S., c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser, Germany, 1889; (automatic) John Browning, U.S., 1918.

Rocket: (liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard, U.S., 1926.

Roller bearing: (wooden for cartwheel) Germany or France, c.100 B.C.

Rotation of Earth: Jean Bernard Foucault, France, 1851.

Royal Observatory, Greenwich: established in 1675 by Charles II of England; John Flamsteed first Astronomer Royal.

Rubber: (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear, U.S., 1839.

Saccharin: Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remsen, U.S., 1879.

Safety pin: Walter Hunt, U.S., 1849.

Saturn, ring around: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1659.

“Scotch” tape:Richard Drew, U.S., 1929.

Screw propeller: Sir Francis P. Smith, England, 1836; John Ericsson, England, worked independently of and simultaneously with Smith, 1837.

Seismograph: (first accurate) John Milne, England, 1880.

Sewing machine: Elias Howe, U.S., 1846; (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer, U.S., 1851. 

Smoke detector: Randolph Smith and Kenneth House, 1969

Solar energy: First realistic application of solar energy using parabolic solar reflector to drive caloric engine on steam boiler, John Ericsson, U.S., 1860s.

Solar system, universe: (Sun-centered universe) Nicolaus Copernicus, Warsaw, 1543; (establishment of planetary orbits as elliptical) Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609; (infinity of universe) Giordano Bruno, Italian monk, 1584.

Spectrum: (heterogeneity of light) Sir Isaac Newton, England, 1665–1666.

Spectrum analysis: Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, Germany, 1859.

Spermatozoa: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Spinning: (spinning wheel) India, introduced to Europe in Middle Ages; (Saxony wheel, continuous spinning of wool or cotton yarn) England, c.1500–1600; (spinning jenny) James Hargreaves, England, 1764; (spinning frame) Sir Richard Arkwright, England, 1769; (spinning mule, completed mechanization of spinning, permitting production of yarn to keep up with demands of modern looms) Samuel Crompton, England, 1779.

Star catalog: (first modern) Tycho Brahe, Denmark, 1572.

Steam engine: (first commercial version based on principles of French physicist Denis Papin) Thomas Savery, England, 1639; (atmospheric steam engine) Thomas Newcomen, England, 1705; (steam engine for pumping water from collieries) Savery, Newcomen, 1725; (modern condensing, double acting) James Watt, England, 1782.

Steamship: Claude de Jouffroy d’Abbans, France, 1783; James Rumsey, U.S., 1787; John Fitch, U.S., 1790. All preceded Robert Fulton, U.S., 1807, credited with launching first commercially successful steamship.

Stethoscope: René Laënnec, France, 1819.

Sulfa drugs: (parent compound, para-aminobenzenesulfanomide) Paul Gelmo, Austria, 1908; (antibacterial activity) Gerhard Domagk, Germany, 1935.

Superconductivity: (theory) Bardeen, Cooper, Scheiffer, U.S., 1957.

Symbolic logic: George Boule, 1854; (modern) Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, England, 1910–1913.

Tank, military: Sir Ernest Swinton, England, 1914.

Tape recorder: (magnetic steel tape) Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1899.

Teflon: DuPont, U.S., 1943.

Telegraph: Samuel F. B. Morse, U.S., 1837.

Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell, U.S., 1876.

Telescope: Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands, 1608; (astronomical) Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1609; (reflecting) Isaac Newton, England, 1668.

Television: (Iconoscope–T.V. camera table), Vladimir Zworkin, U.S., 1923, and also kinescope (cathode ray tube), 1928; (mechanical disk-scanning method) successfully demonstrated by J.K. Baird, England, C.F. Jenkins, U.S., 1926; (first all-electric television image), 1927, Philo T. Farnsworth, U.S; (color, mechanical disk) Baird, 1928; (color, compatible with black and white) George Valensi, France, 1938; (color, sequential rotating filter) Peter Goldmark, U.S., first introduced, 1951; (color, compatible with black and white) commercially introduced in U.S., National Television Systems Committee, 1953.

Thermodynamics: (first law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another) Julius von Mayer, Germany, 1842; James Joule, England, 1843; (second law: heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a warmer body) Rudolph Clausius, Germany, 1850; (third law: the entropy of ordered solids reaches zero at the absolute zero of temperature) Walter Nernst, Germany, 1918.

Thermometer: (open-column) Galileo Galilei, c.1593; (clinical) Santorio Santorio, Padua, c.1615; (mercury, also Fahrenheit scale) Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, Germany, 1714; (centigrade scale) Anders Celsius, Sweden, 1742; (absolute-temperature, or Kelvin, scale) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.

Three point seat belt: Nils Bohlin, 1957

Tire, pneumatic: Robert W. Thompson, England, 1845; (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop, Northern Ireland, 1888.

Toilet, flush: Product of Minoan civilization, Crete, c. 2000 B.C. Alleged invention by “Thomas Crapper” is untrue.

Tractor: Benjamin Holt, U.S., 1900.

Transformer, electric: William Stanley, U.S., 1885.

Transistor: John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. Shockley, U.S., 1947.

Tuberculosis bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1882.

Typewriter: Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, U.S., 1867.

Uncertainty principle: (that position and velocity of an object cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time) Werner Heisenberg, Germany, 1927.

Uranus: (first planet discovered in recorded history) William Herschel, England, 1781.

Vaccination: Edward Jenner, England, 1796.

Vacuum cleaner: (manually operated) Ives W. McGaffey, 1869; (electric) Hubert C. Booth, England, 1901; (upright) J. Murray Spangler, U.S., 1907.

Van Allen (radiation) Belt: (around Earth) James Van Allen, U.S., 1958.

Video disk: Philips Co., The Netherlands, 1972.

Vitamins: (hypothesis of disease deficiency) Sir F. G. Hopkins, Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (vitamin A) Elmer V. McCollum, M. Davis, U.S., 1912–1914; (vitamin B) McCollum, U.S., 1915–1916; (thiamin, B1) Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (riboflavin, B2) D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick, U.S., 1926; (niacin) Conrad Elvehjem, U.S., 1937; (B6) Paul Gyorgy, U.S., 1934; (vitamin C) C. A. Hoist, T. Froelich, Norway, 1912; (vitamin D) McCollum, U.S., 1922; (folic acid) Lucy Wills, England, 1933.

Voltaic pile: (forerunner of modern battery, first source of continuous electric current) Alessandro Volta, Italy, 1800.

Wallpaper: Europe, 16th and 17th century.

Wassermann test: (for syphilis) August von Wassermann, Germany, 1906.

Wheel: (cart, solid wood) Mesopotamia, c.3800–3600 B.C.

Windmill: Persia, c.600.

World Wide Web: (developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee, England, 1989; (development of Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andreeson, U.S., 1993.

Xerography: Chester Carlson, U.S., 1938.

Zero: India, c.600; (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular energy) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.

Zipper: W. L. Judson, U.S., 1891.  

[ccusnews]

Tools You Need For Inspection Of Hole Casing

Logging of hole casing is an important part of the well-logging process. It lets you know about the mechanical state of the completed string.

It can track- down various mechanical problems which can affect the production or injection in the hole. It provides accurate details about the corrosion levels in the closed string. It’s also beneficial in finding the erosion and geothermal deformation of the cased hole.

However, you need to use specific tooling for these logs. Here are the tools which might be a must for this purpose.

Cased-Hole Calipers:

This tool is beneficial in finding the changes in the diameter of the casing. It monitors the deformation that in turn indicated the total wear and corrosion of the hole. This tool is available with spring powered feelers or fingers and measures casing sizes from 4 to 20inch in diameter.

The fingers on this tool are capable of recording one through thousands of an inch, radial resolution and approximately one by hundredth-inch, vertical resolution. Moreover, it takes readings, after every few seconds to ensure precise readings. Its fingers are also able to retraction if the casing has a scale or collision.

Most of the expert who provides cased hole well services use the current version of this tool. This version has a low-pressure finger that doesn’t damage the casing and can imply the pointer this is on the highest side of the well. Furthermore, it may collect data that is enough to create a 3D picture of the casing. This image shows the housing along with its deformed and damaged parts.

Flux Leakage Tools:

This semi-quantitative device is used for studying the overall casing with its magnetic field.

The equipment consist of spring-loaded, coil kind and pad mounted sensors which might be pressed against the casing during the logging process. Whilst there is corrosion or damage in the hole, the magnetic flux of this tool bulge out and a primary sensor measure this leakage to find induced voltage.

The sensor further uses this voltage analyzing to determine the volume and shape of the damage. The new equipment also is using an additional eddy-current measurement system that helps to distinguish between internal and external losses.

Electromagnetic Phase-Shift Tool:

This device uses the principle of electric phasing to find the damaged area with a resolution of approximately 1 foot. The device consists of a transmitting coil that generates a low-frequency magnetic area. It also induces an eddy current which in-turn create another magnetic area with the capability to phase-shift.

These fields are related to the thickness, conductivity and magnetic features of the casing and, this relation help to find the casing thickness.

This technique is best for locating large corrosion areas and gradual thinning of the casing over time. The new edition of the tool comes with multiple sensors that are more precise and allow electromagnetic version. Moreover, the casing hole well services prefer this tool because it does not need proximity, so, it is able to examine a wide range of casing sizes.

Ultrasonic Tools:

Ultrasonic tools are an excellent choice if you need a full quantitative analysis of the bore. It has transducers which generate the ultrasonic pulse for imaging of the hole. The transmitted pulses get reflected after a while and this time difference between transmission and receiving assist to locate the casing thickness.

The latest tools use a rotating sensor with a very high frequency for more resolution and precise results. Furthermore, the logging speed this tool is 425ft/hr and that too with a vertical resolution of 0.2-inch.

Summary :

When you are dealing with a million dollar business like oil mining safety and precautions are a must. While employee safety is assured through the right safety gadget, hole safety needs these tools.

They can help you decide and eliminate problems before it grows to a severe stage. Moreover, they also save the surrounding area from pollution and other hazards.

[swissforextrading]

New holographic technique opens the way for quantum computation

03.05.19 - EPFL physicists have developed a method based on the principles of holograms to capture 3D images of objects beyond the reach of light. Photography measures how much light of different color hits the photographic film. However, light is also a wave, and is therefore characterized by the phase. Phase specifies the position of a point within the wave cycle and correlates to depth of information, meaning that recording the phase of light scattered by an object can retrieve its full 3D shape, which cannot be obtained with a simple photograph. This is the basis of optical holography, popularized by fancy holograms in sci-fi movies like Star Wars. But the problem is that the spatial resolution of the photo/hologram is limited by the wavelength of light, around or just-below 1 μm (0.001 mm). That’s fine for macroscopic objects, but it starts to fail when entering the realm of nanotechnology. Now researchers from Fabrizio Carbone’s lab at EPFL have developed a method to see how light behaves on tiniest scale, well beyond wavelength limitations. The researchers used the most unusual photographic media: freely propagating electrons. Used in their ultrafast electron microscope, the method can encode quantum information in a holographic light pattern trapped in a nanostructure, and is based on an exotic aspect of electron and light interaction. The scientists used the quantum nature of the electron-light interaction to separate the electron-reference and electron-imaging beams in energy instead of space. This makes it now possible to use light pulses to encrypt information on the electron wave function, which can be mapped with ultra-fast transmission electron microscopy. The new method can provide us with two important benefits: First, information on light itself, making it a powerful tool for imaging electromagnetic fields with attosecond and nanometer precision in time and space. Second, the method can be used in quantum computing applications to manipulate the quantum properties of free electrons. “Conventional holography can extract 3D information by measuring the difference in distance that light travels from different parts of the object,” says Carbone. “But this needs an additional reference beam from a different direction to measure the interference between the two. The concept is the same with electrons, but we can now get higher spatial resolution due to their much shorter wavelength. For example, we were able to record holographic movies of quickly moving objects by using ultrashort electron pulses to form the holograms.” Beyond quantum computations, the technique has the highest spatial resolution compared to alternatives, and could shift the way we think about light in everyday life. “So far, science and technology have been limited to freely propagating photons, used in macroscopic optical devices,” says Carbone. “Our new technique allows us to see what happens with light at the nanoscale, the first step for miniaturization and integration of light devices onto integrated circuits.” Other contributors * University of Glasgow * Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology * ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats * ETH Zürich Nik Papageorgiou http://actu.epfl.ch/news/new-holographic-technique-opens-the-way-for-quantu (Source of the original content)

[caseinpoints]

White paper: SCADA patterns & best practices, utility scale PV solar power plant control

Below is the overview from the white paper “SCADA Patterns & Best Practices, Utility Scale PV Solar Power Plant Control,” from NLS Engineering. Read the full white paper here.  

Photovoltaic (PV) cells have seen popular use for decades in household electronics such as calculators, battery chargers and emergency radios. PV generation is easily expandable. Single cells produce a small amount of DC voltage at their terminals and can be connected in series and parallel until their total combined output reaches the required capacity.

With modern technology, PV generation has become so efficient it is often the most cost-effective option for utility-scale production.

In a utility scale system, PV cells numbering in the millions are methodically stacked into groups connected in both series and parallel. These ordered panels are referred to as strings. Together their combined output of DC voltage and current can be used to produce a significant amount of power.

By their very nature, PV cells produce a DC voltage. DC voltage is not compatible with the grid, and that is where inverters become an integral part of a solar power plant. The fundamental role of an inverter is to convert the DC power derived from sunlight into AC power compatible with the grid. Modern-day plant controllers are designed to collect feedback from the grid and will adjust plant output to provide voltage support and frequency support.

This quality controlled AC power output is collected and combined from many inverters. Like any other utility-scale system, the output is stepped-up and distributed through a substation.

A PV plant requires many inverters to process the output of multiple arrays. Each inverter is capable of individual control functions but must coordinate, as a unified regiment, to appear as a single source at the Point of Interconnect (POI). This becomes the fundamental role of the plant controller. A power plant controller receives input from authorised users, sensory devices, and feedback applying this constant stream of data to established system directives. The controller commands the regiment of inverters as well as supporting capacitive and inductive devices to maintain the most stable and useful output possible. This document will describe the typical design, requirements and best practices when implementing a PV Plant controller.

The power triangle A thorough understanding of AC power fundamentals and the power triangle is essential to understanding grid-tied PV plant control. The necessity to invert DC (Direct Current) to AC (Alternating Current) presents the issue of power quality. Unlike DC (Direct Current), AC (Alternating Current) oscillates at a specified frequency causing current to switch directions regularly. Each time the direction changes, electromagnetic fields from inductors need to collapse and re-form in the opposite direction. Likewise, capacitors discharge and re-charge with an opposite polarity. This dynamic behaviour causes a phase-shift where voltage and current become out of phase from one another. In an ideal system, voltage and current would be synchronised, but in real-world applications, this is rarely the reality.

Inductive loads must establish an electromagnetic field before current flow occurs. If current and voltage waveforms were plotted together, the voltage would peak before the current. The current lags the voltage in its alternation from peak to peak. Capacitive loads cannot actualize a voltage differential until they have become saturated. Opposite to an inductive phase shift, a waveform plotting current would begin to flow before voltage begins to alternate. The current flows first, leading the voltage. The left waveform in “Figure 2 – Unsynchronized/Synchronized Waveform” is a graphical representation of a perfectly synchronised waveform. Current and voltage peak and pass the origin at the same times. The image on the right is an example of an unsynchronized wave. In this case, the voltage passes the origin before the current does. This is an example of current lagging behind voltage, caused by an inductive load.

The capacitive and inductive shifts are inversely proportional. As the effects of the properties on the phase shift counteract each other degree by degree, like integers on a scale, only the cumulative result will have an apparent effect on the phase shift. Therefore, one can be used to cancel the effects of the other.

The energy used by inductors/capacitors does not perform ‘useful work’ meaning that it does not directly contribute to the output power of the device. This component of energy is called reactive power, measured in volt-amps reactive (VARs) denoted by the letter Q. If the product of current and voltage is taken as an attempt to calculate power as one would for DC, it will include the non-useful reactive power component and not be truly representative of the ‘useful’ power. This measurement is called apparent power (S) and measured in volt-amps (VA). The component of useful energy is measured in watts (W) and described by the letter P.

The ratio of the active power (“P”, measured in watts (W), the voltage and current which performs real work) to the apparent power (“S”, measured in Volt-Amps (VA), The voltage and current applied to the circuit) depicts the efficiency of a circuit. As the phase shift shrinks, and the apparent power and the real power correlate, the ratio between them approaches 1. At a power factor of 1, 100% of the power (S) applied to a circuit is performing work (P). Realistically, there will always be a small inductive presence in a circuit, as the flow of alternating power through any conductor produces electromagnetic flux. 0.98 is a practical example of high efficiency.

The power factor relationship is commonly represented by a right-angle triangle.

As seen in “Figure 4- Power Triangle,” the angle formed between the active power (P) and apparent power (S) of a circuit is the phase angle (θ). The triangle expresses the complex magnitude of reactive power (“Q,” VARs), a measure of the power required to overcome the impedance in the system.

The power factor triangle is an excellent tool for understanding the relationships between active power, reactive power, apparent power, phase angle and power factor. Power factor, the percent efficiency of real power, is the cosine of the phase angle.

Most modern inverters are capable of simultaneously controlling both active power and reactive power individually while the total output does not exceed the apparent power rating of the inverter. Controlling Reactive Power(Q) of a PV plant is an important system directive which is comprehensively addressed in Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR).

Control system architecture An optimal PV plant appears to the grid as a single unified source of power while maximising active power output and providing grid support. This is accomplished by balancing two modes of operation: Active Power Control (APC), and Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR). Co-ordination between generator owners and system planners is crucial to a balanced grid. It is important to regulate the allowable amount of power at the Point of Interconnect (POI). Active Power Control (APC) limits generation at the POI to predetermined setpoints. This purposeful limitation is called Curtailment. Grid support through Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR) is done by regulating reactive power.

Figure 5 shows a simplified control loop for plant control. The source of the plant-level setpoint may be one of the multiple authorised users. Local or remote, a plant operator or a collaborative body (ex. system operator), one source is selected at a time to direct the plant controller. Changes in setpoint from a user are passed to the PID controller through a velocity limiter.

The PID controller constantly compares the current setpoint with the actual value as it appears on the grid. This is what is referred to as a closed-loop feedback. Discrepancies between the current setpoint and instantaneous output at the POI manifest as an error which is used to correct the output. If the change in setpoint is too extreme, the output will overshoot the setpoint before it has the time to correct itself. To prevent operator induced overshoot or transients from setpoint changes, a velocity limiter transitions to the new setpoint gradually.

Each inverter is equipped with a controller that provides localised closed-loop control based on its commanded setpoints. The local inverter’s controller is constantly communicating with the plant controller. If an inverter stops communicating with the plant controller, it would appear offline or unavailable and omitted from plant control scheme. An inverter may still run and produce power even if it is unable to communicate with the controller. This emphasises the importance of a closed loop control scheme. Closed-loop feedback at the POI detects the unknown contribution and scales back the commanded output to compensate.

Unlike traditional generators, the prime mover or fuel source is often uncontrollable for renewable resources. With PV generation, weather and sunlight conditions cannot be controlled. Irradiance may be too low or irregular for the plant to meet the demand. Similarly, partial cloud cover can affect different areas of the plant disproportionally causing the output to fluctuate. The closed loop nature of the PID allows the plant controller to provide partial compensation by increasing the requested setpoint to all inverters. Inverters which are affected by cloud cover will only be able to produce the power available from their limited irradiance, but other inverters can produce more than their fair share to compensate.

To prevent overshoot during a rapid increase in irradiance, anti-windup techniques are used to limit PID output during low irradiance. Additional techniques such as inverter ramp-rate control can be used to control changes in plant output.

The center of the plant controller is a PLC that constantly monitors data from all areas of the plant, compares real-time data with operator instructions and relays commands back to plant devices. The controller aggregates information from the POI (Point of Interconnect), relays and meters, meteorological stations (MET stations), capacitor banks, and every individual inverter. The information is used by the controller in conjunction with instructions from the operator to command plant level changes to setpoints.

Manual control Occasionally, it becomes necessary to isolate a single inverter from the collective service. A plant controller should have the ability accommodate this request by placing an inverter into a PLC-Manual Control mode. Once in ‘PLC-manual’, the inverter will be separate from the control scheme; it will no longer be regulated by the main control loop.

The inverter’s output will remain included in the curtailment calculations at the POI (Point of Interconnect).

As soon as the mode is changed from automatic to manual, the inverter should maintain its last set of setpoints received in automatic. This provides a smooth changeover between manual and automatic modes. The operator can then specify setpoints on the screen to be written directly to the inverter. The setpoints are checked to ensure that they do not exceed the capability of the inverter. While in manual, an inverter can be shut down and taken out of service.

The plant control scheme should consider KW and KVAR contribution from an inverter which is running in manual mode and be versatile and adaptive enough to compensate for lost control by shifting the remaining load to the available inverters. Despite the best efforts of the controller, if too many inverters are placed in manual the controller will not have the resources to compensate and the operator will lose consistent control.

If an inverter needs to be shut down and taken out of service, it should be done so from the HMI. It is not ideal to place an inverter into manual or shut it down at the inverter because it will simply appear to the controller as though it has lost communication with that inverter. Place the inverter into PLC-manual, and then issue a stop command. This will incrementally reduce the output of the inverter until it is low enough to be brought to a full stop. Once the inverter is shut down, follow proper shutdown and lockout procedures from the manufacturer.

Read the full white paper here. 

The post White paper: SCADA patterns & best practices, utility scale PV solar power plant control appeared first on Solar Power World.