#gg 3.01

[gabrielllas]

rio + being polite to service workers

[pynkhues]

The complexity of Beth figuring out whether or not to take Rhea's money and deciding to and needing to pay her back so quickly is so RICH and MESSED UP and COMPELLING, and I know some people disagree, but sorry, I like my women protagonists flawed and interesting.

[xstrawmari]

I NEED Rio to be walking up to Rhea's house and seeing Beth there. She was joking about dedicating a wing of her house to Beth & got back "you don't have a wing". I'm assuming they've been to eachothers' houses and it wouldn't be uncommon, neither expecting Rio to show up. -

Both Rio and Rhea have to find out about Beth eventually and with the way the season started, how are we going to survive 15 more episodes? Here's to angry hate sex!

[dollsome-does-tumblr]

apologies for being very rude but: when will emily accept that christopher ain’t shit

[medievaldarling]

I knew that Rio wasn’t going to play well with the F.B.I. very long and he’d be working some sort of side hustle, but that was absolutely magnificent.

[shanisheis]

He is going to be furious... she better not cash that

[taraknowless]

James came for the rescue

[samigrace102]

I Love all of the new characters that are being introduced so far

[juniperpublishers-endocrinology]

Genetic and Molecular Aspects of Thyrotoxic Cardiomyopathy- Juniper Publishers

Introduction

In this review we focused on the cardiomyopathy, which develops secondary to thyrotoxicosis. Whereas its secondary etiology, there is still evidence of heritable component. The investigation of molecular and genetic basis of thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy (TCMP) can improve treatment strategies and provide new potential drug targets for its therapy. Also increasing understanding of the pathophysiology of TCMP will improve risk prediction of severe cardiovascular complication in patients with thyrotoxicosis. One of the genetic basis research directions is study of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of various genes, so-called genes of susceptibility or genes - candidates. It is significant line of TCMP investigation because limited success in severe TCMP treatment is due to the less understanding of its molecular pathophysiology.

Recent studies have shown the associations of different TCMP components with SNPs in genes encoding proteins involved in thyroid hormones effects on tissues and arrhythmogenesis. Thyroid hormone effects on the heart are multiple and are largely mediated by triiodothyronine (T3) acting through nuclear-based thyroid receptors [1]. Type 2 deiodinase (D2) is assumed to play the key role in T3 tissue concentration changes, at least, in the tissues (such as myocardium, vessel wall) with high D2 gene expression. To date, there are a lot of data about association of SNPs in D2 gene with changes in D2 activity. One of them is Thr92Ala. Ala/Ala homozygous patients demonstrate lower D2 tissue activity compared to Ala/Thr heterozygous and Thr/ Thr homozygous patients. Therefore, this polymorphism can decrease T3 effects in tissues with high D2 gene expression [2,3]. In 2009, Grineva et al. [4] reported that SNP Thr92Ala in type D2 contributes to the severity of TCMP. According to this research of 145 patients with Graves' disease Thr92Ala D2 polymorphism is associated with lower heart rate, left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and lower risk of concentric left ventricle hypertrophy (LVH) [4]. Heart rate in Thr/Thr homozygous and heterozygous patients (99.8±3.01 and 96.7±2.80 beats/min, correspondingly) was significantly higher than in Ala/Ala homozygous ones (87.2±5.30 beats/min, p < 0.01). Thr/Thr allele prevalence in patients LVH was almost twice as high as in patients without LVH (75% compared to 49.5%, p = 0.01). So, Ala/Ala homozygous patients have less severe TCMP.

Another gene, involved in thyroid hormones impact on the myocardium is KCNE1gene, which encodes the minK peptide, associates with KCNQ1 in vitro to generate a potassium current closely resembling the slowly activating delayed rectifier (IKs) [5]. The findings indicate that KCNE1 gene is a-thyroid receptors targets and is regulated by thyroid status: a marked decrease in min K mRNA occurs in hyperthyroid mice' hearts and hearts of T3- P-receptor knockout mice [6]. Moreover, literature data show the strong association of the polymorphism Ser38Gly in KCNE1 gene and some cardiac diseases such as long QT syndrome and atrial fibrillation [7]. All these finding make KCNE1 gene and its SNP Ser38Gly interesting to investigate in patients with TCMP. Data from the study of 165 patients with Graves' disease have shown an interaction of this SNP with TCMP in patients aged 45 and older. In this age group atrial fibrillation (AF) was significantly more prevalent in GG genotype carriers: 35.3% (GG) vs 13.9% (AG+AA) (p = 0.037). Also, there was a significant difference in systolic blood pressure (SBP) by KCNE1 codon 38 genotypes. SBP were significantly higher in allele G homozygotes as compared to allele A carriers: 124.89±15.14mm Hg vs 131.35±15.32mm Hg (p = 0.012) [8].

Recently it was considered that β1-adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) gene is also candidate gene for TCMP prediction, because of it mediates the sympathetic inotropic and chronotropic effects in the heart and is involved in arrhythmogenesis [9-11], because the density of β1-AR in myocardium during thyrotoxicosis is considerably increased and thyroid hormones are important elements of the regulation of β1-AR expression and [12,13]. But several recent studies in TCMP genetics have concluded that frequent polymorphisms in β1-adrenoreceptor gene ( β 1-AR) Gly389Arg and Ser49Gly have no strong associations with myocardial remodeling (evaluated by echocardiography parameters)and arrhythmias in patients with thyrotoxic determined heart damage . Only the tendency to more prominent LVH was noted when we compare A allele carriers with GG genotype in SNP Ser49Gly: LVMI was 99.1±23.8g/m2 among AA+AG carriers and 118.9±44.9g/m2 among patients with GG genotype (p = 0.02) [14].

In 2005 Kim M showed that the decrease in the production of nitride oxide synthase (NOS) can cause oxidative stress and lead to changes in myocardial conduction system, thereby contributing to the development of AF [15]. The investigation of polymorphism 4a4b in endothelial nitride oxide synthase (eNOS) gene, decreasing NOS activity, hasn't demonstrated any interactions between genotypes of this SNP and severity of TCMP among patients with Graves' disease [16].

Not only can the identification of SNPs, associated with heart damage in thyrotoxicosis, provide new predictors of TCMP detection. Other genetic research methods were used in the study by De et al. [17]. Analysis of differentially expressed genes in hyperthyroid-induced hypertrophied heart by cDNA microarray. Using complementary DNA microarray comprising 588 genes, the differences in micro RNA expression of hyperthyroid and normal rat heart we compared. About 37 genes were found to be regulated by T3, encoding various types of proteins related to metabolism, matrix and cytoskeletal structures, growth factors, transcription factors, Ca2+-channels. Alteration of insulin- responsive glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression was shown to be one of the obvious features of hyperthyroid-induced altered gene expression. Inhibition of GLUT4 expression by thyroid hormones leads to impaired glucose transport into the myocytes [17]. So, this is another potential pathophysiological mechanism of TCMP development. And future investigations in this area can clarify, whether micro RNA expression of GLUT4 associates with the severity of TCMP or not.

To date, along with genetic predictors, a lot of new molecular markers of severe TCMP were determined. In 2012, Ozaydin et al. [18] have shown recent that inflammation is involved in the thyrotoxic AF. This study suggests that C reactive protein is associated with the development of AF in patients with thyrotoxicosis. Another study by Galloway et al has revealed that b1-adrenergic receptor (b1AR) and M2 muscarinic receptor (M2R) autoantibodies are independent predictors of AF in patients with hyperthyroidism. In this case AF provoking is performed by inducing rapid depolarization in pulmonary veins [19].

Also, series of recently conducted studies are focused on the role of oxidative stress in TCMP development. They have shown (on the hearts of experimental animals with thyroid hormone- induced cardiac hypertrophy) that oxidative stress is either not or only partially involved in the thyroid hormones induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, but it seems to be a key player in the thyrotoxic left ventricular dysfunction [20].

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Conclusion

The new insights on gene, genotype correlations and molecular mechanisms involved in thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy development may impressively increase our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to myocardial damage in thyrotoxicosis. The new knowledge supports investigations about novel disease genes associations, their interactions with remodeling mechanisms, and potential therapies to treat thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy at the ion channel and cellular levels. Eventually genomic information in thyrotoxic patients will impact the optimal approach to care, from prevention and diagnosis to therapy and counseling.

For more Journals in Juniper Publishers please click on https://juniperpublishers.com/journals.php

For more articles in Journal of Thyroid Research

please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/jetr/index.php

[gabrielllas]

[pynkhues]

"You're tripping if that's how you think our founding father wears his cravat."

We deserved more JT.

[xstrawmari]

Wonder if Rio being the surprise informant is too obvious?...but, who else would it be? Stan?

Wasn't there an interview that said we were going to hear how he felt about Beth/Ruby's friendship this season?

Who am I kidding? It's probably Rio lol.

[pynkhues]

The fact that she stays up all night after getting that check from Rhea KILLS ME 😫 as painful as it is. I wish we got more scenes of Beth processing her feelings and also I really wish we got a scene of Beth telling the girls 😭

God, me too, anon. We got so many great glimpses into her grieving in 3.01 between the cheque and the photograph and the park, and I just really wish they'd given those scenes a bit more breathing room instead of focusing on reuniting them so quickly.

I think a bit more of a wait could've been really narratively satisfying and given more opportunities to explore their arcs apart from one another. From Beth's grief and her trying to establish her own business, to where Rio was at personally between Rhea, Marcus and Nick, and professionally, since we know his operation had struggled, but also he'd used Turner to take out competition.

It just feels like there was so much territory there to explore, but alas, this show's always been beholden to it's pacing, to it's benefit and detriment.

[pynkhues]

I actually do like Bill Krebs written eps (I mean, the dubby is unmatched in terms of romance for me), but you can tell this ep was written by a man because Annie doesn't simply use her hands to masturbate.

[pynkhues]

I have so many headcanons of Rio and these model airplanes, you have no idea.

[pynkhues]

Beth staring at the father-son photo