#like the specifics of the electron transport in plant photosynthesis

[problemeule]

finally fucking done with notes on the lab yeet

[permissiontobreathe]

Comprehensive Worldbuilding Post

Mirror Images: natural phenomena, visible since birth, visual representations of a person’s subconscious. How clearly you see them depending on how well you know the person as well as things like your own bias. People can’t interact with other people’s Mirror Images, but can offer them physical objects they can choose to interact with. Mirror Images cannot be controlled by the person they represent, only influenced as a reaction

Referred to as life magic because every living thing has at least a little magic working in its favor. (For plants, also depends on individual needs. Ex. Plant’s life magic might bend a little extra sunlight it’s way) Magic subtly gives boosts in areas people prioritize, gathers reserve through self care

Temp tattoo circuits, for things like public transport and access to certain buildings/room

Town Meara is from: Nemora. Cori is from nearby town, Winding Hill.

Common burials are tree pods and eternal reefs

Ceremony in memory hall nearby (subtle differences by region)

Forest kindergarten, interest led with base requirements and high student teacher ratio (nemora)

Typically enrolled in extracurriculars (sports, dance, music, horseback riding, etc.) instead of pre-k. Same learning content requirements and student teacher ratio, students groups by what disciplines they put emphasis on in the studies (winding hill)

College is more apply for certification in a certain field, must work in low level job in the same field at first, later can work whatever you’re qualified for while studying, subjects become more specific as you become more qualified

Independence: trial jobs, then file for independence or support

Most jobs have instructions for extenuating circumstances that include that minimum that needs to be done for the city to continue to run. When exceeds what the government has declared hot but still safe, only the necessities are taken care of and then people gather in public places, often bringing umbrellas for shade, big leafy plants, and cold treats. Same when it’s dangerously cold, but minimum necessities include ensuring the heaters, firewood, etc. is all set. As a counter to SAD, friends and family puts a big emphasis on being together through the long nights

In spring, fallen flowers are gathered by people throughout their normal routine and dropped off to be used as decorations for the spring dance

People usually restock their household herbs and spices for the year in fall, as well as yarn, thread, fabric, and paints

Fashion is a mix of modern and historical features

In cities, crops are grown underground

Each person, after starting school, can sign up for a room in an art building

Many communal living areas outside the home

Public parks for adults and seniors as well as children

Electricity from photosynthesis

Phones and other electronics are not made to be obsolete, are sold in parts so repairs can be made

[tomasorban]

Light, Color, Qi and Feng Shui

Understanding how light effects our lives begins with an understanding of the relationship between human qi and the electromagnetic spectrum that makes up the visible colors.

Life has evolved on this planet under the influence of our sun. So it is that our emotions, our mental states, and our health, are influenced by the colors found in sunlight. When photons of light strike matter, electrons are discharged, thus creating a current. In other words, the energy of light is converted into electrons on impact and "the frequency of radiation determines the energy of the electrons emitted,"  and consequently the quality of the qi we take in through color and light.

European medical researchers have discovered that pulsed and colored light focused on the iris of the eye will prompt both physical and emotional repair in the body. Light reaching the eye is converted into electrical signals that are transmitted by the optic nerve to the hypothalamus, which regulates all of our biological functions by controlling the nervous system and the endocrine system. "In addition, the hypothalamus controls most of the body's regulatory functions by monitoring light related information and sending it to the pineal, which then uses this information to cue other organs about light conditions in the environment."   In simpler terms, the pineal gland is a type of light regulator for the body, and since "wavelengths of light control the chemistry of the body,"  the various color changes we make in our home and working spaces by applying feng shui wisdom have a powerful affect on our emotions and sense of well-being through their physiological, psychological and hormonal impact.

In addition, the influence of light and color also may coincide with the taking in of another type of energy: the Qi of Heaven—the energy of the sun, moonlight, and the stars.

In Oriental medicine, we say that the human being is created when the Qi (energy) of Heaven and the Qi of Earth come together. I postulate that the Qi of Heaven continues to enter the formed human body through the pineal organ in the form of light.

Another entrance point for Qi of Heaven in the form of light is through the acupuncture point/meridian system of the body. Russian researchers have shown that light applied to the human skin penetrates between 2 and 30 mm, depending on the color spectrum or frequency of light used, and that it will travel beneath the surface of the skin. According to their findings, the meridians, which are the channels for qi, act like optical fibers in transferring light (photons) throughout the body. This would explain why blind people can "feel" colors and also why light travels beneath the surface of the skin even when body parts are twisted or bent. This transport of light through the meridian system dovetails with the ancient Chinese medical model and would explain the ability of light entering the body in this way to trigger healing at a cellular level. Each cell has transport tubes known as microtubules or "light pipes" which are of varying widths and lengths measured in nanometers that allow the movement of molecules and fluid in and out of the cell. As a further part of the light transport system that starts with the acupoints and meridians, these "microtubules…may act like fiber optic waveguides for the transmission of light waves through us." The light that travels from these energy pathways to the level of the cells may act as an aspect of qi that allows cells to communicate to each other the information that is important to the healing process; yet another important reason for attention to the use of balanced lighting in the feng shui applications in our homes and workplaces. To have health in the body there needs to be coherence to establish healthy cell communication.

Here is a very fundamental example of the "hidden" energies or qi behind feng shui for what is actually at work here is quantum physics. In quantum physics, subatomic particles are coherently linked by magnetic fields so they can communicate together, thus creating resonance. In addition to the quantum coherence involving cells and light, Dr. Fritz-Albert Popp discovered that we take in biophotons from the plant foods we eat. The better the quality of the qi or light in the food we take in that was absorbed during its growth, the more light we take in that was stored during photosynthesis.

Popp also discovered that the driving force behind our DNA was light. He found that DNA was one of the most essential stored sources of light and thus the one of the main sources of biophoton emissions. It was the master tuning fork of the body, using light frequencies to produce the blueprint for the human body and all living things. This is the case also at the fundamental level of light photons that Popp discovered in his experiments both cancer patients and those with multiple sclerosis (MS). There was a fundamental imbalance of light. In those with cancer, it was as if their light was going out. Frequencies were scrambled and cells had lost their connection with each other and other living things out in the world. In those with MS, it was as if they were drowning in too much light. Cells could not reject excess light to stay balanced as they would in a healthy state. This ability of human cells to produce bioluminescence or the giving off of light to stay balanced was actually measured by Popp in his experiments. He was able to show that eggs from free-range chickens raised under sunlight had taken in better qi or coherent light photons than those eggs produced by chickens raised under artificial lighting. He was able to measure the quality of all food using his bio-photon method. He discovered that 

"the healthiest food had the…most coherent intensity of light" and that "health was a state of perfect subatomic communication, and that ill health was a state where communication breaks down. In effect, we are ill when our light waves are out of synch. The work of Fritz-Albert Popp gives support to the great importance of light in feng shui balancing in our daily environments. His further experiments showed that we can take the photons of light from our surroundings (and especially living things in our surroundings), and "use the information from them to correct our own light" if it goes out of balance.

One of these ways would be the use of color as it is applied in feng shui. Another would be through eating the proper foods. The color of food tells us about the energetic signature (qi) of that food. It is Nature's way, through her beautiful colors, that we are drawn to what food energies our bodies need. "The color of food is key to the energy pattern of food and how its bimolecular nutrients will be bonded to specific cells and tissues in our bodies." Having awareness of the color of the foods we eat will lead us to consume the best foods for energy building in our bodies. More than two thousand years ago there was certainly much hidden wisdom in Hippocrates' admonishment: "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food." It is said that in addition to this, he practiced his healing in rooms painted in soothing colors to assist in his treatments.

Besides the use of color remedies in feng shui, color breathing can also enhance the healing process as well as maintain healthy balance in our bodies. Color breathing is one of the many qigong (chi kung) forms devised by the Chinese over thousands of years. Through the use of color breathing into the organs of the body, each organ benefits as well as all the functions that relate to the organ. The intent of this qigong practice is to absorb colors from nature into the organs that relate to them; from there the healing colored qi will spread throughout the entire body. It is a maxim that where the mind goes the qi follows, so a disciplined intention is necessary in this daily practice. One puts attention into the appropriate organ, then either visualizes the color of the organ from the Five Element Theory, or looks at the appropriate color in one's surroundings either in nature or in one's home or work environment that has been color balanced according to feng shui. Next, one visualizes inhaling that color into the appropriate organ. Liver is first and its color is green. Your intention fills the organ with the frequency of green nourishing energy, and as you exhale, this cleans out any toxic energy that has accumulated. This also helps ease any emotion of anger since this is the emotion associated with this organ. The green frequency qi will follow the meridian pathways and carry the healing energy throughout the body. The process is repeated with the other yin organs: spleen/yellow, heart/red, lungs/white, kidneys/blue. If you are unfamiliar with qigong, you may be skeptical about breathing in a color frequency. You need to suspend your judgment and keep an open mind. The proof is in the actual practice.

[juniperpublishers-agriculture]

Effect of Foliar Application of Zinc and Boron on Growth and Yield Components of Wheat-Juniper Publishers

A field experiment entitled “Effect of foliar application of Zinc and Boron on growth and yield components of wheat” was conducted at Bacha Khan Agricultural Research Farm (BARF), Bacha Khan University, Charsadda during the winter season 2015-16. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of foliar application of Zinc and Boron on growth and yield components of wheat. Treatments included zinc (as zinc sulfate 25g/L-1), boron (as boric acid 20g/L-1) and zinc plots boron (as zinc sulfate and boric acid 25 g/L-1 and 20g/L-1, respectively). Water spray and no spray were used as control. The experiment was planned according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of three replications. Seed was applied at the rate of 100kg ha-1. The recommended dose of NPK was applied at the rate of 60, 75 and 0kg ha-1 respectively. It was revealed from that the results of the experiments that foliar application of zinc + boron in wheat showed significant variation for all of the parameters recorded during the course of study except days to emergence. In case of interaction, maximum plant height (103cm), grains spike-1 (45), 1000 grains weight (37g), grain yield (5966.67kg ha-1), biological yield (19059kg ha-1) and harvest index (31.30%) were recorded with foliar application of zinc + boron. Maximum plant height (102cm), grains spiek-1 (44.6), 1000 grains weight (36g), grain yield (5743kg ha-1), biological yield (14707.7kg ha-1) and harvest index (39.06 %) were recorded with foliar application of zinc.

Keywords: Wheat; Zinc; Boron; Foliar

    Introduction

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a member of family gramineae. In Pakistan, wheat is used as a staple food. Wheat plays a major role in the world food trade. Wheat provides around 20% of protein and calories consumed around the world. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa it was grown on about 0.746 million hectares with annual production of 1.76 million tones. The average yield was 2359 kg ha-1 [1]. Wheat is the major source of plant-based human nutrition and a part of daily dietary need in one form or the other. A conservative estimate illustrates two and half times low yield in Pakistan than other wheat producing countries of the world including China, India, USA, Russia and France [2].

Micronutrients play a vital role in plant nutrition and plant production. Agricultural soils generally show deficiency in micronutrients such as zinc, boron, iron and copper. The deficiency may occur due to the low contents of micronutrients [3]. Wheat is known to respond to the application of several macro and micronutrients during its growing stages and results in enhanced output in terms of yield. Although micronutrients comprising zinc, copper, iron, manganese, boron, molybdenum and chlorine are required by plants in much smaller amounts, they are as essential as the major nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium etc. Arif [4] found that foliar application of micronutrients at tillering, jointing and booting stages help in improving yield of wheat. Foliar application is credited with the advantage of quick and efficient utilization of nutrients, eliminating losses through leaching, and fixation and helps in regulating the uptake of nutrients by plants [5]. The benefit of nutrients application on leaves is that it gets very quickly and directly to the leaf cells where they are utilized [6].

Boron is one of the seven essential micronutrients required for the normal growth of most of the cereal, fruit and vegetable crops. It also influences cell development and elongation [7]. Boron affects carbohydrates metabolism and plays a role in amino acid formation and synthesis of proteins [8]. Deficiency of boron can also cause reduction in crop yield and inferior crop quality. Boron is an essential plant food element, having a specific role in growth and development of plants.

Abbas [9] found that different Zn levels significantly affected spike length, number of spikelet spike-1, 1000-grains weight and straw yield. Habib [10] reported that Zn spray increased grain yield of wheat and its relevant traits. El-Ghamry [11] stated that foliar micronutrients (Boron and Zinc) gave the maximum mean values of all investigated yield parameters. Ali [12] stated that significant increase was recorded in number of spikes m-2 grains spike-1, 1000-grain weight, biological yield and grain yield for foliar application of Zinc and Boron as compared to both the control treatments. Zinc concentration of plants is also affected by organic matter, water situation, and texture of the soils [13]. The primary tasks of foliage are photosynthesis and the regulation of transpiration. Because of their structure, leaves can uptake nutrients under certain conditions and to a certain extent only [14]. The role of essential microelements Zinc was proved in forming of more than 200 enzymes [6]. Keeping in view the increasing demand of wheat worldwide, the present study was therefore carried out to investigate the effects of different foliar applications of Zn and B on growth and yield components of the wheat variety Pirsabak-2013.

    Materials and Methods

A field experiment entitled “Effect of foliar application of Zinc and Boron on growth and yield components of wheat” was conducted at Bacha Khan Agricultural Research Farm (BARF), Bacha Khan University, Charsadda during the winter season 2015- 16. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of foliar application of Zinc and Boron on growth and yield components of wheat. The experiment was planned according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of three replications, each replication having 5 plots. The variety Pirsabak-2013 was used as test variety. The net plot size was 5x1.8m2 with 5 rows. Plot to plot distance was 0.5m while replication to replication distance was kept 1m. Row to row distance was 30cm. Seed was applied at the rate of 100kg ha-1. The recommended dose of NPK was applied at the rate of 60, 75 and 0kg ha-1 respectively. Urea and DAP were used as sources of N and P respectively. Full dose of DAP was applied at the time of sowing. Half of Urea was applied at the time of sowing and the remaining half was applied after the first irrigation. Foliar spray of Zn, B and Zn + B was applied on February 18, 2016 i.e. at booting stage. All other agronomic practices were kept uniform for all the plots of the experiment.

Results and Discussion

Days to physiological maturity

Table 1 shows data for days to physiological maturity of wheat as affected by foliar application of Zinc and Boron. By analyzing the data statistically, it was revealed that days to maturity of wheat were significantly affected by foliar application of Zinc and Boron. Control plots took maximum days to maturity (165). Foliar application of zinc, boron and their combination resulted in minimum number of days. To maturity i.e. 159, 161 and 159 respectively. It is revealed that both zinc and boron application have maturity of the wheat crop. These results are in line with Khalili et al. [16].

Plant height (cm)

Data for effect of foliar application of Zinc and Boron on wheat is shown in Table 1

After statistical analysis of the data, it was revealed that plant height of wheat was significantly affected by foliar application of Zinc and Boron. Combined application of Zinc and Boron produced maximum plant height (103.33cm) while the control plots produced minimum plant height. Increase in plant height might be the involvement of micronutrients in different physiological processes like enzyme activation, electron transport, chlorophyll formation and stomatal regulation etc. which ultimately resulted in greater dry matter [16,17].

Grains spike-1

Grains spike-1 of wheat as affected by foliar application of zinc and boron is presented in Table 1. Analysis of the data showed that treatments significantly affected Grains spike-1 of the crop. Maximum grains spike-1 (45) were recorded in plots sprayed with combination of zinc and boron, while minimum Grains spike-1 (42.6) were recorded in plots without any spray. Increase in number of grains spike-1 might be due to foliar application due the involvement of B in pollen tube formation resulting in more seed settlement. Deficiency of B at reproductive stage may result in male sterility of wheat [18] leading to shorter anthers and nonfertility of many florets and ultimately poor grain set per ear [19- 21].

1000-grains weight (g)

Statistical analysis of the data showed significant effect of foliar application of Zn and B on 1000-grains weight of wheat (Table 2). Maximum 1000-grains weight (37g) was noted in plots which received foliar application of Zn + B while minimum 1000 grains weight (32g) was recorded in control plots. Increase in this attribute by foliar spray might be due to the involvement of the sprayed zinc and boron in enzyme activation, membrane integrity,chlorophyll formation, stomatal balance and starch utilization at early stages which enhanced accumulation of assimilate in the grains resulting in heavier grains of wheat at later stages. In conformity, Soylu et al. [22], Guenis et al. [20] and Hussian et al. [17] reported significant increase in 1000-grains weight of wheat with foliar application of micronutrients.

Grain yield (kg ha-1)

Table 2 shows data for grain yield of wheat as affected by foliar application of Zn and B. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the combine application of Zn and B produced maximum grain yield (5966.67kg ha-1) while minimum grain yield (4921.3kg ha-1) was recorded when no spray was used. Zinc and boron play a vital role in increasing grain yield of wheat because zinc and boron take place in many physiological process of plant such as chlorophyll formation, stomatal regulation, starch utilization which enhance grain yield of wheat [17]. Zinc also converts ammonia to nitrate in crops which contribute to yield [23].

Biological yield (kg ha-1)

Data regarding biological yield are presented in Table 2. The table shows that foliar application of Zn and B significantly affected biological yield. Maximum biological yield (19059.7kg ha-1) was obtained when Zn and B foliar application was used while minimum biological yield (12929.3kg ha-1) was recorded in plots with no spray. Application of micronutrients enhances physiological processes in plant, resulting in enhanced Growth and dry matter production [16,17]. As earlier reported in Table 2, application of zinc and boron resulted in higher plant heights which resulted in higher biological yield of the crop.

Harvest index (%)

Harvest index of wheat as affected by foliar application of zinc and boron is presented in Table 2. Analysis of data revealed that significant differences occurred on the harvest index (HI) due to difference treatments. Maximum harvest index was recorded in plots sprayed with zinc. However, this was not significantly difference from harvest index (29.72) was observed in plots with boron. This too was similar to harvest index (31.30) from plots sprayed with combination of zinc and boron. Foliar application of zinc and boron significantly affected harvest index of wheat. Maximum harvest index was recorded with zinc spray while minimum harvest index was observed with boron application. This might be due to better starch utilization resulting in more seed set and developing grains which increases the grain size. The result is in line with Gouis [24].

Conclusion

a. It was concluded from the results of the experiment that maximum grains spike-1 and 1000-grains weight were recorded for foliar application of Zn + B.

b. Similarly, biological yield and grain yield were also maximum with the application of Zn + B spray.

[emmagreen1220-blog]

New Post has been published on Biology Dictionary

New Post has been published on https://biologydictionary.net/heme/

Heme

Heme Definition

A heme is an organic, ring-shaped molecule. Due to its special structure, a heme is capable of holding, or “hosting” an iron molecule. A heme is made from 4 pyrroles, which are small pentagon-shaped molecules made from 4 carbons and 1 nitrogen. Four pyrroles together form a tetrapyrrole. If the tetrapyrrole has substitutions on the side chains which allow it to hold a metal ion, it is called a porphyrin. Thus, a heme is an iron-holding porphyrin.

The iron molecule in a heme is held in place by the balanced attractive forces of the four nitrogen molecules. The nitrogen molecules all point toward the inside of the larger ring they create. The double and single bonds which connect the pyrroles are arranged evenly, so that the electrons stay balanced and the entire molecule remains stable. This makes it an aromatic molecule. A heme molecule can be seen below.

Hemes are used for two known reasons: to carry oxygen and to transport or store electrons. In the above image, you can see how gaseous oxygen can reversibly bind to the heme complex. Organisms use the heme molecule, in complex with specially-shaped proteins, to transport oxygen and move electrons. These special proteins, like hemoglobin and myoglobin, are made to help the heme complex hold or release oxygen at the appropriate times.

Heme is named for the Greek derivative for “blood”, which is where it was first identified. The red color of blood is produced by the heme and iron ion interacting to absorb other colors and only reflect red. A somewhat different effect is seen in chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a porphyrin complex used in photosynthesis. Instead of iron, chlorophyll houses a magnesium ion, and chlorophyll has different side chains than a heme group. This produces the green color of plants, rather than the reds and purples of blood.

Heme Structure

Like all porphyrins, heme has a base structure of a large ring of four pyrroles. This base molecule, only seen rarely as an intermediate in nature, is called porphin. There are many different forms of heme, which correspond to the many functions it must serve in an organism. Specific proteins use the varying side chains to attach to, and they change the properties of the heme. However, the base structure is always the same. It is the tetrapyrrole shown below.

The numbers on the molecules indicate points in which the molecule may receive substitutions and be modified for a specific use. Differences in the side-chains attached to carbons 3, 8, and 18 constitute the difference between some of the most common heme groups. For instance, hemoglobin and myoglobin both carry Heme B. Heme B carries oxygen, and the proteins it is attached to help it release the oxygen at the appropriate time. Heme A, on the other hand, works in the electron transport chain as part of cytochrome c. This means that it is involved in transporting proteins and catalyzing reactions. The only difference between the two molecules are the side-chains attached at carbons 3 and 18. The side chain on carbon 8 remains the same.

Heme Function

Heme has two understood functions. It can bind gases, such as oxygen, and transport them throughout an organism. Special proteins then force the heme to release its oxygen at the appropriate time. A good example of a protein of this type is hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is found in all blood cells, attached to the cell membrane, exposing the heme group to the blood plasma. Thus, when the blood cells pass through the lungs, they bind up as much oxygen as the iron in the heme can handle.

The blood cells then travel to various parts of the body, such as the muscles. These cells are actively using up oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Carbon dioxide forms an acid in the blood plasma, lowering the pH of the blood. Like all proteins, hemoglobin reacts to changes in pH by changing shape. This change in shape forces the oxygen off of the heme complex, releasing the oxygen into the blood plasma. The oxygen diffuses into the muscle cells, where it is bound by myoglobin and transported to the mitochondria to be used. Myoglobin also has a heme group, but it operates in a different way so that oxygen remains bound until reaching the mitochondria.

The second function of hemes, holding electrons and facilitating reactions in the electron transport chain, occurs in all organisms. During oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondrial membrane, electrons must be passed down a series of reactions, which slowly extract their energy before depositing them in water and carbon dioxide. The energy gained is stored in the bonds of the molecule ATP, which most organisms use as a primary source of energy. The heme groups in these cytochromes are different than those in hemoglobin, for they have different functions and bind to different proteins.

Quiz

1. As mentioned in the article, heme is found in virtually all living organisms. What does this suggest about life on Earth? A. All life developed heme in a common ancestor B. Heme is an important primary food source C. Life on Earth is simple

Answer to Question #1

A is correct. All organisms have genes which create, distribute, and specialize heme to their purposes. However, it is anything but simple. The large variety of forms a heme can take has baffled scientists until recent decades as to their purpose and function. With advances in biochemistry and physics, it is becoming increasing clear that the heme derives its importance from its ability to harbor a metal ion.

2. What would happen if you replaced all of the myoglobin in an organism with hemoglobin? A. Nothing, the organism would still function properly B. The organism would not receive enough oxygen in the mitochondria, and die C. The organism would survive, but would be weak

Answer to Question #2

B is correct. Myoglobin is important because it does not release oxygen in the presence of carbon dioxide. This ensures that the oxygen is bound all the way to the mitochondria. Myoglobin is also specially evolved to work with the cellular machinery. Even if carbon dioxide had not created acid conditions, the hemoglobin could not be transported around the inside of the cell. The combination of both proteins employing heme in different ways allows oxygen to be transported through the various chemical conditions present in the body.

3. Loose heme can have a damaging effect on tissues. The iron ion in the heme is very reactive, and can create free radicals. These ions disrupt systems and stop cellular processes. Which of the following would cause excessive loose heme? A. Damage to the muscles B. Mutated enzymes responsible for processing heme C. Drinking too much coffee

Answer to Question #3

B is correct. This condition is known as porphyria, as heme is a type of porphyrin. It is a genetic condition in which the genes for heme enzymes are mutated. If heme cannot be processed properly, it builds up without being incorporated into proteins. The heme in muscles is already in protein. When your muscles are damaged, myoglobin is released, but the heme stays trapped inside.

References

Lodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C. A., Krieger, M., Scott, M. P., Bretscher, A., . . . Matsudaira, P. (2008). Molecular Cell Biology(6th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.

Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2008). Principles of Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.

Pough, F. H., Janis, C. M., & Heiser, J. B. (2009). Vertebrate Life. Boston: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.