#labour doing everything it can to oppose this is imperative

[mccoalminer]

Why does it feel like we're constantly struggling against a huge step backwards in basic workers rights and protections?

Even putting the blatant disregard for working conditions aside: one of the biggest things uniting workers in these services is that they're all striking primarily not over pay but over conditions and funding: Across the board they're saying 'Even with a full workforce, it's impossible to provide a fit for purpose service.'

The answer to that isn't to sack workers?? There's already chronically not enough staff! How would any of these services cope with bulk firing their essential staff on top of the crippling pressures they're already facing.

There's no reason to propose a policy like this other than to accelerate the digging of public services' graves.

[casanova-lives]

Hi!! Do you have any book recommendations for someone new to marxism and want to become more educated in general. I apologize if you have links if your page i am on mobil and cant find any. I really lovd your blog and you are so well educated and you argue and explain your point so well. Lol anyway just wanted to say you are rly cool and thx for just being you. Hope you have a good day!

Im“I don’t have links on my page, I was meaning to make one.

There’s a million and one ways to go about it. I am going to try to start with a more ~neutral~ take and at the end add the books that are more pertinent to my politics.Start off with “Principles of Communism,” by Engels. It’s a short pamphlet in Q&A style that answers basic questions.

Move to The Communist Manifesto afterwards. Read it less as a guide, but more as a historical text. Much of it is applicable to today, some it is not

If you are brave enough to tackle Marx head on, then “Critique of the Gotha Program,” “Wage Labour and Capital,” “A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy,” and “The German Ideology,” are all good reads, but a bit difficult. “Capital” is the monster we should all try to take on at some point, but it’s ok if you can’t.

Don’t forget about Engels! “Socialism: Utopian and Scientific,” and “The Origin of Family, Private Property, and the State” are all good.

You don’t have to read all of these in order, or at once. Be sure to take breaks and read more lighthearted stuff as well.

Anyways, moving on. I usually like to say “read the bread book” (Conquest of Bread, by Petr Kropotkin) here because it’s important to have an understanding of anarchist politics as it is useful in order to critique some of the ways we may do things. as @commupissed said, “anarchism is a good political philosophy!!!! and even if you’re not an anarchist, using an anarchist lens to analyze your own politics is very useful for identifying unnecessary hierarchies and systems of violence”

Rosa Luxemburg’s “Reform or Revolution” is imperative for understanding Why we choose revolution.

Now, Lenin:

“State and Revolution,” “What is to be Done?,” and “Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism“ are foundational. 

From here, you can take a variety of paths, and I don’t want to unknowingly constrict you too much.

However, I recommend “On Practice and Contradiction,” by Mao. It’s easily digestible and a good read to drive in all the points of the previous texts.

Also, “Settlers,” by J. Sakai. While it is considered “The Third-Worldist Bible” it is still a very important text to understand how the US came to be such a dominant power, how it selectively forgets and remembers parts of its own history to make it seem good, and criticizing the old socialist groups, especially labour unions, of the US is very important to understanding why radical political organizations failed to fully organize the non-white working class. While I do not agree with some of its conclusions, it is still important to read it critically.Now for some of my personal likes:“Another View of Stalin,” by Ludo Martens. I have not finished it, but from what I gathered, it attempts to oppose many of the accusations leveled against him and the Soviet Union in general. Grover Furr is a similar author, and he also deserves a critical reading. While you shouldn’t take everything they say as gospel, it does show that much of what’s said and what’s taught are simply untrue and come from bourgeois sources, which have an incentive to spread untruths or take things out of context.

“Battle for China’s Past,” by Moba Gao, and “The Unknown Cultural Revolution,” by Dongping Han. Both lived through what is called “The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” so they offer personal insights.

“Road to Power,” by IV Stalin. I haven’t read it yet, but I had people recommend it to me. Thought I should add it here.

Finally, The Marxist-Leninist-Maoist Basic Course ( http://library.redspark.nu/Marxism-Leninism-Maoism_Basic_Course ): I like it because it’s an easily accessible breakdown of current Marxist theory and beliefs. Even if you don’t come from Leninism, it explains their ideas in a very easy to understand manner.Oh, one more short article called “Deep Green Maoism.” ( https://revolutionaryecology.wordpress.com/2014/01/17/deep-green-maoism/ ). While the article has faults, it is the beginning of thoughts on the contradiction between human society and nature, and I think there is a lot of potential there. It’s what got me to start calling myself a “Green Marxist.” Ecology has to be very close to the front of any political program.

[crayonlead2-blog]

Links 3/18/19

Patient readers, we just this instant switched on the codes for a new advertising vendor. A very much unintended and unexpected side effect is that some of you may be seeing video and other pop-ups. We were very clear in that these types of ads were not allowed. We are working to make them go away as fast as we can, because we know how much you hate them (and we do too)! –lambert

Update by Yves: The site seems to load faster with the new ads (the ads were what would slow down loading times), so once we get the popups sorted out (which thank God are appearing only on the landing page and so aren’t interfering with reading articles), this should be a net plus to readers once we get past transition issues.

Stonehenge-like monuments were home to giant pig feasts. Now, we know who was on the guest list Science

What’s the cost (in fish) between 1.5 and 3 degrees of warming? Anthropocene

Home Of Strategic Command And Some Of The USAF’s Most Prized Aircraft Is Flooding (Updated) The Drive

Radical plan to artificially cool Earth’s climate could be safe, study finds Grist

Fire Breaks Out At a Houston-Area Petrochemicals Terminal Bloomberg. Second in a week. Video:

The heat is deforming this metal storage tank. Some of the first responders are worried it will collapse. pic.twitter.com/Y3ZsjJ96zj

— Respectable Lawyer (@RespectableLaw) March 18, 2019

Leave the oil in the ground, and this doesn’t happen…

The Fed has exacerbated America’s new housing bubble FT

Churches are opening their doors to businesses in order to survive CBS

Some county treasurers have flouted Iowa gift law for years Bleeding Heartland

Corporations Are Co-Opting Right-To-Repair Wired

Brexit

What will it take to push May’s Brexit deal over the line FT. The arithmetic: “To overturn her 149-vote deficit, she would have to win over at least 75 MPs. The most plausible route starts with the DUP’s 10 MPs. If they backed her deal, then some 50 of the nearly 70 Tory Eurosceptics who voted against it last week may change sides. Then Mrs May would need a further 15 Labour MPs, in addition to the five Labour and former Labour MPs who backed her last week.”

Northern Ireland’s farmers urge DUP to back Brexit deal FT

Around 40 Tory Rebels Told Theresa May: We’ll Vote For Your Brexit Deal If You Quit Buzzfeed

Labour likely to back public vote on UK PM’s deal, says Corbyn Reuters

Brexit by July 1 unless UK votes in EU election: Document Politico

The Irish Backstop: Nothing has changed? It has actually (PDF) Lord Bew and Lord Trimble, Policy Exchange. Bew is a Professor of Irish Politics. Trimble is a former First Minister of Northern Ireland and a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. Well worth the clickthrough to read the entire PDF. Here is the final paragraph:

All of this suggests that a backstop that functions for more than a short period of time – and the DUP has indicated in Parliament that it could live with a short backstop – is likely to be an extremely unstable affair. If it does not negotiate a trade deal with the UK in the next year or so, the EU is also likely to become increasingly aware that the Protocol will give it nothing but grief as it gets sucked into the Northern Ireland quagmire. In this quagmire, the UK Government (which has the support of the majority of the population in Northern Ireland and which pays the subvention which subsidises the entire society), holds most of the cards.

Politico’s London Playbook calls their report “a ringing endorsement of the tweaks to the backstop agreed by Theresa May in Strasbourg this month.” Readers?

NORMAN LAMONT: History will never understand Tory MPs if they kill off Brexit Daily Mail

Brexit will mark the end of Britain’s role as a great power WaPo. Surely Suez did that?

Macron calls for ‘strong decisions’ after violent Yellow Jacket protests Politico

Among the Gilets Jaunes LRB

Syraqistan

Months after saying US will withdraw, now 1,000 troops in Syria to stay Jerusalem Post but US denies report it is leaving up to 1,000 troops in Syria Channel News Asia. And what about the mercs?

Saudi Crown Prince’s Brutal Drive to Crush Dissent Began Before Khashoggi NYT

A Palestinian Farmer Finds Dead Lambs in His Well. He Knows Who’s to Blame Haaretz

Algeria After Bouteflika Jacobin

North Korea

Investing in resource-rich North Korea seems like a good idea — but businesses find there’s a catch Los Angeles Times

Picking Up the Pieces After Hanoi Richard Haass, Project Syndicate

New Cold War

How ordinary Crimeans helped Russia annex their home Open Democracy

How Russia Gets To Build Its Most Controversial Pipeline Riddle

Trump Transition

The Pentagon’s Bottomless Money Pit Matt Taibbi, Rolling Stone. How are they gonna pay for it?

Government withholds 84-year-old woman’s social security, claims she owes thousands for college WISH-TV

737 Max

Flawed analysis, failed oversight: How Boeing, FAA certified the suspect 737 MAX flight control system Seattle Times

737 MAX disaster pushes Boeing into crisis mode Phys.org

Big Brother Is Watching You Watch

All the Crime, All the Time: How Citizen Works NYT

Global Mass Surveillance And How Facebook’s Private Army Is Militarizing Our Data Forbes

More Than a Data Dump Harpers. Why Julian Assange deserves First Amendment protection.

Democrats in Disarray

Establishment Democrats Are Undermining Medicare for All Truthout. As I kept saying with my midterms worksheets, the liberal Democrat leadership’s #1 priority is to prevent #MedicareForAll, and to that end they shifted the center of gravity of the electeds against it. Now we see this strategy born out in falling sponsorship numbers.

Even a Vacuous Mueller Report Won’t End ‘Russiagate’ Stephen Cohen, The Nation. “[T]he Democrats and their media are now operating on the Liberty Valance principle: When the facts are murky or nonexistent, ‘print the legend‘.”

Venture capitalist Steve Case spreading funding to Middle America with “Rise of the Rest” CBS

Class Warfare

What’s Wrong with Contemporary Capitalism? Angus Deaton, Project Syndicate

Bill McGlashan’s firing exposes hypocrisy in impact investing Felix Salmon, Axios

The College Admissions Ring Tells Us How Much Schoolwork Is Worth New York Magazine

How Parents Are Robbing Their Children of Adulthood NYT

‘Filth, mold, abuse’: report condemns state of California homeless shelters Guardian

Wall Street Has Been Unscathed by MeToo. Until Now. NYT

What the Hell Actually Happens to Money You Put in A Flexible Spending Account? Splinter

‘Super bloom’ shutdown: Lake Elsinore shuts access after crowds descend on poppy fields Los Angeles Times. “Desperate for social media attention, some visitors have trampled through the orange poppy fields, despite official signs warning against doing so.” Thanks, influencers!

Antidote du jour (via):

See yesterdays Links and Antidote du Jour here.

This entry was posted in Guest Post, Links on March 18, 2019 by Lambert Strether.

About Lambert Strether

Readers, I have had a correspondent characterize my views as realistic cynical. Let me briefly explain them. I believe in universal programs that provide concrete material benefits, especially to the working class. Medicare for All is the prime example, but tuition-free college and a Post Office Bank also fall under this heading. So do a Jobs Guarantee and a Debt Jubilee. Clearly, neither liberal Democrats nor conservative Republicans can deliver on such programs, because the two are different flavors of neoliberalism (“Because markets”). I don’t much care about the “ism” that delivers the benefits, although whichever one does have to put common humanity first, as opposed to markets. Could be a second FDR saving capitalism, democratic socialism leashing and collaring it, or communism razing it. I don’t much care, as long as the benefits are delivered. To me, the key issue — and this is why Medicare for All is always first with me — is the tens of thousands of excess “deaths from despair,” as described by the Case-Deaton study, and other recent studies. That enormous body count makes Medicare for All, at the very least, a moral and strategic imperative. And that level of suffering and organic damage makes the concerns of identity politics — even the worthy fight to help the refugees Bush, Obama, and Clinton’s wars created — bright shiny objects by comparison. Hence my frustration with the news flow — currently in my view the swirling intersection of two, separate Shock Doctrine campaigns, one by the Administration, and the other by out-of-power liberals and their allies in the State and in the press — a news flow that constantly forces me to focus on matters that I regard as of secondary importance to the excess deaths. What kind of political economy is it that halts or even reverses the increases in life expectancy that civilized societies have achieved? I am also very hopeful that the continuing destruction of both party establishments will open the space for voices supporting programs similar to those I have listed; let’s call such voices “the left.” Volatility creates opportunity, especially if the Democrat establishment, which puts markets first and opposes all such programs, isn’t allowed to get back into the saddle. Eyes on the prize! I love the tactical level, and secretly love even the horse race, since I’ve been blogging about it daily for fourteen years, but everything I write has this perspective at the back of it.

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Source: https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2019/03/links-3-18-19.html

[reimaginethecity]

What are the infrastructures that bodies interact with in public spaces?

I am trying to do a thing where I just keep my life as simple as possible, and don’t start over thinking every conceptual element that I bring into my analysis. To answer this question, I will simply look at infrastructures as an unloaded term, a purely functional term describing things/entities/bodies that provide a materiality and/or urban service. 

So what are the infrastructures present in public spaces in Maputo?

The main key infrastructure is obviously roads, as this is the thing that I was most directly interacting with in my daily mobilities, and with which other bodies also interact on a daily, mundane basis. It is an infrastructure you do not think about, and yet you do. Like bemoaning the daily ritual of traffic jams on the Marginal into and out of the city. Laughing at the people who think they’re better than everyone else and therefore are entitled to using the parking/emergency lane and parking lots as extra driving space. The wonder that they don’t take it further and just take over the sidewalk. People forget, or perhaps don’t understand, that the entrance to the city is in any case a bottleneck, and having to change from 3/4 lanes to 2 once you hit Gloria Mall is in any case going to slow you down. The design of 2 lanes all the way is there, but disrespected due to individual hubris and priorities. 

The Marginal can be broken down into various parts. The central divider with two driving lanes on either side, which contains lighting poles and serves as a walkway for pedestrians attempting to cross the flow of vehicles. The two lanes themselves, with an extra lane on the seaside for extra parking space (and as an emergency lane perhaps? Who knows what it’s original purpose was...). Then the sidewalks, aiming to be a walking esplanade reminiscent of old colonial towns or the Havana malecón. 

Sidewalks no longer take a primal role when you leave the Marginal. Turning inland at the level of the Maritimo as a pedestrian you become aware of your footwork, breaking the rhythms of unconscious walking. You have to negotiate varying qualities of sidewalk, or non-existent pedestrian spaces. You have to cross over occasionally to find a safe space to walk, or you stop caring and just walk in the accumulated sand banks on the side of the road, a sidewalk de fortune. By slowing down the cars and reducing their road space, sand acts as a friend of pedestrians. 

Extract from my 1st thesis concerning sand:

Sand is an ever-present element of living in Mozambique. You cannot really talk of ‘earth’ when you live so close to the coast (though there are some more classical agricultural lands around Xai-Xai, as an example). Everything is sand. As such, dealing with sand shapes a lot of daily dwelling practices. For a housewife, sand is the struggle of keeping it out of the house (especially when it has rained), and the constant routine of sweeping. It is also the decision to pour cement in their courtyard in order to reduce their housekeeping tasks, and make it cleaner for their children to play: this is sand in its ‘dirt’ expressive role. Children most commonly play in the street, and the sand is a good play- companion to avoid injuries. In the cova – a depression on the side of the neighbourhood that was created during the 2000 floods – the steep sandy sides are dug out to make hideouts, or used to have a makeshift zipline. Sand is the thing that washes away entire communities when there are floods. In public spaces such as the street or the sides of the main avenues (e.g. Julius Nyerere, where the slopes have been cemented over in order to prevent more erosion onto this key throughway in the city), concrete comes to replace sand, because sand is deemed too dangerous to leave be. But sand is also constructive, as it is an essential part of making concrete, and thus can never truly disappear from the assemblage, and continues to territorialise it, though playing a completely different role when combined with construction materials.

Sand, as a key material aspect of dwellers’ environment, mediates how they dwell and the strategies they adopt to improve their dwelling space. Refusing to deal with sand, for example, may lead to cementing up a plot, reducing the material roles that the ground may have (e.g. can no longer grow anything on it, reducing infiltration of water). The material role of sand as something that is considered ‘dirty’ is linked to its expressive role as undesirable; it becomes a sign of improvement to not have to deal with sand, or not interact directly with sand e.g. by cementing or putting a capulana in between the human and sand, or the imperative to use chinelas (flip-flops). This constant struggle between sand and dwellers is a sign of a conflicting relationship that still stabilises the assemblage in its constancy. 

Sand and water interact to re-shape the materiality of the assemblage during high-intensity (weather) events. The first thing I think about when someone says “water” in the context of Mozambique is floods. Floods and torrential rains. I remember as a child the absurd hilarity of seeing the Marginal and the Baixa flood with water after heavy rains, and the cars that would float by aimlessly, incapable of resisting the strength of the water; I did not realise the damage that these floods caused. 

Memo on 6/05

Formalised places attempt to be sterile; the sand is their biggest enemy, concrete the weapon to combat it, and cleaners the footsoldiers in the war.

The road on the south side of Kayalethu is sleek, but only because there is someone there with a wheelbarrow clearning out the trash and sand that naturally accumulate in its corners. 

The natural state of public spaces is thus messy, and maintaining it in a pristine, ‘modern’ state requires great amounts of labour. But labour is cheap. 

Trees of course are another important element of the Marginal, as an aesthetic element contributing to this beach vibe that the esplanade should take on, but also as a functional element providing shade and therefore a certain level of comfort for remaining for more extended periods of time in certain spaces of the Marginal. 

Trees are a very dominant entity in terms of how they are used within Casa Minha’s marketing of the neighbourhood: they fit within a discourse of ‘green neighbourhoods’, sustainability, and quality of life. Although they are a ‘natural’ non-human, they are heavily involved in human manipulation.

Casa Minha often mentions the trees as a key distinctive feature of the neighbourhood and thus as a selling point; it is true that the more luxurious or older neighbourhoods of Maputo, such as Sommerschield, have a lot of trees that remain from the colonial period, as opposed to the newer neighbourhoods that are distinctly more barren and in part due to this, hotter, and with less public spaces for socialising or economic activities.

In addition to this, they have very material effects on dwellers’ lives: they provide fruit (most common are papaya, mango, and lemon) and shade against the hot sun. As such, they are part of food practices and socialisation, two key sets of practices in the neighbourhood. Having access to fruit through the trees also supplements family incomes, and thus the trees are also integrated in the economic practices of dwellers. Trees are rooted in the private space – literally – but serve many public functions, and thus another example of the fluidity of public and private space. Trees perform a series of public services, such as providing shade, regulating the temperature in the neighbourhood, as well as the water management.

The beach (and bay), alongside trees, is another symbolic element of the Marginal landscape. I remember growing up in Maputo and driving past the beach every morning to go to school and marvelling at how pretty the morning light reflecting on the calm sea was. 

I realise now that I’m not sure how to proceed with this or finish it... 

[lukeweb97-blog]

Blog 2

Hello my friends in the tumblr sphere! This month, our Audience Studies class has given me some material to digest and I’ve got a little less to say about what I’ve learned and what I’ve seen than last month, but I’m still excited to share it with you. First, let’s talk about one of my favourite activities: improv comedy.

So, for those of you who don’t know, dramatic improvisation is a style of performance in which performers on stage ask for a suggestion from the audience like an object smaller than a breadbox or a non-geographical location. They then create a scene based off that suggestion completely off the top of their head. Though this has been labeled as a sub-genre of comedy akin to sketch comedy, it does not necessarily have to be funny. Now, the competitive team for Brock Improv was recently selecting including myself, and we have a summit coming up at Waterloo University. A few of us were on the team last year, and in rehearsal on Sunday, we were talking after a scene about some of the natures and philosophies in improv with some new people who don’t have too much experience with improv. One of the great balancing acts you have to master in improve is the balance between technique and fun.

On one hand, improv is pulling a narrative that people are going to care about out of thin air and in order to do that, you need to be listening to your fellow improvisers very carefully. You see, when a writer writes a story, they can write dialogue and blocking with the knowledge of larger narrative arcs and the ending to the story. Additionally, if they don’t like how a scene is going, they can go back and edit it to their liking. In improve, there is no editing process because everything said is being heard and seen by the audience in real time. Also, as the dialogue is playing out, the story is being written and none of the performers on stage know how the scene is going to end. Furthermore, if one performer has an idea of how to further the story, they need to communicate that idea to their fellow performers through their choices or offers in the scene. This quality communication is the most important part of a quality improve scene. This involves listening to your partners suggestions, but also being willing to let go of any preconceived notions of how the scene is going to go if an offer comes up that is contradictory to your potential arc. This of course, is dependent on effective communication and trying to guess what your fellow performers want from the scene, which comes with time and chemistry with your fellow performers, but also the reliance on tropes and stereotypes. This is why improv scenes often seem to have simple and unchallenging stories, because stereotypical stories are easily recognized and easily constructed. All these skills involve a massive amount of technique and experience, and seeing scenes like these are astonishing and seem tight as a drum.

On the other hand, if it’s a comedy improv show, it could be argued what people really want to see from you. It could be argued, that what is so great about tightly constructed scenes is that they demonstrate chemistry, but even more than that, people really want to see the performers having fun. Some of the best scenes I’ve ever seen have plots that go nowhere and corpsing (when a performer breaks character by laughing, etc.) galore but everyone, including the audience, was having fun. I want to see performers enjoying working with each other to break rules and embrace the medium and enthusiastically communing with each other to pull something out of nothing (I consider that pretty Godly). So when a well-constructed scene happens but there’s no fun or play, it feels like a drill. There’s a lot of talent and hard-work being exhibited, but they might as well have juggled or done magic or something.

That being said, scenes without talent or construction can seem isolating to the audience. Some of these masturbatory scenes are truly terrible; just long stretches of making each other laugh with inside jokes and meta-humour. Everyone’s funny with their friends, the construction and the talent is what distinguishes you from the audience. You need to earn their valuable attention.

As soon as I said this to my teammate, I couldn’t help but think of Dallas W. Smythe and Sut Jhally. You see, in Chapter 4 of the textbook, it explains that Jhally expands on Smythe’s notion of the audience as a commodity by saying that the audience is in fact a work force and the process of viewing is in fact labour: “Wihtout the labor of the audience to actually watch the advertising, [Jhally] reasoned, the very structure of commercial media was threatened … Jhally connected the act of watching commercials to a form of productive labor that generates economic value (and surplus value) of broadcasters, for which the audiences’ attention to advertisers then becomes part of the integral functioning of the commercial broadcasting system” (p. 82, 2013). In this definition, the act of watching something is labour and therefore has value.

So, to go back to improv, one of the main challenges is that because the scene is made up on the spot every night, the quality of the scene is subject to its circumstances and part of the labour of a good audience is to enter the show knowing it might not be very good but watching it anyways and hopefully rewarding them with a good scene later on. This is why it’s so imperative to work at making a tightly-knit scene. Their attention has value and if you’re just having fun with your friends, it arrogant to assume that you should have the power as a performer rather than someone else.

On an unrelated note, while I was reading chapter 6 in Sullivan, I came across something that intrigued me: the idea of the oppositional position in polysemy. What this means is that the meaning of a sign can be turned on its head and be used to mean something else. For example, in today’s secular society, the symbol of a cross could mean the oppressive evils of religion standing in the way of one’s freedom, as opposed to a serf in medieval Germany might see it as a symbol of his or her salvation from a world full of meaningless death and suffering. This got me thinking about the evolution of one of the most famous symbols of all time: the swastika.

So, the swastika shows up in artifacts from thousands of years back. Some historians suggest it was a symbol that mimicked “the movement of the sun through the sky” (“History of the Swastika”) and it means good luck in ancient Eastern religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism. In the nineteenth century, some German archeologists found swastikas in some ancient German and Turkish pottery and thus far-right nationalists parties adopted the symbol (because it reflected their belief that Germans were descended from the Aryan race). Of course, during and after the Second World War, it became universally associated with hate, cruelty and intolerance. When I was in elementary school, however, kids would draw swastikas into desks and on the door of the stall. They didn’t completely understand the historical weight that it contained, but they knew that that symbol made people uncomfortable, so they used it to seem edgy or dangerous. Within that timeline of about 150 years, we have this symbol standing for the sun, good luck, an alleged Aryan heritage, hatred and misguided disobedience, with each new connotation intertextually linked to the last.

Anyways, that’s all I have for this month, but stay tuned. I hope to be talking to you all again soon. Thanks

-          Luke

Works Cited

History of the Swastika. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007453

Sullivan, J. (2013). Media Audiences: Effects, users, institutions and power. Sage Publications Inc., New York, NY.

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