#hukou

[irradiate-space]

A coalition against hukou in the USA

The USA doesn't have bureaucracy to exclude general classes of people [1] from moving to desirable neighborhoods.

Instead, communities in the United States generally have:

limits on the density of housing that can be built

limits on the number of occupants that can live in a structure

requirements that all people living in a dwelling unit be related

prohibitions on subletting

a lack of non-car transportation infrastructure

These serve to drive up the costs of housing, which excludes poorer people. Because of a long history of discrimination on racial lines, the poorer classes are more likely to be Black or Latine. The poor are less likely to fit the WEIRD culture of the middling-upper classes. The poor are more likely to have illnesses and disorders that richer people can afford to have treated.

Exclusionary zoning is the USAmerican alternative to hukou.

The Californian experiment in by-right construction of denser housing aims to drive housing costs down. In doing so, it removes the primary mechanism that communities use to keep out undesirable residents.

@eightyonekilograms predicts that this sort of land-use reform will lead to a cross-partisan coalition seeking to prevent internal migration within the USA. I say: There will also be a cross-partisan coalition in favor of migration and housing density:

landlords, property developers, and construction workers

the orangepilled[3], the NUMTOTs[4], the sensible eco-warriors[5]

familial conservatives and identitarian leftists in expensive areas who don't want their progeny to be driven out or impoverished by rising housing costs

socialists, social democrats, and welfare supporters

libertarians and property-rights conservatives

----

Notable exceptions include those convicted of a sexual offense, the unhoused, undocumented immigrants, and, in planned communities for the elderly, those under an age floor.

WEIRD: White, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic

orangepilled: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQE_5MFCekg

New Urban Memes For Transit-Oriented Teens

sensible eco-warriors: ones who look at the numbers and don't end up high on a deathist supply of cottagecore, anti-nuclear, anti-density, anti-growth, sustenance-farming defeatism

[jovialbasementbouquetblr]

2021: Economist Hu Wen on Rural Revitalization (It's About People not Land)

The migration of China’s vast underemployed rural workforce to the countryside over the past several decades enabled the construction of China’s urban infrastructure and manning its factories. The civil disabilities that migrant workers face — their children are often denied admittance to public schools and they are denied other forms of social support that urban residents are entitled. The…

[memoriae-lectoris]

Their story was like that of many other migrant workers. 

They couldn’t make a living farming rice on a tiny patch of land, especially not with their daughter’s school fees to pay, so they left and became liudong renkou—literally, “flowing population.” It’s a poetic name for China’s migrant workers, who drift from the countryside to the city, going from menial job to menial job. 

Without the city hukou household registration, they cannot access urban social services like schooling and health care. That’s why Liu and Tang couldn’t bring Huimei with them to Beijing. The hukou is a form of economic apartheid that creates a permanent underclass and prevents the population of China’s teeming cities from overflowing to unmanageable numbers. It is also a cleaver that cruelly separates families like the Lius for months on end. Liu and Tang hadn’t seen their teenage daughter for more than a year.

[apas-95]

Is there a story behind China's one child policy that makes it not as horrifying as western media claims?

The defining feature of China's development for the past 70 years has been the urban-rural divide. In order to develop a semi-feudal country with a very low industrial level into an industrialised, socialist nation, it was necessary to develop industrial centres. To 'organically' develop industrial centres would have taken many decades, if not centuries of continued impoverishment and starvation, so programs were put in place to accelerate the development of industry by preferentially supporting cities.

Programs like the 'urban-rural price scissors' placed price controls on agricultural products, which made food affordable for city-dwellers, at the direct expense of reducing the income of rural, agricultural areas. This hits on the heart of the issue - to preferentially develop industrial centres in order to support the rest of the country, the rest of the country must first take up the burden of supporting those centres. Either some get out of poverty *first*, or nobody gets out of poverty at all. The result being: a divide between urban and rural areas in their quality of life and prospects. In order to keep this system from falling apart, several other policies were needed to support it, such as the Hukou system, which controlled immigration within the country. The Hukou system differentiated between rural and urban residents, and restricted immigration to urban areas - because, given the urban-rural divide, everyone would rather just try to move to the cities, leaving the agricultural industry to collapse. The Hukou system (alongside being a piece in many other problems, like the 'one country two systems', etc) prevented this, and prevented the entire thing from collapsing. The 'one child policy' was another system supporting this mode of development. It applied principally to city-dwellers, to prevent the populations of cities expanding beyond the limited size the agricultural regions could support, and generally had no 'punishments' greater than a lack of government child-support, or even a fine, for those who still wanted additional children. Ethnic minorities, and rural residents, were granted additional children, with rural ethnic minorities getting double. It wasn't something anyone would love, but it served an important purpose.

I use the past-tense, here, because these systems have either already been phased out or are in the process of being phased out. The method of urban-rural price scissors as a method of development ran its course, and, ultimately, was exhausted - the negative aspects, of its underdevelopment of rural regions, began to overwhelm its positive aspects. So, it was replaced with the paradigm of 'Reform and Opening Up' around the 1980s. Urban-rural price scissors were removed (leading to protests by urban workers and intellectuals in the late '80s), and the Hukou system, along with the 'one child policy', were and are being slowly eased out as lessening inequality between the urban and rural areas make them unnecessary. Under the new system, the driver of development was no longer at the expense of rural regions, but was carried out through the internal market and external capital. The development paradigm of Reform and Opening Up worked to resolved some contradictions, in the form of the urban-rural divide, and created some of its own, in the form of internal wealth divisions within the cities. Through it, over 800 million people were lifted out of extreme poverty - almost all of them being in rural areas - and extreme poverty was completely abolished within China. 'Extreme poverty' can be a difficult thing for westerners to grasp, wherein poverty means not paying rent on time, but to illustrate - many of the last holdout regions of extreme poverty were originally guerrilla base areas, impassable regions of mountainside which were long hikes away from schools or hospitals, wherein entire villages were living in conditions not dissimilar to their feudal state a century before. These villages were, when possible, given infrastructure and a meaningful local industry accounting their environment and tradition (like growing a certain type of mountainous fruit), or entirely relocated to free government-built housing lower down the mountain that was theirs to own. These were the people the 'one child policy' was aiding, by reducing the urban population they had to support. Again, there were exemptions for rural and ethnic minority populations to the policy.

Even now, Reform and Opening Up is running its course. Its own negative aspects, such as urban wealth inequality, are beginning to overcome its positive aspects. So, the new paradigm is 'Common Prosperity', which will work to resolve the past system's contradictions, and surely introduce its own contradictions in the form of chafing against the national bourgeoisie, as it increases state control and ownership of industry, and furthers a reintroduced collectivisation. Organising a nation of well over a billion people is not simple. It is not done based on soundbytes and on picking apart policies in the abstract for how 'dystopian' they sound. It is an exceedingly complex and interconnected process based on a dialectical, material analysis of things; not a utopian, idealist one. What matters is this: those 800,000,000 people now freed from absolute poverty. The things necessary to achieve that were, unquestionably, good things - because they achieved that. They had their negative aspects, as does everything that exists, but they were unquestionably correct and progressive things.

[stumpyjoepete]

A canal that irrigates a big chunk of Shaanxi province to the north of Xi'an was built ~2300 years ago as part of a ridiculous scheme to sabotage the state of Qin. Tactical fucking hydrology:

But [the state of] Han heard that [the state of] Qin was fond of embarking on enterprises, so with the intention of causing its energies to be dissipated and in order to prevent it from making an attack to the east, it accordingly dispatched a water engineer named Zheng Guo to give controversial advice to Qin by making it excavate a canal from the Jing River west of Mount Zhong as far as Hukou, from where it was to go east along the Northern Mountains and flow into the Luo. It would be more than 300 li long, and the intention would be to use it to irrigate the fields. When it was half completed the true purpose was realized, and Qin intended to kill Zheng Guo, but Zheng Guo said: ‘At first I was acting in order to cause dissension, but when the canal is completed it will surely be a benefit to Qin.’ Qin thought this was true, so in the end had the progress on the canal continued. When the canal did make further progress, it was used to cause the stagnant waters to flow, and irrigate the salty land over an area of more than 40,000 qing, so that the harvest totalled one zhong per mou. Thereupon the area within the passes was turned into fertile but uncultivated land, and there were no calamitous years, and thus Qin became rich and strong, and in the end unified the feudal states. Because of this it was called the Zheng Guo Canal.

Everything in Chinese history seems like this. Improbably long ago, improbably large, and improbably tied up with stories from the warring states period or whatever.

[geoviki]

Jian Yi:  From black-listed baby to favored Jian grandson

A few months ago when the backstory of Jian Yi’s parents was unfolding, I ran across a small article that said in Sichuan, unwed mothers would now be allowed birth certificates for their child.  Which means that before 2023, these kids and those across China didn’t have birth certificates. 

Jian Yi’s mom was an unwed mom, so how would that affect him, I wondered?  That is, if he’s living in the China in the real world, and not the one that seems to have an abundance of very fair-haired natives living there.

So I poked around the internet, like you do, and learned a lot.  I thought I’d share.  Chinese readers already know these facts and consequences, which means they’ve figured out a lot about Jian Yi’s family.

Here’s the bullet list of important facts that were in effect when Jian Yi was born:

Three important documents are normally issued when a child is born in China:

               A birth permit

               A medical certificate of birth

               A hukou, or household registration

A soon-to-be-mom has to apply for a birth permit before the birth of a child in China.  This permit means that the state authorizes a birth. 

A marriage certificate is required to obtain a birth permit.

A new mom without a marriage certificate and a birth permit is illegally violating China’s family planning policies and is frequently fined.  She must also pay all birth medical expenses herself.

After a child is born, a medical certificate of birth is issued; it shows the baby’s age, relationships and nationality.  The father must give permission to be listed on the child’s birth certificate.

With the required birth permit and the medical certificate of birth, the parents register their baby for a hukou (adding the child to their household registration) in the local police station.

if the child is born out of wedlock, the parents can still get a hukou for the baby as long as they present the results of a paternity test to prove that the child belongs to both parents. 

If a single woman chooses to give birth alone, or if the father goes missing and can't complete the paternity test, then the baby can’t obtain a hukou.

Heihaizi or "black child" is a term for children who aren’t registered in the hukou.  Being excluded from the family register, they do not legally exist.  They can’t use most public services, such as education and health care, can’t inherit or buy property, don’t get insurance coverage for medical or social purposes, can’t collect financial aid or attend school unless financial penalties are paid.  These “black-listed children” are also denied many rights as adults. They can’t apply for government or other jobs, get married and start a family, or join the armed forces.

Local governments make the rules about granting hukous to children born to unmarried parents.

Jian Yi’s mom choosing to go it alone is a much bigger deal than I thought!  A woman in her position is expected to have an abortion, as her father insisted.  When she refuses, I think she expected to reunite with her lover and marry before the birth, solving the problem.

And then he dies.

(I’m pretty sure he’s dead, or else severely handicapped and unaware of anything.  A father would not knowingly subject a mother and child to such extreme punishment for being born out of wedlock)

But…

Jian Yi is in school.  He’s using hospital facilities.  So how did his mom overcome the stigma and get that all-important hukou after her own family disowned her?

I think the Jian family stepped up and had “a little talk” with the local authorities, who could grant the hukou given enough rea$on. 

It explains why Jian Yi’s mom is so familiar with the Jian side of the family, when she hadn’t even met anyone outside of her lover before he died.  She must have gone to them for help.  I wonder if we’ll see more of her back story and watch this play out?

Just one more thing...this:

...is a horrible thing to do to a child in any culture.

[eightyonekilograms]

Goddammit, I didn’t even notice it when I made that post, but thinking about it more… there totally will be a pan-ideological coalition calling for hukou in the United States pretty soon, won’t there. The leftists will want it to “stop white gentrifiers”, centrist NIMBYs will want it to try and keep anyone else from moving to their town and preserve the neighborhood character, and the NatCons will want it so they can BeneOpt and prevent their children from fleeing.

It’ll be everywhere on the various discourse spots by, say, 2025. You heard it here first.

[eleemosynecdoche]

I honestly can't believe I'm seeing people defend the hukou system as functional, good, and part of a coordinated and consistent plan since its beginning. Have any of these people interacted with someone from the mainland of the PRC on a casual level for more than five minutes?

[sifu-kisu]

How to change the hand shape and keep the strength, you must know the "mother of hand shapes" of Chen Style Tai Chi

Walong hand, also called Walong palm, is the basic hand shape of Chen style Tai Chi. It is named after the whole palm arching up in a ridge shape vertically. This hand shape can naturally lead to the smooth and reverse silk-winding changes of the tip joints during the boxing process, and is one of the sources of Tai Chi's silk-winding power. Therefore, the Walong hand is the mother of Tai Chi hand styles. Changing fists, palms, and hooks in the boxing frame are all based on this hand shape and the changes in silk wrapping, so that the hand shape can be changed and the strength can be continued.

Action description

Inside the palm, the fingertips of the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger lead the strength, extend forward and slightly upward, forming an anti-arch shape. Extend your thumb straight, and fully round the tiger's mouth so that the surface of your thumb and middle finger face each other.

Press the middle finger down slightly to match the thumb. The tip of the little finger is slightly raised to fully stretch the tendons from the hypothenar side of the forearm to the elbow.

Essentials and physical and mental feelings

Inside the palm, the fingertips of the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger lead the strength, extend forward and slightly upward, forming an anti-arch shape. Extend your thumb straight, and fully round the tiger's mouth so that the surface of your thumb and middle finger face each other. Press the middle finger down slightly to match the thumb. The tip of the little finger is slightly raised to fully stretch the tendons from the hypothenar side of the forearm to the elbow. On the basis of maintaining the essentials of the shape of the tile hand, relax the excess strength, that is, maintain the flexibility of the joints of the hand.

This hand pattern is not easy for beginners to do. So, why do you want to make such a hand shape?

When practicing Tai Chi, all parts are required to receive even force. As we all know, among the requirements for various parts of the body shape, there is a very important requirement, that is, "round crotch and open hips."

Round crotch and open hips are necessary to maintain the tension and toughness of the muscles around the crotch and hip joints. This requirement seems to be taken for granted by most people. However, when it comes to the essentials of the Walong Hand, many people think that it is unnecessary for the handle to become stiff.

Now we regard the joints, tendons, and muscles between the roots of each finger as small crotches and crotches. So, does the requirement of rounding the crotch and crotch also apply to the spaces between the fingers? Only when the hand shape is arched can the elastic connection of the root joints of each finger be reflected. The anti-arch angle of the other four fingers except the thumb is the key to extending this elasticity to each finger tip, which is also the key to delivering Qi and blood to the Shixuan acupoints on each finger tip.

Extending the thumb straight, and embracing the outside of the thumb and the outside of the little finger are the basis for maintaining the elastic opening of the Hukou acupoint; and the thumb cannot be opened backward, which also ensures that the energy path can extend smoothly to the tip of the thumb. The anti-tension of the four fingers is just like the cornices at the end of the brackets of ancient buildings. It is the anti-tension of the tip of the bow. Like the top of the head, it directs the imaginary changes in the whole body.

[probablyasocialecologist]

In the People’s Republic of China in the 1950s, the introduction of the hukou system of governmental household registration served as an internal bordering regime to bifurcate the national labor market by dividing the population into urban and rural residents, each with distinctly different entitlements. The temporary migration of rural surplus labor to the urban centers was controlled through this administrative system, channeling migrant peasants into certain lowwage sectors and without the accompanying benefits of urban hukou. C. Cindy Fan describes this as a de facto migrant labor regime, enabling “labor-intensive industrialization and urban development at low cost” to consolidate China’s socialist market economy.

Harsha Walia, Border and Rule: Global Migration, Capitalism, and the Rise of Racist Nationalism

[happyzyx]

231004 yixing weibo update: 🙏🙏🙏

[eng trans] thank you everyone for your enthusiastic support. (i saw a lot of beiker who arrived at the venue really early ㅠㅠ)

here to remind everyone

the temperature in foshen is relatively high during the festival.

the temperature in foshen will hit 35 degrees today.

take care of yourself. paid attention to avoid heatstroke and to cool down.

obey the security guards commands.

tips to prevent heatstroke:

1. rehydrate in a timely manner but avoid excessive consumption of beverages. drink plain water or lightly salted (sugary) water. avoid gulping down excessive amounts of water when thirsty.

2. wear a UV-blocking outfit, sun hat, sun umbrella, etc when outdoors. avoid direct sun exposure.

3. please prepare some heatstroke prevention medication. huaoxiang zhengqi shui is a type of tradicional chinese medicine, for example.

4. if you experience drowsiness, nausea, dry mouth, dizziness, chest tightness and shortness of breath, it could be early signs of heatstroke. immediately take a break, and drink some cooling water to lower down your body temperature.

5. if you suffer from heatstroke, immediately move to a shaded area to rest. rehydrate at the same time, drink slowly to avoid increased heartbeat. loosen your collar, tie, belt and other accessories. ensure good ventilation in your surroundings, take topical or oral heat relief medication, seek help or medical assistance from surrounding people or staff.

6. if anyone surrounding you is showing signs of heatstroke, immediately shift the person to a shaded area and ensure good ventilation, loosen up the clothes, use various methods to cool down, take medicine, press acupuncture points such as the ‘renzhong’ and ‘hukou’ to help the person regain consciousness, seek help from staff for medical assistance.

[argumate]

Zhengzhou, a city of over 12 million people, has become the first big Chinese city to end residency requirements known as the hukou in an attempt to stabilize the real estate market and attract talents from across the country, local authorities said.

a big step in the right direction! however,

Zhengzhou also plans to attract more domestic talent into the city by ending hukou restrictions. Henan province has lost more than 16.1 million workers to more developed provinces in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta areas as of November 2020, according to China Population Census Yearbook.

[memoriae-lectoris]

I met a girl, Li Xue, or “Snow,” who spends her days fruitlessly lobbying for the all-important hukou, or household registration, that authorities will not allow her because she is an out-of-plan second child. Her parents were laborers who couldn’t afford the birth fine. Without a hukou, she hasn’t been able to attend school, get proper medical treatment, or so much as apply for a library card. Without a hukou, Snow is a nonentity, without the ability to legally hold a job or get married. Any future children she might have might also be locked in this limbo. An estimated 13 million people share her predicament as an undocumented hei haizi, literally, “black child.”

Years later, I met a man who’d had an affair with his teenage coworker in the factory where they worked. She became pregnant, so he brought her to his village to have the baby. They couldn’t legally marry because she was underage, and their baby was born without a birth permit. Later, family-planning officials used this as a pretext to seize the child, who was sold into adoption. This man has now spent the last five years in search of the child, whom he believes is living in an Illinois suburb.

[apas-95]

Do you have any sources or counter arguments for what this person says about the Chinese hukou system? For the last few months I've been trying to learn more about contemporary China and I've found some really interesting things from you. I'm still reading the sources that this person provided but I'd really like to know what you think about it:

https://www.tumblr.com/notallmensheviks/743223705550897152/to-counteract-that-person-who-said-you-that-youre?source=share

I haven't read that post, so these aren't counter-arguments, but I've already made a post regarding the Hukou system:

[bookofjin]

Commanderies and States of Western Han, Part 2

Taiyuan

Taiyuan commandery太原郡, Qin set it up [in 247 BC]. Has a salt official at Jinyang晉陽. Belongs to Bing province并州. 169 863 households, 680 488 people. Has a House Horse official[a]. 21 counties:

[1]Jinyang晉陽, formerly in the Poetry Tang state唐國. King Cheng of Zhou wiped out Tang唐 and ennobled his younger brother Shuyu. Long Mountain龍山 is to the north-west. Has a salt official. The Jin River晉水 sets out form there, to the east it joins the Fen汾[b].

[2]Suiren葰人[c].

[3]Jiexiu界休, Mang called it Jiemei界美[d].

[4]Yuci榆次. Tushui district涂水鄉, Jin's Grandee Zhi Xuwu's town. Gengyang district梗陽鄉, Wei Wu's town. Mang called it Dayuanting大原亭[e].

[5]Zhongdu中都.

[6]Yuli于離, Mang called it Yuhe于合.

[7]Zishi茲氏, Mang called it Zitong茲同.

[8]Langmeng狼孟, Mang called it Langzhou狼調.

[9]Wu鄔, the Nine Marshes九澤 are to the north. This is Zhaoyuqi昭餘祁, the swamp of Bing province并州. Jin's Grandee Sima Mimou's town[f].

[10]Yu盂, Jin's Grandee Yu Nei's town.

[11]Pingtao平陶, Mang called it Duorang多穰.

[12]Fenyang汾陽, to the north are the mountains from where the Fen River汾水 sets out, to the south-west arriving at Fenyin汾陰 it joins the He河, passing through 2 commanderies, travelling 1 340 li, the irrigator of Ji province.

[13]Jingling京陵, Mang called it Zhicheng致城[g].

[14]Yangqu陽曲[h].

[15]Daling大陵, has an iron official. Mang called it Daning大寧.

[16]Yuanping原平

[17]Qi祁, Jin's Grandee Jia Xin's town. Mang called it Shi示.

[18]Shang'ai上艾. The Mianman River綿曼水 to the east arrives at Puwu蒲吾, and enters the Hutuo River虖池水[i].

[19]Lüsi慮虒[j].

[20]Yangyi陽邑, Mang called it Fanrang繁穰 .

[21]Guangwu廣武. Juzhu句注 and Jiawu Mountains賈屋山 are to the north.The Chief Commandant's seat. Mang called it Xinhuan信桓[k].

[a]Your Subject Zan says: “Han had the House Horse Stable家馬廄, one stable had ten thousand horses. At the time, since the border and outside had affairs, they allotted them to come and be here. The “House Horse” later changed name to Churning [dong挏] [milk] Horse.”

Shigu says: “ 挏 is pronounced dong動.”

[b]Your Subject Zan says: “Where is spoken of as Tang唐 is the present Hedong's河東 Yong'an永安, the distance to Jin is 400 li.”

Shigu says: “Zan's explanation is correct.”

[c]Ru Chun says: “Pronounced suǒ璅.”

Shigu says: “Also pronounced shān山 + guǎ寡.”

[Baxter & Sagart: 葰: not listed, shān山: (sr- + -ean A), guǎ寡: (k- + -wae B), (sr- + -wae B): no examples.]

[d]Shigu says: “休 pronounced xǔ許+ qiú虯.”

[Baxter & Sagart: xiū休: (x- + -juw A), xǔ許: (x- + -jo B), 虯: not listed.]

[e]Shigu says: “ 涂 pronounced tu塗. 梗 pronounced geng鯁.”

[f]Shigu says: “Pronounced yī一 + hù戶. Also pronounced yú於+ jù據.”

[Baxter & Sagart: 鄔: not listed, yī一: ('- + -jit D), hù戶: (h- + -u B). ('- + -u B): not listed.

Yú於: ('- + -jo A), jù據: (k- + -jo C), ('- + -jo C): not listed. 烏: (- + -u A).]

[g]Shigu says: “Precisely Jiujing九京.”

[h]Ying Shao says: “The He河 for 1 000 li is one curve, this must be on its sunny-side, and for that reason it was called Yangqu陽曲.”

Shigu says: “Emperor Wen of Sui, since his family name was Yang楊, hated the title of Yangqu陽曲, and therefore changed its county to be Yangzhi陽直, now then we have restored the old name for it.”

[i]Shigu says: “虖 pronounced hu呼. 池 pronounced tú徒 + hé何.”

[Baxter & Sagart: chí池: (dr- + -je A), tú徒: (d- + -u A), hé何: (h- + -a A). (d- + -a A): tuó (驒鼉紽沱)]

[j]Shigu says: “Pronounced Luyi廬夷.”

[k]Shigu says: “Jiawu Mountain is precisely of where the Historical Records states: “Count Xiang of Zhao went north to climb Xiawu夏屋."”

Shangdang

Shangdang commandery上黨郡, Qin set it up [in 247 BC?]. Belongs to Bing province并州. Has Shangdang Pass上黨關, Hukou Pass壺口關, Shixing Pass石研關, Tianjing Pass天井關[a]. 73 798 households, 337 766 people. 14 counties:

[1]Changzi長子, where was Zhou's Scribe Xin Jia's fief. Lugu Mountain鹿谷山, Zhuozhang River濁漳水 sets out form there, to the east arriving at Ye鄴, it enters the Qingzhang清漳[b].

[2]Zhunliu屯留, Sang Qin tells of of it: “Jiang River絳水 sets out from the south-west. To the east it enters the sea[c].

[3]Yuwu余吾.

[4]Tongdi銅鞮, has Shangsi Precinct上虒亭, Xiasi Settlement下虒聚[d].

[5]Zhan沾. Damin Valley大黽谷, Qingzhang River清漳水 sets out from there, to the north-east arriving at Yicheng邑成, it enters the Great He大河, passing through 5 commanderies, traveling 1 680 li. The stream of Ji province冀州[e].

[6]Nieshi涅氏, Nie River涅水[f].

[7]Xiangyuan襄垣. Mang called it Shangdangting上黨亭.

[8]Huguan壺關, has Yangchang Slope羊腸版. The Zhan River沾水 to the east arriving at Zhaoge朝歌, it enters the Qi淇[g].

[9]Xuanshi泫氏. Yang Valley楊谷, the Jue River絕水 sets out from there, to the south arriving at Yewang野王 it enters the Qin沁[h].

[10]Gaodu高都. Wan Valley莞谷, Dan River丹水 sets out from there, to the south-east it enters the Xuan River. Has Tianjing Pass天井關[i].

[11]Lu潞, formerly the Count of Lu's state潞子國.

[12]Yishi陭氏[j].

[13]Yang'e陽阿.

[14]Guyuan穀遠. Yangtou Mountain羊頭山 and Shimi Valley世靡谷. The Qin River沁水 sets out from there, to the south-east arriving at Xingyang滎陽 it enters the He河, passing through 3 commanderies, and travelling 970 li. Mang called it Gujin穀近[k].

[a]Shigu says: “研 is pronounced Xing形.”

[b]Shigu says: “Chang read as in the chang長 of long and short, in the present custom it has become the zhang長 of old and young. A mistake.”

[c]Shigu says: “ 屯 pronounced zhun純.

[d]Shigu says: “虒 pronounced si斯.”

[e]Ying Shao says: “Zhan River 沾水 sets out from Hu Pass壺關.”

Shigu says: “沾 is pronounced ta他 + jian兼.”

[Baxter & Sagart: zhān沾: (tr- + -jem A), tā他: (th- + -a A), jiān兼: (k- + -em A). (th- + -em A): tiān 添.]

[f]Shigu says: “Nie River涅水 sets out from there, and for that reason used it to name the county. niè涅 pronounced nǎi乃 + jié結.”

[Baxter & Sagart: 涅: not listed, nǎi乃: (n- + -oj B), jié結: (k- + -et D). (n- + -et D): not listed.]

[g]Ying Shao says: “The Marquis of Li's state黎侯國 is the present Li Precinct黎亭.”

[h]Ying Shao says: “The Classics of Mountains and Seas: from where the Xuan River泫水 sets out.”

Shigu says: “泫 pronounced gōng工 + xuán玄)

[Baxter & Sagart: 泫: not listed, gōng工: (k- + -uwng A), xuán玄: (h- + -wen A). (k- + -wen A): not listed.

[i]Shigu says: “ 莞 pronounced wan丸.”

[j]Shigu says: “pronounced yú於 + yì義.”

[Baxter & Sagart: 陭: not listed, yú於: ('- + -jo A), yì義: (ng- + -je C). ('- + -je C) not listed.]

[k]Shigu says: “Presently the Qin River沁水 enters the territory of Huai province's懷州 Wuzhi武陟 county to enter the He河. This states that it arrives at Xingyang滎陽, suspect the transmitted writings is faulty.”

Henei

Henei commandery河內郡. 1st Year of Emperor Gao [206 BC], it became Yin state殷國. 2nd Year [205 BC], changed the name. Mang called it Houdui後隊. Belongs to Sili司隸. 241 246 households, 1 067 097 people. 18 counties:

[1]Huai懷. Has a labour official. Mang called it Henei河內.

[2]Ji汲.

[3]Wude武德[a].

[4]Bo波[b].

[5]Shanyang山陽. Eastern Taihang Mountain東太行山 is to the north-west[c].

[6]Heyang河陽, Mang called it Heting河亭.

[7]Zhou州.

[8]Gong共, formerly a state. Bei Mountain北山, Qi River淇水 sets out from there, to the east arriving at Liyang黎陽 it joins the He河[d].

[9]Pinggao平皋[e].

[10]Zhaoge朝歌, where was Zhou紂's capital. Where was King Wu of Zhou's younger brother Kangshu's fief, changing the name to Wei衛. Mang called it Yage雅歌.

[11]Xiuwu脩武[f].

[12]Wen溫, formerly a state,Yixing己姓, where was Su Fensheng's fief.

[13]Yewang野王, Taihang Mountain太行 is to the north-west. Where Lord Yuan of Wei was abducted by Qin, moving from Puyang濮陽 to there. Mang called int Pingye平野[g].

[14]Huojia獲嘉, formerly Ji's汲 Xinzhong district新中鄉. When Emperor Wu travelled through it he changed the name.

[15]Zhi軹[h].

[16]Qinshui沁水[i].

[17]Longlü隆慮. The Guo River國水 to the north-east arrives at Xincheng信成 and joins the Zhangjia He張甲河, passing through 3 commanderies, travelling 1 840 li. Has an iron official[j].

[18]Tangyin蕩陰. Tang River蕩水 to the east arriving at Neihuang Marsh內黃澤. Xi Mountain西山, You River羑水 sets out from there, likewise arrives at Neihuang內黃 to join the pond. Has Youli City羑里城, where the Earl of the West was imprisoned[k].

[a]Meng Kang says: “When the First August toured the east, he set it up, himself considered the martial virtue [wude] that had settled Under Heaven.”

[b]Meng Kang says: “Presently has Chi City絺城, where Duke Wen of Jin obtained the bestowal.”

[c]Shigu says: “háng行 is pronounced hú胡 + láng郎.”

[Baxter & Sagart: háng行: (h- + -ang A), xíng行: (h- + -aeng A), hú胡: (h- + -u A), láng郎: (l- + -ang A). (h- + -ang A): háng行.]

[d]Meng Kang says: “The Earl of Gong entered to be among the Three Excellencies.”

Shigu says: “共 is pronounced gong 恭.”

[e]Ying Shao says: “The Marquis of Xing邢 moved from Xiangguo襄國 to here. At the time of Duke Huan of Qi, the people of Wei衛 invaded Xing邢. Xing邢 shifted to Yiyi夷儀, its territory belonged to Jin, and they titled it Xingqiu邢丘. Since it was on the high bank [gao皋] of the He河, and the lay of the land was flat [ping平] and even, they called it Pinggao平皋.”

Your Subject Zan says: “In the Transmittals of the Spring and Autumn, the people of the Di狄 invaded Xing邢, and Xing邢 shifted to Yiyi夷儀, they did not arrive here. Presently, west of Xiangguo襄國 there is a Yiyi City夷儀城, the distance to Xiangguo襄國 a hundred li. The xing here is the name of this hill [qiu丘], it is not the state.

Shigu says: “Ying's explanation is mistaken. When the Transmittals of Mister Zuo says: “The Marquis of Jin sent off a woman to Xingqiu邢丘,” it perhaps speaks of this, and that is all.

[f]Ying Shao says: “Where Jin first opened up Nanyang南陽 is the present Nanyang City南陽城. Qin changed it to be called Xiuwu脩武.”

Your Subject Zan says: “Book of Han Fei: “King Zhao of Qin went beyond Zhao's趙 Changping長平, and to the west invaded Xiuwu脩武.” At the time Qin had not yet united Under Heaven, but the name of Xiuwu脩武 had been for a long time.”

Shigu says: “Zan's explanation is correct.”

[g]Meng Kang says: “Formerly Xing state故邘, the present Yuting邘亭.”

Shigu says: “ háng行 is pronounced hú胡 + láng郎.”

[h]Meng Kang says: “Yuan District 原鄉 was besieged by Duke Wen of Jin.”

Shigu says: “Pronounced zhi只.”

[i]Shigu says: “qìn沁 is pronounced qiān千 + jìn浸.”

[Baxter & Sagart: 沁: not listed, qiān千: (tsh - -en A), 浸 not listed.”

[j]Ying Shao says: “Longlü Mountain隆慮山 is to the north. To avoid the Young Emperor's name, it was changed to be called Linlü林慮.”

Shigu says: “慮 is pronounced lu廬.”

[k]Shigu says: “ 蕩 is pronounced tang湯. yǒu羑 is pronounced yáng羊 + jiǔ九.”

[Baxter & Sagart: 羑: not listed, yáng羊: (y- + -jang A), jiǔ九: (k- + -juw B), (y- + -juw B): yǒu酉.]

Henan

Henan commandery河南郡, formerly Qin's Sanchuan commandery三川郡 [established in 249 BC]. Emperor Gao changed the name. Luoyang has 52 839 households. Mang changed it to Xinxiang信鄉 of Baozhong保忠. Belongs to Sili司隸. 276 444 households, 1 740 279 people. Has an iron office, a labour office. Ao granary is in Xingyang. 22 counties:

[1]Luoyang雒陽, the Duke of Zhou moved the people of Yin殷, this was Chengzhou成周. In the Spring and Autumn, 23rd Year of Duke Zhao of Lu [519 BC], Jin gathered the various lords at Diquan狄泉, using its territory as the city of Dachengzhou大成周, the residence of King Jing. Mang called it Yiyang宜陽[a].

[2]Xingyang滎陽, Bian River卞水 and Ping Pool馮池 are both to the south-west. Has Langdang Canal狼湯渠, the head accepts the Ji泲, to the south-east arriving at Chen陳 it enters the Ying潁, passing through 4 commanderies, travelling 780 li[b].

[3]Yanshi偃師. Shi District尸鄉, capital of Tang of Yin. Mang called it Shicheng師成[c].

[4]Jing京[d].

[5]Pingyin平陰[e].

[6]Zhongmou中牟. Putian Marsh圃田澤 is to the west, the swamp of Yu province豫州. Has Guanshu Town筦叔邑. Marquis Xian of Zhao moved from Geng耿 to here[f].

[7]Ping平, Mang called it Zhiping治平.

[8]Yangwu陽武, has the Bolang Sands博狼沙. Mang called it Yanghuan陽桓[g].

[9]Henan河南, formerly the territory of Jiaru郟鄏. King Wu of Zhou moved the Nine Tripods. The Duke of Zhou presented the Grand Peace. Encampment used as capital. This was the Royal City. Arriving at King Ping, he resided there[h].

[10]Goushi緱氏, Liu Settlement劉聚, Zhuo's Grandee Liuzi's town. Has the Transcendent of Yanshou City's Shrine延壽城仙人祠. Mang called it Zhongting中亭[i].

[11]Quan卷[j].

[12]Yuanwu原武, Mang called it Yuanhuan原桓.

[13]Gong鞏, the residence of Eastern Zhou.

[14]Gucheng穀成, in the Tribute of Yu, Chan River瀍水 sets out from the north of Qian Precinct㬱亭, and to the south-east enters the Luo雒[k].

[15]Gushi故市.

[16]Mi密, formerly a state. Has Dakui Mountain大騩山, Yi River潩水 sets out from it, to the south arriving at Linying臨潁 it joins the Ying潁[l].

[17]Xincheng新成, 4th Year of Emperor Hui [191 BC], set it up. Manzhong蠻中, formerly the Rong's Count of Man's State蠻子國.

[18]Kaifeng開封, Feng Pool逢池 is to the north-east. Some call it the Feng Marsh逢澤 of Song[m].

[19]Chenggao成皋, formerly Hulao虎牢. Some call it Zhi制[n].

[20]Yuanling苑陵. Mang called it Zuoting左亭.

[21]Liang梁. Danhu Settlement𢠸狐聚, Qin wiped out Western Zhou and moved its Lord to here. Yangren Sttlement陽人聚, Qin wiped out Eastern Zhou and moved its Lord here[o].

[22]Xinzheng新鄭. In the Poetry, the state of Zheng鄭國. Where was Duke Huan of Zheng's son Duke Wu's state. Later it was wiped out by Han韓. Han韓 moved from Pingyang平陽 to have it here[p].

[a]Shigu says: “Yu Huan states that Han's fire agent feared water, and for that reason they removed 水 from 洛 and added 隹. Following Mister Yu's explanation, Guangwu and afterwards changed it to be the 雒 character.

[b]Ying Shao says: “The former Guo state虢國 is the present Guo Precinct虢亭.”

Shigu says: “ 狼 is pronounced lang浪. 湯 is pronounced dang宕. Jǐ泲 is pronounced zǐ子 + lǐ禮, it was originally the character for the Ji River濟水.”

[Baxter & Sagart: jǐ泲: (ts- + -ej B), zǐ子: (ts- + -i B), lǐ禮: (l- + -ej B), (ts- + -ej B): 4 x jǐ.]

[c]Your Subject Zan says: “Tang resided at Bo亳, present Jiyin濟陰 county. Now Bo亳 has Tang's Tomb湯冢己氏, Jishi has Yiyin's Tomb伊尹冢, all are nearby each other.

Shigu says: “Zan's explanation is mistaken. Also similarly when Huangfu Mi states that Tang's capital was at Gushu 穀熟, affairs are equally not arranged. Liu Xiang states: “Tang had no burial place”, how would they obtain Tang's tomb!”

[d]Shigu says: “Just where Zheng's Gong Shuduan resided.”

[e]Ying Shao says: “Is south of Ping City平城, for that reason it is called Pingyin平陰.”

[f]Shigu says: “筦 is similar to guan管.”

[g]Shigu says: “狼 is pronounced lang浪.”

[h]Shigu says: “郟 is pronounced jia夾. 鄏 is pronounced ru辱.”

[i]Shigu says: “緱 is pronounced gōng工 + hóu侯.”

[Baxter & Sagart: 緱: not listed, gōng工: (k- + -uwng A), hóu侯: (h- + -uw A), (k- + -uw A): gōu x 4.]

[j]Shigu says: “Pronounced qù去 + quán權.”

[Baxter & Sagart: juàn卷: (k- jwen B), quán卷: (g- jwen A), qù去: (kh- + -jo B), quán權: (g- + -jwen A).]

[l]Ying Shao says: ““The people of Mi密 were disrespectful.” The state of the Mixu密須 clan's Ji姞 family.”

Your Subejct Zan says: “Mi密 was the state of the Ji姬 family, see the Shiben. Mixu密須 is the present Yinmi陰密 in Anding安定.”

Shigu says: “Ying and Zan's explanations are both mistaken. This Mi is precisely the one from the Spring and Autumn, 6th Year of Duke Xi's “Besieged Xinmi新密.” Perhaps it was in Zheng territory. And where of the Poetry states “The people of Mi密,” precisely where the Zuo Transmittals speaks of as “the drumming of Mixu密須, is Yinmi陰密 in Anding安定. 騩 is pronounced kui隗[?]. 潩is pronounced yì翼, and is also pronounced chāng昌 + lì力.”

[Baxter & Sagart: 潩: not listed, yì翼: (y- + -ik D), 昌: not listed, lì力: (l- ik D).]

[m]Your Subject Zan says: “In the Ancient Writings of Ji Commandery, King Hui of Liang issued out the swamps of Feng逢 and Ji忌 so as to bestow on the people. The present Junyi浚儀 has Feng Dam逢陂 and Ji Marsh忌澤.”

[n]Shigu says: “The Transmittals of Mu the Son of Heaven states: “The gentlemen of Qicui七萃 caught a beast, and immediately presented it to the Son of Heaven. The Son of Heaven reared it at Eastern Guo東虢, titling it as the Beast Pen獸牢.”

[Shigu has replaced the taboo character hu虎 [“tiger”] with 獸.]

[o]Ying Shao says: “The Zuo Transmittals says Qin defeated Liang梁. Liang梁 were the descendants of Boyi. They and Qin had similar ancestry.”

Your Subject Zan says: “Qin defeated Liang梁, and afterwards changed it to be called Xiayang夏陽, the present Xiayang夏陽 in Pingyi馮翊. This Liang梁 is Zhou's Xiaoyi小邑, as seen in the Spring and Autumn.”

Shigu says: “Zan's explanation is correct. 𢠸 is pronounced nǎi乃 + dàn旦.”

[Baxter & Sagart: 𢠸: not listed, nǎi乃: (n- + -oj B), dàn旦: (t- + -an C), (n- + -an C): nàn x 1.]

[p]Ying Shao says: “The Speeches of the States says: Duke Huan of Zheng became Zhou's Minister over the Masses. The royal house was about to be in chaos. He convey the treasure to give bribes for between Guo虢 and Hui會. When King You was defeated, Duke Huan died there. His son, Duke Wu, and King Ping moved east to Luoyi洛邑. Thereupon he invaded Gui虢 and Hui會, and annexed their land, and had his town here.”

Dong

Dong commandery東郡, Qin set it up. Mang called it Zhiting治亭. Belongs Yan province兗州. 401 297 households, 1 659 028 people. 22 counties:

[1]Puyang濮陽. Duke Cheng of Wei衛 moved from Chuqiu楚丘 to here. Formerly Diqiu帝丘. Zhuanxu's Hill顓頊虛. Mang called it Zhiting治亭[a].

[2]Panguan畔觀, Mang called it Guanzhi觀治[b].

[3]Liaocheng聊城.

[4]Dunqiu頓丘, Mang called it Shunqiu順丘[c].

[5]Fagan發干, Mang called it Jishun戢楯.

[6]Fan范, Mang called it Jianmu建睦.

[7]Chiping茬平, Mang called it Gongchong功崇[d].

[8]Dongwuyang東武陽, Yu regulated the Ta River漯水, to the north-east it arrives at Qiancheng千乘 to enter the sea, passing through 3 commanderies, travelling 1 020 li. Mang called it Wuchang武昌[e].

[9]Boping博平, Mang called it Jiamu加睦.

[10]Li黎, Mang called it Lizhi黎治[f].

[11]Qing清, Mang called it Qingshi清治[g].

[12]Dong'e東阿, seat of the Chief Commandant[h].

[13]Lihu離狐, Mang called it Ruihu瑞狐.

[14]Linyi臨邑, has Ji's Temple泲廟. Mang called it Guchengting穀城亭[i].

[15]Limiao利苗.

[16]Xuchang須昌, formerly Xuqu state須句國, the descendants of Dahao, the Feng family[j].

[17]Shouliang壽良, Chiyou's Shrine蚩尤祠 is to the north-west by the Ji泲. Has Qu City朐城[k].

[18]Lechang樂昌.

[19]Yangping陽平.

[20]Baima白馬.

[21]Nanyan南燕, Nanyan state南燕國, family name Ji姞, descendants of the Yellow Emperor[l].

[22]Linqiu廩丘.

[a]Ying Shao says: “The Pu River濮水 to the south enter Juye鉅野.”

Shigu says: “虛 is read as xu墟.”

[b]Ying Shao says: “Xia had Guanhu觀扈. Shizu altered the name to Wei state衛國, and used it to ennoble the descendants of Zhou.

Shigu says: “觀 is pronounced gōng工 + huàn喚.”

[Baxter & Sagart: guān觀: (k- wan A), guàn觀: (k- + -wan C), gōng工: (k- + -uwng A), huàn喚: not listed. Guangyun: 喚: 火貫切. Baxter & Sagart: guàn貫: (k- + -wan C)]

[c]Shigu says: “Used the hill [qiu] to name the county. A hill of 1 cheng is a “pause hill” [dunqiu][?], it is said one would pause once and then complete it. Some say that cheng is “layer”, and that it is a hill of a single layer.”

[d]Ying Shao says: “It is the flat land of Chi Mountain茬山.”

Shigu says: “Pronounced shì仕 + yí疑.”

[Baxter & Sagart: 茬: not listed, shì仕: (dzr- + -i B), yí疑: (ng- + -i A), (dzr- + -i A): not listed.]

[e]Ying Shao says: “On the sunny-side of Wu River武水.]

Shigu says: “漯 is pronounced tā它 + hé 合.]

[Baxter & Sagart: 漯: not listed, tā它: (th- + a A), gě合: (k- + op D), hé 合: (h- + -op D), (th- + -op D): not listed.

是。」

[f]Meng Kang says: “The Poetry's Marquis of Li's state黎侯國, the present Liyang黎陽.”

Your Subject Zan says: “Liyang黎陽 is in Wei commandery魏郡, it is not Li county黎縣.

Shigu says: “Zan's explanation is correct.”

[g]]Ying Shao says: “Emperor Zhang altered the name to Leping樂平.

[h]Ying Shao says: “Wei Town衛邑 is to the west. For that reason it is called “eastern” [dong].”

[i]Shigu says: “ 泲 is also a character for the Ji River濟水. Afterwards both were similar.”

[j]Shigu says: “句 is pronounced qu劬.”

[k]Ying Shao says: “Shizu's junior uncle was named Liang. For that reason it is called Shouzhang壽張.”

[l]Shigu says: “姞 is pronounced qí其 + yǐ乙.”]

[Baxter & Sagart: 姞: not listed, qí其: (g- + -i A), yǐ乙: ('- + -it D), (g- + -it D): jí 佶.]

Chenliu

Chenliu commandery陳留郡. Emperor Wu's 1st Year of Yuanshou [122 BC], set it up. Belongs to Yan province兗州. 296 284 households, 1 509 050 people. 17 counties:

[1]Chenliu陳留, The head of the Lu Canal River魯渠水 accepts the Langtang Canal狼湯渠, to the east arriving at Yangxia陽夏, it enters the Guo Canal渦渠[a].

[2]Xiaohuang小黃.

[3]Cheng'an成安.

[4]Ningling寧陵, Mang called it Kangshan康善[b].

[5]Yongqiu雍丘, formerly Qi state杞國. King Cheng of Zhou ennobled the descendant of Yu, Duke Donglou. Previously, in the time of Spring and Autumn, moved north-east of Lu魯. After 21 generations Duke Jian was wiped out by Chu.

[6]Suanzao酸棗.

[7]Donghun東昏, Mang called it Dongming東明.

[8]Xiangyi襄邑, has a clothes official. Mang called it Xiangping襄平[c].

[9]Waihuang外黃, seat of the Chief Commandant[d].

[10]Fengqiu封丘, the head of the Pu Canal River濮渠水 accepts the Ji泲, to the north-east arriving at Duguan都關, it enters the Yangli River羊里水, passing through 3 commanderies, travelling 630 li[e].

[11]Changluo長羅, a marquisate. Mang called it Huize惠澤.

[12]Weishi尉氏[f].

[13]Yan傿, Mang called it Shuntong順通[g].

[14]Changyuan長垣, Mang called it Changgu長固[h].

[15]Pingqiu平丘.

[16]Jiyang濟陽, Mang called it Jiqian濟前.

[17]Junyi浚儀, formerly Daliang大梁. King Hui of Wei moved from Anyi安邑 to here. The head of the Sui River睢水 accepts the Langtang River狼湯水, to the east arriving at Qulü取慮, it enters the Si泗, passing through 4 commanderies, travelling 1 360 li[i].

[a]Meng Kang says: “Liu留 was Zheng's Town鄭邑. Later it was annexed by Chen, and for that reason it is called Chenliu陳留.”

Your Subject Zan says: “Song likewise had a Liu留, the Liu留 in Pengcheng彭城. Liu留 belonged to Chen, and for that reason it was declared Chenliu陳留.”

Shigu says: “Zan's explanation is correct. 渦 is pronounced ge戈.

[b]Meng Kang says: “Formerly the Earl of Ge's State葛伯國, presently Ge District葛鄉.”

[c]Ying Shao says: “The Transmittals of Spring and Autumn says: “The host was at Xiangniu襄牛.” is this.

Shigu says: “Juan Cheng states that Xiangyi襄邑 was in the lands of Song. Originally it was Chengkuang's承匡 Xiangling District襄陵鄉. It is where Duke Xiang of Song was buried, and for that reason it was called Xiangling襄陵 [“Xiang's Mound”]. The First August of Qin considered Chengkuang承匡 low-lying and humid, and for that reason moved the county to Xiangling襄陵, speaking of it as Xiangyi襄邑 [“Xiang Town”]. 30 li west of the county is Chengkuang City承匡城. As such when Ying Shao explains it as being Xiangniu襄牛, he is mistaken.”

[d]Zhang Yan says: “Wei commandery魏郡 has Neihuang內黃 [“Inner Huang”], for that reason they added wai外[“Outer”].

Your Subject Zan says: “The county has Huang Ditch黃溝, for that reason they mister it[?].

Shigu says: “The Transmittals of Mister Zuo states: “Duke Hui defeated the Song host at Huang黃.” Du Yu considers that since east of Waihuang外黃縣 county, there is a Huang City黃城, it is precisely this land.”

[e]Meng Kang says: “The Transmittals of Spring and Autumn's “Defeated the Di at Changqiu長丘 is the present Di Ditch翟溝.”

[f]Ying Shao says: “Anciently, the prison officials were the Wei尉 clan [shi氏], Zheng's detached prison.”

Your Subject Zan says: “The town of Zheng's Grandee, Mister Wei's尉氏, for that reason they thereupon used it for the town.”

Shigu says: “Zheng's Grandee Mister Wei also was the official in charge of prisons, and for that reason it became the family name and that is all. Ying's explanation is correct.”

[g]Ying Shao says: “The Earl of Zheng vanquished Duan at Yan鄢.”

Shigu says: “ 鄢 is pronounced yan偃.”

[h]Meng Kang says: “The Spring and Autumn [era's] assembly at Kuang匡 was at present Kuang City匡城.”

[i]Ying Shao says: “King Hui of Wei moved from Anyi to here, and titled it as Liang梁.”

Shigu says: “Qulü 取慮 is the name of a county, it is pronounced qiulu秋廬. 取 is also pronounced qu趨.”

[delectablywaywardbeard-blog]

Lo spettacolo delle cascate Hukou in inverno: acqua cristallina, ghiaccio e arcobaleno

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