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thelittlevillager · 7 years ago

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Tourism Notes

From Tourism and Travel Management by University of Queensland (https://courses.edx.org/courses/course-v1:UQx+TOURISMx+3T2017/course/?utm_content=d6100fdd-db76-4f12-955f-383cbd0a50ed&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=recurringnudge_day3&utm_source=schedules&utm_term=course-v1%3AUQx%2BTOURISMx%2B3T2017)

How to encourage sustainable tourism:

Incentives - things to value-add to guest experiences e.g. discounts and vouchers

Partnerships - to demonstrate organisations’ commitment to the cause

Support and Reminders - similar; but support is pre, during and after the visit, while reminders are after the visit

Reason to care - anything that engages visitors and encourages them to become involved in environmental initiatives

Main Goals of Tourism

Generate Income

Increase Foreign Exchange Earnings

Create Employment

Different levels of the tourism management system

Global Distribution System - allows travel agents to book a range of products and services by providing a connection to supplier reservation systems

Internet Booking Engines - allows customers to book directly with suppliers

Online Travel Agents - e.g. Expedia, Booking.com

Destination Management System - coordinate marketing content and bookings at the regional level

Channel Managers - ensure that tourism products are visible and bookable across a range of online travel agents, mobile travel apps and even social media

Electronic Word of Mouth e.g. TripAdvisor - trusted most by tourists

Disruptive Innovations

Clayton Christensen’s disruptive innovation - start in low end then move to high end market; or create new market when previously none existed e.g. airbnb - started small then moved higher, but also new market for the hosts

New Technologies + New Business Model + New Value Chains

Target Audience for Hotels and Airbnb are different.

Features of peer-to-peer accomodation

Perfect Segmentation - can find a house that suits needs perfectly

Balance of Power - ratings for both guests and hosts

Opportunity for Continuous Improvement - based on guest reviews

Risk Assessment - based on limited information - disappointment toward house, lack treatment for house

Hosts do not always sell well

Guests need hosts’ permission to book - assessment of profit for each booking

Why do hosts open?

Commercial providers maximise profit.

But for peer-to-peer networks,

Income - pay the bills, afford luxury, money

Social interaction - love of meeting others

Share - sharing with others

Benefits of Ptp

Open destination to new travellers

Create accommodation in rural and regional areas

Boost local economies

Strategic Responses

Create your own disruption

Acquire the disruptor before it becomes a threat

Offer the same benefits

Differentiate yourself

Challenges - Should disrupters by permitted? Regulated?

TILES Model

T - Temporal data - current events, seasons, travel itinerary

I - Identity - apps show interests, demographics, activity preferences

L - Location - current location and nearby attractions

E - Environment - weather, traffic congestion, waiting times

S - Social Media - family and friendship groups, travel companion

+ Artificial Intelligence

e.g. Australian zoo - virtual tour information provided through app

Ten Travel Functions of Mobile Devices

Informing e.g. traffic jam

Contextualising e.g. umbrella reminder based on weather conditions

Personalising e.g. changing flight times based on personal itineraries

Socialising e.g. asking for recommendations on facebook

Managing e.g. book rental cars

Translating e.g. Chinese signs into English

Purchasing e.g. digital wallet

Gamifying e.g. make tourist itineraries more interesting

Augmenting e.g. AR to help navigate new places

Reflecting e.g. reminders one year later

Virtual Reality (replaces live world)

Promotion - How to integrate virtual experience of travel and the actual experience? e.g. Mariott’s 4D goggles outside the marriage registry offices

Entertainment & Interpretation - recreation of historical settings for museums

Accessibility - places that are hard to access e.g. Antartica

Planning - explore tourist environments before they are built

Presence - whether mentally disengaged from current environment and immersed in virtual space

Three key dimensions of ‘presence’ in Virtual Reality experiences

Physical space - control environments in virtual space thru physical movements

Involvement - getting the person involved through sensory elements and movements

Realness - ensuring content and activities are believable, live-like and natural

Challenge of VR - disengages people from real world - e.g. VR in aircraft cabin

Augmented Reality (live view of the world overlaid with AR) e.g. smart glasses

Navigation - travel directions, warning, safety info

Interpretation - virtual tour guides to provide history of buildings and city, historical buildings imposed on the real scene

Translation - own language

Promotion - see information of places as people walk

Personalisation - based on each individual’s preferences

Communication - virtual avatars into travel spaces to share experiences with friends and family

Gamification - carrying out games and missions in real world e.g. Pokemon Go, to explore destinations and attractions (wouldn’t it be interesting to develop an app that allows you to learn more information about specific tourist attractions, plans out an itinerary for you, while carrying out missions to find certain ancient object etc?)

Role of Governments in Tourism Development

Legislator and Regulator - developing legislations and regulations that influence various aspects of the sector and the businesses within it

Planner - they develop a range of policies and plans that impact on tourism or are directly developed for tourism

Coordinator - they coordinate the various public and private sector stakeholders in tourism

Entrepreneur - governments own and invest in tourism infrastructure

Stimulator - governments generally fund tourism marketing programs designed to attract tourists

Protector of Interests - governments have overall responsibility for protecting the interests of the people who live in a tourism destination, as well as the environment and other resources

Tourism Plan

Cover a variety of aspects including:

Creating enjoyable products and experiences for tourists

Improving the quality of life of host community residents

Designing and controlling the physical patterns of development

Providing a mechanism for conserving and protecting resources

Identifying promotion and marketing strategies for destinations

Outline the mechanisms for stakeholder coordination

Adaptive Management (Continuous Improvement)

Process for implementing management in the fact of uncertainty while learning from management outcomes and integrating that learning into adapted management approaches.

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has developed a management effectiveness cycle which has 6 aspects:

Context - understand the system through research and monitoring

Planning - plan for the long term

Inputs - resource and fund the plan’s actions

Process - involve stakeholders in management

Outputs - implement actions of the plan

Outcomes - evaluate outcomes

Leveraging Events

Previous mindset on legacy - leaving a legacy through building lasting impressions from the event - i.e. legacy focuses on the event specifically. But now shifted towards “leveraging events” i.e. using big events like the Commonwealth Games or Olympic Games to build awareness and stimulate tourism and development in other areas. Leveraging is about strategic planning, with the event being just one part of the overall strategy. E.g. South Korea promoting Gangwondo’s tourism in preparation for the Winter Olympic games, with many different shows promoting the locations (e.g. Dragon Club, Goblin), and promotion events available.

Leveraging Process has four key components

Leverageable resource needs to be identified.

Opportunity should be identified and strategic goals should be set.

In order to maximise benefits from event visitors and trade, strategies to lengthen visitor stay, entice visitor experience, enhance business relationships and retain event expenditure within the destination should be made.

Tourism is about creating, selling and managing a series of experiences. People are buying experiences and memories.

Four characteristics that differentiate tourism services from goods

Intangibility

Heterogeneity - no standardised version, perception of quality varies for person to person.

Inseparability - production and consumption of the services happens at the same time, so hard to control quality

Perishability - cannot store unused airline seats and hotel rooms, so lose income earning opportunity, creates challenges for pricing as well as matching supply and demand

Experience Factors

Basic Factors - cause dissatisfaction if not fulfilled, but does not lead to satisfaction if delivered, taken for granted e.g. clean bed linens

Performance Factors - lead to satisfaction if they are fulfilled but dissatisfaction if not fulfilled e.g. hotel reception

Excitement or Delight Factors - increase satisfaction if delivered, but do not cause dissatisfaction if they are missing e.g. free wine in the room

Four Realms of Experience

Two Continuums

Customer Participation - active or passive participation

Connection, or environmental relationship - unites customers with the experience - absorption to immersion

Therefore four realms are:

Entertaining (Absorption & Passive)

Educational (Absorption & Active)

Sense of Escape (Immersion & Active)

Aesthetically Pleasing (Immersion & Passive)

Most memorable experiences include these four elements, although not always in equal amounts

Co-creation:

What visitors bring to the moment + what tourism business provide

When a guest is able to personalise their experience using the stage that is provided by a tourism business or destination

Emotion:

Creating opportunities for social interaction between hosts, family members, friends or other travellers

Encouraging visitors to participate in an activity or by creating a personal link between the visitor and experience

Provide opportunities to customise the experience

Appeaing to multiple senses of sight and sound

Telling a story with memorable characters or creating a theme

Does not have to be expensive, rather creative ideas

Phases of Guest Journey

Anticipation - Build desire & create excitement and expectations

Transit - Reassure and signage

Onsite - Activities, talks, entertainment site

Transit - Rest on the way home

Reflection - Reminders through souvenirs and photos

Touch points to create experiences - help to identify places to help tweak design or services to boost positives.

Market Segmentation - Splitting tourists up into groups of similar tourists (or market segments) and understanding them really well, and developing an irresistible experience specifically for them.

Common sense segmentation i.e. based on common sense information available about them e.g. children, age

Data-driven market segmentation i.e. based on data. Choosing to target a market segment is a long-term commitment; data-driven market segmentation analysis is tricky (high quality data as starting point e.g. sufficient sample size) - do real segments exist or do they need to be created artificially? use raw data and visualise data in easily understandable way. Monitor market changes.

Measuring Service Quality

Reflect on expectations then compare to performance of what you actually received

Why might a particular dimension be important?

When might it be more important depending on the context?

When might ‘too much’ of one dimension be a problem?

What might be the ‘perfect formula’ for my business?

Reliability - Delivering what you promise, consistently, to meet customer expectations

Assurance - When the service provider just makes you feel at ease, that everything is under control

Tangibles - ‘Physical’ part of service i.e. ‘servicescape’ or the surroundings e.g. cleanness of hotel reception

Empathy - How employees show care, concern and connection to the customer

Responsiveness - Timely, efficient, and appropriate for the type of service

Pine and Gilmore’s article (https://hbr.org/1998/07/welcome-to-the-experience-economy) talks about the experience economy.

‘If airlines truly sold experiences, more passengers would actually shop in the seat-pocket catalogs for mementos of their flight.” - why doesn’t SQ use the products that they are selling e.g. using specific perfume in the airline, certain hand soap, certain blankets...?

Good service is no longer enough to differentiate one business from another. Instead, they suggest that we need to design and stage experiences - we need to use services as the stage and goods as props to engage individuals.

Tourism Workforce

Macro - global, policy and destination level

Meso - organisational level

Micro - individual level

Labour intensive, customer facing jobs, seasonal precarious employment

Benefits - transferable skills, entrepreneurial opportunities, locational and social mobility

Job Embeddedness - the factors that influence employees to ‘stay in their jobs’ vs factors 'preventing them from leaving’. - Two main dimensions: On the job and Off the Job - Within each, three components: Links, Sacrifice and Fit

Organisational Climate =/= Organisational Culture

Organisational Climate is directly linked to positive organisational outcomes. It does not accurately represent the relationship between policy and service excellence, and it is not the same as organisational culture.

Service Profit Chain

Internal Service Quality --> improves employee satisfaction --> satisfied and loyal customers --> increases revenue and profitability.

Future Workforce Drivers

Demographic: higher birth rates in developing countries lead to high levels of unemployment for youth, while low birth rates in developed countries lead to vacancies not filled. Hence, trends show retirees in developed countries moving from urban to rural locations, while youth in developing countries are moving away from rural to urban centres. So tourists and workers are moving in opposite directions.

Environmental: global warming e.g. Maldives islands submerged & Terrorism

Economic:

Experiential: from untapped markets of developing countries, will affect traditional frontline jobs as replaced by androids.

Crisis/Disaster Management Lifecycle

Pre-event Phase: plans can be put in place to reduce the chance of a crisis or disaster occurring, or reducing the size of the impact if it does occur. This proactive approach can help speed up response and recovery efforts. However, most destinations and businesses tend to be reactive and commence planning once a crisis or disaster hits.

Initial Response Phase: Restores communication, electricity and transport networks. This is essential before tourists can return to the destination.

Recovery Stage: Business recovery and restoring economic activity to the affected destination. This may involve communication and marketing activities to encourage tourists to return.

Original State: Return to original state, or may even be new and improved state with new tourism infrastructure, transportation network, and also valuable lessons to address another crisis.

#ideadiary #tourism and travel management #university of queensland

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universeinform-blog · 8 years ago

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Quantum computer learns to ‘see’ trees

New Post has been published on https://universeinform.com/2017/03/14/quantum-computer-learns-to-see-trees/

Quantum computer learns to ‘see’ trees

Scientists have trained a quantum PC to recognize timber. That may not seem like a large deal, but the end result method that researchers are a step toward using such computers for complicated machine gaining knowledge of problems like pattern popularity and PC vision.

The crew used a D-Wave 2X computer, a sophisticated version from the Burnaby, Canada–based totally corporation that created the sector’s first quantum PC in 2007. Traditional computer systems can already use sophisticated algorithms to recognize styles in pix, but it takes lots of memory and processor power. That is because classical computer systems save facts in binary bits–eithera a zero or a 1. Quantum computers, in contrast, run on a subatomic stage the usage of quantum bits (or qubits) which can constitute a zero and a 1 at the same time. A processor using qubits could theoretically remedy troubles exponentially more quickly than a conventional laptop for a small set of specialized problems. The character of quantum computing and the restrictions of programming qubits has meant that complicated problems like computer vision have been off-limits till now.

In the new have a look at, physicist Edward Boyda of St. the Mary’s University of California in Moraga and co-workers fed masses of NASA satellite tv for pic pix of California into the D-Wave 2X processor, which contains 1152 qubits. The researchers asked the computer to don’t forget dozens of functions—hue, saturation, even light reflectance—to decide whether or not clumps of pixels were trees in place of roads, homes, or rivers. They then told the PC whether or not its classifications have been proper or incorrect so that the computer ought to research from its mistakes, tweaking the system it makes use of to determine whether or not something is a tree.

Mesquite Trees in Arizona

Mesquite Bushes belong in Arizona. As Jay Sharp, editor and creator for the website DesertUSA.Com, expresses, “the mesquites symbolize our Southwestern deserts” as tons as “the Coyote, the Blacktail Jackrabbit, the Western Diamondback, scorpions, the Saguaro and prickly pear cacti.” Certainly, mesquite Trees in Arizona are “as blended into the lifestyles of the land as cornbread and tortillas.” (Lometa)

Perfectly Tailored to the Wasteland

Mesquites are very hardy Desert Trees, having Tailored over the centuries to existence within the Barren region landscapes in and around Arizona. All of their physical characteristics ensure their survival right here, consisting of their foliage, their bean pods, and their root structures. They develop properly in full solar and high temperatures, but may even tolerate the cold throughout Arizona’s wintry weather (right down to 0º Fahrenheit). They are sometimes found in as a substitute high elevation and could adapt to shallow rocky soils. According to reports by means of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and Wooded area Provider, a mesquite tree can stay for greater than two centuries. (Sharp)

Mesquite Timber in Arizona can continue to exist in regions that acquire little or no rainfall due to their expansive root device. The lateral roots of a mesquite tree reach out in many instances further than its canopy. In addition, they have very deep faucet roots that can dig for a drink as deep as one hundred seventy-five ft underneath ground degree, even though an intensity of fifty toes is extra regular. So, they concurrently have to get entry to water both on the very top and backside layers of the soil.

The tiny waxy leaflets of mesquite Timber maintain valuable moisture by way of minimizing the moisture misplaced thru transpiration. They’re deciduous Bushes, that means they offer excellent color at some point in the summer time, however, drop their leaves and allow the sunshine through at some stage in the wintry weather for warmth. all through the severe drought, they may diminish transpiration even in addition by in advance losing their leaves.

The mesquite tree is a member of the legume own family (loved ones of beans and peas), which makes it in particular Adapted to an arid environment. Mesquite Timber has the potential to fertilize themselves and surrounding flora thru a symbiotic dating with colonies of soil microorganism. The microorganism that inhibits mesquite tree roots convert or “restore” atmospheric nitrogen, making to be had inside the soil this mineral this is vital for the growth and germination of flora. Many gardeners make use of this identical manner to complement soil via planting nitrogen-fixing cover crops. (Sharp, Schalau)

Mesquite Bushes in Arizona are amazingly prolific. Their beans, encased in shielding pods, are very durable. In truth, “A seed left undisturbed in its pod can live possible for up to 40 years.” (Clayton) Animals play an essential function within the scarification of the seeds (needed for germination) and dispersal through fecal count.

Areas Of Misuse Of Computers And The Internet – Pc Misuse Act You need to already be acquainted with information [data: information without context, for example, a list of students with serial numbers, is data. When these figures represent the placement in a 100-meter race, the data becomes an information] and Pc misuse [the data stored electronically is easier to access]; with software program [software: a general term used to describe an application or program], which might not be reproduced without permission. The outcomes result in software program piracy [piracy: the acquisition, benefit from the use or making changes to copyright material without prior permission]; and hacking, and may result in records corruption; accidental or planned.

Sorts of Pc Misuses

Misuse of Computer systems and conversation may be in specific forms:

Hacking is whilst an unauthorized character uses a community [Network: A group of interconnected computers]and a web modem [modem: a piece of hardware that connects the computer to the Internet] to get admission to safety passwords or different protection of information stored on some other Laptop. Hackers occasionally use software program hacking tools and often target a few websites at the Net. Their exploitation isn’t always only restrained to non-public networks but additionally to authorities and company Laptop networks.

Misuse of facts and unauthorized transfer or reproduction

Copying and illegally moving records fast and easily online using Computers and huge storage devices such as tough disk drives [HDD: a device used to store large volumes of data, on a hard disk], reminiscence sticks [memory stick: a thumb-sized portable storage device mainly used for transferring files between computers] and DVDs [Digital Versatile Disc- used to store data, for example, a film]. Personal facts, agency research and written work, such as novels and textbooks can not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder.

Copying and distribution of copyright software, song, and film

This additionally applies to the copying of music and movies to circulate at the Net without the copyrights [copyright: Indicates the creator of an original piece of work and controller of the publication, distribution, and adaptation] authorization holder. That is a big misuse of each Computer and the Net that overlooks the copyrights policies and policies.

Winning The Lottery – The Quantum Jump

Sure, I’ve received the lottery – Two times. And no, I do not play lotto the manner ninety-nine% of the population plays. Possibly equally critical is the fact that very few months cross by means of without me having as a minimum a small win of some kind.

But first, a dose of realism. These wins have been over a length of 6 years – so manifestly we do not win each week. Everybody who promises you the secret to Prevailing lotto every week is peddling snake oil – no ifs, no buts. What’s viable is a regular small win of $20-$a hundred, plus a lotto method technique that significantly boosts your probabilities of Prevailing the huge one. So what will we do this is specific?

Organize The Lotto Numbers

We Organize the lotto numbers – in place of try to Select the numbers. That is the Quantum Soar that has dramatically “advanced our good fortune.” In spite of over a 100 hundred years of proof that no possible Pick out the 6 Winning lotto numbers, most gamers retain with an approach that has in no way worked!

Making sure you have got all 6 Triumphing lotto numbers is rather easy – Play All of the lottery numbers! no longer rocket science, But it’ll get greater complex. At its handiest, gambling the subsequent multiple entries in any 49-number, Select-6 lottery Guarantees you have got All the Prevailing lotto numbers someplace to your standard access: As you’ll see later, we do not suggest gambling like this – it is supplied for simplicity, so you can see the idea. Later, we will show you a miles better technique.

Your big objection is probably that there are TEN numbers, not six. Once more, part of our lotto strategy, and in this article, we show you two approaches to applying for 10-wide variety entries.

Suit Your Outlay to the Lotto Jackpot

A reality maximum lotto gamers pass over – The value of gambling and the odds of Winning are the identical – whether you are playing for $1 Million or $100 Million. At $1 million, I’d be gambling alone, with a $30-$50 outlay handiest. At $a hundred Million, I might nevertheless be playing with a $30-$50 outlay But might be a part of with 19 others in order that our collective stake is $six hundred – $1,000. No-one will pay more money than they could manage to pay for – However, through pooling our efforts, we will Arrange a larger, smarter entry.

Lottery Structures

Because the cost of gambling lotto differs around the world, this must be a common evaluation. Remember the fact that 10-variety lotto entry? Nicely, at a character degree, we want a “reduce-charge” manner to play. A “complete” Lotto gadget 10 requires you to play 210 video games (that is how many 6-variety combos there are in 10 numbers).

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