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kezexofficial · 1 year ago
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How to Create a Crypto Wallet
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In the dynamic world of cryptocurrencies, a crypto wallet acts as a digital gateway, giving a secure and convenient way to store, manage, and deal with digital assets. Whether you're a beginner exploring the possibilities of digital currencies or an experienced investor looking to diversify your portfolio, knowing how to build a crypto wallet is a critical step toward engaging in the booming crypto ecosystem. In this detailed guide, we'll walk you through the steps of building a crypto wallet, highlight the necessity of security measures, and look at tactics for protecting your digital assets. By mastering the technique of making a crypto wallet, you'll be well-prepared to begin your adventure into the world of digital assets and capitalize on chances given by New token launch,  upcoming crypto tokens, and the best crypto for 2024.
Understanding Crypto-Wallets
Before we go into the intricacies of constructing a crypto wallet, let's first define what it is and how it works. A crypto wallet is a software application or hardware device that allows users to securely store, send, and receive cryptocurrency. It comprises a public address, which serves as your unique identity on the blockchain, and a private key, which allows you to access your funds. Consider your public address to be your account number, and your private key to be your password; it is critical to maintain your private key secure and discreet to avoid unwanted access to your cash.
Types of CryptoWallets
Crypto wallets exist in a variety of styles, each with varying levels of security, accessibility, and convenience. Some common types of crypto wallets are:
Software wallets: are computer or mobile device-based programs. They are further classified as desktop wallets (installed on your computer), mobile wallets (loaded on your smartphone), and online wallets (accessed through a web browser). Software wallets are useful for everyday usage, but they might be vulnerable to hacking or virus assaults if sufficient security measures are not in place.
Hardware wallets: are physical devices that hold cryptoc offline, adding an additional degree of security against internet dangers. They are regarded as one of the most secure methods for keeping significant quantities of crypto because they are not connected to the internet when not in use. Cryptocurrencies are unconnected to the internet when not in use.
Paper wallets: are physical documents that include your public address and private key, typically in the form of QR codes or alphanumeric strings. Paper wallets are fully offline and thus immune to hacking assaults; however, they must be handled with care to avoid loss or damage.How to Create a Crypto Wallet
Now that we've covered the basics, let's walk through the steps of creating a crypto wallet:
Choose a Wallet Provider: Conduct research and select a reliable wallet provider that offers the wallet type you prefer (software, hardware, or paper). Consider the security features, user interface, supported cryptocurrencies, and customer support
Download or Buy the Wallet: If you use a software wallet, get the app from the official website or app store. Buy hardware wallets from an authorized retailer or manufacturer. Set up your wallet according to the instructions provided, then generate your public address and private key.
Secure Your Private Key: Your private key is the most important piece of information in your crypto wallet because it allows you to access your coins. Protect your private key and never share it with anybody. Consider utilizing a secure password manager or hardware device to handle and safeguard your private key.
Back-Up Your Wallet: Make a backup of your wallet's private key or recovery phrase and store it in a secure location. This backup allows you to recover your funds if your wallet is lost, stolen, or damaged.
Test Your Wallet: Before transferring any funds into your wallet, run a test transaction with a tiny amount of crypto to confirm that everything works properly. Before sending any transactions, double-check your public address to ensure that you may send and receive cash.
Best Practices in Wallet SecurityEnsuring the security of your cryptocurrency wallet is critical for safeguarding your digital assets. Here are a few excellent practices to follow:
Use Strong Passwords: Create a strong and unique password for your wallet that combines letters, numbers, and special characters. Avoid using readily guessable passwords or reusing them on several accounts.
Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Two-factor authentication adds an extra degree of security when accessing your wallet. This usually entails inputting a one-time code provided to your mobile device or email address in addition to your password.
Keep Your Software Up to Date: You should update your wallet software on a regular basis to guarantee that you have the most recent security patches and bug fixes. Outdated software may have weaknesses that attackers can exploit.
Beware of Phishing Scams: Avoid phishing scams and bogus websites that try to steal your private keys or login information. Always double-check URLs and only access your wallet via official channels.
Consider Multi-Signature Wallets: These wallets require multiple private keys to authorize transactions, offering an extra degree of security. Consider utilizing a multi-signature wallet to store large quantities of cryptocurrency.
Conclusion
To recap, creating a cryptocurrency wallet is a necessary step for anyone looking to get involved in the world of digital assets. Whether you use a software wallet, a hardware wallet, or a paper wallet, you must prioritize security and follow best practices to protect your money. You may secure your digital assets from potential attacks by using a trusted wallet provider, keeping your private key safe, and installing additional security measures such as two-factor authentication. Have piece of mind knowing your money is safe. With your cryptocurrency wallet set up and secure, you'll be ready to capitalize on the exciting prospects presented by the new token launche, upcoming crypto tokens, and the best crypto for 2024.
FQA  
What is a cryptocurrency wallet, and why is it necessary for handling digital assets?
A cryptocurrency wallet is a software application, hardware device, or physical document that allows users to safely store, send, and receive cryptocurrencies. It acts as a digital gateway for managing digital assets, giving users a unique public address and private key to access monies on the blockchain.
What are the many types of cryptocurrency wallets, and how do they differ in terms of security and usability?
Crypto wallets can be software wallets (desktop, mobile, and web), hardware wallets, or paper wallets. Software wallets are convenient but may be vulnerable to hacking, whereas hardware wallets give increased security by holding funds offline. Paper wallets are completely offline and impervious to online dangers, but they must be handled carefully to avoid loss or damage.
What stages are required in constructing a cryptocurrency wallet, and why is it critical to adhere to best practices for wallet security?
To create a cryptocurrency wallet, follow these steps: select a trusted wallet provider, download or purchase the wallet, secure the private key, backup the wallet, and test the wallet with a tiny transaction. Following best practices for wallet security, such as choosing strong passwords, activating two-factor authentication, updating software, and being wary of phishing scams, is critical for protecting digital assets from theft or loss.
How can users maintain the security of their crypto wallets, and what steps can they take to protect their digital assets?
Users can secure their crypto wallets by using strong passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, updating software, being wary of phishing schemes, and considering additional security measures such as multi-signature wallets. Prioritizing security and adhering to best practices is critical for protecting digital assets from potential threats and ensuring that funds are secure.
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codehunger · 4 years ago
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Docusign refresh token - increase access token life span
Docusign refresh token – increase access token life span
In this blog, we will see how we can increase access token life span by DocuSign refresh token in laravel, as you see by default access token life span is 8 hours and after that again you need the access token in order to call DocuSign API. But by using the DocuSign refresh token we can again create the access token by which we call the API’s. To call the refresh token API , remember you…
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seotechpearl · 5 years ago
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Integrating Okta as a SAML identity provider in an Amazon Cognito user pool
Posted on March 12, 2020, by Sandeep
Amazon Cognito user pool allows users to sign-in through an external identity provider (federation), such as Okta. A user pool integrated with Okta allows users in your Okta app to get user pool tokens from Amazon Cognito and authenticate apps that use Cognito.
Prerequisites 1. Cognito user pool created in the AWS account 2. Okta developer account
Steps 1. Create an app client in your user pool
a. When adding an app client, clear the Generate client secret checkbox. b. Select the required auth flows     Select at least ALLOW_USER_SRP_AUTH and ALLOW_REFRESH_TOKEN_AUTH
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Note: We are using the “Authorization code grant” authentication flow which does not require client secrets.
2. Create your Cognito user pool domain
a. Under the App Integration tab in the user pool console side menu, choose Domain name b. Enter your choice of unique domain prefix which is used to build Cognito login url for your SAML app.
3. Create a SAML app in Okta
a. Sign in to okta with admin access credentials and click on the “Admin” button on top right corner b. On the admin, menu chooses Applications and then choose Add Application. c. On the Add Application page, choose to Create a New App. d. In the Create a New Application Integration dialog, confirm that Platform is set to Web. e. For the Sign-on method, choose SAML 2.0. f. Choose to Create, this will open a General Settings page for saml app.
(i) Enter a name for your app. (ii) (Optional) Upload a logo and choose the visibility settings for your app. (iii) Choose Next.
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(iv) Under GENERAL, for Single sign-on URL, enter https://yourDomainPrefix.auth.region.amazoncognito.com/saml2/idpresponse.
Note: Replace yourDomainPrefix and region with the values for your user pool. Find these values in the Amazon Cognito console on the Domain name page for your user pool.
(v) For Audience URI (SP Entity ID), enter urn:amazon:Cognito:sp:yourUserPoolId.
Note: Replace yourUserPoolId with your Amazon Cognito user pool ID. Find it in the Amazon Cognito console on the General settings page for your user pool.
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(vi) Under ATTRIBUTE STATEMENTS (OPTIONAL- specifies which user attributes you want to export to Cognito), add a statement with the following information:
For Name, enter the SAML attribute name (attribute name by which you want to user attributes to be passed to Cognito in SAML response).
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eg: if you want to pass user email in SAML response and you want to call it ‘Email Id’ enter ‘Email id’ in Name field and enter ‘user.email’ in Value field.
(vii) For all other settings on the page, leave them as their default values or set them according to your preferences. (viii) Choose Next. (ix) Choose a feedback response for Okta Support. (x) Choose Finish.
4. Assign a user to your Okta application
a. On the Assignments tab for your Okta app, for Assign, choose Assign to People. b. Next to the user that you want to assign, choose Assign.
Note: If this is a new account, the only option available is to choose yourself (the admin) as the user.
c. (Optional) For User Name, enter a user name, or leave it as the user’s email address, if you want. d. Choose Save and Go Back. Your user is assigned. e. Choose Done.
5. Get the IdP metadata for your Okta application
a. On Okta developer console, navigate to the Applications tab and select your application. b. On the Sign-On tab, find the Identity Provider metadata hyperlink (Look for text ‘Identity Provider metadata is available if this application supports dynamic configuration.’). Right-click the hyperlink (Identity Provider metadata), and then copy the URL.
6. Configure Okta as a SAML IdP in your user pool
a. In the Amazon Cognito console, choose to Manage user pools, and then choose your user pool. b. In the left navigation pane, under the Federation, choose Identity providers. c. Choose SAML. d. Under the Metadata document, paste the Identity Provider metadata URL that you copied. e. For Provider name, enter Okta. f. (Optional) Enter any SAML identifiers (Identifiers (Optional)) and enable sign-out from the IdP (Okta) when your users sign out from your user pool (Enable IdP sign out flow). g. Choose Create provider.
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7. Map SAML attributes to user pool attributes
a. In the Amazon Cognito console, choose Manage user pools, and then choose your user pool. b. In the left navigation pane, under the Federation, choose Attribute mapping. c. On the attribute mapping page, choose the SAML tab. d. Choose Add SAML attribute. e. For the SAML attribute, enter the SAML attribute name (attribute name which you have mentioned in ATTRIBUTE STATEMENTS while creating the SAML app in Okta.
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eg: we had specified ‘Email Id’ in the example above so mention ‘Email Id’ under SAML attribute and select Email under User pool attribute, continue and map all other attributes if you had mentioned any other in ATTRIBUTE STATEMENTS and Choose Save changes.
Note: Make sure all mapped attributes in cognito are readable and writable, you can set attribute permissions in General settings->App clients->Set read and write permissions.
8. Change app client settings for your user pool
a. In the Amazon Cognito console, choose Manage user pools, and then choose your user pool. b. In the left navigation pane, under App integration, choose App client settings. c. On the app client page, do the following: Under Enabled Identity Providers, select the Okta and Cognito User Pool checkboxes. For Callback URL(s), enter a URL where you want your users to be redirected after they log in. For testing, you can enter any valid URL, such as https://www.example.com/. For Sign out URL(s), enter a URL where you want your users to be redirected after they log out. For testing, you can enter any valid URL, such as https://www.example.com/. Under Allowed OAuth Flows, be sure to select Authorization code grant checkbox. Under Allowed OAuth Scopes, be sure to select the email and profile checkboxes. d. Choose Save changes.
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9. Construct the endpoint URL
a. Using values from your user pool, construct this login endpoint URL: https://yourDomainPrefix.auth.region.amazoncognito.com/login?response_type=code&client_id=yourClientId&redirect_uri=redirectUrl b. Be sure to do the following:
(i) Replace yourDomainPrefix and region with the values for your user pool. Find these values in the Amazon Cognito console on the Domain name page for your user pool. (ii) Replace yourClientId with your app client’s ID, and replace redirectUrl with your app client’s callback URL. Find these in the Amazon Cognito console on the App client settings page for your user pool.
10. Test the endpoint URL
a. Enter the constructed login endpoint URL in your web browser. b. On your login endpoint webpage, choose Okta.
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Note: If you’re redirected to your app client’s callback URL, you’re already logged in to your Okta account in your browser. The user pool tokens appear in the URL in your web browser’s address bar.
c. On the Okta Sign In page, enter the username and password for the user that you assigned to your app.
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leewayhertztech · 3 years ago
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How do I create the ERC-20 token for the Ethereum network?
The use and popularity of ERC20 tokens has increased significantly throughout the Ethereum blockchain over the last few years. Because the majority of Ethereum contracts are ERC-20-compliant in the present, it can be extremely beneficial for Ethereum investors and developers to be aware of the token.
Features such as simplicity, ease of use, and speed of implementation are the main reasons for the success and widespread use for ERC-20 tokens. The ERC20 standard addresses a major issue that is faced by crypto-wallets as well as blockchain-based marketplaces by providing rules for interactions with other tokens, along with purchase guidelines.
They are implemented as smart contracts. ERC20 tokens operate through Ethereum Virtual Machine. Ethereum Virtual Machine in a decentralized manner similar to the other Ethereum tokens.
Solidity
Solidity is the programming language used to create Ethereum smart contracts. Professionals who are proficient in JavaScript or C-like languages are able to quickly figure out the codes written in Solidity.
What is ERC20?
ERC20 standard specifies the set of functionalities (which are brief and basic) for all ERC20 tokens must comply with to enable integration with marketplaces, other contracts or wallets.
These functions allow users from outside such as crypto-wallet software to figure the balance on a user's accounts and transfer funds to another user , with an authorization.
Writing an ERC20 Token in Solidity
1. Locate mapping objects
* mapping(address = UINT256) - It is an associative array which has key elements of type address (a number used to indicate account numbers) and also value of type of uint256 (a an integer with 256 bits, which can be used for storing balances of tokens).
* balances - It's first object in the mapping to contain the token balance of the owner's account.
* allowed - This is an additional mapping object which includes all ones that were authorized in order to allow token withdrawals the account, as well as the amount of withdrawal that was allowed for each account.
The mappings will be saved in the blockchain, along with the other fields of contract. They will then be mined in order to propagate changes to all nodes in the network. It is important to reduce the size of storage because blockchain storage can be expensive and the owners of a smart contract have to pay for it.
Let's begin by writing ERC20 algorithms into right functions.
2. Set the Number of ICO Tokens
There are a variety of ways in which you can determine the maximum amount of ICO tokens. In this article we will follow the most simple method by setting the total number of tokens prior to contract creation, and then assigning each one to an account owner 
constructor - A function specifically which is performed by Ethereum immediately when the contract is launched to initialize the state of the token through the use of parameters provided to the account that is deploying the contract.
MSG - A global variable that is created and is populated with data by Ethereum itself, since it contains crucial information to execute the contract.
msg.sender - is the field that is the Ethereum account that is running this contract's current function.
The account that is responsible for deployment is the only account who can access the constructor of a contract since it is accountable for allocating tokens that are available to the contract owner' account after the contract is running.
3. Get the Total Token Supply
balanceOf - is the function accountable for the return of the current balance of tokens on an account, as determined by the address of its owner.
transfer - The process to transfer the numTokens (amount of tokens) from the balance of the owner to the recipient (another person).
msg.sender - is the owner of the transfer who performs the task. The owner only has the ability to transfer them to another user.
require - Statement made by Solidity to establish the validity of a predicate. If the account does not have enough funds to complete the transfer, and this statement is not successful the transaction will be carried back in a flash, without any modifications being recorded in the blockchain.
To read more - https://www.leewayhertz.com/create-erc-20-token/
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marialopez9 · 4 years ago
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A Step-by-Step Guide to Becoming a Blockchain Developer
Because of its wide applications in various industries, blockchain is gaining prominence. Furthermore, one of the most in-demand skills among firms is Blockchain understanding. In addition, a growing number of young people are interested in working as Blockchain developer. People are looking for a place where they can learn about Blockchain and turn it into a career. Continue reading to learn how to get started working in the Blockchain sector.
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The book's information
Make a list of your objectives and objectives. Choose a Blockchain network that satisfies your needs. Find out more about Dapps. Learn about the many development tools and libraries that are available. Create your own Dapp. Interviews should be planned ahead of time. Last Thoughts
Make a list of your objectives and objectives. For a newcomer, blockchain is a difficult technology to grasp. You can benefit from blockchain and cryptocurrencies in a variety of ways, but you must first determine your learning objectives. You have the choice of responding one of the following questions in this vein:
• Do you want to work for a Blockchain company or create your own company selling Blockchain-based goods and services?
• Do you want to use Blockchain to reduce the risks connected with certain company ventures?
• Do you want to change control and authority using Blockchain's decentralisation process?
• Do you wish to work as a Blockchain Developer or with Blockchain programming?
Due to a scarcity of adequately skilled Blockchain Developers, working as a Blockchain Developer in a large corporation can pay well. You may fund your ideas and make a lot of money as an independent businessperson who develops Blockchain software.
Choose a Blockchain network that satisfies your needs.
To become a Blockchain developer, you don't need to be familiar with every Blockchain platform. You must instead choose a single network to which you will join. Bitcoin, EOS, and Ethereum are currently attracting the attention of employers and the crypto community. As a result, pick one that's easy to code, takes a variety of tokens, and has a vibrant developer community to back it up.
Find out more about Dapps.
You should learn about Decentralized Apps, or Dapps, after you've opted on a Blockchain platform. Learn more about the many types of Dapps by visiting the available Dapp list sites on the internet.
After that, pick what kind of app you want to make. Is it a decentralised exchange, a game platform, or something else entirely? You'll need to select how you want to expand your Dapp once you've worked this out. You'll need to know how the Blockchain system works, how to write smart contracts, and how to bring it all together in a Dapp to build a Dapp.
Learn about the many development tools and libraries that are available.
Assume you're working on an Ethereum-based blockchain. Then you'll need to learn how to use the development tools that come with smart contracts and Dapps in order to build them efficiently.
Truffle is a component of Ethereum Dapps. Truffle is a well-known Nodejs software with a big user base. Solc is a C++ compiler for the Solidity programming language. A Github repository is also available. Web3 is a library for interacting with Ethereum clients like as Geth, Parity, and others. When administering a smart contract, Web3 provides the benefit of being able to create deliberations (objects) in phases. It's called Remix, and it's an internet-based IDE for writing Solidity smart contracts. Ganache is a native Ethereum blockchain that can be used to build decentralised apps (Dapps). You can order a native Ethereum node and get 10 Ethereum-compatible addresses in return. Metamask is a programme that allows you to use Ethereum as a wallet on your PC. Dapps employ Metamask when a client signs and authorises an exchange.
Make a Dapp of your own.
You can move on to creating your own Dapp once you've learned the principles of Solidity. Because smart contracts are inconvenient to use, blockchain requires Dapps. However, before attempting to design a Dapp, you must first learn how to utilise one. There are two pieces to a DApp: a frontend and a backend. In the future, you'll have the opportunity to work on the program's extension as well as smart contracts. You must also ensure that each of these three levels interacts with the others in a seamless manner.
Interviews should be planned ahead of time.
This is the most crucial and final stage. After learning all of the system's fundamentals, you will certainly have a thorough grasp of Blockchain architecture. On the other side, presenting your skills to an employer is the most effective way to acquire a Blockchain employment. As a result, plan ahead of time for your interviews.
Last Thoughts Blockchain is a fantastic career option. It's also a technology that can be applied to a wide range of applications. As a result, it's a good idea to start studying about Blockchain now so that you can have a successful job afterwards. A few Blockchain-based courses also offer in-depth training.
Join the BLOCKCHAIN COUNCIL to have access to the best Blockchain, cryptocurrency, and other blockchain-related certification programmes.
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psychicanchortimemachine · 4 years ago
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Solving Common Cross-Platform Issues When Working With Flutter
When mistreatment cross-platform frameworks, folks may forget the nuances of every of the platforms they need their code to run on. This text aims to handle that.
Specifically, people sometimes confuse it with the older Web-based mobile (and desktop) cross-platform frameworks, which basically were just Web pages running within browsers running within a wrapper app.
That was truly cross-platform in the sense that the interfaces were the same anyway because you only had access to the interfaces normally accessible on the Web.
Flutter isn’t that, though: it runs natively on each platform, and it means each app runs just like it would run if it were written in Java/Kotlin or Objective-C/Swift on Android and iOS, pretty much. You need to know that because this implies that you need to take care of the many differences between these very diverse platforms.
Example 1: Storage
I recently wrote on my diary concerning the necessity for a special approach to storing JWTs in net apps compared to mobile apps. That is due to the various nature of the platforms’ storage choices, and therefore the got to recognize every and their native development tools.
WEB
When you write a Web app, the storage options you have are:
1. Downloading/uploading files to/from disk, which requires user interaction and is therefore only suitable for files meant to be read or created by the user.
2. Using cookies, which may or may not be accessible from JS (depending on whether or not they’re httpOnly) and are automatically sent along with requests to a given domain and saved when they come as part of a response.
3. Using JS localStorage and sessionStorage, accessible by any JS on the website, but only from JS that is part of the pages of that website.
MOBILE
The situation when it comes to mobile apps is completely different. The storage options are the following:
1. Local app documents or cache storage, accessible by that app.
2. Other local storage paths for user-created/readable files.
3. NSUserDefaults and SharedPreferences respectively on iOS and Android for key-value storage.
4. Keychain on iOS and KeyStore on Android for secure storage of, respectively, any data and cryptographic keys.
If you don’t recognize that, you’re getting to build a multitude of your implementations as a result of you would like to understand what storage answer you’re truly exploitation and what the benefits and downsides area unit.
CROSS-PLATFORM SOLUTIONS: AN INITIAL APPROACH
Using the Flutter shared_preferences package uses localStorage on the Web, SharedPreferences on Android and NSUserDefaults on iOS. Those have utterly completely different implications for your app, particularly if you’re storing sensitive info like session tokens: localStorage are often scan by the shopper, thus it’s a tangle if you’re prone to XSS. although mobile apps aren’t very prone to XSS, SharedPreferences and NSUserDefaults don't seem to be secure storage ways as a result of they will be compromised on the shopper facet since they're not secure storage and not encrypted.  That’s as a result of they're meant for user preferences, as mentioned here within the case of iOS and here within the robot documentation once talking concerning the protection library that is meant to produce wrappers to the SharedPreferences specifically to inscribe the info before storing it.
SECURE STORAGE ON MOBILE
The only secure storage solutions on mobile are Keychain and KeyStore on iOS and Android respectively, whereas there is no secure storage on the Web. The Keychain and KeyStore area unit terribly completely different in nature, though: Keychain could be a generic credentials storage resolution, whereas the KeyStore is employed to store (and will generate) science keys, either stellate keys or public/private keys.
This means that if, for example, you would like to store a session token, on iOS you'll be able to let the OS manage the coding half and simply send your token to the Keychain, whereas on humanoid it’s a small amount a lot of of a manual expertise as a result of you would like to get (not hard-code, that’s bad) a key, use it to cypher the token, store the encrypted token in SharedPreferences and store the key within the KeyStore. There area unit completely different approaches to it, as area unit most things in security, however the only is perhaps to use stellate coding, as there's no want for public key cryptography since your app each encrypts and decrypts the token. Obviously, you don’t have to be compelled to write mobile platform-specific code that will all of that, as  there is a Flutter plugin that does all of that, for instance.
THE LACK OF SECURE STORAGE ON THE WEB
That was, actually, the rationale that compelled ME to put in writing this post. I wrote regarding exploitation that package to store JWT on mobile apps and other people wished the net version of that however, as I said, there's no secure storage on the net. It doesn’t exist. Does that mean your JWT must be get in the open? No, not at all. you'll be able to use httpOnly cookies, can’t you? Those area unitn’t accessible by JS and are sent solely to your server. the problem thereupon is that they’re continuously sent to your server, notwithstanding one amongst your users clicks on a GET request address on somebody else’s web site which GET request has aspect effects you or your user won’t like. This really works for different request varieties moreover, it’s simply a lot of sophisticated. It’s referred to as Cross-Site Request Forgery and you don’t wish that.  It’s among the net security threats mentioned in Mozilla’s MDN docs, wherever you'll be able to notice a a lot of complete rationalization. There area unit interference strategies. the foremost common one has 2 tokens, actually: one amongst them aiming to the shopper as Associate in Nursing httpOnly cookie, the opposite as a part of the response.  The latter must be hold on in localStorage and not in cookies as a result of we have a tendency to don’t wish it to be sent mechanically to the server.
SOLVING BOTH
What if you have both a mobile app and a Web app? That can be dealt with in one of two ways:
1. Use the same backend endpoint, but manually get and send the cookies using the cookie-related HTTP headers;
2. Create a separate non-Web backend endpoint that generates different token than either token used by the Web app and then allow for regular JWT authorization if the client is able to provide the mobile-only token.
Running Different Code On Different Platforms
Now, let’s see how we can run different code on different platforms in order to be able to compensate for the differences.
CREATING A FLUTTER PLUGIN
Especially to unravel the matter of storage, a technique you'll do this is with a plugin package: plugins offer a typical Dart interface and might run totally different code on different platforms, together with native platform-specific Kotlin/Java or Swift/Objective-C code. Developing packages and plugins is quite complicated, however it’s explained in several places on the net et al. (for example in Flutter books), together with the official Flutter documentation. For mobile platforms, for example, there already may be a secure storage plugin, and that’s flutter_secure_storage, that you'll notice associate example of usage here, however that doesn’t work on the net, as an example.
On the opposite hand, for easy key-value storage that additionally works on the net, there’s a cross-platform Google-developed first-party plugin package known as shared_preferences, that incorporates a Web-specific part known as shared_preferences_web that uses NSUserDefaults, SharedPreferences or localStorage reckoning on the platform.
TARGETPLATFORM ON FLUTTER
After importing package:flutter/foundation.dart, you can compare Theme.of(context).platform to the values:
TargetPlatform.android
TargetPlatform.iOS
TargetPlatform.linux
TargetPlatform.windows
TargetPlatform.macOS
TargetPlatform.fuchsia
and write your functions so that, for each platform you want to support, they do the appropriate thing. This will come especially useful for the next example of platform difference, and that is differences in how widgets are displayed on different platforms.
For that use case, in particular, there is also a reasonably popular flutter_platform_widgets plugin, which simplifies the development of platform-aware widgets.
Example 2: Differences In How The Same Widget Is Displayed
You can’t simply write cross-platform code and fake a browser, a phone, a computer, and a smartwatch area unit a similar factor — unless you wish your humanoid and iOS app to be a WebView and your desktop app to be designed with lepton.
There area unit many reasons to not try this, and it’s not the purpose of this piece to convert you to use frameworks like Flutter instead that keep your app native, with all the performance and user expertise blessings that go with it, whereas permitting you to jot down code that's progressing to be a similar for all platforms most of the time.
That requires care and a focus, though, and a minimum of a basic data of the platforms you wish to support, their actual native genus Apis, and every one of that.
React Native users have to be compelled to pay even additional attention thereto as a result of that framework uses the inherent OS widgets, thus you really have to be compelled to pay even additional attention to however the app appearance by testing it extensively on each platforms, while not having the ability to modify between iOS and Material device on the fly like it’s potential with Flutter..
WHAT CHANGES WITHOUT YOUR REQUEST
There are some aspects of the UI of your app that are automatically changed when you switch platforms. This section also mentions what changes between Flutter and React Native in this respect.
Between Android And iOS (Flutter)
Flutter is capable of rendering Material widgets on iOS (and Cupertino (iOS-like) widgets on Android), however what it DOESN’T do is show precisely the same factor on robot and iOS: Material theming particularly adapts to the conventions of every platform.
For instance, navigation animations and transitions and default fonts area unit completely different, however those don’t impact your app that abundant. What might have an effect on a number of your decisions once it involves aesthetics or wife is that the indisputable fact that some static components conjointly modification.
Specifically, some icons modification between the 2 platforms, app bar titles area unit within the middle on iOS and on the left on robot (on the left of the on the market area just in case there's a back button or the button to open a Drawer (explained here within the Material style pointers and conjointly called a hamburger menu). Here’s what a fabric app with a Drawer feels like on Android:
And what the same, very simple, Material app looks like on iOS:
Between Mobile and Web and With Screen Notches (Flutter)
On the online there's a small amount of a unique state of affairs, as mentioned conjointly during this Smashing article regarding Responsive net Development with Flutter: specifically, additionally to having to optimize for larger screens and account for the means folks expect to navigate through your web site — that is that the main focus of that article — you have got to stress regarding the very fact that generally widgets square measure placed outside of the browser window.
Also, some phones have notches within the high a part of their screen or different impediments to the proper viewing of your app attributable to some form of obstruction. Both of those issues may be avoided by wrapping your conveniences during a SafeArea widget, that may be a explicit reasonably cushioning convenience that makes certain your widgets comprise an area wherever they will really be displayed empty preventive the users’ ability to envision them, be it a hardware or code constraint.
IN REACT NATIVE
React Native needs far more attention and a way deeper information of every platform, additionally to requiring you to run the iOS machine furthermore because the mechanical man human at the terribly least so as to be able to check your app on each platforms: it’s not identical and it converts its JavaScript UI parts to platform-specific widgets.
In alternative words, your React Native apps can invariably seem like iOS — with Cupertino UI parts as they're generally known as — and your mechanical man apps can invariably seem like regular Material style mechanical man apps as a result of it’s victimization the platform’s widgets. The distinction here is that Flutter renders its widgets with its own low-level rendering engine, which implies you'll be able to check each app versions on one platform.
Getting Around That Issue
The Other Side: Using The Wrong Widgets For The Right Reasons
But that also means that you can do most of your Flutter development on a Linux or Windows workstation without sacrificing the experience of your iOS users, and then just build the app for the other platform and not have to worry about thoroughly testing it.
Next Steps Cross-platform frameworks are awesome, but they shift responsibility to you, the developer, to understand how each platform works and how to make sure your app adapts and is pleasant to use for your users. Other small things to consider may be, for example, using different descriptions for what might be in essence the same thing if there are different conventions on different platforms.It’s great to not have to build the two (or more) apps separately using different languages, but you still need to keep in mind you are, in essence, building more than one app and that requires thinking about each of the apps you are building.
We will be happy to answer your questions on designing, developing, and deploying comprehensive enterprise web, mobile apps and customized software solutions that best fit your organization needs. As a reputed Software Solutions Developer we have expertise in providing dedicated remote and outsourced technical resources for software services at very nominal cost. Besides experts in full stacks We also build web solutions, mobile apps and work on system integration, performance enhancement, cloud migrations and big data analytics. Don’t hesitate to
get in touch with us!
0 notes
lakhwanabhishek · 4 years ago
Text
Solving Common Cross-Platform Issues When Working With Flutter
When mistreatment cross-platform frameworks, folks may forget the nuances of every of the platforms they need their code to run on. This text aims to handle that.
Specifically, people sometimes confuse it with the older Web-based mobile (and desktop) cross-platform frameworks, which basically were just Web pages running within browsers running within a wrapper app.
That was truly cross-platform in the sense that the interfaces were the same anyway because you only had access to the interfaces normally accessible on the Web.
Flutter isn’t that, though: it runs natively on each platform, and it means each app runs just like it would run if it were written in Java/Kotlin or Objective-C/Swift on Android and iOS, pretty much. You need to know that because this implies that you need to take care of the many differences between these very diverse platforms.
Example 1: Storage
I recently wrote on my diary concerning the necessity for a special approach to storing JWTs in net apps compared to mobile apps. That is due to the various nature of the platforms’ storage choices, and therefore the got to recognize every and their native development tools.
WEB
When you write a Web app, the storage options you have are:
1. Downloading/uploading files to/from disk, which requires user interaction and is therefore only suitable for files meant to be read or created by the user.
2. Using cookies, which may or may not be accessible from JS (depending on whether or not they’re httpOnly) and are automatically sent along with requests to a given domain and saved when they come as part of a response.
3. Using JS localStorage and sessionStorage, accessible by any JS on the website, but only from JS that is part of the pages of that website.
MOBILE
The situation when it comes to mobile apps is completely different. The storage options are the following:
1. Local app documents or cache storage, accessible by that app.
2. Other local storage paths for user-created/readable files.
3. NSUserDefaults and SharedPreferences respectively on iOS and Android for key-value storage.
4. Keychain on iOS and KeyStore on Android for secure storage of, respectively, any data and cryptographic keys.
If you don’t recognize that, you’re getting to build a multitude of your implementations as a result of you would like to understand what storage answer you’re truly exploitation and what the benefits and downsides area unit.
CROSS-PLATFORM SOLUTIONS: AN INITIAL APPROACH
Using the Flutter shared_preferences package uses localStorage on the Web, SharedPreferences on Android and NSUserDefaults on iOS. Those have utterly completely different implications for your app, particularly if you’re storing sensitive info like session tokens: localStorage are often scan by the shopper, thus it’s a tangle if you’re prone to XSS. although mobile apps aren’t very prone to XSS, SharedPreferences and NSUserDefaults don't seem to be secure storage ways as a result of they will be compromised on the shopper facet since they're not secure storage and not encrypted.  That’s as a result of they're meant for user preferences, as mentioned here within the case of iOS and here within the robot documentation once talking concerning the protection library that is meant to produce wrappers to the SharedPreferences specifically to inscribe the info before storing it.
SECURE STORAGE ON MOBILE
The only secure storage solutions on mobile are Keychain and KeyStore on iOS and Android respectively, whereas there is no secure storage on the Web. The Keychain and KeyStore area unit terribly completely different in nature, though: Keychain could be a generic credentials storage resolution, whereas the KeyStore is employed to store (and will generate) science keys, either stellate keys or public/private keys.
This means that if, for example, you would like to store a session token, on iOS you'll be able to let the OS manage the coding half and simply send your token to the Keychain, whereas on humanoid it’s a small amount a lot of of a manual expertise as a result of you would like to get (not hard-code, that’s bad) a key, use it to cypher the token, store the encrypted token in SharedPreferences and store the key within the KeyStore. There area unit completely different approaches to it, as area unit most things in security, however the only is perhaps to use stellate coding, as there's no want for public key cryptography since your app each encrypts and decrypts the token. Obviously, you don’t have to be compelled to write mobile platform-specific code that will all of that, as  there is a Flutter plugin that does all of that, for instance.
THE LACK OF SECURE STORAGE ON THE WEB
That was, actually, the rationale that compelled ME to put in writing this post. I wrote regarding exploitation that package to store JWT on mobile apps and other people wished the net version of that however, as I said, there's no secure storage on the net. It doesn’t exist. Does that mean your JWT must be get in the open? No, not at all. you'll be able to use httpOnly cookies, can’t you? Those area unitn’t accessible by JS and are sent solely to your server. the problem thereupon is that they’re continuously sent to your server, notwithstanding one amongst your users clicks on a GET request address on somebody else’s web site which GET request has aspect effects you or your user won’t like. This really works for different request varieties moreover, it’s simply a lot of sophisticated. It’s referred to as Cross-Site Request Forgery and you don’t wish that.  It’s among the net security threats mentioned in Mozilla’s MDN docs, wherever you'll be able to notice a a lot of complete rationalization. There area unit interference strategies. the foremost common one has 2 tokens, actually: one amongst them aiming to the shopper as Associate in Nursing httpOnly cookie, the opposite as a part of the response.  The latter must be hold on in localStorage and not in cookies as a result of we have a tendency to don’t wish it to be sent mechanically to the server.
SOLVING BOTH
What if you have both a mobile app and a Web app? That can be dealt with in one of two ways:
1. Use the same backend endpoint, but manually get and send the cookies using the cookie-related HTTP headers;
2. Create a separate non-Web backend endpoint that generates different token than either token used by the Web app and then allow for regular JWT authorization if the client is able to provide the mobile-only token.
Running Different Code On Different Platforms
Now, let’s see how we can run different code on different platforms in order to be able to compensate for the differences.
CREATING A FLUTTER PLUGIN
Especially to unravel the matter of storage, a technique you'll do this is with a plugin package: plugins offer a typical Dart interface and might run totally different code on different platforms, together with native platform-specific Kotlin/Java or Swift/Objective-C code. Developing packages and plugins is quite complicated, however it’s explained in several places on the net et al. (for example in Flutter books), together with the official Flutter documentation. For mobile platforms, for example, there already may be a secure storage plugin, and that’s flutter_secure_storage, that you'll notice associate example of usage here, however that doesn’t work on the net, as an example.
On the opposite hand, for easy key-value storage that additionally works on the net, there’s a cross-platform Google-developed first-party plugin package known as shared_preferences, that incorporates a Web-specific part known as shared_preferences_web that uses NSUserDefaults, SharedPreferences or localStorage reckoning on the platform.
TARGETPLATFORM ON FLUTTER
After importing package:flutter/foundation.dart, you can compare Theme.of(context).platform to the values:
TargetPlatform.android
TargetPlatform.iOS
TargetPlatform.linux
TargetPlatform.windows
TargetPlatform.macOS
TargetPlatform.fuchsia
and write your functions so that, for each platform you want to support, they do the appropriate thing. This will come especially useful for the next example of platform difference, and that is differences in how widgets are displayed on different platforms.
For that use case, in particular, there is also a reasonably popular flutter_platform_widgets plugin, which simplifies the development of platform-aware widgets.
Example 2: Differences In How The Same Widget Is Displayed
You can’t simply write cross-platform code and fake a browser, a phone, a computer, and a smartwatch area unit a similar factor — unless you wish your humanoid and iOS app to be a WebView and your desktop app to be designed with lepton.
There area unit many reasons to not try this, and it’s not the purpose of this piece to convert you to use frameworks like Flutter instead that keep your app native, with all the performance and user expertise blessings that go with it, whereas permitting you to jot down code that's progressing to be a similar for all platforms most of the time.
That requires care and a focus, though, and a minimum of a basic data of the platforms you wish to support, their actual native genus Apis, and every one of that.
React Native users have to be compelled to pay even additional attention thereto as a result of that framework uses the inherent OS widgets, thus you really have to be compelled to pay even additional attention to however the app appearance by testing it extensively on each platforms, while not having the ability to modify between iOS and Material device on the fly like it’s potential with Flutter..
WHAT CHANGES WITHOUT YOUR REQUEST
There are some aspects of the UI of your app that are automatically changed when you switch platforms. This section also mentions what changes between Flutter and React Native in this respect.
Between Android And iOS (Flutter)
Flutter is capable of rendering Material widgets on iOS (and Cupertino (iOS-like) widgets on Android), however what it DOESN’T do is show precisely the same factor on robot and iOS: Material theming particularly adapts to the conventions of every platform.
For instance, navigation animations and transitions and default fonts area unit completely different, however those don’t impact your app that abundant. What might have an effect on a number of your decisions once it involves aesthetics or wife is that the indisputable fact that some static components conjointly modification.
Specifically, some icons modification between the 2 platforms, app bar titles area unit within the middle on iOS and on the left on robot (on the left of the on the market area just in case there's a back button or the button to open a Drawer (explained here within the Material style pointers and conjointly called a hamburger menu). Here’s what a fabric app with a Drawer feels like on Android:
And what the same, very simple, Material app looks like on iOS:
Between Mobile and Web and With Screen Notches (Flutter)
On the online there's a small amount of a unique state of affairs, as mentioned conjointly during this Smashing article regarding Responsive net Development with Flutter: specifically, additionally to having to optimize for larger screens and account for the means folks expect to navigate through your web site — that is that the main focus of that article — you have got to stress regarding the very fact that generally widgets square measure placed outside of the browser window.
Also, some phones have notches within the high a part of their screen or different impediments to the proper viewing of your app attributable to some form of obstruction. Both of those issues may be avoided by wrapping your conveniences during a SafeArea widget, that may be a explicit reasonably cushioning convenience that makes certain your widgets comprise an area wherever they will really be displayed empty preventive the users’ ability to envision them, be it a hardware or code constraint.
IN REACT NATIVE
React Native needs far more attention and a way deeper information of every platform, additionally to requiring you to run the iOS machine furthermore because the mechanical man human at the terribly least so as to be able to check your app on each platforms: it’s not identical and it converts its JavaScript UI parts to platform-specific widgets.
In alternative words, your React Native apps can invariably seem like iOS — with Cupertino UI parts as they're generally known as — and your mechanical man apps can invariably seem like regular Material style mechanical man apps as a result of it’s victimization the platform’s widgets. The distinction here is that Flutter renders its widgets with its own low-level rendering engine, which implies you'll be able to check each app versions on one platform.
Getting Around That Issue
The Other Side: Using The Wrong Widgets For The Right Reasons
But that also means that you can do most of your Flutter development on a Linux or Windows workstation without sacrificing the experience of your iOS users, and then just build the app for the other platform and not have to worry about thoroughly testing it.
Next Steps Cross-platform frameworks are awesome, but they shift responsibility to you, the developer, to understand how each platform works and how to make sure your app adapts and is pleasant to use for your users. Other small things to consider may be, for example, using different descriptions for what might be in essence the same thing if there are different conventions on different platforms.It’s great to not have to build the two (or more) apps separately using different languages, but you still need to keep in mind you are, in essence, building more than one app and that requires thinking about each of the apps you are building.
We will be happy to answer your questions on designing, developing, and deploying comprehensive enterprise web, mobile apps and customized software solutions that best fit your organization needs. As a reputed Software Solutions Developer we have expertise in providing dedicated remote and outsourced technical resources for software services at very nominal cost. Besides experts in full stacks We also build web solutions, mobile apps and work on system integration, performance enhancement, cloud migrations and big data analytics. Don’t hesitate to
get in touch with us!
#b2b ecommerce
#b2bsales
#b2b seo
#b2bservices
#Ecommerce
0 notes
secretcupcakesublime · 4 years ago
Text
Solving Common Cross-Platform Issues When Working With Flutter
When mistreatment cross-platform frameworks, folks may forget the nuances of every of the platforms they need their code to run on. This text aims to handle that.
Specifically, people sometimes confuse it with the older Web-based mobile (and desktop) cross-platform frameworks, which basically were just Web pages running within browsers running within a wrapper app.
That was truly cross-platform in the sense that the interfaces were the same anyway because you only had access to the interfaces normally accessible on the Web.
Flutter isn’t that, though: it runs natively on each platform, and it means each app runs just like it would run if it were written in Java/Kotlin or Objective-C/Swift on Android and iOS, pretty much. You need to know that because this implies that you need to take care of the many differences between these very diverse platforms.
Example 1: Storage
I recently wrote on my diary concerning the necessity for a special approach to storing JWTs in net apps compared to mobile apps. That is due to the various nature of the platforms’ storage choices, and therefore the got to recognize every and their native development tools.
WEB
When you write a Web app, the storage options you have are:
1. Downloading/uploading files to/from disk, which requires user interaction and is therefore only suitable for files meant to be read or created by the user.
2. Using cookies, which may or may not be accessible from JS (depending on whether or not they’re httpOnly) and are automatically sent along with requests to a given domain and saved when they come as part of a response.
3. Using JS localStorage and sessionStorage, accessible by any JS on the website, but only from JS that is part of the pages of that website.
MOBILE
The situation when it comes to mobile apps is completely different. The storage options are the following:
1. Local app documents or cache storage, accessible by that app.
2. Other local storage paths for user-created/readable files.
3. NSUserDefaults and SharedPreferences respectively on iOS and Android for key-value storage.
4. Keychain on iOS and KeyStore on Android for secure storage of, respectively, any data and cryptographic keys.
If you don’t recognize that, you’re getting to build a multitude of your implementations as a result of you would like to understand what storage answer you’re truly exploitation and what the benefits and downsides area unit.
CROSS-PLATFORM SOLUTIONS: AN INITIAL APPROACH
Using the Flutter shared_preferences package uses localStorage on the Web, SharedPreferences on Android and NSUserDefaults on iOS. Those have utterly completely different implications for your app, particularly if you’re storing sensitive info like session tokens: localStorage are often scan by the shopper, thus it’s a tangle if you’re prone to XSS. although mobile apps aren’t very prone to XSS, SharedPreferences and NSUserDefaults don't seem to be secure storage ways as a result of they will be compromised on the shopper facet since they're not secure storage and not encrypted.  That’s as a result of they're meant for user preferences, as mentioned here within the case of iOS and here within the robot documentation once talking concerning the protection library that is meant to produce wrappers to the SharedPreferences specifically to inscribe the info before storing it.
SECURE STORAGE ON MOBILE
The only secure storage solutions on mobile are Keychain and KeyStore on iOS and Android respectively, whereas there is no secure storage on the Web. The Keychain and KeyStore area unit terribly completely different in nature, though: Keychain could be a generic credentials storage resolution, whereas the KeyStore is employed to store (and will generate) science keys, either stellate keys or public/private keys.
This means that if, for example, you would like to store a session token, on iOS you'll be able to let the OS manage the coding half and simply send your token to the Keychain, whereas on humanoid it’s a small amount a lot of of a manual expertise as a result of you would like to get (not hard-code, that’s bad) a key, use it to cypher the token, store the encrypted token in SharedPreferences and store the key within the KeyStore. There area unit completely different approaches to it, as area unit most things in security, however the only is perhaps to use stellate coding, as there's no want for public key cryptography since your app each encrypts and decrypts the token. Obviously, you don’t have to be compelled to write mobile platform-specific code that will all of that, as  there is a Flutter plugin that does all of that, for instance.
THE LACK OF SECURE STORAGE ON THE WEB
That was, actually, the rationale that compelled ME to put in writing this post. I wrote regarding exploitation that package to store JWT on mobile apps and other people wished the net version of that however, as I said, there's no secure storage on the net. It doesn’t exist. Does that mean your JWT must be get in the open? No, not at all. you'll be able to use httpOnly cookies, can’t you? Those area unitn’t accessible by JS and are sent solely to your server. the problem thereupon is that they’re continuously sent to your server, notwithstanding one amongst your users clicks on a GET request address on somebody else’s web site which GET request has aspect effects you or your user won’t like. This really works for different request varieties moreover, it’s simply a lot of sophisticated. It’s referred to as Cross-Site Request Forgery and you don’t wish that.  It’s among the net security threats mentioned in Mozilla’s MDN docs, wherever you'll be able to notice a a lot of complete rationalization. There area unit interference strategies. the foremost common one has 2 tokens, actually: one amongst them aiming to the shopper as Associate in Nursing httpOnly cookie, the opposite as a part of the response.  The latter must be hold on in localStorage and not in cookies as a result of we have a tendency to don’t wish it to be sent mechanically to the server.
SOLVING BOTH
What if you have both a mobile app and a Web app? That can be dealt with in one of two ways:
1. Use the same backend endpoint, but manually get and send the cookies using the cookie-related HTTP headers;
2. Create a separate non-Web backend endpoint that generates different token than either token used by the Web app and then allow for regular JWT authorization if the client is able to provide the mobile-only token.
Running Different Code On Different Platforms
Now, let’s see how we can run different code on different platforms in order to be able to compensate for the differences.
CREATING A FLUTTER PLUGIN
Especially to unravel the matter of storage, a technique you'll do this is with a plugin package: plugins offer a typical Dart interface and might run totally different code on different platforms, together with native platform-specific Kotlin/Java or Swift/Objective-C code. Developing packages and plugins is quite complicated, however it’s explained in several places on the net et al. (for example in Flutter books), together with the official Flutter documentation. For mobile platforms, for example, there already may be a secure storage plugin, and that’s flutter_secure_storage, that you'll notice associate example of usage here, however that doesn’t work on the net, as an example.
On the opposite hand, for easy key-value storage that additionally works on the net, there’s a cross-platform Google-developed first-party plugin package known as shared_preferences, that incorporates a Web-specific part known as shared_preferences_web that uses NSUserDefaults, SharedPreferences or localStorage reckoning on the platform.
TARGETPLATFORM ON FLUTTER
After importing package:flutter/foundation.dart, you can compare Theme.of(context).platform to the values:
TargetPlatform.android
TargetPlatform.iOS
TargetPlatform.linux
TargetPlatform.windows
TargetPlatform.macOS
TargetPlatform.fuchsia
and write your functions so that, for each platform you want to support, they do the appropriate thing. This will come especially useful for the next example of platform difference, and that is differences in how widgets are displayed on different platforms.
For that use case, in particular, there is also a reasonably popular flutter_platform_widgets plugin, which simplifies the development of platform-aware widgets.
Example 2: Differences In How The Same Widget Is Displayed
You can’t simply write cross-platform code and fake a browser, a phone, a computer, and a smartwatch area unit a similar factor — unless you wish your humanoid and iOS app to be a WebView and your desktop app to be designed with lepton.
There area unit many reasons to not try this, and it’s not the purpose of this piece to convert you to use frameworks like Flutter instead that keep your app native, with all the performance and user expertise blessings that go with it, whereas permitting you to jot down code that's progressing to be a similar for all platforms most of the time.
That requires care and a focus, though, and a minimum of a basic data of the platforms you wish to support, their actual native genus Apis, and every one of that.
React Native users have to be compelled to pay even additional attention thereto as a result of that framework uses the inherent OS widgets, thus you really have to be compelled to pay even additional attention to however the app appearance by testing it extensively on each platforms, while not having the ability to modify between iOS and Material device on the fly like it’s potential with Flutter..
WHAT CHANGES WITHOUT YOUR REQUEST
There are some aspects of the UI of your app that are automatically changed when you switch platforms. This section also mentions what changes between Flutter and React Native in this respect.
Between Android And iOS (Flutter)
Flutter is capable of rendering Material widgets on iOS (and Cupertino (iOS-like) widgets on Android), however what it DOESN’T do is show precisely the same factor on robot and iOS: Material theming particularly adapts to the conventions of every platform.
For instance, navigation animations and transitions and default fonts area unit completely different, however those don’t impact your app that abundant. What might have an effect on a number of your decisions once it involves aesthetics or wife is that the indisputable fact that some static components conjointly modification.
Specifically, some icons modification between the 2 platforms, app bar titles area unit within the middle on iOS and on the left on robot (on the left of the on the market area just in case there's a back button or the button to open a Drawer (explained here within the Material style pointers and conjointly called a hamburger menu). Here’s what a fabric app with a Drawer feels like on Android:
And what the same, very simple, Material app looks like on iOS:
Between Mobile and Web and With Screen Notches (Flutter)
On the online there's a small amount of a unique state of affairs, as mentioned conjointly during this Smashing article regarding Responsive net Development with Flutter: specifically, additionally to having to optimize for larger screens and account for the means folks expect to navigate through your web site — that is that the main focus of that article — you have got to stress regarding the very fact that generally widgets square measure placed outside of the browser window.
Also, some phones have notches within the high a part of their screen or different impediments to the proper viewing of your app attributable to some form of obstruction. Both of those issues may be avoided by wrapping your conveniences during a SafeArea widget, that may be a explicit reasonably cushioning convenience that makes certain your widgets comprise an area wherever they will really be displayed empty preventive the users’ ability to envision them, be it a hardware or code constraint.
IN REACT NATIVE
React Native needs far more attention and a way deeper information of every platform, additionally to requiring you to run the iOS machine furthermore because the mechanical man human at the terribly least so as to be able to check your app on each platforms: it’s not identical and it converts its JavaScript UI parts to platform-specific widgets.
In alternative words, your React Native apps can invariably seem like iOS — with Cupertino UI parts as they're generally known as — and your mechanical man apps can invariably seem like regular Material style mechanical man apps as a result of it’s victimization the platform’s widgets. The distinction here is that Flutter renders its widgets with its own low-level rendering engine, which implies you'll be able to check each app versions on one platform.
Getting Around That Issue
The Other Side: Using The Wrong Widgets For The Right Reasons
But that also means that you can do most of your Flutter development on a Linux or Windows workstation without sacrificing the experience of your iOS users, and then just build the app for the other platform and not have to worry about thoroughly testing it.
Next Steps Cross-platform frameworks are awesome, but they shift responsibility to you, the developer, to understand how each platform works and how to make sure your app adapts and is pleasant to use for your users. Other small things to consider may be, for example, using different descriptions for what might be in essence the same thing if there are different conventions on different platforms.It’s great to not have to build the two (or more) apps separately using different languages, but you still need to keep in mind you are, in essence, building more than one app and that requires thinking about each of the apps you are building.
We will be happy to answer your questions on designing, developing, and deploying comprehensive enterprise web, mobile apps and customized software solutions that best fit your organization needs. As a reputed Software Solutions Developer we have expertise in providing dedicated remote and outsourced technical resources for software services at very nominal cost. Besides experts in full stacks We also build web solutions, mobile apps and work on system integration, performance enhancement, cloud migrations and big data analytics. Don’t hesitate to
get in touch with us!
0 notes
my-access-florida · 4 years ago
Text
Online Services (55) 5140-5600
Access to Banorte online It is easy to get in touch, since the bank has customer service to connect you online, it also has support by phone 01-800-226-6783. In fact, the bank benefits you so that you can carry out all banking operations in the simplest way with a flexible schedule and from your office or your home.
How to contact Banorte online
Therefore in internet banorte enter https://nbem.banorte.com/nbxi/aalogin.aspx?c where you must enter your data you can make all the queries you want, in addition to being able to make claims or inquire about their products and services.
In fact, it has free call contact numbers, but if your intention is to contact the bank online, then you have options, for example:
Options to contact banorte online
Facebook
On facebook.com/banorte In addition to establishing your opinion as a customer, you can also leave your message, because you only have to deal with Facebook chat in the same way as you do with a friend and wait for a bank representative to respond, which according to Facebook does. immediately.
Twitter
On Twitter, you should follow the bank to be able to communicate freely by leaving a message.
Click on the envelope icon that you see in the top bar, to the right of the envelope icon it says Messages, then click on the word Messages and the chat will open.
On the upper edge you will see the New message button, click on it and in the Enter a name field, write @banorte_mx and you will get all the results that correspond to your search, choose it and click Next.
Then you will see the screen with the field to write your message. Once you have written the message, simply click on send and you just have to wait for the representative to answer your question.
Youtube
On YouTube it is also convenient for you to subscribe to the bank’s channel to be able to enter it, click on Debate and write your message in the corresponding field Add a comment.
Your comment will reach the bank representative and then wait for the response.
Instagram
Log in to Instagram with your account and follow banorte_mx, then when you find yourself on the bank’s instagram, click on the message, write it, send it and wait for the bank representative’s response.
Banorte website
On the official website of banorte https://ift.tt/2qXqmsX choose the option that is most similar to make your query or directly with all its digital channels to get in touch.
You will also have with you all the information about the news the bank presents in addition to its online help center and from where you can clear the frequent doubts and if you do not find your doubt resolved with the frequently asked questions, enter with your username and password and once enter, click on Help Center and the site will redirect you to the next page where you can choose between consulting for online services, banortel,, insurance, secure mail, savings and investment or accounts and card and you will be able to obtain the expanded information that will clear your doubt.
Internet access to banorte
On internet banorte You can access online banking so that you can make the update you need about managing your finances, since managing your Banorte accounts is easy because it has the most innovative and modern way in the market.
In fact, banorte’s online banking is designed for the ease of customers who manage their accounts digitally, that is, online, whether it is a natural person or an SME.
You can take advantage of the benefits of online banking if you have a bank account with payroll, sum, checking or credit card.
With this, you only have to go to the original branch of the account in Banorte and indicate to the representative that you want the advanced online banking service.
When you go to the branch, take a valid and official identification with you to show the representative, it can be the professional ID, the Mexican passport or the voter’s credential in addition to the checkbook.
Then you need your application to be approved, therefore when the approval becomes effective, you will receive an email so that you can immediately enter your banorte online banking.
Banorte movil app through the cell phone
Mobile Banorte works so that you can carry out all banking operations from your mobile phone, because when you download the mobile banorte app you may:
Make money transfers to third party accounts of the same bank or other banks and even to your accounts without having to register an account or QR code.
You can make payments for your television, water, electricity and other bills from the comfort of the app.
You forgot your bank debit card at home and you need cash, it doesn’t matter because you can go to an ATM without having to have the plastic with you.
You are worried about the movements you made in your account, don’t worry because you can check your balance with your mobile phone.
Lost or stolen your credit card? Do not worry because you can immediately block it with your cell phone and if you only lost it and then found it, do not worry because in the same way you can immediately unlock it so you can continue shopping with it.
With banorte mobile app you can make your purchases with deferred payments without interest.
Banorte Móvil has security measures to protect your account with your username, password and token.
What is banorte token?
Token is a security measure that is added to your username and password. This tool has a clock that works in combination with the bank’s system clock to identify the token code that is valid for you to use when you enter the bank’s website.
If at any time you do not use the token, its internal clock will desynchronize from the bank’s clock, therefore the token cannot be validated due to time lag and the online banking system will tell you to desynchronize the token to enter the service.
But before you request authorization to enter online banking, you can take the initiative using the access codes to Banorte online, for this reason the bank will recommend that once every fifteen days you enter online banking.
Well, it is nothing more than an electronic device with a numeric key that works combined with your username and password to provide you with greater security for you to access online banking.
Banorte online balance inquiry
You can make your balance inquiry online in the easiest way with your online banking and mobile banking from your cell phone, therefore you only enjoy your social life without worrying about the lines and if they made the deposit you expected because mobile banorte It sends you notifications instantly as it also notifies you about the transfers you have made.
Types of inquiries with your access to Banorte Internet
Bxl Queries
This type of consultation is used by basic users in the use of electronic banking, who can consult their balances and transactions online, so that the transactions also allow the consultation of interbank codes and account movements.
The security used is a personal username or password for each client and includes free mobile bandwidth.
Bxl Minors
This consultation is designed for those minors who are beginning to take charge of savings in banking entities to become familiar with electronic banking services, it is available to consult the balance, check the movements and consult the interbank code, the security used is through of a personal username and password and includes the Free Mobile Banking vessel.
Basic Bxl
In this consultation service, basic users of electronic banking can make inquiries of balances and transactions or make transfers between accounts, in addition to paying with a Banorte credit card and consulting interbank codes, it includes free mobile banking and, of course, the security of have a personal username and password.
Bxl Advanced
And finally, the advanced query user can be used by individuals and individuals with business activity of small and medium-sized companies, being able to make inquiries of balances and movements, transfers between own accounts, interbank code query, Banorte credit card payment , payment of services, recharge of time of use among other activities, it can be said that this balance inquiry It is the most complete that Internet banking offers.
Includes free mobile banorte and 1 security token for the user.
Access to banorte by internet and telephone
Mexico City: (55) 5140- 5600 Monterrey: (81) 8156-9600 Guadalajara: (33) 3669-9000 Rest of the country: 01-800-BANORTE (01-800-226-6783)
Schedules
Queries: 24 hours a day. Transfers: from 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Payments: from 5:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Investments: according to investment.
La entrada Online Services (55) 5140-5600 se publicó primero en ᐅ My Access Florida – You Login to Access Florida ✅ ☎.
from WordPress https://my-access-florida.com/online-services-55-5140-5600/
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dewi08 · 4 years ago
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Stobox - fast and reliable next generation digital asset exchange, processing and ensuring safety and security
Hello, all ? get back with me where I'll share the newest features I found while using the Stobox project. considering the features offered by cryptocurrency and its supporting technology, namely blockchain is more modern, revolutionary, secure, anonymous, cheaper, and more efficient than traditional financial systems. And to support cryptocurrency development, a reliable and trusted platform is needed, and Stobox is a platform that provides technology tools and consulting services to streamline all operations with digital assets and tokenized securities. Stobox is the platform clients need to transform their business
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What is the Stobox about?
Stobox is an award-winning technology and advisory company in the field of securities tokenization. During the last two years, we conducted 3000+ hours of research, advised 15 clients, tested several private and public technology infrastructures, built partnerships in 10+ countries,and worked with 2 governments. We see the extreme potential for the growth of crypto-related services in the current environment to empower people with limited access to financial services and not stable currencies, which starts to include developed economies as well.
For this reason, we launch a next-generation digital assets exchange with a high level of transaction speed and resilience. An exchange supports token and Membership Levels that provide bonuses to introduce gamification and drive user engagement.
Stobox Exchange will burn 80% of the commission received on STBU to support its stable price and liquidity to improve convenienceand safety for exchange users. Token price is projected to moderately fluctuate around $0.1.
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Exchange Features
We have revised the technology stack used for crypto exchanges and we have chosen one that allows maximum transaction speed and resilience. Distinctive features of the Exchange include:
Complementary to Stobox DS Dashboard, as its customers need crypto exchange services for operations with the Dashboard. This is an additional source of liquidity for an exchange.;
Legally structure on Seychelles, which combines favourable treatment of crypto exchange business and protection of consumers and strict AML enforcement;
Proprietary technical development and support, which makes us independent from third parties, enables higher customization and improves reaction time to unexpected issues;
Utilization of STBU token
It is a common practice among crypto exchanges to use a native token for marketing, community building, increased interest, and incentivizing users to contribute to an exchange. For this reason, an Exchange is powered by a native utility token. As such token we use STBU.
You can find more details here: Utility Token [STBU]
An exchange is powered by the STBU utility token that provides:
Discount on fees when paying with STBU;
Ability to pay withdrawal and deposit fees in STBU (unique feature!);
Increased rank in the ecosystem;
There may be additional use cases for the token whenever possible
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Technological Stack
Stobox utilizes top-tier technologies to provide fast and reliable data storage, processing as well as ensuring safety and security.
1 . Go
an open-source programming language that makes it easy to build simple, reliable, and efficient software.
2 . Lua
a powerful, efficient, lightweight, embeddable scripting language. It supports procedural programming, object-oriented programming, functional programming, data-driven programming, and data description. Lua combines simple procedural syntax with powerful data description constructs based on associative arrays and extensible semantics. Lua is dynamically typed, runs by interpreting bytecode with a register-based virtual machine, and has automatic memory management with incremental garbage collection, making it ideal for configuration, scripting, and rapid prototyping.
3 . Tarantool
an open-source NoSQL database management system and Lua application server. It maintains databases in memory and ensures crash resistance with write-ahead logging. It includesa Lua interpreter and interactive console but also accepts connections from programs in several other languages.
4 . Envoy Proxy
a high-performance C++ distributed proxy designed for single services and applications, as well as a communication bus and “universal data plane” designed for large microservice “service mesh” architectures.
5 . gRPC
a modern open-source high-performance RPC framework that can run in any environment. It can efficiently connect services in and across data centers with pluggable support for load balancing, tracing, health checking, and authentication. It is also applicable in the last mile of distributed computing to connect devices, mobile applications and browsers to backend services.
6 . Angular
an application design framework and development platform for creating efficient and sophisticated single-page apps.
7 . Paw
aw isafull-featured HTTP client that lets you testand describe the APIs you build or consume. It has a beautiful native macOS interface to compose requests, inspect server responses, generate client code, and export API definitions.
Financial Model
The key assumptions in the financial model are:
Trading volume and user base initial numbers;
Trading volume and user base growth rate;
Distribution of users among membership levels;
Given that the transaction fee varies from 0.1% to 0.02% (see section 3), for the purposes of the financial model an effective transaction fee of 0.05% is assumed
Legal Aspects
Stobox Digital Asset Exchange has put in place internal procedures for ensuring compliance with international rules for Virtual Asset Service Providers,according to the best practices recommended by FATF, including a risk-based approach to money-laundering and transaction monitoring.
KYC
All users of an exchange are required to pass identity verification procedures, which interaliainclude submission of identity documents and their verification using recognized third-party services. Users from FATF-blacklisted countries are restricted from using an exchange.
AML
Depositing funds on exchange requires specifying the source of funds. These recordsare kept for five years for the purposes of potential investigation. If the depositamount exceedsa certain threshold, we require additional verification of the source of funds. There will also be additional transaction monitoring software used for AML purposes when the exchange has enough traction and funds.
Data Protection
An exchange does collect user personal dataand dataabout transactions. Transaction datais stored for five years. Data storage corresponds to best data protection practices, including high-quality encryption and compliance with the GDPR requirement to store user data in servers situated in their respective jurisdictions.
Roadmap
Q3 2020
Decided to launch a crypto exchange to make a comprehensive digital assets ecosystem;
Started research of the best jurisdictions for crypto exchange.
Started collaborating with Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine;
Start expansion on Japanese market via collaboration with Standart Capital and STOnline ;
Issued utility token and listed it on Uniswap;
Q4 2020 – Q1 2021
Launch of Digital Assets Exchange;
Preparation of legal structure for an exchange;
Launch of futures trading on an exchange;
Digital Assets Investment Conference hosted by Stobox.
Q2 – Q4 2021
Development of additional exchange features;
Test different markets and models to expand an exchange;
Integration with other technology products to serve a wider population.
Stobox Team
Gene Deyev – CEO, Co-Founder, Angel Investor
Borys Pikalov – Head of Analytics, Co-Founder
Ross Shemeliak – COO, Co-Founder
Fabien Bouhier – Advisor, Blockchain Architect
Nadia Basaraba – Business Development Manager
Tanya Skorohodova – Accountant
Eleonora Shvets – Marketing Manager
Ekaterina Klochan – Operations Manager
Iurii Shykota – Financial Analyst
Bohdan Olikh – Business Analyst
Conclusion
Stobox can be called a promising securities tokenization services company, that also delivers its own products and solutions. The team works on the improvement of the newly launched exchange and plans to host a Digital Assets Investment Conference in the near future. Clear vision and strong development expertise make Stobox a tech company to watch.
Accurate Information:
Register Stobox Exchange : https://stobox.exchange/auth?ref=749
Website : https://www.stobox.io/
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/StoboxCompany
Telegram : https://t.me/stobox_community
Twitter : https://twitter.com/StoboxCompany
Youtube : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMKnSJ4dkf0V1QLx5Bo2QTw/videos
Medium : https://stobox-platform.medium.com/
Ann Thread : https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5285387.0
AUTHOR
Forum Username: DEWI08 Forum Profile Link: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=894088 Telegram Username: @ dhewio8 ETH Wallet Address: 0x53D1Ea8619E638e286f914987D107d570fDD686B
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codeavailfan · 5 years ago
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Programming Language Help
Programming Language Assignment Help
Can you do my assignment? Programming language assignment is an important service to help you. Programming language is a computing language engraved in the form of coding and decoding to instruct computers. The programming language is also called processed machine language by translators and interpreters to perform the work performed on the computer. We provide programming assignment writing services to students, helping them achieve the grade they are entitled to.
Programming language assignment help students in syntax and semantics, two common programming forms in which the language is subdivided. To be precise, both syntax and semantics are subclassified into the following:
context-free syntax
This gets the order in which the ordered characters i.e. symbols are divided into tokens. For more information on our programming support, get our Assignment Assistance Services.
syntax lexical
It is derived how ordered token phrases are clustered in. To help with programming language assignments, take advantage of our services.
context sensitive syntax
Also known as static semantics, it checks various constraints at compile time, type checking etc. For more information on programming language assignment help, select our services.
Dynamics Semantics
It plans the execution of verified programs. For more information about programming language assignment help, contact our experts.
History Of Programming Language
Authors who help with our online programming language assignment give you complete programming assignment writing services. In the year 1950, the programming language was first developed to instruct the computer. Since then, more than 500 qualified programming languages have developed significantly and it remains a continuous process for designing more advanced forms. The short language proposed by John Mauchli in the year 1951 was different from machine code in various aspects. The shortcode was designed with profound mathematical expressions but was not powerful enough to run as fast as machine code. Autocode is another important computer language developed in the mid-1950s that automatically converts code to machine language using the compiler. Experts who help with our programming language help assignment can highlight the history of the programming language.
Our programming language assignment help also provides knowledge in the stages of programming development. The main models of the programming language were developed between 1960 and 1970.
Array programming introduced by APL that plays a major role in influencing functional programming
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C is the most popular system programming language developed in 1970
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Sample Question & Answer Of Programming Language Assignment Help
question:
Since the development of Plancalukal in the 1940s, a large number of programming languages have been designed and implemented for their own specific problem domains and built with their own design decisions and compromises. For example, there are languages that:? is strongly typed and loosely typed,
Object Orientation / Object Orientation Provide support for abstraction of data types,
Use static or dynamic scoping rules,
Provide memory management (i.e. garbage collection) or give the developer precise control over pile-allocation and recycling,
Provide closures to allow passage around like variables,
Allow easy access to array slices and those that don't
Check the internal accuracy of the data and those that do not,
Provide diverse and comprehensive suites with built-in functionality and diverse limited features,
Use pre-processors and macros for select extension codes or option sources, etc.
north:
Introduction and clarification of language purpose
It is rare that programming language, one of many programming languages since the development of Plankalkul in 1940, has been clearly developed for the problem area of banking. COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) was used in writing business software until the 1980s when it was replaced by C and C++ programming languages.
Objectives Of Programming Language
Helping language assignment helps students understand the purpose of programming languages:
It helps users communicate with computers by applying instructions through the programming language
To determine the design pattern of the programming language
To evaluate diversions and swaps between different programming language features
The benefits of recent machine languages are determined by comparing them with traditional languages
To observe the pattern of programming associated with different language features.
To study the efficiency of programming languages in the manufacture and development of software. For more information, take the help of our programming language assignments.
Types Of Programming Languages
Our programming language assignment helps experts explain a variety of programming languages. The description of the main programming languages is given below:
C Language
It is considered to be the most popular and general-purpose machine language, which aims to serve as building blocks for various popular programming languages such as JAA, C#, Python, JAVA scripts, etc. C is the effective application of the language to execute the operating. The system and various applications are built in it. For more information on C language, get our C Programming Assignment Assistance service.
Java
It is an object-oriented, concurrent and class-based system programming language that is used for general purpose. It once works on the principle of writing once and running anywhere', which implies that once developed code can run in any platform repeatedly without recompilation. Regardless of any architecture of the computer, the Java application can run in any Java virtual machine (JVM) due to its specific byte compilation. For more information on Java, take the help of programming language assignments
C++
It is a system programming language that has mandatory, general and object-oriented features of programming. C++ is used to design embedded and operating systems in kernels. It is a compiled version of the programming language that can be used across multiple platforms, including servers, desktops, and entertainment software applications. C++ ISO is standardized and its newest version is C#. For more information on C++, get our programming language assignment help.
C#
This object-oriented programming language is compatible with Microsoft.Net's platform. Compatibility of C# with Microsoft. Net enhances the development of portable applications and facilitates users with advanced web services. C# includes SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) and XML (Markup Language) to simplify programming without applying additional code in each step. In addition, C# plays an efficient role in introducing advanced services into the industry at relatively low cost. Big brands such as LEAD technologies, component sources, seagate software, apex software use ISO standardized C# applications. Our programming language assignment help explains more about this.
python
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Sql
It is an abbreviation for structured query language considered a language for special purpose programming. It is efficient to process a stream of relational data management systems and manipulate data into the relational database of the management system. In addition, SQL is specific as data definition and data manipulation language, due to relational calculus and in-built configuration of relational algebra. For more information, try our programming language assignment help.
Java Script
It is a scripting language based on prototypes displayed with dynamic and high-class functions. Being an important part of the web browser, the implementation of JavaScript helps to manipulate the browser, conduct asynchronous communication, allow the user to interact with client scripts and change the content of the documents displayed. JavaScript is renowned as a versatile language due to its functional, object-oriented and mandatory programming features. For more information on Java Script, get our programming language assignment help.
Different Levels Of Programming Languages
A programming language is broadly categorized according to its levels. Our programming language assignment help services explain this. The importance of each level is considered in detail below.
1. Micro-code
Each component of the CPU is directed to perform minute scale operation by this machine-specific code
Programmers develop instructions written in micro-code to execute micro-programs
Commonly used in CPU and other processing units such as microcontrollers, channels and disk controllers, processing unit of digital signal and graphics, controller of network interfaces, etc.
Microcode usually converts instructions into machine language and is a feature of high speed memory. For more on microcode, get our programming language assignment help.
2. Machine code
Machine code is a series of instructions executed directly by a computer's CPU
Machine code is relative to the architecture of the computer
Numeric machine code is considered as the hardware-based primitive language of programming that represents a computer program assembled at the lowest level
However, programs that are written directly into numerical machine code lead to problem-centered calculations. Our programming assignment authors can elaborate on this with the help of our programming language assignments.
3. Assembly Language
It usually represents the domain of the low-level programming language
Assembly language is assembled with computer code in computer code
This is different from the many utility systems of the high-level programming language
Instructions are given to low-level machine code or operations
Operations such as symbols, labels and expressions are essentially needed to execute a directive
For the purpose of offering macro instruction operations, macro assemblers represent code as extended
Adjustment of assembly process, creation of programs and debugging assistance are some of the important features that are provided by the assemblers. To help with assembly language, take the help of our programming language assignments.
4. Low-level programming language
It is a type of programming language that has negligible or no abstract with a set of instructions configured in the computer's architecture
Low-level language refers to both assembly language and machine code
However, there is no essence of language with machine language, but related to hardware
Language does not require the use of interpreter or compiler to translate it into machine code
Low-level language written programs are simple with negligible memory footprint and run very quickly
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5. High-level programming language
This programming language is strong abstraction with detailed instructions configured in the computer
It is a highly comprehensive and simple process of programming language
High-level language pseudocode as a compiler to translate the language into machine code
high level
Language data relates to item abstracts such as threads, arrays, objects, loops, locks, subroute, Boolean and complex arithmetic expressions, variables, functions, objects, etc.
Compared to low-level language, high-level language emphasizes the optimal efficiency of the program. For the high-level programming language assistant, get our programming language assignment assistant.
Difference Between High Level And Low Level Programming Language
translator
It refers to the translation or conversion of written instructions into machine language before it is executed. Our programming assignment writing services explain translators in more detail.
Translators are broadly classified as three important types.
Assembler
It converts programs written in assembly language to machine code before execution
eclectic
It converts programs written in high-level language to machine code before execution
Interpreters
It directly interprets high-level language instructions and sends them for execution.
Similarities between interpreters and compilers
High-level languages are translated into machine code by both interpreter and compiler
Both identify errors and print it in error messages
Both interpreters and compilers find memory addresses to store data and machine code. Contact us for more information about programming assignment writing services.
Why Writing Programming Language Assignments Are Difficult For Students?
It is clear that students should face problems writing their C programming language assignments if they are not knowledgeable about the basics of programming language. Writing programming language assignments seems difficult for students as they try to directly understand programs and skip the early learning modules of the computer language. Our programming assignment writers from our programming language assignments have to take care of these problems.
The basic but important drawback of students is that they do not focus on key areas of difference between high-level and low-level programming languages. This leads to serious mistakes in their assignments. Students are particularly suggested to seek professional assignment assistance, especially when preparing their programming language assignments. Students can get guidance on each stage of program execution so that it will be interesting and simple. Our programming language assignments help our programming language assignment help you get to such issues.
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suzanneshannon · 5 years ago
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How to Make Taxonomy Pages With Gatsby and Sanity.io
In this tutorial, we’ll cover how to make taxonomy pages with Gatsby with structured content from Sanity.io. You will learn how to use Gatsby’s Node creation APIs to add fields to your content types in Gatsby’s GraphQL API. Specifically, we’re going to create category pages for the Sanity’s blog starter.
That being said, there is nothing Sanity-specific about what we’re covering here. You’re able to do this regardless of which content source you may have. We’re just reaching for Sanity.io for the sake of demonstration.
Get up and running with the blog
If you want to follow this tutorial with your own Gatsby project, go ahead and skip to the section for creating a new page template in Gatsby. If not, head over to sanity.io/create and launch the Gatsby blog starter. It will put the code for Sanity Studio and the Gatsby front-end in your GitHub account and set up the deployment for both on Netlify. All the configuration, including example content, will be in place so that you can dive right into learning how to create taxonomy pages.
Once the project is iniated, make sure to clone the new repository on GitHub to local, and install the dependencies:
git clone [email protected]:username/your-repository-name.git cd your-repository-name npm i
If you want to run both Sanity Studio (the CMS) and the Gatsby front-end locally, you can do so by running the command npm run dev in a terminal from the project root. You can also cd into the web folder and just run Gatsby with the same command.
You should also install the Sanity CLI and log in to your account from the terminal: npm i -g @sanity/cli && sanity login. This will give you tooling and useful commands to interact with Sanity projects. You can add the --help flag to get more information on its functionality and commands.
We will be doing some customization to the gatsby-node.js file. To see the result of the changes, restart Gatsby’s development server. This is done in most systems by hitting CTRL + C in the terminal and running npm run dev again.
Getting familiar with the content model
Look into the /studio/schemas/documents folder. There are schema files for our main content types: author, category, site settings, and posts. Each of the files exports a JavaScript object that defines the fields and properties of these content types. Inside of post.js is the field definition for categories:
{ name: 'categories', type: 'array', title: 'Categories', of: [ { type: 'reference', to: [{ type: 'category' }] } ] },
This will create an array field with reference objects to category documents. Inside of the blog’s studio it will look like this:
An array field with references to category documents in the blog studio
Adding slugs to the category type
Head over to /studio/schemas/documents/category.js. There is a simple content model for a category that consists of a title and a description. Now that we’re creating dedicated pages for categories, it would be handy to have a slug field as well. We can define that in the schema like this:
// studio/schemas/documents/category.js export default { name: 'category', type: 'document', title: 'Category', fields: [ { name: 'title', type: 'string', title: 'Title' }, { name: 'slug', type: 'slug', title: 'Slug', options: { // add a button to generate slug from the title field source: 'title' } }, { name: 'description', type: 'text', title: 'Description' } ] }
Now that we have changed the content model, we need to update the GraphQL schema definition as well. Do this by executing npm run graphql-deploy (alternatively: sanity graphql deploy) in the studio folder. You will get warnings about breaking changes, but since we are only adding a field, you can proceed without worry. If you want the field to accessible in your studio on Netlify, check the changes into git (with git add . && git commit -m"add slug field") and push it to your GitHub repository (git push origin master).
Now we should go through the categories and generate slugs for them. Remember to hit the publish button to make the changes accessible for Gatsby! And if you were running Gatsby’s development server, you’ll need to restart that too.
Quick sidenote on how the Sanity source plugin works
When starting Gatsby in development or building a website, the source plugin will first fetch the GraphQL Schema Definitions from Sanity deployed GraphQL API. The source plugin uses this to tell Gatsby which fields should be available to prevent it from breaking if the content for certain fields happens to disappear. Then it will hit the project’s export endpoint, which streams all the accessible documents to Gatsby’s in-memory datastore.
In order words, the whole site is built with two requests. Running the development server, will also set up a listener that pushes whatever changes come from Sanity to Gatsby in real-time, without doing additional API queries. If we give the source plugin a token with permission to read drafts, we’ll see the changes instantly. This can also be experienced with Gatsby Preview.
Adding a category page template in Gatsby
Now that we have the GraphQL schema definition and some content ready, we can dive into creating category page templates in Gatsby. We need to do two things:
Tell Gatsby to create pages for the category nodes (that is Gatsby’s term for “documents”).
Give Gatsby a template file to generate the HTML with the page data.
Begin by opening the /web/gatsby-node.js file. Code will already be here that can be used to create the blog post pages. We’ll largely leverage this exact code, but for categories. Let’s take it step-by-step:
Between the createBlogPostPages function and the line that starts with exports.createPages, we can add the following code. I’ve put in comments here to explain what’s going on:
// web/gatsby-node.js // ... async function createCategoryPages (graphql, actions) { // Get Gatsby‘s method for creating new pages const {createPage} = actions // Query Gatsby‘s GraphAPI for all the categories that come from Sanity // You can query this API on http://localhost:8000/___graphql const result = await graphql(`{ allSanityCategory { nodes { slug { current } id } } } `) // If there are any errors in the query, cancel the build and tell us if (result.errors) throw result.errors // Let‘s gracefully handle if allSanityCatgogy is null const categoryNodes = (result.data.allSanityCategory || {}).nodes || [] categoryNodes // Loop through the category nodes, but don't return anything .forEach((node) => { // Desctructure the id and slug fields for each category const {id, slug = {}} = node // If there isn't a slug, we want to do nothing if (!slug) return // Make the URL with the current slug const path = `/categories/${slug.current}` // Create the page using the URL path and the template file, and pass down the id // that we can use to query for the right category in the template file createPage({ path, component: require.resolve('./src/templates/category.js'), context: {id} }) }) }
Last, this function is needed at the bottom of the file:
// /web/gatsby-node.js // ... exports.createPages = async ({graphql, actions}) => { await createBlogPostPages(graphql, actions) await createCategoryPages(graphql, actions) // <= add the function here }
Now that we have the machinery to create the category page node in place, we need to add a template for how it actually should look in the browser. We’ll base it on the existing blog post template to get some consistent styling, but keep it fairly simple in the process.
// /web/src/templates/category.js import React from 'react' import {graphql} from 'gatsby' import Container from '../components/container' import GraphQLErrorList from '../components/graphql-error-list' import SEO from '../components/seo' import Layout from '../containers/layout' export const query = graphql` query CategoryTemplateQuery($id: String!) { category: sanityCategory(id: {eq: $id}) { title description } } ` const CategoryPostTemplate = props => { const {data = {}, errors} = props const {title, description} = data.category || {} return ( <Layout> <Container> {errors && <GraphQLErrorList errors={errors} />} {!data.category && <p>No category data</p>} <SEO title={title} description={description} /> <article> <h1>Category: {title}</h1> <p>{description}</p> </article> </Container> </Layout> ) } export default CategoryPostTemplate
We are using the ID that was passed into the context in gatsby-node.js to query the category content. Then we use it to query the title and description fields that are on the category type. Make sure to restart with npm run dev after saving these changes, and head over to localhost:8000/categories/structured-content in the browser. The page should look something like this:
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A barebones category page
Cool stuff! But it would be even cooler if we actually could see what posts that belong to this category, because, well, that’s kinda the point of having categories in the first place, right? Ideally, we should be able to query for a “pages” field on the category object.
Before we learn how to that, we need to take a step back to understand how Sanity’s references work.
Querying Sanity’s references
Even though we’re only defining the references in one type, Sanity’s datastore will index them “bi-directionally.” That means creating a reference to the “Structured content” category document from a post lets Sanity know that the category has these incoming references and will keep you from deleting it as long as the reference exists (references can be set as “weak” to override this behavior). If we use GROQ, we can query categories and join posts that have them like this (see the query and result in action on groq.dev):
*[_type == "category"]{ _id, _type, title, "posts": *[_type == "post" && references(^._id)]{ title, slug } } // alternative: *[_type == "post" && ^._id in categories[]._ref]{
This ouputs a data structure that lets us make a simple category post template:
[ { "_id": "39d2ca7f-4862-4ab2-b902-0bf10f1d4c34", "_type": "category", "title": "Structured content", "posts": [ { "title": "Exploration powered by structured content", "slug": { "_type": "slug", "current": "exploration-powered-by-structured-content" } }, { "title": "My brand new blog powered by Sanity.io", "slug": { "_type": "slug", "current": "my-brand-new-blog-powered-by-sanity-io" } } ] }, // ... more entries ]
That’s fine for GROQ, what about GraphQL?
Here‘s the kicker: As of yet, this kind of query isn’t possible with Gatsby’s GraphQL API out of the box. But fear not! Gatsby has a powerful API for changing its GraphQL schema that lets us add fields.
Using createResolvers to edit Gatsby’s GraphQL API
Gatsby holds all the content in memory when it builds your site and exposes some APIs that let us tap into how it processes this information. Among these are the Node APIs. It’s probably good to clarify that when we are talking about “node” in Gatsby — not to be confused with Node.js. The creators of Gatsby have borrowed “edges and nodes” from Graph theory where “edges” are the connections between the “nodes” which are the “points” where the actual content is located. Since an edge is a connection between nodes, it can have a “next” and “previous” property.
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The edges with next and previous, and the node with fields in GraphQL’s API explorer
The Node APIs are used by plugins first and foremost, but they can be used to customize how our GraphQL API should work as well. One of these APIs is called createResolvers. It’s fairly new and it lets us tap into how a type’s nodes are created so we can make queries that add data to them.
Let’s use it to add the following logic:
Check for ones with the SanityCategory type when creating the nodes.
If a node matches this type, create a new field called posts and set it to the SanityPost type.
Then run a query that filters all posts that has lists a category that matches the current category’s ID.
If there are matching IDs, add the content of the post nodes to this field.
Add the following code to the /web/gatsby-node.js file, either below or above the code that’s already in there:
// /web/gatsby-node.js // Notice the capitalized type names exports.createResolvers = ({createResolvers}) => { const resolvers = { SanityCategory: { posts: { type: ['SanityPost'], resolve (source, args, context, info) { return context.nodeModel.runQuery({ type: 'SanityPost', query: { filter: { categories: { elemMatch: { _id: { eq: source._id } } } } } }) } } } } createResolvers(resolvers) }
Now, let’s restart Gatsby’s development server. We should be able to find a new field for posts inside of the sanityCategory and allSanityCategory types.
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Adding the list of posts to the category template
Now that we have the data we need, we can return to our category page template (/web/src/templates/category.js) and add a list with links to the posts belonging to the category.
// /web/src/templates/category.js import React from 'react' import {graphql, Link} from 'gatsby' import Container from '../components/container' import GraphQLErrorList from '../components/graphql-error-list' import SEO from '../components/seo' import Layout from '../containers/layout' // Import a function to build the blog URL import {getBlogUrl} from '../lib/helpers' // Add “posts” to the GraphQL query export const query = graphql` query CategoryTemplateQuery($id: String!) { category: sanityCategory(id: {eq: $id}) { title description posts { _id title publishedAt slug { current } } } } ` const CategoryPostTemplate = props => { const {data = {}, errors} = props // Destructure the new posts property from props const {title, description, posts} = data.category || {} return ( <Layout> <Container> {errors && <GraphQLErrorList errors={errors} />} {!data.category && <p>No category data</p>} <SEO title={title} description={description} /> <article> <h1>Category: {title}</h1> <p>{description}</p> {/* If there are any posts, add the heading, with the list of links to the posts */} {posts && ( <React.Fragment> <h2>Posts</h2> <ul> { posts.map(post => ( <li key={post._id}> <Link to={getBlogUrl(post.publishedAt, post.slug)}>{post.title}</Link> </li>)) } </ul> </React.Fragment>) } </article> </Container> </Layout> ) } export default CategoryPostTemplate
This code will produce this simple category page with a list of linked posts – just liked we wanted!
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Go make taxonomy pages!
We just completed the process of creating new page types with custom page templates in Gatsby. We covered one of Gatsby’s Node APIs called createResolver and used it to add a new posts field to the category nodes.
This should give you what you need to make other types of taxonomy pages! Do you have multiple authors on your blog? Well, you can use the same logic to create author pages. The interesting thing with the GraphQL filter is that you can use it to go beyond the explicit relationship made with references. It can also be used to match other fields using regular expressions or string comparisons. It’s fairly flexible!
The post How to Make Taxonomy Pages With Gatsby and Sanity.io appeared first on CSS-Tricks.
How to Make Taxonomy Pages With Gatsby and Sanity.io published first on https://deskbysnafu.tumblr.com/
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recruitmentdubai · 5 years ago
Text
How to Make Taxonomy Pages With Gatsby and Sanity.io
In this tutorial, we’ll cover how to make taxonomy pages with Gatsby with structured content from Sanity.io. You will learn how to use Gatsby’s Node creation APIs to add fields to your content types in Gatsby’s GraphQL API. Specifically, we’re going to create category pages for the Sanity’s blog starter.
That being said, there is nothing Sanity-specific about what we’re covering here. You’re able to do this regardless of which content source you may have. We’re just reaching for Sanity.io for the sake of demonstration.
Get up and running with the blog
If you want to follow this tutorial with your own Gatsby project, go ahead and skip to the section for creating a new page template in Gatsby. If not, head over to sanity.io/create and launch the Gatsby blog starter. It will put the code for Sanity Studio and the Gatsby front-end in your GitHub account and set up the deployment for both on Netlify. All the configuration, including example content, will be in place so that you can dive right into learning how to create taxonomy pages.
Once the project is iniated, make sure to clone the new repository on GitHub to local, and install the dependencies:
git clone [email protected]:username/your-repository-name.git cd your-repository-name npm i
If you want to run both Sanity Studio (the CMS) and the Gatsby front-end locally, you can do so by running the command npm run dev in a terminal from the project root. You can also cd into the web folder and just run Gatsby with the same command.
You should also install the Sanity CLI and log in to your account from the terminal: npm i -g @sanity/cli && sanity login. This will give you tooling and useful commands to interact with Sanity projects. You can add the --help flag to get more information on its functionality and commands.
We will be doing some customization to the gatsby-node.js file. To see the result of the changes, restart Gatsby’s development server. This is done in most systems by hitting CTRL + C in the terminal and running npm run dev again.
Getting familiar with the content model
Look into the /studio/schemas/documents folder. There are schema files for our main content types: author, category, site settings, and posts. Each of the files exports a JavaScript object that defines the fields and properties of these content types. Inside of post.js is the field definition for categories:
{ name: 'categories', type: 'array', title: 'Categories', of: [ { type: 'reference', to: { type: 'category' } } ] },
This will create an array field with reference objects to category documents. Inside of the blog’s studio it will look like this:
An array field with references to category documents in the blog studio
Adding slugs to the category type
Head over to /studio/schemas/documents/category.js. There is a simple content model for a category that consists of a title and a description. Now that we’re creating dedicated pages for categories, it would be handy to have a slug field as well. We can define that in the schema like this:
// studio/schemas/documents/category.js export default { name: 'category', type: 'document', title: 'Category', fields: [ { name: 'title', type: 'string', title: 'Title' }, { name: 'slug', type: 'slug', title: 'Slug', options: { // add a button to generate slug from the title field source: 'title' } }, { name: 'description', type: 'text', title: 'Description' } ] }
Now that we have changed the content model, we need to update the GraphQL schema definition as well. Do this by executing npm run graphql-deploy (alternatively: sanity graphql deploy) in the studio folder. You will get warnings about breaking changes, but since we are only adding a field, you can proceed without worry. If you want the field to accessible in your studio on Netlify, check the changes into git (with git add . && git commit -m"add slug field") and push it to your GitHub repository (git push origin master).
Now we should go through the categories and generate slugs for them. Remember to hit the publish button to make the changes accessible for Gatsby! And if you were running Gatsby’s development server, you’ll need to restart that too.
Quick sidenote on how the Sanity source plugin works
When starting Gatsby in development or building a website, the source plugin will first fetch the GraphQL Schema Definitions from Sanity deployed GraphQL API. The source plugin uses this to tell Gatsby which fields should be available to prevent it from breaking if the content for certain fields happens to disappear. Then it will hit the project’s export endpoint, which streams all the accessible documents to Gatsby’s in-memory datastore.
In order words, the whole site is built with two requests. Running the development server, will also set up a listener that pushes whatever changes come from Sanity to Gatsby in real-time, without doing additional API queries. If we give the source plugin a token with permission to read drafts, we’ll see the changes instantly. This can also be experienced with Gatsby Preview.
Adding a category page template in Gatsby
Now that we have the GraphQL schema definition and some content ready, we can dive into creating category page templates in Gatsby. We need to do two things:
Tell Gatsby to create pages for the category nodes (that is Gatsby’s term for “documents”).
Give Gatsby a template file to generate the HTML with the page data.
Begin by opening the /web/gatsby-node.js file. Code will already be here that can be used to create the blog post pages. We’ll largely leverage this exact code, but for categories. Let’s take it step-by-step:
Between the createBlogPostPages function and the line that starts with exports.createPages, we can add the following code. I’ve put in comments here to explain what’s going on:
// web/gatsby-node.js // ... async function createCategoryPages (graphql, actions) { // Get Gatsby‘s method for creating new pages const {createPage} = actions // Query Gatsby‘s GraphAPI for all the categories that come from Sanity // You can query this API on http://localhost:8000/___graphql const result = await graphql(`{ allSanityCategory { nodes { slug { current } id } } } `) // If there are any errors in the query, cancel the build and tell us if (result.errors) throw result.errors // Let‘s gracefully handle if allSanityCatgogy is null const categoryNodes = (result.data.allSanityCategory || {}).nodes || [] categoryNodes // Loop through the category nodes, but don't return anything .forEach((node) => { // Desctructure the id and slug fields for each category const {id, slug = {}} = node // If there isn't a slug, we want to do nothing if (!slug) return // Make the URL with the current slug const path = `/categories/${slug.current}` // Create the page using the URL path and the template file, and pass down the id // that we can use to query for the right category in the template file createPage({ path, component: require.resolve('./src/templates/category.js'), context: {id} }) }) }
Last, this function is needed at the bottom of the file:
// /web/gatsby-node.js // ... exports.createPages = async ({graphql, actions}) => { await createBlogPostPages(graphql, actions) await createCategoryPages(graphql, actions) // <= add the function here }
Now that we have the machinery to create the category page node in place, we need to add a template for how it actually should look in the browser. We’ll base it on the existing blog post template to get some consistent styling, but keep it fairly simple in the process.
// /web/src/templates/category.js import React from 'react' import {graphql} from 'gatsby' import Container from '../components/container' import GraphQLErrorList from '../components/graphql-error-list' import SEO from '../components/seo' import Layout from '../containers/layout' export const query = graphql` query CategoryTemplateQuery($id: String!) { category: sanityCategory(id: {eq: $id}) { title description } } ` const CategoryPostTemplate = props => { const {data = {}, errors} = props const {title, description} = data.category || {} return ( <Layout> <Container> {errors && <GraphQLErrorList errors={errors} />} {!data.category && <p>No category data</p>} <SEO title={title} description={description} /> <article> <h1>Category: {title}</h1> <p>{description}</p> </article> </Container> </Layout> ) } export default CategoryPostTemplate
We are using the ID that was passed into the context in gatsby-node.js to query the category content. Then we use it to query the title and description fields that are on the category type. Make sure to restart with npm run dev after saving these changes, and head over to localhost:8000/categories/structured-content in the browser. The page should look something like this:
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A barebones category page
Cool stuff! But it would be even cooler if we actually could see what posts that belong to this category, because, well, that’s kinda the point of having categories in the first place, right? Ideally, we should be able to query for a “pages” field on the category object.
Before we learn how to that, we need to take a step back to understand how Sanity’s references work.
Querying Sanity’s references
Even though we’re only defining the references in one type, Sanity’s datastore will index them “bi-directionally.” That means creating a reference to the “Structured content” category document from a post lets Sanity know that the category has these incoming references and will keep you from deleting it as long as the reference exists (references can be set as “weak” to override this behavior). If we use GROQ, we can query categories and join posts that have them like this (see the query and result in action on groq.dev):
*[_type == "category"]{ _id, _type, title, "posts": *[_type == "post" && references(^._id)]{ title, slug } } // alternative: *[_type == "post" && ^._id in categories[]._ref]{
This ouputs a data structure that lets us make a simple category post template:
[ { "_id": "39d2ca7f-4862-4ab2-b902-0bf10f1d4c34", "_type": "category", "title": "Structured content", "posts": [ { "title": "Exploration powered by structured content", "slug": { "_type": "slug", "current": "exploration-powered-by-structured-content" } }, { "title": "My brand new blog powered by Sanity.io", "slug": { "_type": "slug", "current": "my-brand-new-blog-powered-by-sanity-io" } } ] }, // ... more entries ]
That’s fine for GROQ, what about GraphQL?
Here‘s the kicker: As of yet, this kind of query isn’t possible with Gatsby’s GraphQL API out of the box. But fear not! Gatsby has a powerful API for changing its GraphQL schema that lets us add fields.
Using createResolvers to edit Gatsby’s GraphQL API
Gatsby holds all the content in memory when it builds your site and exposes some APIs that let us tap into how it processes this information. Among these are the Node APIs. It’s probably good to clarify that when we are talking about “node” in Gatsby — not to be confused with Node.js. The creators of Gatsby have borrowed “edges and nodes” from Graph theory where “edges” are the connections between the “nodes” which are the “points” where the actual content is located. Since an edge is a connection between nodes, it can have a “next” and “previous” property.
Tumblr media
The edges with next and previous, and the node with fields in GraphQL’s API explorer
The Node APIs are used by plugins first and foremost, but they can be used to customize how our GraphQL API should work as well. One of these APIs is called createResolvers. It’s fairly new and it lets us tap into how a type’s nodes are created so we can make queries that add data to them.
Let’s use it to add the following logic:
Check for ones with the SanityCategory type when creating the nodes.
If a node matches this type, create a new field called posts and set it to the SanityPost type.
Then run a query that filters all posts that has lists a category that matches the current category’s ID.
If there are matching IDs, add the content of the post nodes to this field.
Add the following code to the /web/gatsby-node.js file, either below or above the code that’s already in there:
// /web/gatsby-node.js // Notice the capitalized type names exports.createResolvers = ({createResolvers}) => { const resolvers = { SanityCategory: { posts: { type: ['SanityPost'], resolve (source, args, context, info) { return context.nodeModel.runQuery({ type: 'SanityPost', query: { filter: { categories: { elemMatch: { _id: { eq: source._id } } } } } }) } } } } createResolvers(resolvers) }
Now, let’s restart Gatsby’s development server. We should be able to find a new field for posts inside of the sanityCategory and allSanityCategory types.
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Adding the list of posts to the category template
Now that we have the data we need, we can return to our category page template (/web/src/templates/category.js) and add a list with links to the posts belonging to the category.
// /web/src/templates/category.js import React from 'react' import {graphql, Link} from 'gatsby' import Container from '../components/container' import GraphQLErrorList from '../components/graphql-error-list' import SEO from '../components/seo' import Layout from '../containers/layout' // Import a function to build the blog URL import {getBlogUrl} from '../lib/helpers' // Add “posts” to the GraphQL query export const query = graphql` query CategoryTemplateQuery($id: String!) { category: sanityCategory(id: {eq: $id}) { title description posts { _id title publishedAt slug { current } } } } ` const CategoryPostTemplate = props => { const {data = {}, errors} = props // Destructure the new posts property from props const {title, description, posts} = data.category || {} return ( <Layout> <Container> {errors && <GraphQLErrorList errors={errors} />} {!data.category && <p>No category data</p>} <SEO title={title} description={description} /> <article> <h1>Category: {title}</h1> <p>{description}</p> {/* If there are any posts, add the heading, with the list of links to the posts */} {posts && ( <React.Fragment> <h2>Posts</h2> <ul> { posts.map(post => ( <li key={post._id}> <Link to={getBlogUrl(post.publishedAt, post.slug)}>{post.title}</Link> </li>)) } </ul> </React.Fragment>) } </article> </Container> </Layout> ) } export default CategoryPostTemplate
This code will produce this simple category page with a list of linked posts – just liked we wanted!
Tumblr media
Go make taxonomy pages!
We just completed the process of creating new page types with custom page templates in Gatsby. We covered one of Gatsby’s Node APIs called createResolver and used it to add a new posts field to the category nodes.
This should give you what you need to make other types of taxonomy pages! Do you have multiple authors on your blog? Well, you can use the same logic to create author pages. The interesting thing with the GraphQL filter is that you can use it to go beyond the explicit relationship made with references. It can also be used to match other fields using regular expressions or string comparisons. It’s fairly flexible!
The post How to Make Taxonomy Pages With Gatsby and Sanity.io appeared first on CSS-Tricks.
source https://css-tricks.com/how-to-make-taxonomy-pages-with-gatsby-and-sanity-io/
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tak4hir0 · 5 years ago
Link
The Lightning Component modern framework is a User Interface framework to develop dynamic web apps for mobile and desktop devices. As is the case with each release, the latest Spring’20‘ release is packed with rich features including, the newly added Lightning Component features!  Currently, Spring’20 release is under the pre-release program. last week Sandboxes was upgraded, as a result, your organization now gets the look and feel of Spring’20 release. In case you have not read the entire 523 pages of Salesforce Spring’20 release notes, check out Spring’20 release quick summary and the Top 10 Lightning Experience Gems of Salesforce Spring’20 Release! written by me.  I combed through the release notes and highlighted the added capabilities to the Lightning Component features. Believe me, it was hard to stop at just five! To kick things off, here is my take on the coolest Lightning Component features from Spring’20 release.   1. Increase Productivity with Local Development for Lightning Web Components (Beta):- Lightning Web Components now offers Local Development so that you can build component modules and view your changes live without publishing your components to an org. Our new Salesforce CLI plugin lwc-dev-server configures and runs a Lightning Web Components-enabled server on your computer. You can access the local development server from the command line and the Lightning Web Components Extension for VS Code. 2. Style Lightning Web Components with Custom Aura Design Tokens:- A Lightning web component’s CSS file can use a custom Aura token created in your org or installed from an unmanaged package. Tokens make it easy to ensure that your design is consistent and even easier to update it as your design evolves. Create a custom Aura token in the Developer Console by creating a Lightning Tokens bundle. For example, this tokens bundle has a custom Aura token called myBackgroundColor. <aura:tokens> <aura:token name="myBackgroundColor" value="#f4f6f9"/> </aura:tokens> Custom Aura tokens aren’t new, but now you can use them in a Lightning web component’s CSS file by using the standard var() CSS function. Prepend –c- to the custom Aura token. // myLightningWebComponent.css color: var(--c-myBackgroundColor); 3. Navigate Users to a Record’s Create Page with Default Field Values:- Use the new lightning/pageReferenceUtils module or lightning:pageReferenceUtils Aura component to build navigation links in your components that prepopulate a record’s create page with default field values. Prepopulated values can accelerate data entry, improve data consistency, and otherwise make the process of creating a record easier. 4. The @track Decorator Is No Longer Required for Lightning Web Components:- No more guessing about whether to use @track to make a field reactive. All fields in a Lightning web component class are reactive. If a field’s value changes and the field is used in a template or in a getter of a property that’s used in a template, the component rerenders and displays the new value. Click here to read more.  5. Use Components in Lightning Communities with Lightning Locker Disabled:- To enable components installed from a managed package to run in a community that has Lightning Locker disabled, in the component’s configuration file, use the lightningCommunity__RelaxedCSP tag. Add lightningCommunity__RelaxedCSP in the new <capabilities> tag of your Lightning web component’s configuration file. <capabilities> <capability>lightningCommunity__RelaxedCSP</capability> </capabilities> Additional enhancements worth noting! 1. Smarter Source Tracking for Lightning Web Components in Scratch Orgs: – Salesforce command-line interface (CLI) now tracks changes to Lightning web components in a scratch org. The CLI output lists any changes and alerts you to any conflicts between your local project and a scratch org. 2. Lightning Base Components: Open Source: – Base components for the Lightning Web Components framework are now open source. Explore the source code and customize base components for your own apps. What are your favorite Spring’20 release note gems? Care to share? –> You can download release notes in HTML format!, for PDF file. Note: – I am grateful to Conga and Resco.net for sponsoring my blog. Related 6x Salesforce MVP | Solution Architect | Author of 7 books at Packtpub Publishing and Apress | 4x Dreamforce Speaker | Salesforce Coach | Co-host of AutomationHour.com
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smithbrayden-blog · 6 years ago
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Top Ten Proof of Stake Coins to Invest in 2019: Start Earning With Dividend Cryptocurrency
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The exploration of the Proof of Stake algorithm in the cryptocurrency market has been very successful in the market. The Return of investment in proof of stake cryptocurrency is very good. There are economical and technical profits of the PoS also by providing the users with options such as Masternodes, staking coins and stackable wallets.
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The currency provides faster transactions (around 30 seconds), PoS staking rewards for their users, optional privacy and it has a low cost. The currency also has cold staking feature. The ROI of NAV COIN is 5% annually and the traders can buy it at Binance.
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The ROI of NEO is 2.5% annually. The users can buy NEO at Binance,eToro, Kucoin, OKEx, and Bit-Z. The pros of currency are:
It is a smart economy.
The identities and certificates are digital.
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It has similar blockchain as PoS, it has Proof of Authority blockchain coin and it has a different model of consensus. In the return, you get VTHO for staking your VETs. The VTHO is also used in transactions and the ROI is around 2% and more. The users get extra with the levels of the different nodes, X-nodes, economic and it is easy to use.
The ROI of the currency is 2-6% annually and the traders can buy it at Binance and Kucoin. The pros of VET are:
It is easy to use.
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It has other bonuses and nodes too.
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The block reward among the users differentiates based on who discovered the block. The rewards are received by the users in PIV and z-PIV tokens. The transactions are fast, cheap and secure on PIVX.
The ROI of PIVX is 10% annually and the traders can buy it at Binance. The main features of PIVX are:
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In the world, there is so much competition within the industry, ARK partners with them and focuses on providing better services.
The ROI of ARK is 10% annually and the traders can buy the currency at Bit-z, Binance, and OKEx. The main pros of ARK are:
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Lisk: Lisk and ARK are very similar. The blockchain program of Lisk is very easy to use and very handy for developers, businesses and virtual currencies assignments. The developers can create dApps just using JavaScript and it is very adaptable. Similar to ARK, it also uses a Delegated PoS system. In Lisk, only top 101 delegates can discover the blocks and they get the rewards.
The other users vote for delegates and stake LSK, then at the time of receiving the reward delegates shares it with the voters. The voting and staking are done on the Nano Wallet.
The ROI of the currency is 4% and the traders can buy the currency at Binance, OKEx, Bit-z, and Kucoin. The pros of Lisk are:
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Neblio (NEBL): This is modern next-generation blockchain technology. The blockchain is developing features and services to make the blockchain technology available for enterprises of all. The focuses on making it fast, easy and safe. It has Proof of Stake consensus model enable by NEBL to secure the blockchain or DLT database.
The clients can very easily create and run dApps for different purposes. The staking of NEBL is also easy and the rewards will get higher if your coins are in the wallet for a longer period.
The ROI of the cryptocurrency is 10% annually and the traders can buy it at Kucoin and Binance. The pros of Neblio are:
Easy to use and aimed for enterprise use.
Nice ROI returns.
Fast, easy and safe.
Buy Neblio Instantly
Ontology (ONT): The blockchain of Ontology is also focused on enterprise usage just as Neblio and the blockchain of ONT also assist other blockchain technologies too.  The blockchain provides better accessibility and flexibility to others and users can store their data completely safe and private in private and public sectors.
The co-founders of the NEO blockchain, Da Hongfei and Erik Zhang have founded the Ontology blockchain. Whereas, NEO is open source and it is enterprise based.
The ROI of the ONT is 5% and depends on the other bonuses and nodes. The traders can buy it at Binance, Bit-z, OKEz and Kucoin. The pros of ONT are:
Created by an experienced team.
Enterprise focused
Good services all over and smart contracts.
Buy Ontology Instantly
Komodo (KMD): This also an easy and handy blockchain platform and they are creating the full-service blockchain solutions for their users. It is trying to become a blockchain ecosystem and they want every service to give such decentralized exchanges and full range functions and products. They are also planning to provide their users decentralized ICO fundraising stage.
The blockchain has features such as atomic swaps, cross-chain, bridging, and excellent security. The users use KMD coin for staking.
The ROI of the cryptocurrency is 5% and the traders can buy it at Binance. The pros KMD has are:
Privacy and high-level security.
Atomic Swaps helps in interoperability for blockchain.
The ICO crowdfunding and exchange is greatly decentralized adding to the blockchain.
Buy Komodo Instantly
Stratis (STRAT): This blockchain technology helps in business and for the corporation, it acts as a turnkey solution for introducing their dApps. The blockchain helps the businesses to create their blockchain structure. The most amazing features it has such as app development utilizing C# and sidechain hosted transactions. It provides fast and easy transactions.
Previously it begun as PoW but later changed to a PoS project. For staking a local copy of Stratis Staking Wallet Client is necessary.
The ROI of STRAT is 1.46% and the traders can buy it at Binance. The pros of Stratis are:
Secure for businesses.
One-click deployment and easy to use.
It can also record medical records of a person and fin-tech use.
Buy Stratis Instantly
The list of Staking and Passive Income cryptocurrencies is not limited to this, but there are some more currencies that offer lucrative benefits which are not mentioned here because this is a list of top 10 staking and dividend-paying cryptocurrencies so have chosen the best staking cryptocurrencies to hold/invest in 2019.
But if some of you have these currencies and earn passive income, let me know your experience in the comments section below. That’s all from me in this article. I will be anxiously awaiting your comments below.
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laurelkrugerr · 5 years ago
Text
Solving Common Cross-Platform Issues When Working With Flutter
About The Author
Flutter and LinUX enthusiast, author of the Programming Flutter book with the Pragmatic Bookshelf. Blogs more, tweets less. More about Carmine …
When using cross-platform frameworks, people might forget the nuances of each of the platforms they want their code to run on. This article aims to address that.
I’ve seen a lot of confusion online regarding Web development with Flutter and, often, it’s sadly for the wrong reasons.
Specifically, people sometimes confuse it with the older Web-based mobile (and desktop) cross-platform frameworks, which basically were just Web pages running within browsers running within a wrapper app.
That was truly cross-platform in the sense that the interfaces were the same anyway because you only had access to the interfaces normally accessible on the Web.
Flutter isn’t that, though: it runs natively on each platform, and it means each app runs just like it would run if it were written in Java/Kotlin or Objective-C/Swift on Android and iOS, pretty much. You need to know that because this implies that you need to take care of the many differences between these very diverse platforms.
In this article, we’re going to see some of those differences and how to overcome them. More specifically, we’re going to talk about storage and UI differences, which are the ones that most often cause confusion to developers when writing Flutter code that they want to be cross-platform.
Example 1: Storage
I recently wrote on my blog about the need for a different approach to storing JWTs in Web apps when compared to mobile apps.
That is because of the different nature of the platforms’ storage options, and the need to know each and their native development tools.
Web
When you write a Web app, the storage options you have are:
downloading/uploading files to/from disk, which requires user interaction and is therefore only suitable for files meant to be read or created by the user;
using cookies, which may or may not be accessible from JS (depending on whether or not they’re httpOnly) and are automatically sent along with requests to a given domain and saved when they come as part of a response;
using JS localStorage and sessionStorage, accessible by any JS on the website, but only from JS that is part of the pages of that website.
Mobile
The situation when it comes to mobile apps is completely different. The storage options are the following:
local app documents or cache storage, accessible by that app;
other local storage paths for user-created/readable files;
NSUserDefaults and SharedPreferences respectively on iOS and Android for key-value storage;
Keychain on iOS and KeyStore on Android for secure storage of, respectively, any data and cryptographic keys.
If you don’t know that, you’re going to make a mess of your implementations because you need to know what storage solution you’re actually using and what the advantages and drawbacks are.
Cross-Platform Solutions: An Initial Approach
Using the Flutter shared_preferences package uses localStorage on the Web, SharedPreferences on Android and NSUserDefaults on iOS. Those have completely different implications for your app, especially if you’re storing sensitive information like session tokens: localStorage can be read by the client, so it’s a problem if you’re vulnerable to XSS. Even though mobile apps aren’t really vulnerable to XSS, SharedPreferences and NSUserDefaults are not secure storage methods because they can be compromised on the client side since they are not secure storage and not encrypted. That’s because they are meant for user preferences, as mentioned here in the case of iOS and here in the Android documentation when talking about the Security library which is designed to provide wrappers to the SharedPreferences specifically to encrypt the data before storing it.
Secure Storage On Mobile
The only secure storage solutions on mobile are Keychain and KeyStore on iOS and Android respectively, whereas there is no secure storage on the Web.
The Keychain and KeyStore are very different in nature, though: Keychain is a generic credentials storage solution, whereas the KeyStore is used to store (and can generate) cryptographic keys, either symmetric keys or public/private keys.
This means that if, for instance, you need to store a session token, on iOS you can let the OS manage the encryption part and just send your token to the Keychain, whereas on Android it’s a bit more of a manual experience because you need to generate (not hard-code, that’s bad) a key, use it to encrypt the token, store the encrypted token in SharedPreferences and store the key in the KeyStore.
There are different approaches to that, as are most things in security, but the simplest is probably to use symmetric encryption, as there is no need for public key cryptography since your app both encrypts and decrypts the token.
Obviously, you don’t need to write mobile platform-specific code that does all of that, as there is a Flutter plugin that does all of that, for instance.
The Lack Of Secure Storage On the Web
That was, actually, the reason that compelled me to write this post. I wrote about using that package to store JWT on mobile apps and people wanted the Web version of that but, as I said, there is no secure storage on the Web. It doesn’t exist.
Does that mean your JWT has to be out in the open?
No, not at all. You can use httpOnly cookies, can’t you? Those aren’t accessible by JS and are sent only to your server. The issue with that is that they’re always sent to your server, even if one of your users clicks on a GET request URL on someone else’s website and that GET request has side effects you or your user won’t like. This actually works for other request types as well, it’s just more complicated. It’s called Cross-Site Request Forgery and you don’t want that. It’s among the web security threats mentioned in Mozilla’s MDN docs, where you can find a more complete explanation.
There are prevention methods. The most common one is having two tokens, actually: one of them getting to the client as an httpOnly cookie, the other as part of the response. The latter has to be stored in localStorage and not in cookies because we don’t want it to be sent automatically to the server.
Solving Both
What if you have both a mobile app and a Web app?
That can be dealt with in one of two ways:
Use the same backend endpoint, but manually get and send the cookies using the cookie-related HTTP headers;
Create a separate non-Web backend endpoint that generates different token than either token used by the Web app and then allow for regular JWT authorization if the client is able to provide the mobile-only token.
Running Different Code On Different Platforms
Now, let’s see how we can run different code on different platforms in order to be able to compensate for the differences.
Creating A Flutter Plugin
Especially to solve the problem of storage, one way you can do that is with a plugin package: plugins provide a common Dart interface and can run different code on different platforms, including native platform-specific Kotlin/Java or Swift/Objective-C code. Developing packages and plugins is rather complex, but it’s explained in many places on the Web and elsewhere (for example in Flutter books), including the official Flutter documentation.
For mobile platforms, for instance, there already is a secure storage plugin, and that’s flutter_secure_storage, for which you can find an example of usage here, but that doesn’t work on the Web, for example.
On the other hand, for simple key-value storage that also works on the web, there’s a cross-platform Google-developed first-party plugin package called shared_preferences, which has a Web-specific component called shared_preferences_web which uses NSUserDefaults, SharedPreferences or localStorage depending on the platform.
TargetPlatform on Flutter
After importing package:flutter/foundation.dart, you can compare Theme.of(context).platform to the values:
TargetPlatform.android
TargetPlatform.iOS
TargetPlatform.linUX
TargetPlatform.windows
TargetPlatform.macOS
TargetPlatform.fuchsia
and write your functions so that, for each platform you want to support, they do the appropriate thing. This will come especially useful for the next example of platform difference, and that is differences in how widgets are displayed on different platforms.
For that use case, in particular, there is also a reasonably popular flutter_platform_widgets plugin, which simplifies the development of platform-aware widgets.
Example 2: Differences In How The Same Widget Is Displayed
You can’t just write cross-platform code and pretend a browser, a phone, a computer, and a smartwatch are the same thing — unless you want your Android and iOS app to be a WebView and your desktop app to be built with Electron. There are plenty of reasons not to do that, and it’s not the point of this piece to convince you to use frameworks like Flutter instead that keep your app native, with all the performance and user experience advantages that come with it, while allowing you to write code that is going to be the same for all platforms most of the time.
That requires care and attention, though, and at least a basic knowledge of the platforms you want to support, their actual native APIs, and all of that. React Native users need to pay even more attention to that because that framework uses the built-in OS widgets, so you actually need to pay even more attention to how the app looks by testing it extensively on both platforms, without being able to switch between iOS and Material widget on the fly like it’s possible with Flutter.
What Changes Without Your Request
There are some aspects of the UI of your app that are automatically changed when you switch platforms. This section also mentions what changes between Flutter and React Native in this respect.
Between Android And iOS (Flutter)
Flutter is capable of rendering Material widgets on iOS (and Cupertino (iOS-like) widgets on Android), but what it DOESN’T do is show exactly the same thing on Android and iOS: Material theming especially adapts to the conventions of each platform.
For instance, navigation animations and transitions and default fonts are different, but those don’t impact your app that much.
What may affect some of your choices when it comes to aesthetics or UX is the fact that some static elements also change. Specifically, some icons change between the two platforms, app bar titles are in the middle on iOS and on the left on Android (on the left of the available space in case there is a back button or the button to open a Drawer (explained here in the Material Design guidelines and also known as a hamburger menu). Here’s what a Material app with a Drawer looks like on Android:
Material app running on Android: the AppBar title is in the left side of the available space. (Large preview)
And what the same, very simple, Material app looks like on iOS:
Material app running on iOS: the AppBar title is in the middle. (Large preview)
Between Mobile and Web and With Screen Notches (Flutter)
On the Web there is a bit of a different situation, as mentioned also in this Smashing article about Responsive Web Development with Flutter: in particular, in addition to having to optimize for bigger screens and account for the way people expect to navigate through your site — which is the main focus of that article — you have to worry about the fact that sometimes widgets are placed outside of the browser window. Also, some phones have notches in the top part of their screen or other impediments to the correct viewing of your app because of some sort of obstruction.
Both of these problems can be avoided by wrapping your widgets in a SafeArea widget, which is a particular kind of padding widget which makes sure your widgets fall into a place where they can actually be displayed without anything impeding the users’ ability to see them, be it a hardware or software constraint.
In React Native
React Native requires much more attention and a much deeper knowledge of each platform, in addition to requiring you to run the iOS Simulator as well as the Android Emulator at the very least in order to be able to test your app on both platforms: it’s not the same and it converts its JavaScript UI elements to platform-specific widgets. In other words, your React Native apps will always look like iOS — with Cupertino UI elements as they are sometimes called — and your Android apps will always look like regular Material Design Android apps because it’s using the platform’s widgets.
The difference here is that Flutter renders its widgets with its own low-level rendering engine, which means you can test both app versions on one platform.
Getting Around That Issue
Unless you’re going for something very specific, your app is supposed to look different on different platforms otherwise some of your users will be unhappy.
Just like you shouldn’t simply ship a mobile app to the web (as I wrote in the aforementioned Smashing post), you shouldn’t ship an app full of Cupertino widgets to Android users, for example, because it’s going to be confusing for the most part. On the other hand, having the chance to actually run an app that has widgets that are meant for another platform allows you to test the app and show it to people in both versions without having to use two devices for that necessarily.
The Other Side: Using The Wrong Widgets For The Right Reasons
But that also means that you can do most of your Flutter development on a LinUX or Windows workstation without sacrificing the experience of your iOS users, and then just build the app for the other platform and not have to worry about thoroughly testing it.
Next Steps
Cross-platform frameworks are awesome, but they shift responsibility to you, the developer, to understand how each platform works and how to make sure your app adapts and is pleasant to use for your users. Other small things to consider may be, for example, using different descriptions for what might be in essence the same thing if there are different conventions on different platforms.
It’s great to not have to build the two (or more) apps separately using different languages, but you still need to keep in mind you are, in essence, building more than one app and that requires thinking about each of the apps you are building.
Further Resources
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source http://www.scpie.org/solving-common-cross-platform-issues-when-working-with-flutter/ source https://scpie1.blogspot.com/2020/06/solving-common-cross-platform-issues.html
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