#microcirculation

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From Systems to Cells: A Regenerative Model of Healing and Health | ChatGPT4o

[Download Full Document (PDF)] This document presents a comprehensive exploration of a regenerative model of healing and health, emphasizing the interconnectedness of biological, psychological, social, and ecological systems. The introduction highlights the crisis of coherence within living systems, proposing that health is defined not just by the absence of disease but by the presence of…

[austin-kai-12]

Call For Abstract Track 4: Vascular Biology Join us as a Speaker/Poster/Listener submit your abstract now at the CME/CPD accredited 5th world cardiology and cardiovascular diseases conference from October 15-17, 2025|Abu Dhabi, UAE  Submit Now: https://cardiology.utilitarianconferences.com/submit-abstract The second round submission is April 16, 2025.

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FolicerinHair Loss

Folicerin is a modern anti-hair loss shampoo dedicated to men. The cosmetic formula helps to prevent hair loss, thickens and strengthens new hair strands, improves microcirculation of the scalp and thoroughly cleanses and conditions.

Folicerin is a safe and gentle product for the skin, so it can be used daily. The shampoo's ingredients are surrounded by biopolymer particles with a diameter of more than 200 nm, which ensures the stabilisation of sensitive active substances and increases their effectiveness. It is an innovative product, which makes it of great interest to men.

Baldness is a problem that keeps many men awake at night. Take advantage of the huge potential of the product.

[hexagonaldecency]

I try very hard to not say "I want to die" because I know it's one of those things that the more you say the more you get desensitized to it

But damn. I do wanna die.

[willowreader]

Michael R Scoma MD

@DrScomaME_CFS

Tell me about Long Covid and microcirculation again? This is a 22-year-old patient…livedo reticularis.

Posted on Twitter X

[angelinaaabn]

What are the benefits of collagen in skincare?

Collagen is an essential component of the skin and offers various skincare benefits, particularly in combating aging and maintaining skin health. Below are the primary benefits of collagen in skincare:

1. Maintaining Skin Elasticity and Firmness

Collagen is the primary structural protein of the skin. It supports the framework of the dermis, helping the skin stay firm and elastic, thereby preventing sagging.

2. Reducing Wrinkles and Fine Lines

As we age, the production of collagen in the body slows down, leading to a loss of skin elasticity and the appearance of wrinkles. Supplementing collagen (orally or topically) can enhance skin elasticity and reduce the depth and number of wrinkles.

3. Accelerating Skin Repair

Collagen promotes wound healing and cell regeneration, aiding in the repair of damaged skin, such as acne scars, blemishes, or sunburns.

4. Improving Complexion and Radiance

Collagen improves skin microcirculation, giving the skin a healthier glow and helping to brighten the complexion.

How to Use Collagen in Skincare?

Topical Products

Use skincare products that contain collagen or ingredients that boost collagen production, such as Vitamin C, Vitamin A, and peptides.

Face Masks: Collagen-infused face masks can temporarily increase skin hydration and softness.

Oral Supplements

Collagen peptides (small molecules that are more easily absorbed) help promote overall skin health and strengthen nails and hair.

Lifestyle Habits

Eat foods rich in collagen (e.g., fish skin, pork trotters) or amino acids (e.g., eggs, beans), combined with Vitamin C to aid collagen synthesis.

Avoid excessive sun exposure and smoking, which can degrade collagen.

Would you like to explore collagen products or strategies tailored to your needs? Let’s discuss!

[vlccinstitute33]

VLCC Institute Facial Gua Sha

Gua sha is an ancient Chinese technique which helps in healing the chronic pain for a better health. This is a natural therapy which involves scraping your skin with a crystal stone to improve your circulation. Gua means scrape and sha means sand, this has been used for thousands of years.

Gua sha is done aggressively on the body but is done very gently on the face. Gentle scraping movement is repeatedly done on the face to remove stagnated fluids which carry the toxins. Gua sha encourages collagen production. It helps in sculpting and toning the face naturally. It reduces the tension from the muscles and also reduces inflammation.

The amazing benefit of gua sha is that it can be used by all ages and skin types.

 Drains out the lymph fluid which often carries the toxins and thus helps in cleansing the skin.

 Helps in releasing the tensions from the muscles.

 Helps in de-puffing the face.

 Helps in de-puffing the under eyes which aids in eliminating dark circles.

 Improves skin elasticity.

Plumps the skin and gives a natural glow to the skin.

Reduces the acne.

Increases microcirculation.

Reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkle.

Gives relief from headache.

Because this is a natural healing remedy, gua sha is completely safe. However one must consider the following points before performing gua sha on your face or body:

As it involves scraping method, the tiny blood vessels on the skin surface may tend to burst and cause bruising.

Do not perform gua sha if you have just got done Botox.

Avoid gua sha, if you had surgery in last six weeks.

Avoid doing it on active acne and open lesions.

People who have blood clotting disorders should stay away from gua sha.

First choose the right tool for gua sha. You have so many crystals which come in different sizes and shapes. Every crystal is unique as they are natural stones. Always opt for an original crystal rather than plastic mixed stone, as the plastic irritates your skin. These tools are pricey but are very effective in giving you the desired results with consistent use.

Follow these steps to do Facial Gua Sha:

To begin with, wash your hands and face then make sure to apply generous amount of oil so that the stone can easily glide on the skin without causing any tugging and pulling of the skin.

Simple rule to do facial gua sha is to follow the flow of lymphatic system. This helps in draining out the toxins.

The movement should be very slow and gentle on the skin & the tool should be held flat at a 15 degree angle to make full benefit of the stone.

Start from neck area because you hold lot of muscle tension in that area. Start sweeping the stone towards the direction of lymph node. Repeat it at least 3 to 10 times for the actual action.

Next sweep up on both the sides of neck (you can refer the picture provided for guidance).

Sweep from under the chin to the earlobe ending as you have lymph node here which helps in filtering the toxins.

Sweep from mid chin to the jaw line.

Sweep under the cheek bone for a sculpted look.

Sweep under the eyes, this helps against dark circles.

Sweep over the eyebrows, there is a lot of tension here because of frequent facial expressions.

Sweep from between eyebrows towards the hairline and from mid forehead to the hairline.

 Now finish the session by completely sliding all the collected fluids at the sides to the neck which assist in lymphatic drainage.

AFTER CARE

After the session clean the tool with a mild cleanser, dry and sanitize. You can recharge the stone by keeping it under the full moon. You can use this stone for lifetime unless it breaks. Store the stone wrapping it up in a soft cloth. Drink lots of water after the gua sha which aids in fast lymph movement. Also rehydrates your skin and body. You can do gua sha almost every day. Do it consistently to see the results. This helps in maintaining your skin health.

[alikka1234]

Folicerin Hair Loss

Folicerin is a modern anti-hair loss shampoo dedicated to men. The cosmetic formula helps to prevent hair loss, thickens and strengthens new hair strands, improves microcirculation of the scalp and thoroughly cleanses and conditions.

Folicerin is a safe and gentle product for the skin, so it can be used daily. The shampoo's ingredients are surrounded by biopolymer particles with a diameter of more than 200 nm, which ensures the stabilisation of sensitive active substances and increases their effectiveness. It is an innovative product, which makes it of great interest to men.

Baldness is a problem that keeps many men awake at night. Take advantage of the huge potential of the product.

More details...

[myrawjcsmicasereports]

Retinal and choroidal vascular drop out in a case of severe phenotype of Flammer Syndrome. Rescue of the ischemic-preconditioning mimicking action of endogenous Erythropoietin (EPO) by off-label intra vitreal injection of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) by Claude Boscher in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences

Abstract

Background: Erythropoietin (EPO) is a pleiotropic anti-apoptotic, neurotrophic, anti-inflammatory, and pro-angiogenic endogenous agent, in addition to its effect on erythropoiesis. Exogenous EPO is currently used notably in human spinal cord trauma, and pilot studies in ocular diseases have been reported. Its action has been shown in all (neurons, glia, retinal pigment epithelium, and endothelial) retinal cells. Patients affected by the Flammer Syndrome (FS) (secondary to Endothelin (ET)-related endothelial dysfunction) are exposed to ischemic accidents in the microcirculation, notably the retina and optic nerve.

Case Presentation: A 54 years old female patient with a diagnosis of venous occlusion OR since three weeks presented on March 3, 2019. A severe Flammer phenotype and underlying non arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy; retinal and choroidal drop-out were obviated. Investigation and follow-up were performed for 36 months with Retinal Multimodal Imaging (Visual field, SD-OCT, OCT- Angiography, Indo Cyanin Green Cine-Video Angiography). Recombinant human EPO (rhEPO)(EPREX®)(2000 units, 0.05 cc) off-label intravitreal injection was performed twice at one month interval. Visual acuity rapidly improved from 20/200 to 20/63 with disparition of the initial altitudinal scotoma after the first rhEPO injection, to 20/40 after the second injection, and gradually up to 20/32, by month 5 to month 36. Secondary cystoid macular edema developed ten days after the first injection, that was not treated via anti-VEGF therapy, and resolved after the second rhEPO injection. PR1 layer integrity, as well as protective macular gliosis were fully restored. Some level of ischemia persisted in the deep capillary plexus and at the optic disc.

Conclusion: Patients with FS are submitted to chronic ischemia and paroxystic ischemia/reperfusion injury that drive survival physiological adaptations via  the hypoxic-preconditioning mimicking effect of endogenous EPO, that becomes overwhelmed in case of acute hypoxic stress threshold above resilience limits. Intra vitreal exogenous rhEPO injection restores retinal hypoxic-preconditioning adaptation capacity, provided it is timely administrated. Intra vitreal rhEPO might be beneficial in other retinal diseases of ischemic and inflammatory nature.

Key words : Erythropoietin, retinal vein occlusion, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, Flammer syndrome, Primary Vascular Dysfunction, anti-VEGF therapy, Endothelin, microcirculation, off-label therapy.

Introduction

Retinal Venous Occlusion (RVO) treatment still carries insufficiencies and contradictions (1) due to the incomplete deciphering of the pathophysiology and of its complex multifactorial nature, with overlooking of factors other than VEGF up-regulation, notably the roles of  retinal venous tone and Endothelin-1 (ET) (2-5), and of endothelial caspase-9 activation (6). Flammer Syndrome (FS)( (Primary Vascular Dysfunction) is related to a non atherosclerotic ET-related endothelial dysfunction in a context of frequent hypotension and increased oxidative stress (OS), that alienates organs perfusion, with notably changeable functional altered regulation of blood flow (7-9), but the pathophysiology remains uncompletely  elucidated (8). FS is more frequent in females, and does not seem to be expressed among outdoors workers, implying an influence of sex hormons and light (7)(9). ET is the most potent pro-proliferative, pro-fibrotic, pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory vasoconstrictor, currently considered involved in many diseases other than cardio-vascular ones, and is notably an inducer of neuronal apoptosis (10). It is produced by endothelial (EC), smooth vascular muscles (SVMC) and kidney medullar cells,  and binds the surface Receptors  ET-A on SVMC and ET-B on EC,  in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. Schematically, binding on SVMC Receptors (i.e. through local diffusion in fenestrated capillaries or dysfunctioning EC) and on EC ones (i.e. by circulating ET) induce respectively arterial and venous vasoconstriction, and vasodilation, the latter via Nitrite oxide (NO) synthesis. ET production is stimulated notably by Angiotensin 2, insulin, cortisol, hypoxia, and antagonized by endothelial gaseous NO, itself induced by flow shear stress. Schematically but not exclusively, vascular tone is maintained by a complex regulation of ET-NO balance (8) (10-11).  Both decrease of NO and increase of ET production are both a cause and consequence of inflammation, OS  and endothelial dysfunction, that accordingly favour vasoconstriction; in addition ET competes for L-arginine substrate with NO synthase, thereby reducing NO bioavailability, a mechanism obviated notably in carotid plaques and amaurosis fugax (reviewed in 11).

Severe FS phenotypes are rare. Within the eye, circulating ET reaches retinal VSMC in case of Blood-Retinal-Barrier (BRB) rupture and diffuses freely via the fenestrated choroidal circulation, notably around the optic nerve (ON) head behind the lamina cribrosa, and may induce all pathologies related to acute ocular blood flow decrease (2-3)(5)(7-9). We previously reported two severe cases with rapid onset of monocular cecity and low vision, of respectively RVO in altitude and non arteritic  ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) (Boscher et al, Société Francaise d'Ophtalmologie and Retina Society, 2015 annual meetings).

Exogenous Recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) has been shown  effective in humans for spinal cord injury (12), neurodegenerative and chronic kidney diseases (CKD) (reviewed in 13). Endogenous EPO is released physiologically in the circulation by the kidney and liver; it may be secreted in addition by all cells in response to hypoxic stress, and it is the prevailing pathway induced via genes up-regulation by the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 alpha, among angiogenesis (VEGF pathway), vasomotor regulation (inducible NO synthase), antioxidation, and energy metabolism (14). EPO Receptor signaling induces cell proliferation, survival and differentiation (reviewed in 13), and targets multiple non hematopoietic pathways as well as the long-known effect on erythropoiesis (reviewed in 15). Of particular interest here, are its synergistic anti-inflammatory, neural antiapoptotic (16) pro-survival and  pro-regenerative (17) actions upon hypoxic injury, that were long-suggested to be also indirect, via blockade of ET release by astrocytes, and assimilated to ET-A blockers action (18). Quite interestingly, endogenous EPO’s pleiotropic effects were long-summarized (back to 2002), as “mimicking hypoxic-preconditioning” by Dawson (19), a concept applied to the retina (20). EPO Receptors are present in all retinal cells and their rescue activation targets all retinal cells, i.e. retinal EC, neurons (photoreceptors (PR), ganglion (RGG) and  bipolar cells), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) osmotic function through restoration of the BRB, and  glial cells (reviewed in 21), and the optic nerve (reviewed in 22).  RhEPO has been tested experimentally in animal models of glaucoma, retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and light phototoxicity, via multiple routes (systemic, subconjunctival, retrobulbar and intravitreal injection (IVI) (reviewed in 23), and used successfully via IVI in human pilot studies, notably first in diabetic macular edema (24) (reviewed in 25 and 26). It failed to improve neuroprotection in association to corticosteroids in optic neuritis, likely for bias reasons (reviewed in 22). Of specific relation to the current case, it has been reported in NAION (27) (reviewed in 28) and traumatic ON injury (29 Rashad), and in one case of acute severe central RVO (CRVO) (Luscan and Roche, Société Francaise d’Ophtalmologie 2017 annual meeting). In addition EPO RPE gene therapy was recently suggested to prevent retinal degeneration induced by OS in a rodent model of dry Age Macular Degeneration (AMD) (30).

Case Report Presentation

This 54 years female patient was first visited on March 2019 4th, seeking for second opinion for ongoing vision deterioration OR on a daily basis, since around 3 weeks. Sub-central RVO (CRVO) OR had been diagnosed on February 27th; available SD-OCT macular volume was increased with  epiretinal marked hyperreflectivity, one available Fluorescein angiography picture showed a non-filled superior CRVO, and a vast central ischemia involving the macular and paraoptic territories. Of note there was ON edema with a para-papillary hemorrage nasal to the disc on the available colour fundus picture.

At presentation on March 4, Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) was reduced at 20/100 OR (20/25 OS). The patient described periods of acutely excruciating retro-orbital pain in the OR. Intraocular pressure was normal, at 12 OR and 18 OS (pachymetry was at 490 microns in both eyes). The dilated fundus examination was similar to the previous color picture and  did not disclose peripheral hemorrages recalling extended peripheral retinal ischemia. Humphrey Visual Field disclosed an altitudinal inferior scotoma and a peripheral inferior scotoma OR and was in the normal range OS, i.e. did not recall normal tension glaucoma OS . There were no papillary drusen on the autofluorescence picture, ON volume was increased  (11.77 mm3 OR versus 5.75 OS) on SD-OCT (Heidelberg Engineering®) OR,  Retinal Nerve Fiber (RNFL) and RGC layers thicknesses were normal  Marked epimacular hypereflectivity OR with foveolar depression inversion, moderately increased total volume and central foveolar thickness (CFT) (428 microns versus 328 OS), and a whitish aspect of the supero-temporal internal retinal layers recalling ischemic edema, were present . EDI CFT was incresead at 315 microns (versus 273 microns OS), with focal pachyvessels on the video mapping . OCT-Angiography disclosed focal perfusion defects in both the retinal and chorio-capillaris circulations , and central alterations of the PR1 layer on en-face OCT

Altogether the clinical picture evoked a NAION with venous sub-occlusion, recalling Fraenkel’s et al early hypothesis of an ET interstitial diffusion-related venous vasoconstriction behind the lamina cribrosa (2), as much as a rupture of the BRB was present in the optic nerve area (hemorrage along the optic disc). Choroidal vascular drop-out was suggested by the severity and rapidity of the VF impairment (31). The extremely rapid development of a significant “epiretinal membrane”, that we interpreted as a reactive - and protective, in absence of cystoid macular edema (CME) - ET 2-induced astrocytic proliferation (reviewed in 32), was as an additional  sign of severe ischemia.

The mention of the retro-orbital pain evoking a “ciliary angor”, the absence of any inflammatory syndrome and of the usual metabolic syndrome in the emergency blood test, oriented the etiology towards a FS. And indeed anamnesis collected many features of the FS, i.e. hypotension (“non dipper” profile with one symptomatic nocturnal episode of hypotension on the MAPA), migrains, hypersensitivity to cold, stress, noise, smells, and medicines, history of a spontaneously resolutive hydrops six months earlier, and of paroxystic episods of vertigo (which had driven a prior negative brain RMI investigation for Multiple Sclerosis, a frequent record among FS patients (33) and of paroxystic visual field alterations (7)(9), that were actually recorded several times along the follow-up.

The diagnosis of FS was eventually confirmed in the Ophthalmology Department in Basel University on April 10th, with elevated retinal venous pressure (20 to 25mmHg versus 10-15 OS) (4)(7)(9), reduced perfusion in the central retinal artery and veins on ocular Doppler (respectively 8.3 cm/second OR velocity versus 14.1 mmHg OS, and 3.1/second OR versus 5.9 cm OS), and impaired vasodilation upon flicker light-dependant shear stress on the Dynamic Vessel Analyser testing (7-9). In addition atherosclerotic plaques were absent on carotid Doppler.

On March 4th, the patient was at length informed about the FS, a possible off label rhEPO IVI, and a related written informed consent on the ratio risk-benefits was delivered.

By March 7th, she returned on an emergency basis because of vision worsening OR. VA was unchanged, intraocular pressure was at 13, but Visual Field showed a worsening of the central and inferior scotomas with a decreased foveolar threshold, from 33 to 29 decibels. SD-OCT showed a 10% increase in the CFT volume.

On the very same day, an off label rhEPO IVI OR (EPREX® 2000 units, 0,05 cc in a pre-filled syringe) was performed in the operating theater, i.e. the dose reported  by Modarres et al (27), and twenty times inferior to the usual weekly intravenous dose for treatment of chronic anemia secondary to CKD. Intra venous acetazolamide (500 milligrams) was performed prior to the injection, to prevent any increase in intra-ocular pressure. The patient was discharged with a prescription of chlorydrate betaxolol (Betoptic® 0.5 %) two drops a day, and high dose daily magnesium supplementation (600 mgr).

Incidentally the patient developed bradycardia the day after, after altogether instillation of 4 drops of betaxolol only, that was replaced by acetazolamide drops, i.e. a typical hypersensitivity reaction to medications in the FS (7)(9).

Subjective vision improvement was recorded as early as D1 after injection. By March 18 th, eleven days post rhEPO IVI, BCVA was improved at 20/63, the altitudinal scotoma had resolved (Fig. 5), Posterior Vitreous Detachment had developed with a disturbing marked Weiss ring, optic disc swelling had decreased; vasculogenesis within the retinal plexi and some regression of PR1 alterations  were visible on OCT-en face. Indeed by 11 days post EPO significant functional, neuronal and vascular rescue were observed, while the natural evolution had been seriously vision threatening.

However cystoid ME (CME) had developed . Indo Cyanin Green-Cine Video Angiography (ICG-CVA) OR, performed on March 23, i.e. 16 days after the rhEPO IVI, showed a persistent drop in ocular perfusion: ciliary and central retinal artery perfusion timings were dramatically delayed at respectively 21 and 25 seconds, central retinal vein perfusion initiated by 35 seconds, was pulsatile, and completed by 50 seconds only (video 3). Choroidal pachyveins matching the ones on SD-OCT video mapping were present in the temporal superior and inferior fields, and crossed the macula; capillary exclusion territories were present in the macula and around the optic disc.

By April 1, 23 days after the rhEPO injection, VA was unchanged, but CME and perfusion voids in the superficial deep capillary plexi and choriocapillaris were worsened, and optic disc swelling had recurred back to baseline, in a context of repeated episodes of systemic hypotension; and actually Nifepidin-Ratiopharm® oral drops (34), that had been delivered via a Temporary Use Authorization from the central Pharmacology Department in Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, had had to be stopped because of hypersensitivity.

A second off label rhEPO IVI was performed in the same conditions on April 3, i.e. approximately one month after the first one.

Evolution was favourable as early as the day after EPO injection 2: VA was improved at 20/40, CME was reduced, and perfusion improved in the superficial retinal plexus as well as in the choriocapillaris. By week 4 after EPO injection 2, CME was much decreased, i.e. without anti VEGF injection. On august 19th, by week 18 after EPO 2, perfusion on ICG-CVA was greatly improved , with ciliary timing at 18 seconds, central retinal artery at 20 seconds and venous return from 23 to 36 seconds, still pulsatile. Capillary exclusion territories were visible in the macula and temporal to the macula after the capillary flood time that went on by 20.5 until 22.5 seconds (video 4); they  were no longer persistent at intermediate and late timings.

Last complete follow-up was recorded on January 7, 2021, at 22 months from EPO injection 2. BCVA was at 20/40, ON volume had dropped at 7.46 mm3, a sequaelar superior deficit was present in the RNFL  with some  corresponding residual defects on the inferior para central Visual Field , CFT was at 384 mm3 with an epimacular hyperreflectivity without ME, EDI CFT was dropped at 230 microns. Perfusion on ICG-CVA was not normalized, but even more improved, with ciliary timing at 15 seconds, central retinal artery at 16 seconds and venous return from 22 to 31 seconds, still pulsatile , indicating that VP was still above IOP. OCT-A showed persisting perfusion voids, especially at  the optic disc and within the deep retinal capillary plexus. The latter were present at some degree in the OS as well . Choriocapillaris and PR1 layer were dramatically improved.

Last recorded BCVA was at 20/32 by February 14, 2022, at 34 months from EPO 2. SD-OCT showed stable gliosis hypertrophy and mild alterations of the external layers .

Discussion

What was striking in the initial clinical phenotype of CRVO  was  the contrast between the moderate venous dilation,  and the intensity of ischemia, that were illustrating the pioneer hypothesis of Professor Flammer‘s team regarding the pivotal role of ET in VO (2), recently confirmed (3)(35), i.e. the local venous constriction backwards the lamina cribrosa, induced by diffusion of ET-1 within the vascular interstitium, in reaction to hypoxia. NAION was actually the primary and prevailing alteration, and ocular hypoperfusion was confirmed via ICG-CVA, as well as by the ocular Doppler performed in Basel. ICG-CVA confirmed the choroidal drop-out suggested by the severity of the VF impairment (31) and by OCT-A in the choriocapillaris. Venous pressure measurement, which instrumentation is now available (8), should become part of routine eye examination in case of RVO, as it is key to guide cases analysis and personalized therapeutical options.

Indeed, the endogenous EPO pathway is the dominant one activated by hypoxia and is synergetic with the VEGF pathway, and coherently it is expressed along to VEGF in the vitreous in human RVO (36). Diseases develop when the individual limiting  stress threshold for efficient adaptative reactive capacity gets overwhelmed. In this case by Week 3 after symtoms onset,  neuronal and vascular resilience mechanisms were no longer operative, but the BRB, compromised at the ON, was still maintained in the retina.

As mentioned in the introduction, the scientific rationale for the use of EPO was well demonstrated by that time, as well as the capacities of exogenous EPO to mimic endogenous EPO vasculogenesis, neurogenesis and  synaptogenesis, restoration of  the balance between ET-1 and NO. Improvement of chorioretinal blood flow was actually illustrated by the evolution of the choriocapillaris perfusion on repeated OCT-A and ICG-CVA. The anti-apoptotic effect of EPO (16) seems as much appropriate in case of RVO as the caspase-9 activation is possibly another overlooked co-factor (6).

All the conditions for translation into off label clinical use were present: severe vision loss with daily worsening and  unlikely spontaneous favourable  evolution, absence of toxicity in the human pilot studies, of contradictory comorbidities and co-medications, and of context of intraocular neovascularization that might be exacerbated by EPO (37).

Why didn’t we treat the onset of CME by March 18th, i.e. eleven days after EPO IVI 1, by anti-VEGF therapy, the “standard-of-care” in CME for RVO ?

In addition to the context of functional, neuronal and vascular improvements obviated by rhEPO IVI by that timing in the present case, actually anti VEGF therapy does not address the underlying causative pathology. Coherently, anti-VEGF IVI :  1) may not be efficient in improving vision in RVO, despite its efficiency in resolving/improving CME (usually requiring repeated injections), as shown in the Retain study (56% of eyes with resolved ME continued to loose vision)(quoted in (1) 2) eventually may be followed by serum ET-1 levels increase and VA reduction (in 25% of cases in a series of twenty eyes with BRVO) (38) and by increased areas of non perfusion in OCT-A (39). Rather did we perform a second hrEPO IVI, and actually we consider open the question whether the perfusion improvement, that was progressive, might have been accelerated/improved via repeated rhEPO IVI, on a three to four weeks basis.

The development of CME itself, involving a breakdown of the BRB, i.e. of part of the complex  retinal armentorium resilience to hypoxia, was somewhat paradoxical in the context of improvement after the first EPO injection, as EPO restores the BRB (24), and as much as it was suggested that EPO inhibits glial osmotic swelling, one cause of ME, via VEGF induction (40). Possible explanations were: 1) the vascular hyperpermeability induced by the up-regulation of VEGF gene expression via EPO (41) 2) the ongoing causative disease, of chronic nature, that was obviated by the ICG-CVA and the Basel investigation, responsible for overwhelming the gliosis-dependant capacity of resilience to hypoxia 3) a combination of both. I/R seemed excluded: EPO precisely mimics hypoxic reconditioning as shown in over ten years publications, including in the retina (20), and as EPO therapy is part of the current strategy for stabilization of the endothelial glycocalix against I/R injury (42-43). An additional and not exclusive possible explanation was the potential antagonist action of EPO on GFAP astrocytes proliferation, as mentioned in the introduction (18), that might have counteracted the reactive protective hypertrophic gliosis, still fully operative prior to EPO injection, and that was eventually restored during the follow-up, where epiretinal hyperreflectivity without ME and ongoing chronic ischemia do coincide (Fig. 6 and video 6), as much as it is unlikely that EPO’s effect would exceed one month (cf infra). Inhibition of gliosis by EPO IVI might have been also part of the mechanism of rescue of RGG, compromised by gliosis in hypoxic conditions (44). Whatever the complex balance initially reached, then overwhelmed after EPO IVI 1, the challenge was rapidly overcome by the second EPO IVI without anti-VEGF injection, likely because the former was powerful enough to restore the threshold limit for resilience to hypoxia, that seemed no longer reached again during the relapse-free follow-up. Of note, this “epiretinal membrane “, which association to good vision is a proof of concept of its protective effect, must not be removed surgically, as it would suppress one of the mecanisms of resilience to hypoxia.

To our best knowledge, ICG-CVA was never reported in FS; it allows real time evaluation of the ocular perfusion and illustration of the universal rheological laws that control choroidal blood flow as well. Pachyveins recall a “reverse” veno-arteriolar reflex in the choroidal circulation, that is NO and autonomous nervous system-dependant, and that we suggested to be an adaptative choroidal microcirculation process to hypoxia (45).  Their persistence during follow-up accounts for a persisting state of chronic ischemia.

The optimal timing for reperfusion via rhEPO in a non resolved issue:

in the case reported by Luscan and Roche, rhEPO IVI was performed on the very same day of disease onset, where it induced complete recovery from VA reduced at counting fingers at 1 meter, within 48 hours. This clinical human finding is on line with a recent rodent stroke study that established the timings for non lethal versus lethal ischemia of the neural and vascular lineages, and the optimized ones for beneficial reperfusion: the acute phase - from Day 1 where endothelial and neural cells are still preserved,  to Day 7 where proliferation of pericytes and Progenitor Stem Cells are obtainable - and the chronic stage, up to Day 56, where vasculogenesis, neurogenesis and functional recovery are still possible, but with uncertain efficiency (46). In our particular case, PR rescue after rhEPO IVI 1 indicated that Week 3 was still timely. RhEPO IVI  efficacy was shown to last between one (restoration of the BRB)  and four weeks (antiapoptotic effect) in diabetic rats (24). The relapse after Week 3 post IVI 1 might indicate that it might be  approximately the interval to be followed, should repeated injections be necessary.

The bilateral chronic perfusion defects on OCT-A at last follow-up indicate that both eyes remain in a condition of chronic ischemia and I/R, where endogenous EPO provides efficient ischemic pre-conditioning, but is potentially susceptible to be challenged during episodes of acute hypoxia that overwhelm the resilience threshold.

Conclusion

The present case advocates for individualized medicine with careful recording of the medical history, investigation of the systemic context, and exploiting of the available retinal multimodal imaging for accurate analytical interpretation of retinal diseases and their complex pathophysiology. The Flammer Syndrome is unfortunately overlooked in case of RVO; it should be suspected clinically in case of absence of the usual vascular and metabolic context, and in case  of elevated RVP. RhEPO therapy is able to restore the beneficial endogenous EPO ischemic pre-conditioning in eyes submitted to challenging acute hypoxia episodes in addition to chronic ischemic stress, as in the Flammer Syndrome and fluctuating ocular blood flow, when it becomes compromised by the overwhelming of the hypoxic stress resilience threshold. The latter physiopathological explanation illuminates the cases of RVO where anti-VEGF therapy proved functionally inefficient, and/or worsened retinal ischemia. RhEPO therapy might be applied to other chronic ischemia and I/R conditions, as non neo-vascular Age Macular Degeneration (AMD), and actually EPO was listed in 2020 among the nineteen promising molecules in AMD in a pooling of four thousands (47).

[ojorganics]

Massage Cream – Herbal & Nourishing Skin Rejuvenation Cream for Deep Relaxation and Glowing Skin

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Fill with the goodness of Aloe Vera, Coconut Oil, Cucumber Extract, Glycerin, Vitamin E and Lino lion, this Massage Cream deeply nourishes the skin, improves circulation, and promotes healthy skin glow. Perfect for professional salon use or personal skincare routine, it is suitable for all skin types.

Ingredients 

Aloe Vera Extract

Known for its hydrating and soothing properties, Aloe Vera calms irritated skin, reduces redness, and deeply moisturizes.

Coconut Oil

Perform as a natural moisturiser, locking in moisture and providing huge nourishment to dry and rough skin.

Cucumber Extract

Cucumber is beneficial for the skin due to its high water content, vitamins, and antioxidants, offering hydration, anti-inflammatory properties, and potential for brightening and soothing.

Glycerin

Retains skin moisture, preventing dryness and leaving the skin feeling silky-smooth and soft.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E helps keep moisture in the skin, making it beneficial for dry and damaged skin. 

Shea Butter

Rich in fatty acids and vitamins, shea butter softens the skin, improves texture, and offers long-lasting hydration.

Almond Oil

Packed with essential nutrients, almond oil brightens the skin, reduces dark spots, and provides deep nourishment.

Lino Lion (Linoleic Acid)

An essential fatty acid that strengthens the skin barrier, retains moisture, improves elasticity, and reduces signs of aging. It also helps to repair damaged and sensitive skin.

Benefits

Enhances Blood Circulation & Skin Radiance

Massage boosts skin microcirculation, allowing nutrients to penetrate better and improving skin glow and radiance.

Restores Skin Elasticity & Reduces Wrinkles

Enriched with Vitamin E, Shea Butter, and Lino Lion, it improves skin elasticity, firms sagging skin, and reduces signs of premature aging.

Soothes Sensitive & Irritated Skin

Cucumber Extract and Aloe Vera provide cooling, soothing, and anti-inflammatory benefits, making the cream suitable for sensitive, acne-prone, or sun-damaged skin.

Detoxifies & Revives Dull Skin

Through deep massage, it helps detoxify skin cells, removes impurities, and revives dull, tired-looking skin, revealing a healthy, youthful complexion.

Relaxation & Muscle Tension Relief

Provides a luxurious spa-like experience that relaxes muscles, reduces stress, and refreshes the senses with its soothing herbal aroma.

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Why Natural Ingredients Matter in Hair Loss Treatments

There’s a growing awareness among men about what they put on their skin and hair—and for good reason. Harsh chemicals can do more harm than good, especially when it comes to delicate hair follicles.

Folicerin is built on the belief that nature, when supported by science, offers some of the most effective solutions to hair loss. Instead of synthetic ingredients, Folicerin relies on proven botanicals:

Black pepper extract: A natural DHT blocker to reduce follicle shrinkage.

Licorice root: Reduces inflammation and helps balance scalp oil levels.

Ginseng extract: Revitalizes inactive follicles.

Burdock: Detoxifies the scalp and supports microcirculation.

What sets Folicerin apart is its advanced delivery system using biopolymer nanotechnology, ensuring these ingredients reach the deepest layers of your skin for maximum impact.

Choosing a hair care product is about more than just effectiveness—it’s about safety, long-term benefits, and peace of mind. Folicerin delivers all three.

Feel the difference that nature + science can make. Visit Folicerin.

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Best Hair Growth Products for Fast Results According to Experts

Hair thinning and hair loss are struggles that affect millions of people worldwide, regardless of age or gender. From stress to hormonal imbalances, genetics to nutritional deficiencies, there are many factors that can impact hair health. Fortunately, experts agree that with the right hair growth products, you can speed up the regrowth process and restore thickness, shine, and confidence.

If you're on the hunt for the best hair growth products that actually deliver fast results, you've come to the right place. We’ve rounded up top recommendations from dermatologists, trichologists, and stylists to help you choose products that are both effective and safe for long-term use.

What Experts Say About Hair Growth

Hair growth is a slow and complex biological process. On average, hair grows about half an inch per month. However, with the right stimulation—internally through nutrition and externally through the scalp—this process can be optimized. According to Dr. Shereene Idriss, a New York-based dermatologist, “Consistency and using proven ingredients like minoxidil, biotin, and peptides can accelerate visible results.”

Experts emphasize that the best hair growth routine targets both the scalp environment and the hair shaft. This means incorporating stimulating serums, nutrient-rich shampoos, and daily habits that support a healthy growth cycle.

1. Minoxidil-Based Treatments

Minoxidil remains one of the most studied and effective over-the-counter ingredients for hair regrowth. It's FDA-approved and works by enlarging hair follicles and prolonging the growth phase of hair.

Expert Pick:

Rogaine 5% Minoxidil Foam This cult-favorite is lightweight, easy to apply, and works well for both men and women. Dermatologists suggest using it twice daily and being patient—it usually takes about 3 months to start seeing real results.

2. The Best Shampoo for Thinning Hair

If you're noticing a receding hairline or thinner ponytail, upgrading your shampoo is a smart and simple first step. Experts agree that the best shampoo for thinning hair should cleanse gently while nourishing the scalp with DHT-blocking or follicle-strengthening ingredients.

Expert Pick:

Nioxin Cleanser Shampoo System 2 Formulated for noticeably thinning hair, this shampoo removes sebum and environmental residues that can clog follicles. With regular use, users report increased volume and less breakage.

Another excellent option is the Pura D’or Original Gold Label Anti-Thinning Shampoo, which combines biotin, nettle extract, and pumpkin seed oil to reduce shedding and promote stronger strands.

3. Hair Growth Serums and Oils

Hair serums can play a powerful role in promoting scalp health and stimulating dormant follicles. Experts recommend looking for products with caffeine, peptides, and herbal extracts that boost microcirculation and energize the roots.

Expert Pick:

Vegamour GRO Hair Serum Vegan and hormone-free, this serum is backed by clinical studies showing fuller-looking hair in as little as 90 days. Key ingredients like mung bean and red clover work synergistically to revive tired follicles.

4. Hair Growth Supplements

What you put inside your body is just as important as what you put on your scalp. Nutritional deficiencies in iron, vitamin D, zinc, and biotin are all linked to hair loss. That’s why most experts recommend supporting your routine with a high-quality hair supplement.

Expert Pick:

Nutrafol Women or Nutrafol Men These supplements contain a patented blend of vitamins, minerals, and botanical extracts like saw palmetto and ashwagandha to target stress, DHT, and inflammation—the three major contributors to hair thinning.

5. Laser Hair Growth Devices

For those willing to invest a bit more, laser therapy is an FDA-cleared method that uses red light to stimulate follicles. While results take longer, these devices are praised for being non-invasive and easy to use at home.

Expert Pick:

iRestore Laser Hair Growth System Used three times a week, this helmet-style device helps increase blood flow to the scalp and has shown promising results in clinical trials.

Final Thoughts

While there's no one-size-fits-all solution, combining the best hair growth products into a consistent routine can significantly improve your results. From topical treatments to shampoos, serums, and supplements, experts recommend a holistic approach that targets both internal and external causes of hair loss.

Remember, patience and consistency are key. Most products require at least 60 to 90 days of regular use before results become visible. For the best outcome, consult with a dermatologist or trichologist to tailor a plan that works for your specific hair type and health needs.

Hair regrowth is a journey—but with the right tools and expert-backed choices, fast and visible results are absolutely possible.

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L’huile d’argan

Argan oil is a precious vegetable oil extracted from the kernels of the argan tree, a tree native to Morocco. It is rich in nutrients and has many beneficial properties for both skin and hair.

Properties and Benefits:

 Hydration: Argan oil is known for its moisturizing properties thanks to its high content of essential fatty acids, such as linoleic and oleic acids. It helps maintain skin and hair moisture, leaving them soft and nourished.

 Antioxidants: It contains vitamin E (tocopherol), a powerful antioxidant that protects the skin from free radical damage, promotes cell regeneration, and prevents the signs of aging.

 Restorative: Argan oil has restorative properties that help heal minor wounds, soothe skin irritations, and reduce signs of premature aging, such as fine lines and wrinkles.

4. Hair care: It is also widely used to nourish dry, damaged, or frizzy hair. Applied to the ends or as a mask, it helps restore shine and suppleness to hair.

5. Anti-inflammatory: Argan oil has anti-inflammatory properties that help soothe irritated skin, inflammation, and skin problems like eczema.

Uses:

• Skin care: It is ideal for dry, mature, or sensitive skin. It can be used as a serum, night cream, or to soothe sunburn.

• Hair care: It is used to nourish hair, as a mask, or as a finishing oil to add shine and control frizz.

• Body care: It is also used in body care products to improve skin elasticity and prevent stretch marks.

Origin and production:

Argan oil is primarily produced in Morocco, where argan trees are cultivated. Harvesting the fruit and extracting the oil is a laborious process. Traditionally, Berber women are involved in this production, often through cooperatives that support the local economy.

In summary, argan oil is a natural treasure with multiple virtues, used for centuries for its nourishing, moisturizing, and restorative properties, both for skin and hair. 🌿 Main natural active ingredients in argan oil:

Essential fatty acids

Linoleic Acid (Omega-6) (~35%)

→ Hydrates, strengthens the skin barrier, and soothes inflammation.

Oleic Acid (Omega-9) (~45%)

→ Nourishes, softens, and smooths skin and hair.

Palmitic and Stearic Acid

→ Provides texture and a protective effect.

Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

→ Powerful antioxidant, protects cells from aging and promotes regeneration.

Sterols (Schottenol, Spinasterol, etc.)

→ Repair skin, improve microcirculation, and soothe redness.

Polyphenols

→ Antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and protect against external aggressions.

Squalene

→ Natural moisturizing agent, strengthens the skin's lipid barrier.

Triterpenes

→ Healing, anti-inflammatory, and protective properties.Haut du formulaire

Bas du formulaire

🌿 Argan Oil – A Story Between Tradition and Modernity

Argan oil is extracted from the fruits of the argan tree, a thousand-year-old tree that grows exclusively in southwest Morocco, particularly between Agadir, Taroudant, and Essaouira. This region is the only one in the world where the argan tree grows naturally.

For centuries, Berber women have used this oil for its nourishing and medicinal properties: they apply it to skin, hair, and wounds, and also use it in cooking, particularly in its roasted form. Its production is artisanal: the kernels are extracted by hand, dried, then ground with a millstone to obtain the oil—an ancestral skill passed down from generation to generation.

It was in the 1990s that argan oil began to gain international recognition, particularly in the cosmetics industry, thanks to its moisturizing, anti-aging, and restorative properties. It is becoming a popular ingredient in high-end natural skincare products.

Today, argan oil production is also a driving force for local development. Numerous women's cooperatives have emerged, supporting the financial independence of rural communities. In 1998, UNESCO recognized the argan region as a Biosphere Reserve, highlighting its ecological and cultural importance.BioProGreen

N°200 Lot Elmassar,Sidi Ghanem Industrial Estate

Route de Safi,

40 000 Marrakech,

MOROCCO

Mobile / Whatsapp / Viber: +212 664 511 976

Service clients : +212 651 925 398 / +212 600 604 387

Skype: group.oriental

E-mail: contact@bioprogreen.com

Wechat ID : +212664 511 976

Website : https://bioprogreen.com

Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/bioprogreenMorocco

Youtube :https://www.youtube.com/@bioprogreenmorocco4708

Instagram : https://www.instagram.com/bioprogreenmorocco

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How to get rid of dark circles?

I. Mechanisms of Dark Circles Formation (Categorized by Type)

1. Vascular Type (Blood Stasis)

Mechanism: Due to poor blood circulation and the thinness of the skin under the eyes, venous blood becomes visible, creating a bluish or dark appearance.

Common Causes: Staying up late, eye fatigue, allergies, stress, lack of sleep.

Characteristics: Appears bluish-purple; color fades slightly when pressed.

2. Pigmented Type (Melanin Deposition)

Mechanism: Exposure to UV rays, inflammation, or frequent rubbing of the eyes causes melanin to accumulate.

Common Causes: Genetics, sun exposure, chronic irritation.

Characteristics: Brownish in color; color remains unchanged when pressed.

3. Structural Type (Shadowing)

Mechanism: Hollowing of the eye socket or protruding eye bags cast shadows under light.

Common Causes: Aging, collagen loss, naturally deep-set eyes.

Characteristics: Difficult to conceal with makeup; appearance is strongly influenced by lighting.

II. Skincare Recommendations for Different Types of Dark Circles

For Vascular and Pigmented Dark Circles

Morning and Evening Care:

In the morning, it is recommended to use eye creams containing caffeine, vitamin K, and niacinamide to help improve microcirculation and lighten pigmentation.

Sun protection is also essential during the day—use SPF 30+ products specifically formulated for the eye area.

Recommended Product:

VIICODE T2 Oxygen Eye Cream: Formulated with active oxygen botanical extracts, this cream not only enhances microcirculation around the eyes but also accelerates metabolism. It effectively improves both pigmentation and blood retention caused by fatigue, making it ideal for vascular and pigmented dark circles.

For Aging-Related or Structural Dark Circles

Night Repair:

Skincare Goal: To increase skin elasticity and stimulate collagen regeneration, thereby reducing shadows caused by sagging skin, eye bags, and under-eye hollowness.

III. Comprehensive Usage Suggestions

Morning

After your basic skincare routine, apply an appropriate amount of T2 Oxygen Eye Cream and gently massage until fully absorbed.

Follow with a sunscreen to prevent UV-induced pigmentation.

Evening

After finishing your nightly skincare routine, apply the VIICODE Overnight Eye Mask, recommended for use 2–3 times per week.

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Nourish Roots, Control Fall: Why Nivella Hair Growth Serum Deserves a Spot in Your Routine

In the fast-paced world of haircare, where products come and go with bold promises and flashy packaging, Nivella Hair Growth Serum stands out for one simple reason — it works with science-backed ingredients to restore and rejuvenate your hair from the root up.

🌱 Powered by Proven Actives

The Nivella Hair Growth Serum is not just another topical treatment — it’s a blend of dermatologically tested actives designed to effectively reactivate dormant hair follicles, stimulate new hair growth, and reduce hair fall.

What’s Inside the Bottle?

3% Redensyl – Known to target stem cells in the hair follicles, Redensyl promotes quicker, denser hair regrowth.

3% Anagain – Derived from organic pea sprouts, this active helps extend the hair growth phase, reducing hair fall over time.

3% Procapil & 3% Baicapil – These botanical actives support scalp microcirculation and hair anchoring, making hair stronger from the root.

1% Caffeine – Energizes the roots and stimulates hair follicles for faster growth.

1% Biotin – A beloved nutrient in haircare that strengthens hair and improves overall strand quality.

💡 What Makes Nivella Different?

Unlike many chemical-heavy hair products on the market, Nivella Hair Growth Serum is:

Paraben Free

Silicone Free

Formulated with clinically backed actives

Gentle enough for everyday use

Its lightweight, non-greasy formula absorbs quickly without clogging pores or leaving residue—making it ideal for all hair types and textures.

✨ Real Benefits You Can Feel

Regular use of the Nivella Hair Growth Serum helps:

Reactivate inactive follicles

Stimulate healthy, natural regrowth

Minimize breakage and shedding

Improve scalp vitality and thickness of hair strands

📌 Final Thoughts

Hair fall can be a stressful experience—but Nivella offers a solution grounded in science, safety, and sustainability. If you're struggling with thinning hair or looking to boost your scalp health, Nivella Hair Growth Serum is a thoughtful, effective addition to your daily routine.

Visit Nivella.in to learn more or get your bottle today.

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We’re often told that dark circles under the eyes are simply genetic — a trait passed down like eye colour or bone structure. But at Mesglo Aesthetic Clinic London, we know that the story is more complex. In fact, the vast majority of patients we see with persistent under-eye darkness aren’t suffering from pigment issues alone — they’re showing signs of structural ageing, lifestyle impact, or skin degeneration that can be corrected. In this deep-dive article, we explore three of the most common but underserved aesthetic causes of dark circles, what makes them different from hereditary hyperpigmentation, and how to treat them with modern, non-surgical, regenerative solutions. Cause 1: Midface Volume Loss and Shadowing What’s really happening? As early as your late 20s, your midface fat pads begin to shrink and descend, leaving the under-eye area unsupported. This creates a shadow in the tear trough (the groove between your lower eyelid and cheek), making the area look darker — even if there’s no pigmentation. It’s not about colour. It’s about anatomical light loss. You can brighten the area with every eye cream on the market, but unless you address the midface structure, the hollowness — and its shadow — will remain. How we treat it at Mesglo We take a layered approach using non-volumising, precision-targeted injectables. Instead of “filling the trough,” which can lead to puffiness, we support the structure from the cheeks upward: - Cheek Enhancement restores midface volume to reduce downward shadowing. - Polynucleotides for Face strengthen skin and boost fibroblast activity without heaviness. - For select cases, we use micro amounts of filler in a blended tear-trough-cheek technique, which provides lift rather than weight. This restores smoothness and light reflection under the eyes — correcting the “dark” effect at its structural root. Cause 2: Thinning, Ageing Skin The skin story no one talks about Your under-eye skin is the thinnest on your entire body — about 0.5 mm thick. Over time, collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid deplete, making the skin even more transparent. When this happens, veins and capillaries beneath the surface become more visible, giving the under-eye a blue, purple, or greyish cast. This is not pigment. It’s vascular visibility caused by thinning tissue. Mesglo’s targeted solutions Instead of pigment-lightening products or lasers (which often miss the mark here), we use regenerative treatments that rebuild dermal density: - Lumi Eyes Treatment is our go-to solution. It uses high-purity polynucleotides to restore skin integrity, reduce inflammation, and thicken the delicate dermis. Results build gradually and naturally over 2–3 sessions. - Exosomes for Face offer next-level skin regeneration, delivering cell-derived growth factors that increase collagen and elasticity in the periorbital area. - Mesotherapy provides localised nourishment with peptides, antioxidants, and hyaluronic acid — ideal for crepey or fragile skin. By making the skin stronger and more uniform, we reduce vascular show-through — giving the appearance of brighter, firmer eyes without adding volume or pigment changes. Cause 3: Poor Circulation and Fluid Retention The hidden link between lifestyle and shadows One of the most overlooked — yet extremely common — causes of dark circles is poor lymphatic drainage and sluggish microcirculation. This leads to: - Fluid retention and puffiness, especially in the morning - A bluish or grey hue under the eye due to lack of oxygen - Heavier shadows that fluctuate with sleep, salt intake, stress, and sinus issues This type of dark circle isn’t caused by pigment or hollowness, but by vascular congestion. How Mesglo treats circulation-related dark circles We address this with gentle, non-invasive approaches that stimulate oxygenation, lymphatic flow, and capillary health: - PRX Eye Peel (offered within personalised Mesglo protocols) helps improve dermal circulation and tightens delicate skin without exfoliation or downtime. - Polynucleotide Injections reduce oxidative stress and support healthy blood flow and lymphatic drainage — especially useful in chronically tired or puffy eyes. - As part of aftercare, we often advise clients on sleep positioning, hydration, and facial massage tools to maintain results at home. This is the kind of tailored, physiology-based care that makes our under-eye programmes at Mesglo both high-performance and completely natural-looking. Evidence-Based Aesthetics, Not Guesswork Each of the causes above is well-documented in modern aesthetic medicine — and so are the treatments we use. - A 2023 paper in the Journal of Dermatological Science confirmed that polynucleotides significantly improved dermal elasticity, hydration, and vascular stability in the under-eye area. DOI link - In 2022, a study in Cells found that exosome-based skin treatments led to increased fibroblast activity and reduced pigmentation pathways, improving tone and resilience in periorbital skin. PMC link At Mesglo, we don’t follow trends — we follow the evidence. Which Treatment is Right for You? Here’s a quick reference chart to help match your concern to the ideal approach: ConcernRecommended TreatmentHollow shadows or tear troughsCheek enhancement + polynucleotidesThin, see-through skinLumi Eyes or exosome therapyPuffy or dark from fluid buildupPRX Eye Peel + polynucleotidesOverall dullness or early ageingMesotherapy or Lumi Eyes (course of 3 sessions) For many patients, the best outcomes come from a bespoke blend of two or more treatments, spaced over several weeks for cumulative, natural results. Book Your Under-Eye Rejuvenation Consultation If you’ve been told that “it’s just genetic” or spent years chasing eye creams and concealers, it’s time to treat the real cause of your dark circles — with medically proven, non-invasive techniques. 📍 Mesglo Aesthetic Clinic LondonUnit 4, 10 Portman SquareLondon W1H 6AZ 🌐 https://mesglolondon.co.uk📅 Book your consultation and discover the science of brighter, clearer, healthier eyes — the Mesglo way. Read the full article