#and the enzymes in fatty acid synthesis.......

[science-lover33]

🔬🌀Demystifying the Krebs Cycle: A Deep Dive into Cellular Respiration! 🌀🔬

Prepare for a thrilling journey into the heart of cellular metabolism! 🌟✨ Today, we unravel the intricacies of the Krebs Cycle, also known as the Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, a cornerstone of energy production in our cells. 💡🤯

The Krebs Cycle: Named after its discoverer, Sir Hans Krebs, this metabolic pathway occurs within the mitochondria and is a central hub in cellular respiration.

🔍Step 1: Acetyl-CoA Entry

Acetyl-CoA, derived from the breakdown of glucose or fatty acids, enters the cycle.

It combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, a six-carbon compound.

🔍Step 2: Isocitrate Formation

A rearrangement converts citrate into isocitrate.

The enzyme aconitase facilitates this transformation.

🔍Step 3: Alpha-Ketoglutarate Production

Isocitrate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation, shedding a CO2 molecule and yielding alpha-ketoglutarate.

NAD+ is reduced to NADH in this step.

🔍Step 4: Succinyl-CoA Synthesis

Alpha-ketoglutarate loses CO2 and acquires a CoA group to form succinyl-CoA.

Another NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

This step is catalyzed by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.

🔍Step 5: Succinate Formation

Succinyl-CoA releases CoA, becoming succinate.

A molecule of GTP (guanosine triphosphate) is generated as a high-energy phosphate bond.

Succinate dehydrogenase is pivotal, transferring electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC).

🔍Step 6: Fumarate Generation

Succinate is oxidized to fumarate with the help of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.

FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide) is formed and transfers electrons to the ETC.

🔍Step 7: Malate Formation

Fumarate undergoes hydration to form malate, catalyzed by fumarase.

🔍Step 8: Regeneration of Oxaloacetate

Malate is oxidized back to oxaloacetate.

NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

Oxaloacetate is ready to initiate another round of the Krebs Cycle.

The Krebs Cycle - an intricate dance of chemical transformations fueling the cellular machinery of life. 🕺💃 Dive deeper into cellular respiration, where molecules tango to generate ATP, our cellular energy currency!

📚References for In-Depth Exploration📚

Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., & Stryer, L. (2002). Biochemistry (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. Chapter 17.

Voet, D., Voet, J. G., & Pratt, C. W. (2008). Fundamentals of Biochemistry (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 17.

Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. Chapter 17.

[ashstfu]

thanku for tagging me @girlstressed :)💗

last song – back on 74 by jungle

favorite color – gray & black

last movie – renaissance: a film by beyoncé !!

last tv show – satc rewatch!

sweet/spicy/savory – spicy ;)

relationship status – eh

last thing i googled – which enzyme would be directly inhibited by a deficiency in fatty acid synthesis (lol)

current obsessions – spiced chai, edward hopper paintings, the local project on youtube, early morning pilates, belted trench coat & chunky loafers, work of anaïs nin, laughing w my friends ⭐

tagging: @cowgirlrising @swimmingblues @twoheadedfawnn @taceplantae @delusina @wvterways @andrew3garfield @filmdhorreur @new-november-moons @enigmasandepiphanies @legallybrunettedotcom <3

[girlactionfigure]

Immense pride, tinged with sadness. 

For those who would like to read the full list:

1908 MECHNIKOV, ELIE 

FOR THEIR WORK ON IMMUNITY

1908 EHRLICH, PAUL

FOR THEIR WORK ON IMMUNITY

1914 BARANY, ROBERT

FOR HIS WORK ON THE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS

1922 MEYERHOF, OTTO FRITZ 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF THE FIXED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONSUMPTION OF 

OXYGEN AND THE METABOLISM OF LACTIC ACID IN THE MUSCLE

1930 LANDSTEINER, KARL 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS

1936 LOEWI, OTTO 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES

1944 ERLANGER, JOSEPH 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO THE HIGHLY DIFFERENTIATED FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE NERVE FIBRES

1945 CHAIN, ERNST BORIS 

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF PENICILLIN AND ITS CURATIVE EFFECT IN VARIOUS INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1946 MULLER, HERMANN J. 

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF THE PRODUCTION OF MUTATIONS BY MEANS OF X-RAY IRRADIATION

1947 CORI, GERTY THERESA, RADNITZ 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE COURSE OF THE CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF GLYCOGEN

1950 REICHSTEIN, TADEUS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO THE HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX, THEIR STRUCTURE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

1952 WAKSMAN, SELMAN A. 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF STREPTOMYCIN, THE FIRST ANTIBIOTIC EFFECTIVE AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS

1953 LIPMANN, FRITZ ALBERT 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF CO-ENZYME A AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM

1953 KREBS, HANS ADOLF 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE

1958 LEDERBERG, JOSHUA 

FOR HIS DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC RECOMBINATION AND THE ORGANISATION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF BACTERIA

1959 KORNBERG, ARTHUR 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE MECHANISMS IN THE BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

1964 BLOCH, KONRAD 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE MECHANISM AND REGULATION OF THE CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACID METABOLISM

1965 JACOB, FRANCOIS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC CONTROL OF ENZYME AND VIRUS SYNTHESIS

1965 LWOFF, ANDRE

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC CONTROL OF ENZYME AND VIRUS SYNTHESIS

1967 WALD, GEORGE 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL VISUAL PROCESSES IN THE EYE

1968 NIRENBERG, MARSHALL W. 

FOR THEIR INTERPRETATION OF THE GENETIC CODE AND ITS FUNCTION IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

1969 LURIA, SALVADOR E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REPLICATION MECHANISM AND THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES

1970 KATZ, BERNARD

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE HUMORAL TRANSMITTERS IN THE NERVE TERMINALS AND THE MECHANISM

FOR THEIR STORAGE, RELEASE AND INACTIVATION

1970 AXELROD, JULIUS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE HUMORAL TRANSMITTERS IN THE NERVE TERMINALS AND THE MECHANISM

FOR THEIR STORAGE, RELEASE AND INACTIVATION

1972 EDELMAN, GERALD M. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODIES

1975 TEMIN, HOWARD M.

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TUMOR VIRUSES AND THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL

1975 BALTIMORE, DAVID 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TUMOR VIRUSES AND THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL

1976 BLUMBERG, BARUCH S. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING NEW MECHANISMS FOR THE ORIGIN AND DISSEMINATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1977 YALOW, ROSALYN 

FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS OF PEPTIDE HORMONES

1977 SCHALLY, ANDREW V. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE PEPTIDE HORMONE PRODUCTION OF THE BRAIN

1978 NATHANS, DANIEL 

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO PROBLEMS OF MOLECULAR GENETICS

1980 BENACERRAF, BARUJ 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETICALLY DETERMINED STRUCTURES ON THE CELL SURFACE THAT

REGULATE IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS

1984 MILSTEIN, CESAR 

FOR THEORIES CONCERNING THE SPECIFICITY IN DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE

PRINCIPLE FOR PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

1985 BROWN, MICHAEL S. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM

1985 GOLDSTEIN, JOSEPH L. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM

1986 COHEN, STANLEY 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF GROWTH FACTORS

1986 LEVI-MONTALCINI, RITA 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF GROWTH FACTORS

1988 ELION, GERTRUDE B. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES FOR DRUG TREATMENT

1989 VARMUS, HAROLD E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE CELLULAR ORIGIN OF RETROVIRAL ONCOGENES

1994 RODBELL, MARTIN 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF G-PROTEINS AND THE ROLE OF THESE PROTEINS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN CELLS

1994 GILMAN, ALFRED G. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF G-PROTEINS AND THE ROLE OF THESE PROTEINS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN CELLS

1997 PRUSINER, STANLEY B. 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF PRIONS - A NEW BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE OF INFECTION

1998 FURCHGOTT, ROBERT F. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING NITRIC OXIDE AS A SIGNALING MOLECULE IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

2000 GREENGARD, PAUL 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

2000 KANDEL, ERIC R. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

2002 BRENNER, SYDNEY 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC REGULATION OF ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

2002 HORVITZ, H. ROBERT 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC REGULATION OF ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

2004 AXEL, RICHARD

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF ODORANT RECEPTORS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM

2006 FIRE, ANDREW Z. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF RNA INTERFERENCE - GENE SILENCING BY DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA

2011 STEINMAN, RALPH M. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY

2011 BEUTLER, BRUCE A. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY

2013 SCHEKMAN, RANDY W.

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MACHINERY REGULATING VESICLE TRAFFIC, A MAJOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN OUR CELLS

2013 ROTHMAN, JAMES E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MACHINERY REGULATING VESICLE TRAFFIC, A MAJOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN OUR CELLS

2017 ROSBASH, MICHAEL

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

Likud Herut UK

[grimeclown]

Is b12 the new testosterone blocker?

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism.[2] It is one of eight B vitamins. It is required by animals, which use it as a cofactor in DNA synthesis, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.[3] It is important in the normal functioning of the nervous system via its role in the synthesis of myelin, and in the circulatory system in the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.[2][4] Plants do not need cobalamin and carry out the reactions with enzymes that are not dependent on it.[5]

[yesastradairy]

5 reasons why children should drink milk daily

5 reasons why children should drink milk daily

Within the framework of the celebration of World School Milk Day, a date established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) with the aim of promoting the habit of consuming this food and celebrating its benefits in children. school programs, specialists warn about the need to continue promoting its consumption in schoolchildren in our country, not only at breakfast, but also as an excellent alternative within the school snack, due to its high contribution of vitamins and nutrients, which favor its development and growth

                                             Cow milk in Chennai

And it is that despite the efforts, Chile has not managed to recover the low consumption of dairy products that it has presented in recent years, which is well below the minimum recommended by national and international health organizations, such as the WHO. This was also demonstrated by the National Food Consumption Survey (ENCA), which indicates that in our country 330 ml of dairy products are consumed per day, barely half of what is recommended by dietary guidelines. In addition, according to a study by INTA and Tetra Pak, children and young people only cover 40% of their calcium needs, which can cause growth problems in the child and affect bone health in the future and favor motor disability.                                      A2 Cow milk in Chennai

In children, a period characterized by accelerated growth and development, protein needs increase, so a high-quality protein source is needed, essential for the formation of muscles, bones and tissues, synthesis of hormones and enzymes, among other important functions. Hence, dairy products promote proper growth and development of children and adolescents. Milk is the most important source of calcium in the diet, and the consumption of calcium in the recommended amounts is ultimately related to the formation of healthy and strong muscles and bones." 5 benefits of drinking milk in children Milk is one of the most complete and healthy foods, and the ideal is for children to consume three glasses a day. Among its great benefits are: 1. Important source of nutrients Milk is an excellent source of vitamins and nutrients that help the growth and development of children. Thus, a glass of milk (200 ml) provides: 30% of the recommended daily dose of Calcium, a nutrient that helps form and maintain strong bones and teeth. In addition, it plays a role in nerve function, muscle contraction, blood clotting and wound healing, and the maintenance of normal blood pressure; 11% of the recommended daily dose of Potassium, necessary for the tone and contraction of muscles and which also regulates the balance of body fluids, helping to maintain normal blood pressure; 20% of the daily dose of Phosphorus, a nutrient that helps strengthen bones and generates energy in the cells of the body; 16% of the recommended daily dose of Proteins, that build and repair muscle tissue, form the structure of our cells and are a source of energy in intense exercise; 16% of the daily dose of Vitamin D, which promotes the absorption of Calcium and increases mineralization and bone density; 10% of the required daily amount of Vitamin A, which helps regulate cell development, maintain the integrity of the immune system, good vision and healthy skin; 12% of Vitamin B12, which helps rebuild red blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles and the nerve impulse that travels through the neurons; 24% of the recommended daily dose of Riboflavin or Vitamin B2 and 10% of the dose of Niacin, the latter important for the normal functioning of many enzymes and is related to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty acids.

                                              A2 Milk in Chennai 2. Avoid oral problems Milk, along with proper dental care, can help protect against dental diseases, such as cavities and gum problems. Casein (a milk protein) reduces the adhesion of caries-causing bacteria to tooth surfaces, while other whey proteins such as lactoferrin and lysozyme, along with antibodies also found in milk, can promote oral health through its strong antibacterial activities. 3. Helps to hydrate Milk contains electrolytes that help replace sodium lost through sweat and also, because it is made up largely of water, it helps to cool the body and maintain the balance between water and electrolytes. 4. Helps to sleep better Milk contains a series of components that provide the body with nutrients, which help to quickly fall asleep, as well as ensuring that it is deep throughout the night. Part of its compounds such as water, proteins, minerals, amino acids, carbohydrates, in addition to being easily assimilated by the human organism, play an important role in sleep regulation.

                                        A2 Cow Milk in Chennai 5. Helps strengthen bones Its high calcium content allows the development and strengthening of bones in children, avoiding future diseases such as Osteopenia and Osteoporosis, ensuring their normal growth and resistance.

[lupine-publishers-rrhoaj]

Lupine Publishers|Why to Not Rely on Nature?

       Lupine Publishers | Journal of Health Research and Reviews

Abstract

Metabolism is the process your body uses to make energy from the food you eat. Food is made up of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Chemicals in your digestive system (enzymes) break the food parts down into sugars and acids, your body’s fuel. Your body can use this fuel right away, or it can store the energy in your body tissues. If you have a metabolic disorder, something goes wrong with this process. Dyslipidemia is main etiological factor leading to develop coronary artery disease (CAD). Allopathic drugs used in cure of hyperlipidemia, have unwanted effects, so have poor compliance. Now a day’s nutraceuticals are getting popularity due to their moderate hypolipidemic actions with fewer adverse effects. Niacin or vitamin B-3 is used as hypolipidemic agent which increases HDL-cholesterol and decreases LDL-cholesterol, VLDL, TGs by different mechanisms. But its main adverse effects are flushing due to synthesis of Prostaglandin D-2 which has vasodilatory effect causing flushing. Cardamom is herb having hypolipidemic potential if used in specific concentration for long time. In this work we did try to compare these two medicines hypolipidemic effects. Study was single blind placebo-controlled conducted at Jinnah Hospital Lahore-Pakistan from July to November 2018. Seventy-five hyperlipidemic patients were selected and divided in three groups. Their base line lipid profile was determined at laboratory of the hospital. Patients were divided in three groups. Group-1 was on placebo therapy, Group-II was on Niacin 1.5 grams daily in divided doses, and Group-III was on Cardamom 1 gram daily in three divided doses. It was two months therapeutic design. At completion of therapeutic regimen after two months we measured all patient’s lipid profile. When results were compiled and pre and post treatment values were analyzed statistically, it was observed that both drugs hypolipidemic potential is different, although both have hypolipidemic characteristic, but Niacin is the best for treating Hyperlipidemia. For statistical analysis we used SPSS version 5.0 and paired ‘t’ test was applied to understand significant changes in two tested group’s lipid profile.

Introduction

Lipid metabolism disorders, such as Gaucher disease and Tay- Sachs disease, involve lipids. Lipids are fats or fat-like substances. They include oils, fatty acids, waxes, and cholesterol. If you have one of these disorders, you may not have enough enzymes to break down lipids. Or the enzymes may not work properly, and your body can’t convert the fats into energy. They cause a harmful amount of lipids to build up in your body. Over time, that can damage your cells and tissues, especially in the brain, peripheral nervous system, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Many of these disorders can be very serious, or sometimes even fatal. High LDL-cholesterol and low HDL-cholesterol in blood are cause of synthesis of atherosclerotic plaques which get deposited with inner endothelium of coronary arteries, leading to develop coronary artery disease (CAD) [1,2]. Hyperlipidemia either primary or secondary is challenge for scientists of 21st century due to this disease’s complications like coronary artery disease, Hypertension, Cardiac Arrhythmias, and Myocardial Infarction [3,4]. Hyperlipidemia causes LDL particle’s oxidation, which initiate formation of atherosclerotic plaques leading to development of coronary artery disease. From this single complication of Hyperlipidemia, all major heart diseases are developed leading to morbidity and mortality due to last lethal major heart disease Ventricular Fibrillation [5-8]. Hypolipidemic drugs commonly used include Statins, nicotinic acid, bile acid binding resins and fibric acids, but all have potential for low patient compliance due to wide range of side effects [9].

Niacin increases apolipoprotein A1 levels due to anti catabolic effects resulting in higher reverse cholesterol transport. It also inhibits HDL hepatic uptake, down-regulating production of the cholesterol ester transfer protein gene. Finally, it stimulates the ABC-A1 transporter in monocytes and macrophages and upregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ results in reverse cholesterol transport. It reduces secondary outcomes associated with atherosclerosis, such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, but increases high density lipoprotein cholesterol [10]. Despite the importance of other cardiovascular risk factors, high HDL was associated with fewer cardiovascular events independent of LDL reduction. Other effects include anti-thrombotic and vascular inflammation, improving endothelial function [11]. To get good drug-patient compliance many health-related modern researchers have started to put their haeling potential for developing alternatives drugs used in primary or secondary Hyperlipidemia. Cardamom or in urdu ILAICHI is one of the hypolipidemic herb, widely encouraged by cardiologists to be used for prevention of atherogenesis, and coronary artery disease [12]. Cardamum’s antioxident effect is well established in many research studies on medicinal herbs. This nutraceutical contains Flavenoids and Phenolic compounds which scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), reducing risk of developing CAD. Oral administration of cardamom extracts significantly reduced total cholesterol, highdensity lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, and very lowdensity lipoprotein and triglycerides in HL patients [13].

Patients & Method

Design: It was single blind placebo-controlled study conducted at GENERAL HOSPITAL Lahore from July to November 2018.

No of Patients: Seventy-five hyperlipidemic patients were selected and enrolled for the study. Written, already explained and approved consent was taken from all patients.

Inclusion Criteria: Inclusion criteria were age limit from 18 to 70 years of both gender male and female primary or secondary hyperlipidemic patients.

Exclusion Criteria: Patients suffering from any vital organ disease or their impaired functions were excluded from the study. Alcoholics, cigarette smokers and patients taking regular medicine for their any physical or mental disease were also excluded.

Grouping: Seventy-five patients were divided in three groups, comprising 25 patients in each group. Group-I was on placebo therapy. They were provided capsules containing grinded rice and mixed wheat. They were advised to take one capsule before meal, thrice daily for two months. Group-II patients were advised to take 1.5 grams of Niacin in three divided doses for the period of two months. Group-III were advised to take one-gram grinded green Cardamom powder mixed in black tea, thrice daily after each meal for the period of two months.

Methods Used: At start of study all patients’ blood pressure was recorded and kept in their personal file. Lipid profile of all patients was determined by Frei Dewald Method. Total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were main parameters we required for further calculation of change in these parameters. All patients were advised to visit clinic fortnightly for their follow up. After two months therapy their lipid profile was measured again by same Frei Dewald Method. Blood Pressure of all participants was again measured and compiled for further statistical analysis.

Statistical Analysis: Data were expressed as the mean ± SEM and paired “t” test was applied to determine statistical significance as the difference. A probability value of <0.05 was considered as non-significant and P<0.001 was considered as highly significant change in the results when pre and post-treatment values were compared

Results

Results are shown in Table 1 with detail and all parameter’s values and changes in these parameters are self-explanatory.

Table 1: Results of pre and post treatment values, measured in mg/dl (tc, ldl-c, hdl-c) & mm of hg (sbp, dbp).

Current Statistics: (Pakistan SUN Secretariat Report 2017-18, P&D Department)

Discussion

Nutraceuticals like vitamins, and nutritional substances like fruits, vegetables, and indian spices are getting popularity in medical research regarding their therapeutic characteristics. Vitamin B-3 or niacin, and Cardamum (illaichi) are well known nutraceuticals which have been proved to have hypolipidemic potential. Metabolic syndrome is cluster of complications in lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism in human body. Hyperlipidemia is main fraction and part of this complication. High plasma LDL particles are prone to be oxidized leading to synthesis of atherosclerotic plaques which deposit to endothelial wall of arteries including coronary arteries (CAD). To reduce high plasma fats can prevent individual from being vulnerable for development of CAD. In our results two months therapy with Niacin decreased total and LDL cholesterol 13.1 and 6.7 % respectively. Statistically decrease in total cholesterol is highly significant while change in LDL-cholesterol is significant biostatistically. These results match with results of study conducted by Capuzzi DM et al. [14] who agree with our results. They almost saw same changes in LP (lipid profile) of primary and secondary hyperlipidemic patients.

They mentioned effects of blood pressure which was nonsignificant when they analyzed pre and post treatment values in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Our results of change in HDL cholesterol also match with results of Alam K et al. [15] who proved 11% increase in HDL-cholesterol which is highly significant change in pre, and post treatment values of the parameter mentioned. Cantarella L et al. [16] proved significant change in systolic blood pressure of hyperlipidemic patients but non-significant effects on diastolic blood pressure. Goto T et al. [17] explained cause of flushing by using Niacin in hypolipidemic doses. They recommended titration of Niacin dose to improve patient drug compliance. Kawaguchi K et al. [18] did research on Cardamom and found phenolic compounds of this herb as antioxidant. They agree with many researcher’s idea or viewpoint that phenolics work as scavenger of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Mittal MK et al. [19] proved that hypolipidemic effects of any herb are not as potent as Statins or Niacin. They have encouraged researchers that active ingredients of medicinal herbs should carefully be extracted and utilized efficaciously when you could preserve all for long time. Our research study proved significant changes in total and LDL cholesterol in 24 hyperlipidemic patients, i.e. 7.2 mg/dl reduction in total cholesterol and 8.8 mg/dl decrease in LDL cholesterol. Changes in both parameters are biostatistically significant.

Almost same results were observed by Bruckert, Eric et al. [20] who again said and advised patient not totally to depend on medicinal herbs, for, it is difficult to treat the disease by monotherapy when they start to develop metabolic syndrome and its serious complications. Babu PV et al. [21] has described that too much active ingredients or chemical compounds present in herbal medicines made it (Cardamom) unpopular because unexpected effects may be observed by using large amount of grinded Cardamom. He warned individuals using large amount of drug may harm metabolic pathways of body, producing unexplained metabolites which can harm body tissues. NA Lokan et al. [22], Temokarr Y et al. [23] explained that there are remarkable number of medicinal herbs and other chemical compounds which scavenge ROS (reactive oxygen species) in human body, preventing development of CAD.

For more Lupine Publishers Research and Reviews on Healthcare Open Access Journal Articles: https://lupine-publishers-research.blogspot.com/

[palvichemical]

Some Important Facts About Manganese Sulfate

It is common knowledge that manganese sulphate monohydrate functions as a micronutrient in plants. The fact that it is essential to the process of photosynthesis makes it one of the most fascinating aspects of the molecule. Manganese sulphate is an essential component in the production of all plant-based products. The therapy of nutritional deficiencies frequently involves the use of manganese sulphate manufactured and supplied by one of the popular Manganese Sulphate exporters in Ecuador. The human body requires very minute amounts of the mineral known as manganese, which is classified as a trace element. It is necessary for the brain, the neurological system, and a good number of the enzyme systems in your body to operate normally because of this. Even while your pancreas, liver, kidneys, as well as bones, may store up to roughly 20 mg of manganese between them, you still need to obtain it from your diet in order to maintain healthy levels. The mineral manganese is regarded to be an essential nutrient and may be found in a variety of foods, particularly seeds and whole grains. It is also present, albeit in lower concentrations, in legumes, tea, leafy green vegetables, as well as nuts.

Uses:

The chemical known as manganese sulphate manufactured by the most reliable as well as one of the noted Manganese Sulphate suppliers in Ecuador - Palvi Chemicals, has a wide variety of applications. It is a chemical that is utilised in industry, and one of the most prevalent applications for it is in the agricultural sector.

●     Animal husbandry and farming both make use of Manganese Sulfate Monohydrate that contains more than 30%.

●     It plays a vital role in animal nutrition, hence included in animal feed.

●     The majority of the time, it is utilised in the production of ink and paint dryers.

●     It plays a role in the synthesis of synthetic fatty acid as a catalyst.

●     In addition to that, it is a necessary step in the manufacture of a manganese compound.

●     Electrolyzing the metallic form of manganese is one of its applications.

●     The colouring of manganese oxide is another application for manganese sulphate monohydrate.

●     During the process of creating paper, it is printed on and dyed using this substance, as it is utilised in the paper business.

●     It plays an important role in the production of porcelain as well as ceramic paint.

●     The pharmaceutical and nutritional supplement industries make use of it in the production of various medicinal medications and nutritional aids.

●     It is utilised in the production of a variety of agricultural chemicals, including fertilisers, herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides, amongst others.

●     As a fluid property modifier, it is utilised in applications such as foaming agents, coagulating agents, antifoaming agents, viscosity adjusters, dispersion agents, flotation agents, emulsifiers, and much more.

●     As a flavouring and colouring agent, it is utilised in the food industry as a component of additives.

●     It plays an important role in the production process as well as the treatment of metals.

●     Additionally, it is utilised in the production of non-metallic minerals and goods derived from minerals.

Is it Safe?

Because it is a poisonous chemical, manganese sulphate is typically regarded as a hazardous substance. Acute impacts on one's health can result from contact with this substance. The Material Safety Data Sheet for Manganese Sulfate states that it has the potential to cause severe infections in the eyes. If exposed to it over an extended period of time or repeatedly, it could cause organ damage. The effects of its toxicity on aquatic life are long-lasting as well. For the purpose of preventing any unintended consequences, it is essential to make sure that manganese sulphate is both properly stored and disposed of.

Manganese is an element that is produced specifically for use in agriculture. It plays an important role in a number of different metabolic processes, most notably in photosynthesis and as an antioxidant co-factor in enzymes. However, an excessive amount of this vitamin is detrimental to the health of plants. It would indicate that people can ingest up to 11 mg of manganese on a daily basis without any adverse effects. Or less than 9 mg per day is the maximum safe dosage for adolescents younger than 19 years old.

An individual who is healthy and has kidneys and a liver that are working properly should be able to excrete extra manganese from their diet. However, people who have diseases of the liver or kidneys need to exercise caution.

Importance of using Manganese Sulfate for Plants:

Agricultural manganese sulphate manufactured by one of the excellent as well as promising Manganese Sulphate exporters in Ecuador is crucial for numerous plant processes, including photosynthesis. Symptoms of manganese sulphate deficiency in plants include chlorosis of the leaves and stunted development. Yellow spots could be an indicator of iron deficiency in some cases. Even if the plants seem unaffected by the fertiliser, there is still a risk that they will be exposed to hazardous quantities of manganese. Toxic plants cause the elder leaves to develop reddish-brown patches and the tips and margins of the leaves to burn.

Verify first that your plant's manganese treatment is actually needed to compensate for the iron shortfall. Soil or plant amendments containing manganese sulphate should be used only if tests reveal a manganese deficit. Soil testing through your county extension service can reveal whether or not your plants need manganese treatment. You may proceed with the prescribed application of manganese sulphate once you have received the results of the tests. If you want to keep your tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, etc. healthy, you need to apply manganese sulphate manufactured and distributed by one of the most distinct Manganese Sulphate distributors in Ecuador once a month at least.

●     It helps in assimilating carbon dioxide in the process of photosynthesis.

●     It supports the process of synthesis of chlorophyll as well as nitrate

●     It helps in activating fat-forming enzymes.

●     It helps in forming carotene, ascorbic acid, as well as riboflavin.

●     It helps in transporting electrons during the process of photosynthesis.

●     It has a crucial involvement in the Hill Reaction during the process of photosynthesis.

Directions to Use Manganese Sulfate produced by one of the trustworthy Manganese Sulphate suppliers in Ecuador:

Like newborn infants, plants require constant attention. You should read the fertilizer's directions and follow all of the precautions listed on the packaging before beginning any project. Take all necessary precautions by wearing protective clothing and covering your hands and eyes before applying this fertiliser, and always remember to thoroughly wash your hands afterwards. Reducing the use of fungicides is facilitated by a rise in plant resistance to a wide range of diseases. Abiotic stress tolerance is enhanced by manganese, especially in times of drought and high temperatures. Manganese sulphate increases agricultural output dramatically. Seeds can be soaked, dressed, or sprayed directly on the leaf surface to apply.

Benefits of Manganese Sulphate in Humans:

1.  Improves Bone Health:

When paired with the nutrients copper, zinc, as well as calcium, bone mineral density can be supported by the trace element manganese. This is of critical significance in people of advanced age.

2.  Reduce Risk of Diseases:

The antioxidant enzyme known as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) contains manganese as an essential component as well as it is considered to be one of the most significant antioxidants in your body.

3.  Reduce Inflammation:

There is some evidence that taking manganese in conjunction with chondroitin as well as glucosamine can help alleviate the discomfort associated with osteoarthritis.

4.  Regulates Blood Sugar levels:

It would appear that manganese is involved in the process of controlling blood sugar. Animals suffering from deficiency of manganese may have glucose intolerance as compared to diabetes. However, the outcomes of studies conducted on humans are contradictory.

5.  Improves Metabolism:

Manganese is necessary for the activation of a large number of enzymes that are involved in the metabolic process. It is also involved in a wide variety of chemical activities that take place in your body.

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Typical and uncommon IBS symptoms

Irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS, affects 1 in 4 people, while more than 4 in 10 people have poor digestion or mild IBS, according to study. We are 40% more likely to have poor skin and hair, less energy, trouble concentrating, and high or overwhelming stress if we have mild or severe IBS.

Constipation, diarrhea, and insomnia are just a few of the symptoms that make up IBS, which also includes heart palpitations, muscular aches, and much more. In this post, we go through the causes of IBS, its typical and atypical symptoms, therapies, and the best IBS supplements many business listings.

What brings on IBS?

There are five typical reasons for IBS:

1 - Food sensitivity

Consumption-related food sensitivities cause a little amount of intestinal inflammation. The gut's healthy flora and the synthesis of digesting enzymes may be affected by this inflammation. Gas, bloating, cramping, constipation, and/or diarrhea may result from this.

2 - Inadequate digestive enzymes

For the appropriate digestion of food and nutrient absorption, digestive enzymes are crucial. Certain foods may not be effectively digested if there is a lack of digestive enzymes, which could lead to bacterial fermentation and the production of gas and bloating.

3 - Unbalances in the microbiome

Gut discomfort, gas, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea can all result from abnormalities in the amount of bacteria, yeast, or parasites in the body. In addition to nourishing the gut lining and promoting regular gut motility, probiotics also create short chain fatty acids and digesting enzymes.

4 - Serotonin levels that are out of equilibrium

Though serotonin is most commonly associated with being our "happy hormone," it has a variety of functions in the body, including regulating digestion. Constipation and diarrhea are both symptoms of too little or too much serotonin, respectively business listings.

5 - Weird intestinal motions

A range of factors, including age-related muscular diseases and sports injuries, can lead to anomalies in the nerve and muscle activity of the stomach, which can result in irregular intestinal motions.

7 Typical IBS Symptoms

The most typical signs of IBS to watch out for are as follows:

1 - Indigestion

This is a sign of excess intestinal yeast, food intolerances, or a low serotonin level.

2 - Diarrhea

This can be a sign of intestinal parasites and bad bacteria that are displacing beneficial bacteria. Intolerances to certain foods or an excess of serotonin may also be to blame.

3 - Gas and bloating

Food sensitivities, a lack of digestive enzymes or stomach acid can all contribute to gas, bloating, and digestive pain. Negative bacterial or yeast growth in the intestines is another potential cause.

4 - Cramping

Excess gas and a deficiency in probiotics are the usual culprits for this. The intestines may also become more sensitive to discomfort if there is low-grade inflammation there.

5 - The need to use the restroom immediately

This can also be caused by stomach nerves that are too sensitive, so it's not solely tied to diarrhea.

6. Nausea

A common sign of stomach distress is nausea. It could be brought on by a deficiency in digestive enzymes or by food sensitivities free business listings.

7. Depression and anxiety

Serotonin levels that are out of equilibrium are linked to depressed moods and anxiety. Since the stomach produces 90% of the serotonin in the brain, having a bad gut will have an impact on your mood.

Unusual IBS symptoms

Although uncommon, the following can all be signs of IBS caused by low serotonin levels:

1 - Sleeping problems and insomnia

Our mood and happiness, as well as how well we sleep, are all significantly influenced by serotonin. Melatonin, our sleep hormone, is created by our bodies from serotonin. Sleep problems might be a result of the same low serotonin levels that cause IBS. Our stress hormone, cortisol, is a major contributor to restless nights.

2 - Aching muscles

Serotonin also plays a role in how our muscles work, and low serotonin levels can make muscles ache. IBS brought on by low serotonin levels is frequently associated with a combination of muscle aches, depressed moods, and trouble sleeping.

3 - Palpitations in the chest

Anxiety, which in turn causes heart palpitations, can be brought on by low serotonin levels. However, low magnesium levels can also cause heart palpitations.

4 - Pain during menstruation and during sexual activity

A higher amount of menstruation pain is reported by many IBS sufferers. Because serotonin helps the body copes with pain and low levels may make you feel more pain, it is thought that this is caused by low serotonin levels. Intercourse that is unpleasant or uncomfortable can be caused by low-grade colon inflammation, bloating, and increased nerve sensitivity.

Treating IBS

You should see a doctor if you have persistent common or common IBS symptoms. There are a few self-help strategies to assist treat IBS if your doctor has ruled out any underlying causes.

1 - Food intolerances should be found and eliminated

One of the initial actions is to do this. The easiest approach to figure out which things your body doesn't like is to keep a food diary and go on a "Elimination Diet."

2 - Replace digestive enzymes

Another method to enhance digestion is to boost your body's natural production of enzymes by taking a digestive enzyme or probiotic supplement. Before you eat, consider the meal, chew each mouthful up to 30 times, and check to see if you're anxious.

3 - Detect and correct microbiome imbalances

To figure out what's happening in the gut, a test might be necessary. Simple changes to your diet, such as increasing the amount of fiber and reducing your intake of sugar and processed foods, can have a significant impact on your microbiome.

4 - Optimize your nutrient intake

With symptoms like poor energy and depression, taking additional supplements and eating a healthy, balanced diet can greatly help. Additionally, make sure to include protein and complex carbohydrates in each meal and snack you have.

Vitamins for IBS

Numerous dietary supplements are effective in treating IBS.

1 - Probiotics

For anyone with IBS, increasing the probiotic content of the stomach is crucial. A probiotic supplement can assist in redressing an imbalance even if you are unable to undergo a test to determine what bacteria are present in your gut.

2 - Turmeric and curcumin

The active component of turmeric, curcumin, reduces inflammation throughout the body, including any low-grade inflammation in the gut that might be causing the symptoms.

3 - Milk Thistle, Burdock, and Dandelion

Burdock, dandelion, and milk thistle can all encourage the creation of digestive fluids, which therefore aid in food digestion and breakdown. Any microbial abnormalities in the gut could be resolved by maintaining the proper quantity of digestive juices.

4 - Fennel seeds

A calming and anti-spasmodic action of fennel seeds on the digestive system. Fennel seed also increases the formation of digestive fluids and has anti-inflammatory qualities.

5 - Omega 3

A Vegan Omega 3 supplement is ideal to take in conjunction with probiotics since Omega 3 fats aid to reduce the amount of inflammation in the stomach. When there is inflammation, probiotics find it difficult to adhere to the gut wall; therefore, using omega 3 oil to reduce inflammation can boost the growth of probiotics in your stomach.

IBS can be extremely uncomfortable, and if untreated, it can have a number of negative side effects, such as nutrient deficiencies that result in low iron levels and low energy, as well as low moods, anxiety, and depression due to low serotonin. IBS can also cause dehydration from excessive diarrhea, and it can even cause excessive or rapid weight loss, so you should see a doctor as soon as possible.

To relieve IBS and enhance gut health, you can manage all of these symptoms and side effects by making dietary adjustments, enhancing your gut health, and, if necessary, selecting the right supplements.

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Allosteric Modulation of Metabolic Pathways: Implications for Metabolic Disorders

Allosteric modulation, a mechanism of enzyme regulation, plays a crucial role in metabolic pathways governing energy metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. In this article, we explore the significance of allosteric modulation in metabolic disorders and its potential for allosteric drug discovery.

Understanding Allosteric Modulation in Metabolic Pathways

Metabolic pathways involve a series of enzymatic reactions that regulate the conversion of substrates into products essential for cellular function. Allosteric modulation occurs when a molecule binds to a regulatory site on an enzyme, altering its activity and modulating the flux through metabolic pathways. This allosteric regulation allows cells to respond dynamically to changes in substrate availability, energy status, and metabolic demands.

Implications for Metabolic Disorders

Dysregulation of metabolic pathways can lead to metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Allosteric modulation of key enzymes in these pathways presents a promising approach for therapeutic intervention. By targeting allosteric sites, drugs can fine-tune metabolic flux, restore homeostasis, and mitigate the progression of metabolic disorders.

Allosteric Drug Discovery: Opportunities and Challenges

Allosteric drug discovery offers several advantages over traditional enzyme inhibition approaches. Allosteric modulators can achieve selective targeting of enzymes with minimal off-target effects, reducing the risk of adverse reactions. Additionally, allosteric modulators often exhibit greater potency, selectivity, and efficacy compared to orthosteric inhibitors. However, identifying allosteric sites and designing allosteric modulators pose significant challenges due to the complexity of protein structure and dynamics.

Key Enzymes and Targets in Metabolic Pathways

Several enzymes involved in metabolic pathways serve as potential targets for allosteric modulation. For example, enzymes regulating glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and lipolysis are critical for energy metabolism and substrate utilization. By modulating the activity of these enzymes allosterically, researchers can fine-tune metabolic flux and restore metabolic balance in diseased states.

Recent Advances in Allosteric Modulation Research

Recent research efforts have focused on identifying novel allosteric sites and developing allosteric modulators for metabolic targets. High-throughput screening, computational modeling, and structural biology techniques have facilitated the discovery of allosteric modulators with improved potency and selectivity. Additionally, advances in synthetic chemistry and drug design have enabled the optimization of allosteric modulators for clinical development.

Clinical Applications and Therapeutic Potential

Allosteric modulators targeting metabolic pathways hold promise for treating a wide range of metabolic disorders. In preclinical studies, allosteric modulators have demonstrated efficacy in improving glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profile in animal models of diabetes and obesity. Clinical trials are underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of allosteric modulators in human patients, with the potential to revolutionize the treatment of metabolic diseases.

Future Directions and Opportunities

As our understanding of allosteric modulation in metabolic pathways continues to advance, new opportunities for therapeutic intervention are likely to emerge. Future research efforts will focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of allosteric regulation, identifying allosteric sites in key metabolic enzymes, and optimizing allosteric modulators for clinical use. Collaborative initiatives between academia, industry, and regulatory agencies will be essential to accelerate the translation of allosteric drug discovery into clinical practice.

Conclusion

Allosteric modulation of metabolic pathways represents a promising approach for the treatment of metabolic disorders. By targeting allosteric sites on key metabolic enzymes, allosteric modulators can fine-tune metabolic flux, restore metabolic balance, and improve metabolic health. With continued research and development efforts in allosteric drug discovery, we are poised to unlock new therapeutic options for patients with metabolic diseases, offering hope for better outcomes and improved quality of life.

[hayat49]

Blood Sugar Defender - Supplements Health

Introduction

Balancing blood sugar levels is paramount for overall well-being. Supplements are increasingly recognized for their role in supporting blood sugar health, offering a range of benefits from enhancing insulin sensitivity to modulating glucose metabolism. This article delves into the realm of blood sugar defender supplements, exploring their types, mechanisms, and considerations for safe and effective use.

Understanding Blood Sugar Regulation

Maintaining blood sugar within a normal range is crucial for metabolic harmony. Various factors, from diet to physical activity, influence blood glucose levels.

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Types of Blood Sugar Defender Supplements

Herbal Supplements

Cinnamon Extract: Contains bioactive compounds that may enhance insulin sensitivity.

Berberine: A plant-derived compound known for its glucose metabolism benefits.

Gymnema Sylvestre: Supports blood sugar balance by influencing sugar absorption.

Vitamin and Mineral Supplements

Chromium: Plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Magnesium: Involved in glucose transport and insulin action.

Zinc: Essential for insulin synthesis and glucose regulation.

Amino Acids

Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA): Exhibits antioxidant properties and aids in glucose utilization.

L-Carnitine: Supports cellular energy production and may benefit blood sugar control.

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Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Rich in anti-inflammatory properties, omega-3 fatty acids contribute to overall metabolic health.

Mechanisms of Action

Blood sugar defender supplements exert their effects through various mechanisms:

Insulin Sensitivity Enhancement: Improving cells' response to insulin.

Glucose Metabolism Modulation: Regulating enzymes and pathways involved in glucose utilization.

Anti-inflammatory Effects: Mitigating inflammation associated with insulin resistance.

Scientific Research and Evidence

Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of blood sugar supplements in improving glycemic control and related parameters. However, individual responses may vary, and ongoing research is essential for comprehensive understanding.

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Dosage Guidelines and Usage Tips

Consult healthcare professionals for personalized dosage recommendations and optimal timing of supplement intake. Consistency and adherence to recommended guidelines are key for effective results.

Potential Side Effects and Risks

Consider potential interactions with medications and the possibility of allergic reactions. Monitoring for any adverse effects is essential when incorporating supplements into a health regimen.

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Consulting Healthcare Professionals

Seeking professional guidance ensures informed decision-making and safe integration of supplements into a holistic health plan. Healthcare providers can offer tailored recommendations based on individual health needs and goals.

Conclusion: Empowering Blood Sugar Health with Supplements

Blood sugar defender supplements offer valuable support in the journey toward optimal blood sugar health. By understanding the types of supplements available, their mechanisms of action, and guidance for usage, individuals can take proactive steps to enhance their well-being. Collaboration with healthcare professionals is instrumental in navigating the realm of blood sugar defender supplements effectively.

DISCLAIMER

There is an affiliate link of a best product in this article which may make some profit for me.

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Biochem exam today. Just discovered that I didn't know the enzymes for fatty acid synthesis and degradation as well as I should have. Uh oh.

[tutoroot]

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure?

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a crucial organelle found in eukaryotic cells responsible for various essential cellular functions. It plays a significant role in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification processes within the cell. In this blog, we will look at endoplasmic reticulum diagram, endoplasmic reticulum structure, and much more. 

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a vital organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification. Understanding the structure, functions, and types of ER is essential for comprehending cellular biology. In this article, we delve into the intricacies of the endoplasmic reticulum, breaking down complex concepts into easily digestible information. 

Endoplasmic Reticulum Diagram

The endoplasmic reticulum is a complex network of membranes that extend throughout the cell, consisting of both rough and smooth regions. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes on its surface, giving it a rough appearance, while the smooth ER lacks ribosomes, appearing smooth under the microscope. 

Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure

The endoplasmic reticulum has a highly dynamic structure,  

1. Membrane Composition

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is composed of a network of membranes that form flattened sacs (cisternae) and tubular structures throughout the eukaryotic cells’ cytoplasm. 

These membranes are made up of a phospholipid bilayer, which consists of phospholipid molecules arranged with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward. 

2. Membrane Proteins: 

Embedded within the phospholipid bilayer are various proteins that serve important functions. 

Some proteins act as channels or transporters, facilitating the movement of ions and molecules in and out of the ER. 

Other proteins are enzymes responsible for catalyzing specific biochemical reactions within the ER. 

3. Cholesterol Content: 

The ER membranes also contain cholesterol molecules, which help stabilize the membrane structure and maintain fluidity. 

Cholesterol is important for regulating membrane permeability and the function of membrane proteins. 

4. Smooth and Rough Regions: 

The ER is divided into two main regions based on its appearance and function: rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). 

The rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface, giving it a rough appearance, whereas the smooth ER lacks ribosomes, appearing smooth. 

5. Interconnection with Other Organelles: 

The ER is interconnected with other organelles like the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and nucleus through membrane contacts and vesicle transport. 

This interconnected network allows for the exchange of materials and signals between different cellular compartments. 

6. Role in Protein Synthesis: 

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is specialized for protein synthesis due to the presence of ribosomes on its surface. 

Ribosomes on the RER synthesize proteins based on genetic instructions received from the nucleus, and these proteins are then transported into the ER for processing and modification. 

7. Role in Lipid Synthesis and Metabolism: 

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in lipid synthesis, including the production of phospholipids and cholesterol. 

It also plays a role in lipid metabolism, such as the breakdown of fatty acids and the synthesis of steroid hormones. 

8. Dynamic Nature of ER Membranes: 

The ER membranes are highly dynamic, constantly undergoing fusion, fission, and remodeling to accommodate changes in cellular activities and metabolic demands. 

This dynamic nature allows the ER to adapt to various cellular functions and respond to external stimuli. 

The endoplasmic reticulum is a vital organelle that plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular function and health. Its intricate structure and diverse functions make it indispensable for the proper functioning of eukaryotic cells. 

This article explores the in-detail structure of the endoplasmic reticulum, focusing on its unique functions and its types. To delve deeper into these concepts, feel free to explore our blog section. For personalised online tuition, Tutoroot offers exceptional services. Our online biology tuition sessions are designed to clarify any doubts you may have about various concepts. Click here to schedule a FREE DEMO session. 

[vavaclasses]

Important Notes for NEET and Board Biology: Biomolecules Class 11

Introduction:

Biomolecules are the building blocks of life, essential for the structure, function, and regulation of cells and organisms. Understanding biomolecules is crucial for both NEET and board examinations in biology.

1. Carbohydrates:

Function: Provide energy and serve as structural components in cells.

Types: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose), disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose), polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose).

Examples: Glucose is the primary energy source for cells, while cellulose provides structural support in plant cell walls.

2. Proteins:

Function: Carry out various functions in cells, including enzyme catalysis, structural support, transport, and signaling.

Structure: Composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Types: Classified into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

Examples: Enzymes (e.g., amylase, catalase), structural proteins (e.g., collagen, keratin).

3. Lipids:

Function: Serve as energy storage molecules, form cellular membranes, and act as signaling molecules.

Types: Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids.

Examples: Fats and oils (triglycerides), phospholipids in cell membranes, cholesterol (a steroid).

4. Nucleic Acids:

Function: Store and transmit genetic information, as well as serve as templates for protein synthesis.

Types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

Structure: Composed of nucleotides, each consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Examples: DNA stores genetic information, while RNA is involved in protein synthesis (mRNA), protein assembly (rRNA), and carrying amino acids (tRNA).

5. Enzymes:

Function: Act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in cells.

Mechanism: Lower the activation energy required for reactions to occur.

Specificity: Highly specific to their substrates.

Examples: Amylase catalyzes the breakdown of starch into sugars, while catalase catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

Key Concepts to Remember:

Biomolecules exhibit structural diversity, allowing them to perform a wide range of functions in living organisms.

Understanding the structure and function of biomolecules is essential for understanding cellular processes and biochemical pathways.

Various factors, such as pH, temperature, and substrate concentration, can influence the activity of biomolecules.

Conclusion:

Biomolecules Class 11 biology are fundamental to life, playing crucial roles in maintaining the structure, function, and regulation of cells and organisms. A thorough understanding of biomolecules is essential for success in both NEET and board examinations in biology.

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Introduction Tropical SmoothieIngredients and DirectionsHealth Benefits of Tropical FruitsTips for the Perfect SmoothiePulse and blend Introduction Tropical Smoothie Greetings, explorers of taste and aficionados of healthful living! Today, we're whisking you away on a gustatory journey to the sun-drenched tropics with a concoction that's as rejuvenating for the spirit as it is for the body – our signature Tropical Smoothie Delight. Crafted for the discerning palate that yearns for a burst of exotic flavors, this smoothie is a symphony of vibrant fruits, each chosen for their lush profiles and nutrient-rich benefits. It's more than a mere beverage; it's a wellness escape in a glass. Ingredients and Directions Health Benefits of Tropical Fruits Boost Your Health with Every Sip Indulge in the lush flavors of the tropics while fueling your body with essential nutrients. Our Tropical Smoothie isn't just a treat for your taste buds; it's a powerhouse of health benefits. Here's what each fruit brings to the table: Pineapple: This tropical star is rich in vitamin C and manganese, essential for antioxidant defenses and enzyme function. Plus, the bromelain in pineapple can aid in digestion and reduce inflammation. Mango: Known as the 'king of fruits,' mango is loaded with vitamin A and folate. It promotes healthy skin and eyesight and contributes to DNA synthesis and repair. Banana: Bananas are an excellent source of potassium, which helps maintain normal blood pressure and heart function. They also offer a dose of energy-boosting carbohydrates and dietary fiber.By sipping on our Tropical Smoothie, you're not only treating yourself to a mini-vacation in a glass, but you're also supporting your immune system, aiding your digestion, and energizing your day. Tips for the Perfect Smoothie Master the Art of Smoothie Making Creating the perfect smoothie is an art that's easy to master with these pro tips. Whether you're a smoothie novice or a blending enthusiast, these suggestions will ensure your tropical concoction is flawless every time: Consistency Matters: To achieve that creamy, dreamy texture, start with frozen fruits. They give your smoothie a thick and frosty consistency without needing ice, which can water down the flavors. Layer Wisely: Begin by adding liquids to your blender first, followed by fresh fruits, and then frozen items on top. This helps the blender run more efficiently, giving you a smoother blend. Sweeten Smartly: If you prefer a sweeter smoothie without added sugars, consider including a touch of natural sweeteners like honey, agave nectar, or a pitted date. Nutrient Boost: Enhance your smoothie with extra nutrition by adding a handful of spinach or kale, a scoop of protein powder, or a spoonful of chia seeds for omega-3 fatty acids and fiber. By keeping these tips in mind, you'll elevate your smoothie experience and enjoy a perfect tropical blend that's as delightful as it is nutritious. Pulse and blend Pulse and blend until the mixture reaches the epitome of smoothness, a texture that promises to transport you to a hammock swaying under a cerulean sky. Pour this elixir of the islands into a chilled glass, garnish with a slice of pineapple or a sprig of mint, and close your eyes. With each sip, let the flavors carry you away to a place where the breeze is always warm, and the waters forever clear. In this moment, you're not just savoring a smoothie; you're indulging in a ritual of self-care and sensory delight. Our Tropical Smoothie Delight is more than a drink – it's a pause in your day that's as nourishing for the soul as it is for the body. So, dear readers, as you navigate the vibrant landscape of modern living, remember to treat yourself to these small oases of pleasure. Whether you're seeking a refreshing start to your morning, a midday tropical retreat, or a sweet, healthful capstone to your evening, our Tropical Smoothie Delight is here to enrich your journey.

Join us, savor, and let every sip be a step towards a more fulfilling life. After all, the essence of modern living is about finding joy and health in every corner – and sometimes, that corner is right in your glass. Cheers to your well-being! 🥥🍍🥭🌴

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What is Biotin and the Relations with Energy?

What is biotin and its usefulness for the body? Biotin, also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H, is a water-soluble B-vitamin that plays a critical role in various metabolic processes within the body. It acts as a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis, which is the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate…

[kanupriyakhanna]

Latest News And Updates On Nutrition During Pregnancy

The excitement of the arrival of a new family member is beyond words. Sometimes, moms-to-be feel anxious, especially in the end stages of gestation. As the due date approaches, first-time mothers wish to accelerate the process of labor naturally. Certain foods make the whole process easier and do not harm either mom or child.

Foods to induce labor naturally:

1. Spicy and tangy foods — Spicy foods, including Thai, Mexican, and Indian curries, are thought to trigger labor. Spicy meals boost the prostaglandins, which are known to cause uterine wall contractions when they are digested. Additionally, the active ingredient capsaicin found in peppers stimulates the womb and induces bowel movements.

2. Dates — Women who consume six dates per day in the month before their due dates are more likely to have spontaneous labor and larger cervical dilations. Consuming dates won’t affect the onset of labor but may aid in the process later on.

3. Pineapple — Bromelain, an active enzyme found in pineapple, is recognized for its capacity to soften the cervix and, as a result, trigger the contraction of the uterus’s smooth muscles to start labor. Since canning and other processing methods tend to lower the bromelain content of the fruit, it is recommended to ingest fresh pineapple rather than canned pineapple to induce labor. Avoid eating the fruit in excess as this can cause diarrhea.

4. Raspberry leaf tea — Drinking this tea may reduce the likelihood that your pregnancy will last over your due date. This tea is thought to tone uterine muscles and aid in triggering contractions. If you drink red raspberry leaf tea every day starting in your 32nd week of pregnancy, it will lessen your chances of having a post-term pregnancy.

5. Green papaya — The enzyme Papin is widely distributed in raw green papayas. Latex, which also functions as prostaglandin and oxytocin and can help trigger contractions, is found in papaya leaves. Consuming ripe papaya won’t have any effect on inducing labor because the more the papaya ripens, the more papain is lost.

6. Castor Oil — One of the foods that prompt labor rapidly is castor oil which is directly extracted from the plant’s bean. Castor oil has been used by women for millennia to start labor.

7. Evening Primrose oil — Essential fatty acids, which are precursors to prostaglandins and help soften and get the cervix ready for labor, are found in evening primrose oil. At 37 to 38 weeks, you can start taking evening primrose oil. You can either insert one gelcap (500 mg) deep into your vagina at night, or you can take 500 mg orally once or twice a day.

8. Black Licorice — Due to the presence of the chemical glycyrrhizin in black licorice, prostaglandin synthesis can be stimulated. However, taking in too much of this can lead to moderate diarrhea, which results in mild bowel contractions. This causes the uterus to contract sympathetically, beginning labor.

9. Cumin tea — A traditional remedy for digestive tract problems is cumin. It eases bloating and aids in the onset of the menstrual cycle. Additionally, it can be utilized to start labor. If you don’t like the flavor, add some sugar or honey to improve it.

Also Read: Fertility Nutrition & Best Diet For Conception