#photobiological effects

[h2lifetech]

Bathing in Hydrogen Water: The Secret to Youthful, Elastic, and Glowing Skin (2024) 77

What is Hydrogen Water?

Hydrogen water is simply water infused with molecular hydrogen (H2). Unlike regular water, which contains two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom (H2O), hydrogen water has additional free hydrogen molecules. These extra hydrogen molecules are believed to offer powerful antioxidative properties, which can neutralize harmful free radicals in the body.

The Science Behind Hydrogen Water and Skincare

Several studies have explored the potential benefits of hydrogen-rich water. One study published in the Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology found that hydrogen water can significantly reduce skin damage caused by UV radiation, owing to its potent antioxidative properties (Fukuda et al., 2011). Another study demonstrated that hydrogen water could improve skin conditions such as wrinkles and pigmentation by reducing oxidative stress (Matsumoto et al., 2012).

These findings suggest that hydrogen water’s antioxidative properties help combat the primary causes of skin aging: oxidative stress and inflammation. When applied topically through a bath, hydrogen water can penetrate deep into the skin layers, providing hydration and promoting cell repair and regeneration.

Benefits of Hydrogen Water Baths

1. Antioxidation and Anti-Aging

Hydrogen gas has strong permeability, allowing it to quickly penetrate the body through the skin during a hydrogen water bath. This direct contact with the skin enables hydrogen to act on human cells, neutralizing free radicals that cause oxidative stress. The result? Reduced wrinkles, improved skin elasticity, and enhanced skin lubricity.

2. Skin Tightening and Elasticity Enhancement

Regular hydrogen water baths can significantly tighten the skin and enhance its elasticity, helping maintain a youthful appearance. The hydrogen molecules promote collagen production, a vital protein for skin firmness and elasticity.

3. Acne and Pigmentation Reduction

Hydrogen water’s anti-inflammatory properties can help reduce acne and lighten pigmentation such as freckles and age spots. This makes hydrogen baths an effective solution for achieving an even skin tone and clearer complexion.

4. Improvement of Skin Conditions

Continuous use of hydrogen water baths has shown improvement in various skin conditions, including dermatitis, eczema, hives, and psoriasis. Users often notice significant relief within the first week of daily use.

5. Joint and Bone Health

Beyond skincare, hydrogen gas can penetrate human bone joints and bones, providing relief from arthritis, rheumatism, gout, and other joint-related ailments. This makes hydrogen baths beneficial for overall musculoskeletal health.

6. Enhanced Relaxation and Sleep Quality

Hydrogen water baths promote overall relaxation, effectively relieving fatigue and improving sleep quality. This can be particularly beneficial for those suffering from insomnia or stress-related sleep disorders.

7. Wound Healing and Circulation Improvement

8. Additional Health Benefits

Hydrogen water baths are also known to improve conditions such as kidney stones, hemorrhoids, diabetes, and hypertension, offering a holistic approach to health and wellness.

How to Incorporate Hydrogen Water Baths into Your Routine

Choosing the Right Hydrogen Water Machine

Investing in a high-quality hydrogen water machine is crucial for reaping the full benefits of hydrogen baths. Look for machines that provide a high concentration of molecular hydrogen and are easy to use. Brands like [Brand Name] offer some of the best water baths in the market, equipped with advanced technology to ensure maximum hydrogen infusion.

Preparing Your Hydrogen Water Bath

Fill Your Tub: Begin by filling your bathtub with warm water.

Activate the Machine: Use your hydrogen water machine to infuse hydrogen gas into the water. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for optimal results.

Soak and Relax: Immerse yourself in the hydrogen water bath for 20-30 minutes. Ensure that your entire body, including your face, is submerged to allow maximum penetration of hydrogen gas through your skin.

Frequency of Use

For the best results, incorporate hydrogen water baths into your routine at least 2-3 times a week. Daily use can yield even more significant improvements in skin condition and overall health.

Conclusion

Hydrogen water baths offer a revolutionary way to enhance skincare, promote anti-aging, and improve overall health. With scientific backing and numerous anecdotal reports, this innovative approach is worth exploring for anyone seeking youthful, elastic, and glowing skin.

Ready to experience the benefits of hydrogen water for yourself? Invest in a high-quality hydrogen water machine and start your journey toward better skin and health today.

For more information on the best water baths in the market and expert tips on hydrogen water, visit our website or contact our team.

By integrating hydrogen water baths into your skincare regimen, you can unlock a new level of skin health and vitality. Embrace the future of skincare and enjoy the transformative benefits of hydrogen water today! So, don’t wait any longer and start incorporating hydrogen water baths into your routine for glowing skin and improved overall health. Keep exploring the benefits of hydrogen water in other areas of your life as well, such as drinking it daily or using it for cooking. The possibilities are endless when it comes to harnessing the power of this amazing molecule.

Experience the wonders of hydrogen water for yourself and see the difference it can make in your skin and overall well-being. So, what are you waiting for? Start your journey towards healthier skin and a healthier you today! For more information on the best hydrogen water machines and expert tips on incorporating hydrogen water into your daily routine, visit our website or contact our team. Let’s unlock the full potential of hydrogen water and embrace a healthier, more radiant lifestyle together.

References:

Fukuda, K., Asoh, S., Ishikawa, M., Yamamoto, Y., Ohsawa, I., & Ohta, S. (2011). Inhalation of hydrogen gas suppresses hepatic injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion through reducing oxidative stress. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 407(1), 123-128.

Matsumoto, A., Yamafuji, M., Nakajima, M., Fukunaga, T., Kamimura, N., & Akagi, R. (2012). Protective effects of hydrogen gas against various diseases. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 13, 221-225.

Kawamura, T., Wakabayashi, N., Shigemura, N., Huang, C. P., Masutani, K., Tanaka, Y., Noda, K., Perry, G., Uchida, K. (2013). Hydrogen gas reduces hyperoxic lung injury via the Nrf2 pathway in vivo. American Journal of Physiology – Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 304(9), L646-L656.

Ichihara, M., Sobue, S., Ito, M., Itoh, Y., Endo, J., Shenoy, B. N., Takahashi, M., & Ichihara, G. (2016). Beneficial biological effects and the underlying mechanisms of molecular hydrogen – comprehensive review of 321 original articles. Medical Gas Research, 10(1), 12-21.

Ohta, S. (2016). Molecular hydrogen as a novel antioxidant: overview of the advantages of hydrogen for medical applications. Methods in Enzymology, 555, 289-317.

Ostojic, S. M. (2016). Molecular hydrogen in sports medicine: new therapeutic perspectives. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(3), 194-202.

LeBaron, T. W., Laher, I., & Kura, B. (2019). Hydrogen gas: from clinical medicine to an emerging ergogenic molecule for sports athletes. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 97(10), 797-807.

Mikami, T., Tano, K., Lee, H., Lee, D. Y., Park, J. W., & Ohta, F. (2020). Hydrogen-rich water enhances exercise-induced growth in male Wistar rats. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 17(9), 1285-1293.

Fukuda, K., Asoh, S., Ishikawa, M., Yamamoto, Y., Ohsawa, I., & Ohta, S. (2011). Inhalation of hydrogen gas suppresses hepatic injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion through reducing oxidative stress. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 407(1), 123-128.

Matsumoto, A., Yamafuji, M., Nakajima, M., Fukunaga, T., Kamimura, N., & Akagi, R. (2012). Protective effects of hydrogen gas against various diseases. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 13, 221-225.

With the ever-growing research and evidence on the benefits of hydrogen water, it’s clear that incorporating this molecule into our daily lives can have numerous positive impacts on our health and well-being.

[apacbusinesstimes]

Jason Wargent: Founder of ‘BioLumic’ – A Technology to increase crop productivity.

The using of technology and science in the field of agriculture is not new there are already several inventions done and are effectively been used by farmers to increase their yield and profitability. Agriculture contributes majorly to the global economy and for most of the countries in Asia, it provides large employment and a source of income. Agriculture has a vital role in promoting economic growth, environmental sustainability, and the food system. In New Zealand agriculture, fishery, and forestry are high in production and export. The farming sector includes dairy, meat products, and horticulture, in the year 2023 the GDP (gross domestic product) generated from this industry was around 13.9 billion New Zealand dollars.

The largest production of the country is Kiwi fruit which is exported highly and brings more value to the Horticulture sector. The main issue faced in raising crops is the changing climatic condition which reduces the proper growth of plants and hence leads to loss and less productivity. In this article, we are discussing an innovative technology that helps in crop production and a biotech company founded by Jason Wargent called BioLumic. This is used to program plants with light to improve their growth and reduce disease.

Dr. Jason Wargent: Founder & CSO

Jason Wargent is the founder and Chief Science Officer of an agri-tech startup company called BioLumic which was founded in the year 2012. He is the world-leading plant UV photobiologist and has done more than 15 research. He obtained a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the studies of Plant Physiology from Lancaster University. During his PhD course, Jason took part in a program that delivered fundamental scientific and tech-transfer insights for the application of UV photobiology for agronomic gains. He worked as an Associate professor at Massey University, for one of the world’s top 25 agri-science Universities. later he was an entrepreneur in Residence and Professor. As he was more into plants and the agriculture sector he started his experiments by applying the technique of programming plants with light.

About BioLumic

BioLumic is an agriculture company which is located at Palmerston North, that makes use of science and technology to increase the yield along with the profitability of the framer. BioLumic UV-based technology is used to deliver ultraviolet light rays to seeds to trigger the mechanism that is helpful in the growth of the plant this also improves the plant’s performance. The science behind it is to control the seed to gain sustainable grains, seeds have their known growth mechanism and a generic composition where these genes transduce UV signals and regulate the downstream technology. With the help of BioLumic technology, we can introduce the targeted application into a seed before growing it which benefits the crop productivity. 

Different combinations of the UV recipes are created and tested by sowing them, which gives the exact winning combination of the seed. In many cases, fruits and vegetables are initially grown at the nursery and are later transferred to the field or other farmland for harvesting but at BioLumic they apply UV light technology to seedlings that unlock the potential of the plant. Along with the nutritional value the major thigh is the sustainability of crops in different climatic conditions that might occur and also the resistance and tolerance to diseases. BioLumic helps strengthen the roots of crops by the alteration of root architecture and their manipulation of UV morphogenesis will result in an increase of biomass to roots. All these will help in increasing plant nutrients and hence the growth of crops.

They have effective results and growth with crops like cannabis, row crops, and strawberries. Seeds of the cannabis plant are full of untapped genetic potential with which the one-time application of UV light treatment will provide the optimized physical and chemical properties that result in the best growth and yield of these plants. This is also more effective in boosting the growth of strawberries with applied at the young stage. BioLumic with the use of the Light Signal Recipe Platform for different combination-making will provide the best treatment that does not need any chemical application which will also result in the growth and high yield of crops and hence, increase profitability.

Visit More : https://apacbusinesstimes.com/jason-wargent-founder-of-biolumic-a-technology-to-increase-crop-productivity/

[casyoo]

The effect of LED supplementary light on the growth of horticultural crops

The types of facilities in facility horticulture mainly include plastic greenhouses, sunlight greenhouses, multi story greenhouses, and plant factories. Due to the fact that facility buildings block natural light sources to a certain extent, indoor lighting is insufficient, resulting in reduced crop yield and quality. Therefore, fill lights play an indispensable role in the high-quality and high-yield of facility crops, but also become the main factor in increasing energy consumption and operating costs within the facility.

For a long time, artificial light sources used in the field of facility horticulture mainly include high-pressure sodium lamps, fluorescent lamps, metal halide lamps, incandescent lamps, etc. The prominent disadvantages are high heat production, high energy consumption, and high operating costs. The development of the new generation of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) has made it possible to apply low energy artificial light sources in the field of facility horticulture.

LED has advantages such as high photoelectric conversion efficiency, use of direct current, small size, long lifespan, low energy consumption, fixed wavelength, low thermal radiation, and environmental protection. Compared with commonly used high-pressure sodium lamps and fluorescent lamps, LED not only allows for precise adjustment of light quantity and quality (such as the proportion of light in various bands) according to the needs of plant growth, but also allows for close illumination of plants due to its cold light properties, thereby increasing the number of cultivation layers and space utilization, achieving energy-saving, environmental protection, and efficient space utilization functions that traditional light sources cannot replace.

Based on these advantages, LED has been successfully applied in facility horticultural lighting, basic research on controllable environments, plant tissue culture, factory seedling cultivation, and aerospace ecosystems. In recent years, the performance of LED grow lights has been continuously improving, their prices have gradually decreased, and various specific wavelength products have been gradually developed. Their application scope in agriculture and biology will be even broader.

This article reviews the current research status of LED in the field of facility horticulture, with a focus on the photobiological basis of LED supplementary lighting applications, the impact of LED supplementary lighting on plant photomorphogenesis, nutritional quality and anti-aging, the construction and application of light formulas, and other aspects. It also analyzes and looks forward to the current problems and prospects of LED supplementary lighting technology.

The effect of LED supplementary light on the growth of horticultural crops

The regulatory effects of light on plant growth and development include seed germination, stem elongation, leaf and root development, phototropism, chlorophyll synthesis and decomposition, and flower induction. The lighting environment elements inside the facility include light intensity, light cycle, and spectral distribution. By manually supplementing light, their elements can be adjusted without being limited by weather conditions.

Plants have the characteristic of selective absorption of light, and different light receptors perceive light signals. Currently, it has been found that there are at least three types of light receptors in plants: photosensitizers (absorbing red and far red light), cryptocyanins (absorbing blue and near ultraviolet light), and ultraviolet light receptors (UV-A and UV-B). Using a specific wavelength light source to illuminate crops can improve the photosynthetic efficiency of plants, accelerate their light morphogenesis, and promote their growth and development.

Plant photosynthesis mainly utilizes red orange light (610-720 nm) and blue purple light (400-510 nm). By utilizing LED technology, monochromatic light (such as red light with a peak of 660nm and blue light with a peak of 450nm) that conforms to the strongest absorption band of chlorophyll can be emitted, with a spectral domain width of only ± 20 nm.

At present, it is believed that red orange light can significantly accelerate plant development, promote the accumulation of dry matter, form bulbs, tubers, leaf bulbs, and other plant organs, cause plants to bloom and bear fruit earlier, and play a dominant role in plant coloration; Blue and purple light can control the phototropism of plant leaves, promote stomatal opening and chloroplast movement, inhibit stem elongation, prevent plant overgrowth, delay plant flowering, and promote the growth of nutrient organs; The combination of red and blue LED can compensate for the deficiency of monochromatic light in both, forming a spectral absorption peak that is basically consistent with crop photosynthesis and morphology. The light energy utilization rate can reach 80%~90%, and the energy-saving effect is significant.

Equipping LED supplementary lights in facility horticulture can achieve significant yield increase effects. Studies have shown that 300 μ The number of fruits, total yield, and single fruit weight of cherry tomatoes under 12 hours (8:00-20:00) of supplementary lighting with mol/(m? · s) LED strips and LED tubes were significantly increased. The supplementary lighting with LED strips increased by 42.67%, 66.89%, and 16.97%, respectively, while the supplementary lighting with LED tubes increased by 48.91%, 94.86%, and 30.86%, respectively. Full growth period LED light replenishment [red blue light quality ratio of 3:2, light intensity of 300] μ The treatment of mol/(m? · s) significantly increased the single fruit weight and unit area yield of Jiegua and eggplant, with Jiegua increasing by 5.3% and 15.6%, and eggplant increasing by 7.6% and 7.8%. By adjusting the temporal and spatial distribution of LED light quality, intensity, and duration throughout the entire growth period, it is possible to shorten the plant growth cycle, improve the commercial yield, nutritional quality, and morphological value of agricultural products, and achieve efficient, energy-saving, and intelligent production of horticultural crops in facilities.

Application of LED supplementary light in vegetable seedling cultivation

LED light source regulation of plant morphogenesis and growth and development is an important technology in the field of greenhouse cultivation. Higher plants can sense and receive light signals through photoreceptor systems such as photosensitive pigments, cryptocyanins, and phototropins, and regulate morphological changes in plant tissues and organs through intracellular messenger transduction. Photomorphogenesis is the process in which plants rely on light to control cell differentiation, structural and functional changes, as well as tissue and organ development. This includes effects on partial seed germination, promotion of apical dominance to inhibit lateral bud growth, stem elongation, and induction of meridional movement.

Vegetable seedling cultivation is an important part of facility agriculture. Continuous cloudy and rainy weather can lead to insufficient lighting in the facilities, making seedlings prone to elongation, which in turn affects the growth, flower bud differentiation, and fruit development of vegetables, ultimately affecting their yield and quality. In production, some plant growth regulators such as gibberellin, auxin, paclobutrazol, and chloramphenicol are used to regulate the growth of seedlings. However, the unreasonable use of plant growth regulators can easily pollute vegetables and facility environments, which is detrimental to human health.

LED supplementary lighting has many unique advantages in supplementary lighting, and the application of LED supplementary lighting in seedling cultivation is a feasible approach.

In low light [0-35] μ LED replenishment under the condition of mol/(m? · s) [25 ± 5] μ In the mol/(m? · s) experiment, it was found that green light promoted the elongation and growth of cucumber seedlings, while red and blue light inhibited seedling elongation. Compared with natural weak light, the strong seedling index of seedlings supplemented with red and blue light increased by 151.26% and 237.98%, respectively. Moreover, compared with monochromatic light, the strong seedling index of cucumber seedlings treated with composite light containing red and blue components increased by 304.46%. Supplementing cucumber seedlings with red light can increase their true leaf number, leaf area, plant height, stem thickness, dry and fresh weight, seedling strength index, root vitality, SOD activity, and soluble protein content. Supplementing with UV-B can increase the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content in cucumber seedling leaves; Compared with natural light, supplementing LED red and blue light significantly increased the leaf area, dry matter quality, and seedling strength index of tomato seedlings. Supplementing LED red and green light significantly increased the height and stem thickness of tomato seedlings; LED green light supplementation treatment can significantly increase the biomass of cucumber and tomato seedlings, and the fresh and dry weight of young seedlings show an increasing trend with the increase of green light supplementation intensity. However, the stem diameter and strong seedling index of tomato seedlings increase with the increase of green light supplementation intensity; The combination of LED red and blue light can increase the stem thickness, leaf area, whole plant dry weight, root to shoot ratio, and seedling strength index of eggplants; Compared with white light, LED red light can increase the biomass of cabbage seedlings, promote the elongation growth and leaf expansion of cabbage seedlings; LED blue light promotes the thickening growth, dry matter accumulation, and seedling strength index of cabbage seedlings, leading to dwarfing of cabbage seedlings. The above results indicate that vegetable seedlings cultivated by combining light regulation technology have significant advantages.

The influence of LED supplementary light on the nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables

The protein, sugars, organic acids, and vitamins contained in fruits and vegetables are beneficial nutrients for human health. Light quality can affect the content of VC in plants by regulating the activity of VC synthesis and decomposition enzymes, and has a regulatory effect on protein metabolism and carbohydrate accumulation in horticultural plants. Red light promotes carbohydrate accumulation, while blue light treatment is beneficial for protein formation. The combination of red and blue light significantly improves the nutritional quality of plants compared to monochromatic light. Supplementing LED red or blue light can reduce the nitrate content in lettuce, supplementing blue or green light can promote the accumulation of soluble sugars in lettuce, and supplementing infrared light is beneficial for the accumulation of VC in lettuce. Supplementing with blue light can promote the increase of VC content and soluble protein content in tomatoes; The combination of red light and red blue light treatment promotes the sugar and acid content in tomato fruits, and the sugar to acid ratio is highest under the combination of red and blue light treatment; The combination of red and blue light can promote the increase of VC content in cucumber fruits.

The phenolic substances, flavonoids, anthocyanins and other substances contained in fruits and vegetables not only have a significant impact on the color, flavor, and commercial value of fruits and vegetables, but also have natural antioxidant activity, which can effectively inhibit or eliminate free radicals in the human body. The use of LED blue light supplementation can significantly increase the content of anthocyanins in eggplant peel by 73.6%, while the use of LED red light and red blue combination light can increase the content of flavonoids and total phenols; Blue light can promote the accumulation of lycopene, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in tomato fruits. The combination of red and blue light can promote the generation of anthocyanins to a certain extent, but inhibit the synthesis of flavonoids; Compared with white light treatment, red light treatment can significantly increase the anthocyanin content in lettuce aboveground parts, but blue light treatment has the lowest anthocyanin content in lettuce aboveground parts; The total phenolic content of green leaf, purple leaf, and red leaf lettuce was higher under white light, red blue combined light, and blue light treatments, but it was the lowest under red light treatment; Supplementing LED ultraviolet or orange light can increase the content of phenolic compounds in lettuce leaves, while supplementing green light can increase the content of anthocyanins. Therefore, using LED supplementary lighting is an effective way to regulate the nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables in facilities.

The effect of LED fill light on delaying plant aging

The degradation of chlorophyll, rapid loss of protein, and RNA hydrolysis during plant aging are mainly manifested as leaf aging. Chloroplasts are highly sensitive to changes in the external light environment, especially significantly influenced by light quality. Red light, blue light, and a combination of red and blue light are beneficial for the morphogenesis of chloroplasts. Blue light is beneficial for the accumulation of starch granules in chloroplasts, while red and far red light have negative effects on chloroplast development. Blue light and the combination of red and blue light can promote the synthesis of chlorophyll in cucumber seedling leaves, while the combination of red and blue light can also delay the decline of chlorophyll content in the later stage. This effect becomes more pronounced with the decrease of red light ratio and the increase of blue light ratio. The chlorophyll content of cucumber seedling leaves under LED red and blue combined light treatment was significantly higher than that under fluorescent light control and monochromatic red and blue light treatment; LED blue light can significantly increase the chlorophyll a/b values of Wutai vegetable and green garlic seedlings.

Changes in content of cytokinin (CTK), auxin (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and various enzyme activities occur during leaf senescence. The content of plant hormones is easily influenced by the light environment, and different light qualities have different regulatory effects on plant hormones. The initial steps of the light signal transduction pathway involve cytokinins. CTK promotes leaf cell expansion, enhances leaf photosynthesis, and inhibits the activities of ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and protease, delaying the degradation of nucleic acid, protein, and chlorophyll, thus significantly delaying leaf aging. There is an interaction between light and CTK mediated developmental regulation, where light can stimulate an increase in endogenous cytokinin levels. When plant tissues are in an aging state, their endogenous cytokinin content decreases. IAA is mainly concentrated in areas with vigorous growth, and its content is minimal in aging tissues or organs. Purple light can enhance the activity of indole-3-acetic acid oxidase, while low levels of IAA can inhibit plant elongation and growth. ABA is mainly formed in aging leaf tissue, mature fruits, seeds, stems, roots and other parts. Under red blue combined light, the ABA content in cucumber and cabbage is lower than that under white and blue light.

Peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) are important and light related protective enzymes in plants. If plants age, the activity of these enzymes will rapidly decrease. The effect of different light qualities on plant antioxidant enzyme activity is significant. After 9 days of red light treatment, the APX activity of rapeseed seedlings significantly increases, while the POD activity decreases; After 15 days of red and blue light irradiation, the POD activity of tomatoes was 20.9% and 11.7% higher than that of white light, respectively. After 20 days of green light treatment, the POD activity was the lowest, only 55.4% of that of white light; Supplementing with 4 hours of blue light can significantly increase the soluble protein content, POD, SOD, APX, and CAT enzyme activity in cucumber seedling leaves. In addition, the activities of SOD and APX gradually decrease with the prolongation of light exposure time. The activities of SOD and APX under blue and red light irradiation decreased slowly but remained higher than those under white light. Red light irradiation significantly reduced the peroxidase and IAA peroxidase activities in tomato leaves and eggplant leaves, but caused a significant increase in the peroxidase activity in eggplant leaves. Therefore, adopting a reasonable LED lighting strategy can effectively delay the aging of horticultural crops in facilities, improve yield and quality.

Construction and application of LED light formula

The growth and development of plants are significantly influenced by light quality and its different composition ratios. The light formula mainly includes several elements such as light quality ratio, light intensity, and light duration. Due to the differences in light requirements among different plants and their varying growth and development stages, it is necessary to optimize the combination of light quality, intensity, and replenishment time for the cultivated crops.

Light quality ratio

Compared with white light and single red and blue light, the combination of LED red and blue light shows a comprehensive advantage in the growth and development of cucumber and cabbage seedlings. When the ratio of red and blue light is 8:2, the stem diameter, plant height, plant trunk, fresh weight, and seedling strength index of the plant are significantly improved, while also promoting the formation of chloroplast matrix and basal grain layer and the output of assimilates. Under the red blue light ratio of 8:1, cucumber seedlings had the highest plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, seedling strength index, aboveground and whole plant fresh weight, and the seedling leaves had high POD and APX activities; Under the red blue light ratio of 6:3, the root activity, soluble protein and sugar content, and net photosynthetic rate of cucumber seedlings were the highest, and SOD activity was relatively high. The use of a combination of red, green, and blue light is beneficial for the accumulation of dry matter in red bean sprouts. Adding green light has a promoting effect on the accumulation of dry matter in red bean sprouts, with the most significant increase observed in the red green and blue light ratio of 6:2:1; The red and blue light ratio of 8:1 had the best effect on the elongation of the hypocotyl of red bean sprouts. The red and blue light ratio of 6:3 had a significant inhibitory effect on the elongation of the hypocotyl of red bean sprouts, but the soluble protein content was the highest. When using a red and blue light ratio of 8:1 for the treatment of luffa seedlings, the strongest seedling index and highest soluble sugar content were observed. When using a red and blue light ratio of 6:3, the highest chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll a/b ratio, and soluble protein content were observed in luffa seedlings. When using a red blue light ratio of 3:1 for celery, it can effectively promote the increase of celery plant height, petiole length, number of leaves, dry matter quality, VC content, soluble protein content, and soluble sugar content; In tomato cultivation, increasing the proportion of LED blue light promotes the formation of lycopene, free amino acids, and flavonoids, while increasing the proportion of red light promotes the formation of titratable acids; When using a red blue light ratio of 8:1 on lettuce leaves, it is beneficial for the accumulation of carotenoids, effectively reducing their nitrate content and increasing their VC content.

Light intensity

Plants are more susceptible to light inhibition when growing under weak light than under strong light. The net photosynthetic rate of tomato seedlings varies with light intensity [50, 150, 200, 300, 450, 550] μ The increase in mol/(m? · s) shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and reaches 300 μ Reached maximum at mol/(m? · s); The plant height, leaf area, water content, and VC content of lettuce are within 150 μ Significant increase in mol/(m? · s) light intensity treatment at 200 μ Under the treatment of mol/(m? · s) light intensity, the fresh weight, total weight, and free aromatic acid content of lettuce aboveground parts were significantly increased, while at 300 μ Under the treatment of mol/(m? · s) light intensity, the leaf area, water content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a+b, and carotenoids of lettuce all decreased; Compared to darkness, with the increase of LED supplementary light intensity [3, 9, 15 μ The increase of mol/(m? · s) significantly increased the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll a+b in black bean sprouts and vegetables, with a light intensity of 3 μ At mol/(m? · s), the VC content is highest at 9 μ The content of soluble protein, soluble sugar, and sucrose is highest at mol/(m? · s); Under the same temperature conditions, with the increase of light intensity [(2-2.5) lx x x 103 lx, (4-4.5) lx x x 103 lx, (6-6.5) lx x 103 lx], the seedling growth time of chili seedlings is shortened, and the soluble sugar content increases, but the chlorophyll a and carotenoid content gradually decreases.

Illumination time

Extending the light exposure time appropriately can alleviate the weak light stress caused by insufficient light intensity to a certain extent, help accumulate photosynthetic products in horticultural crops, and achieve the effect of increasing yield and improving quality. The VC content of sprouted vegetables shows a gradually increasing trend with the extension of light time (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 hours/day), while the content of free amino acids, SOD, and CAT activity all show a decreasing trend; With the extension of lighting time (12, 15, 18 hours), the fresh weight of cabbage plants shows a significant increase trend; The VC content in the leaves and stems of Chinese cabbage was highest at 15 and 12 hours, respectively; The soluble protein content in the leaves of Chinese cabbage gradually decreased, but the highest was observed in the stems after 15 hours of treatment; The soluble sugar content in the leaves of cauliflower gradually increases, while the highest content is observed in the stems after 12 hours. In the case of a red and blue light ratio of 1:2, compared with a 12 hour light time, the 20 hour light treatment reduced the relative content of total phenols and flavonoids in green lettuce. However, in the case of a red and blue light ratio of 2:1, the 20 hour light treatment significantly increased the relative content of total phenols and flavonoids in green lettuce.

From the above, it can be seen that different light formulas have different effects on the photosynthesis, light morphogenesis, and carbon and nitrogen metabolism of different crop types. How to obtain the optimal light formula, light source configuration, and formulate intelligent control strategies needs to take plant species as the starting point, and appropriate adjustments should be made according to the demand for horticultural crops, production goals, production factor conditions, etc., to achieve intelligent control of light environment under energy-saving conditions and the goal of high-quality and high-yield horticultural crops.

Existing problems and prospects

The significant advantage of LED fill lights is their ability to intelligently combine and adjust spectra based on the photosynthetic characteristics, morphological construction, quality, and yield requirements of different plants. Different types of crops and different growth stages of the same crop have different requirements for light quality, light intensity, and light cycle. This requires further development and improvement of light formula research, forming a huge light formula database, and combining with the research and development of professional lighting fixtures, in order to achieve the maximum value of LED fill lights in agricultural applications, thereby better saving energy consumption, improving production efficiency and economic benefits.

The application of LED fill lights in facility horticulture has shown strong vitality, but the price of LED fill lights is relatively high, and the one-time investment is large. The fill light requirements for various crops under different environmental conditions are not clear, and the fill light spectrum, intensity, and fill light time are not reasonable, which inevitably leads to various problems when using fill lights.

However, with the advancement and improvement of technology, the production cost of LED fill lights has decreased, and LED fill lights will be more widely used in facility horticulture. At the same time, the development and progress of LED supplementary lighting technology system combined with new energy will enable the rapid development of factory agriculture, household agriculture, urban agriculture, and space agriculture to meet the needs of people for horticultural crops in special environments.

[rutujamnm]

Hydrogen Technologies

A flexible and clean energy source with many uses is hydrogen. The following list covers some of the most popular hydrogen technologies, along with a comparison of their benefits and drawbacks:

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR): About 95% of the hydrogen produced worldwide is produced using SMR, which is the most widely used technique. In order to make hydrogen and carbon dioxide, methane and steam must react in the presence of a catalyst.

Electrolysis: Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen by a process called electrolysis, which runs on electricity. Alkaline and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis are the two forms. A well-established technique, alkaline electrolysis is less effective than PEM electrolysis but is still reasonably priced.

Biomass Gasification: The process of biomass gasification entails heating organic materials like wood or agricultural waste without the presence of oxygen in order to create a gas that can be refined into hydrogen.

Nuclear: Water is divided using high-temperature nuclear reactors in the nuclear hydrogen generation process. Though costly and raising questions about the security and safety of nuclear reactors, this technology produces hydrogen without emitting carbon.

Photobiological: The process of producing hydrogen by photosynthetic microorganisms, including algae, is known as photobiological hydrogen generation.

Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC): Water is divided into hydrogen and oxygen using a ceramic electrolyte in SOECs. Although still in the research and development stage, this technology is effective.

Thermochemical: Hydrogen can be produced from fossil fuels or other sources thermochemically, which uses heat and chemical reactions. Although it is currently in the research and development stage, this technique has the potential to be carbon neutral.

Explanation of Hydrogen Technologies

Technology and procedures related to the creation, distribution, storage, and use of hydrogen as an energy source are collectively referred to as hydrogen technologies. Energy needs can be met while reducing environmental impact by utilizing hydrogen, the most plentiful element in the universe, in a variety of forms.

Key components of hydrogen technologies:

Hydrogen Production:

Many techniques are available for producing hydrogen, such as:

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR): This is the most used process, in which steam is chemically reacted to produce hydrogen from natural gas.

Electrolysis: Utilizing electricity, water (H2O) is split into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). Solar or wind energy can be used to power electrolysis, which produces "green hydrogen" that emits no greenhouse gases.

Thermochemical Processes: Gasification and pyrolysis are two examples of high-temperature processes that can produce hydrogen from a variety of feedstocks, including waste and biomass.

Hydrogen Storage: Though its low density makes storage difficult, hydrogen is an incredibly adaptable energy carrier. Various techniques for storing data include:

Compressed Hydrogen Gas: For industrial and transit purposes, hydrogen is compressed and kept in high-pressure tanks, usually at 350–700 bar.

Liquid Hydrogen: Hydrogen is mostly employed in space exploration and certain industrial uses. It may be liquefied at extremely low temperatures (-253°C) and kept in insulated tanks.

Hydrogen Carriers: Certain materials have the ability to absorb and release hydrogen, such as metal hydrides and chemical compounds, which makes them useful for hydrogen storage and transportation.

Hydrogen Distribution: With the right adjustments, hydrogen can be supplied via pipelines and other existing infrastructure. Alternatively, tankers or specialized transport methods can be used to move it in liquid or compressed gas form.

Hydrogen Utilization: There are several uses for hydrogen, such as:

Fuel Cells: The only consequence of the electrochemical process that uses hydrogen to create energy in fuel cells is water. Vehicles such as vehicles, buses, and trains, as well as permanent power generating and portable electricity, all employ fuel cells.

Combustion: In order to make hydrogen compatible with traditional internal combustion engines, hydrogen can be utilized as fuel in those engines or directly burned to produce heat.

Industrial Processes: In many industrial processes, such as metallurgy, chemical synthesis, and refining, hydrogen is employed as a reducing agent or feedstock.

Hydrogen Blending: It is possible to gradually move towards a hydrogen-based energy system without requiring major infrastructure upgrades by blending hydrogen with natural gas in already-existing gas pipes.

Importance of Hydrogen Technologies

As a flexible and clean energy source, hydrogen has shown great promise in addressing major global issues like energy security, climate change, and energy transition.

Decarbonization and Climate Change Mitigation:

Hydrogen technologies provide a way to decarbonize a number of industries, including heavy manufacturing, shipping, aviation, and long-distance transportation, which would otherwise be challenging to directly electrify.

Energy Storage and Grid Balancing:

The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, is one of their main problems.

Energy Transition and Sector Integration:

Moving away from fossil fuels and toward a greener energy mix is made easier by hydrogen technologies. An efficient and linked energy ecosystem is created by allowing the integration of several energy sectors, including power, transportation, and heating.

Energy Security and Independence:

Energy security is increased by utilizing hydrogen technology to diversify the energy mix and lessen reliance on imported fossil fuels. Nations can lessen their need on imported energy by producing hydrogen domestically from a variety of sources, including nuclear power, renewable energy, and natural gas.

Technological Innovation and Job Creation

Technology innovation and economic progress are promoted by investments in hydrogen technologies. Jobs are being created along the value chain by the development and implementation of hydrogen infrastructure, which includes facilities for production, storage, and delivery.

Significance and Potential Benefits of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier

Regarding a sustainable and low-carbon future, hydrogen is an energy carrier with great importance and potential advantages. Let's examine the main justifications for why hydrogen is seen as a significant participant in the energy scene:

Versatility and Energy Storage:

Utilized in a wide range of industries and applications, hydrogen is an extremely adaptable energy source. Hydrogen is a desirable alternative to fossil fuels in a number of industries, including power generation, transportation, and industrial.

Carbon Neutrality and Climate Change Mitigation:

Green hydrogen is produced by electrolyzing hydrogen that comes from renewable energy sources like sun, wind, or hydropower.

Energy Efficiency and Resource Optimization:

When compared to conventional combustion engines, hydrogen-based devices, such fuel cells, have better energy conversion efficiency.

Energy Security and Independence:

By combining different energy sources, hydrogen presents chances to improve energy security. It may be made locally, which lessens reliance on imported fossil fuels. Countries can increase their energy independence, lower the geopolitical risks related to energy supply, and promote a more secure and resilient energy system by building a strong infrastructure for the production and delivery of hydrogen.

Air Quality and Health Benefits:

Air quality can be greatly improved by switching to hydrogen-based systems, especially in urban areas. Fuel cells and combustion processes driven by hydrogen generate no particulate matter or toxic pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).

Technological Innovation and Job Creation:

Research and technological innovation are propelled forward by investments in hydrogen technologies. This advancement draws funding from the private sector, encourages the development of a hydrogen industry, and generates employment possibilities in infrastructure construction, production, research and development and maintenance.

Applications of Hydrogen Technologies

There are many uses for hydrogen technologies in many different industries. Let's examine a few of the major uses for hydrogen that are of great interest:

Transportation:

Transportation is one of the main areas where hydrogen technologies are being used, as they provide efficient and clean substitutes for traditional fossil fuel-powered cars.

Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs): The only consequence of hydrogen fuel cells' process of turning hydrogen and oxygen into energy is water vapor, which powers fuel cell vehicles. Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) present a viable approach to decarbonizing the transportation sector because to its extended driving range, rapid refueling periods, and zero emissions.

Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (HICEVs): A temporary way to use hydrogen in current car fleets while lowering emissions is to use it as fuel in internal combustion engines that have been upgraded.

Energy Storage and Grid Balancing:

Energy storage and grid balancing, especially for intermittent renewable energy sources like solar and wind, can greatly benefit from hydrogen technologies.

Power-to-Gas: Hydrogen can be produced through electrolysis using surplus electricity generated during peak hours. Hydrogen can be utilized as a feedstock for industrial processes or stored and subsequently transformed back into energy.

Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Backup Power: Telecommunications, off-grid applications, and essential infrastructure can all benefit from the clean, dependable backup power that hydrogen fuel cells can offer.

Industrial Applications: Hydrogen technologies provide low-carbon alternatives and improve process efficiency, with numerous applications across diverse industrial sectors.

Hydrogen as a Feedstock: Several industrial processes, like the synthesis of methanol and the manufacturing of ammonia, require the utilization of hydrogen.

Hydrogen for Refining: In order to purge crude oil of contaminants and create cleaner fuels, refining techniques like hydrocracking and hydrotreating require hydrogen.

Steel and Metal Production: In the manufacturing of iron and steel, hydrogen can be employed as a reducing agent to help these energy-intensive industries become more carbon-efficient.

Power Generation: Hydrogen technologies present a clean and efficient option to conventional fossil fuel-based power plants for the production of electricity.

Distributed Generation: Distributed power generation using fuel cells can supply heat and energy to commercial, industrial, and residential structures.

Hybrid Power Plants: Reliable and dispatchable power can be produced by hybrid power plants that combine hydrogen with renewable energy sources, guaranteeing a steady supply of energy.

Residential and Commercial Heating: Hydrogen presents a low-carbon substitute for natural gas in heating applications.

Hydrogen Blending: Buildings, both residential and commercial, can use hydrogen for heating by blending it with natural gas in the current pipeline system.

Hydrogen Boilers: Carbon emissions from heating systems can be decreased by switching to hydrogen-fueled boilers from conventional natural gas boilers.

Futuristic opportunities for hydrogen technologies

Future hydrogen technologies have a lot of promise and will be essential in establishing a low-carbon, sustainable society. The following futuristic prospects demonstrate the revolutionary potential of hydrogen technologies:

Renewable Hydrogen at Scale:

The production of renewable hydrogen needs to be scaled substantially if hydrogen technologies are to survive. The creation of "green hydrogen" has the potential to grow in popularity and profitability with improvements in electrolysis technology and growing use of renewable energy sources.

Hydrogen as an Energy Storage Solution:

The requirement for effective energy storage technologies grows as the share of renewable energy sources rises. Future advancements in hydrogen storage technologies, such as novel materials and creative storing techniques, may improve the hydrogen storage systems' capacity, efficiency, and affordability, allowing for a larger integration of renewable energy sources into the grid.

Hydrogen-Based Synthetic Fuels:

Methanation and methanol synthesis are two techniques that can use hydrogen and collected carbon dioxide to create synthetic fuels. These fuels offer carbon-neutral replacements for fossil fuels in the infrastructure and applications now in use, such as industrial processes, heating, and transportation.

Hydrogen Infrastructure Development:

Establishing a strong infrastructure for hydrogen is essential to achieving the full potential of hydrogen technology. Prospective avenues for growth entail the construction of a vast hydrogen distribution infrastructure, including pipelines, filling stations, and storage facilities, in order to facilitate the broad acceptance of hydrogen-powered automobiles and facilitate the effective conveyance and application of hydrogen in diverse industries.

Hydrogen for Grid Flexibility and Sector Coupling:

Sector coupling and grid flexibility may be improved by incorporating hydrogen technology into the electrical system. Moreover, by utilizing hydrogen as a common energy carrier to connect several energy sectors, including industrial, transportation, and power, hydrogen can facilitate sector coupling and enhance system flexibility and optimization.

Hydrogen for Space Exploration:

Because of its excellent propulsion qualities and high energy density, hydrogen has long been employed in space travel. Prospective avenues for hydrogen technology development encompass progressions in hydrogen-dependent propulsion mechanisms, including liquid hydrogen engines, for space exploration expeditions, encompassing crewed trips to Mars and beyond.

Key Components and Processes Involved in Hydrogen Technologies

Hydrogen technologies encompass a range of parts and procedures that make it possible to produce, store, distribute, and use hydrogen as a source of energy. Let's examine the essential elements and procedures of hydrogen technologies:

Hydrogen Production:

There are numerous ways to create hydrogen, including:

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR): The most popular technique of producing hydrogen involves reacting natural gas with steam to create carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

Electrolysis: Electrolysis is the process of employing an electrical current to divide water (H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2).

Thermochemical Processes: Using high-temperature chemical reactions, thermochemical processes like gasification and pyrolysis can transform a variety of feedstocks, including waste or biomass, into hydrogen.

Hydrogen Storage:

Storage of hydrogen is essential to its effective use and transportation. There are several ways to store hydrogen, including:

Compressed Gas: At pressures between 350 and 700 bar, high-pressure tanks can be used to compress and store hydrogen. Applications related to transportation frequently use this technique.

Liquid Hydrogen: In insulated tanks, hydrogen can be stored after being liquefied at a very low temperature of -253°C.

Hydrogen Carriers: Compact and secure hydrogen storage is made possible by hydrogen transporters, which include metal hydrides and chemical compounds.

Hydrogen Distribution: Depending on the amount and goal of the distribution, there are several ways to spread hydrogen:

Pipelines: It is possible to adapt or repurpose existing natural gas pipelines for the distribution of hydrogen. But there are issues with hydrogen embrittlement and permeability that call either special hydrogen pipelines or improvements to existing pipelines.

Hydrogen Trucks and Tankers: Transporting hydrogen in liquid or compressed gas form requires the use of specialist trucks and tankers.

On-Site Generation: On-site hydrogen production is possible with the use of specialized systems like reformers or electrolyzers. For confined hydrogen supply, this method works well.

Hydrogen Utilization: Depending on the needs and application, there are several ways to use hydrogen:

Fuel Cells: The sole byproduct of fuel cells, which are electrochemical devices that transform hydrogen and oxygen into energy, is water vapor. They are used as stationary power sources, backup power, and vehicle power.

Combustion: In engines or burners, hydrogen can be used directly to produce heat and mechanical power, just like traditional fuels.

Industrial Processes: Metallurgy, refining, and chemical manufacture are just a few of the industrial uses for hydrogen. It serves these operations as a heat source, reducing agent, or feedstock.

Hydrogen Blending: It is possible to gradually move towards a hydrogen-based energy system without requiring major infrastructure upgrades by blending hydrogen with natural gas in already-existing gas pipelines or distribution networks.

Key Challenges for Hydrogen Technologies in The Future

Hydrogen technologies have great potential, but before they can be successfully implemented and widely used in the future, a number of important issues must be resolved:

Cost Competitiveness: Compared to traditional fossil fuel-based alternatives, the cost of producing hydrogen, especially green hydrogen from renewable sources, is now greater. Hydrogen production, storage, and infrastructure development come with significant capital and operating expenses, which makes it difficult for hydrogen technologies to become widely used.

Infrastructure Development: A strong hydrogen infrastructure must be established before hydrogen technologies may be widely used. The construction of pipelines or other alternate distribution systems, refueling stations, storage facilities, and hydrogen generating facilities are all included in this.

Energy Storage and Conversion Efficiency: Energy storage problems can be solved with hydrogen technology, although efficiency and storage capacity are not without problems. Because of its low energy density, hydrogen requires high pressure storage methods or enormous storage volumes.

Safety Considerations: In order to avoid mishaps, hydrogen must be handled and stored carefully because it differs from conventional fuels in terms of safety. Strict safety precautions and laws are required for the storage, transportation, and use of hydrogen due to its extreme flammability.

Scalability and Supply Chain: Ensuring a sustainable and dependable hydrogen supply becomes imperative as hydrogen technologies expand.

Policy and Regulatory Framework: The regulatory and policy environments must be favorable for the successful implementation of hydrogen technologies. The adoption of hydrogen technology can be sped up by implementing policies that encourage funding, R&D, and the creation of suitable safety norms and regulations.

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR): For industrial hydrogen production, steam methane reforming is the most popular technique. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas are created when high-temperature reactions between steam and methane, which is usually obtained from natural gas, occur.

Electrolysis: The process of electrolysis divides water (H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) using an electrical current. It provides a means to create "green hydrogen" while using renewable energy. There are two primary approaches for performing electrolysis:

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Electrolysis: Solid polymer electrolyte is used in PEM electrolysis to separate the oxygen and hydrogen gasses. It can produce hydrogen locally and decentralized, as at hydrogen fueling stations, and operates at relatively low temperatures.

Alkaline Water Electrolysis (AWE): Alkaline electrolyte solutions are used by AWE to speed up the electrolysis process. Because of its great durability and efficiency, it has been frequently employed for large-scale hydrogen production.

Biomass Gasification: Gasification of biomass entails using a thermochemical process to transform biomass feedstock such as wood chips, energy crops, or agricultural residues into a gas that is high in hydrogen.

Nuclear: Hydrogen can be produced using nuclear power by thermochemical reactions or high-temperature electrolysis. Utilizing the surplus heat produced by nuclear reactors, high-temperature electrolysis increases the electrolysis's effectiveness.

Photobiological: Hydrogen is produced by photosynthesis by photosynthetic microorganisms, such as algae or cyanobacteria, in a process known as photobiological hydrogen production. Even though research on photobiological hydrogen production is very promising, there are still many obstacles to overcome in terms of efficiency, scalability, and cost-effectiveness.

Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC): Utilizing a solid oxide ceramic electrolyte, Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC) allow for the direct conversion of steam into hydrogen and oxygen at high temperatures.

Thermochemical: A variety of chemical reactions involving high temperatures and certain catalysts are included in the thermochemical techniques used to produce hydrogen. Water splitting via metal oxide cycles, such as those based on iron or cerium, can be one of these processes.

Recent technological developments and innovations in each of the hydrogen production technologies:

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR):

Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU): Efforts are being made to capture and use the carbon dioxide produced during SMR, a process known as carbon capture and utilization (CCU). The environmental impact of SMR can be lessened by carbon capture technologies, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture and utilization (CCU), which capture CO2 and use it for storage or other industrial activities.

SMR with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): By combining CCS technology with SMR, carbon dioxide emissions can be captured and then stored, lowering the total carbon footprint of producing hydrogen.

Electrolysis:

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Electrolysis Advancements: The goals of recent developments in PEM electrolysis technology have been to increase cell cost-effectiveness, durability, and efficiency. The increased efficiency and extended longevity of PEM electrolyzers can be attributed to the use of novel materials, enhanced catalysts, and sophisticated cell designs.

Alkaline Water Electrolysis (AWE) Innovations: The goal of research and development is to increase AWE systems' scalability and efficiency. In order to improve the efficiency and reduce the costs of AWE, innovations include the creation of new electrode materials, improved electrolyte compositions, and optimized cell designs.

Biomass Gasification: Optimization of the Gasification Process: In order to increase hydrogen yields and decrease unwanted byproducts, researchers are looking into ways to optimize the gasification process.

Integration with Bioenergy Systems: To improve overall sustainability, biomass gasification for hydrogen production might be combined with bioenergy systems.

Nuclear: High-Temperature Electrolysis (HTE): Research is being done to better utilize the extra heat produced by nuclear reactors for the efficient synthesis of hydrogen.

Hybrid Systems: High-temperature nuclear reactors combined with hydrogen production technologies are the subject of research into hybrid nuclear-hydrogen systems.

Photobiological:

Genetic Engineering: Enhancing photosynthetic microorganism productivity and efficiency for photobiological hydrogen production is being done by researchers through genetic engineering. The potential for photobiological systems to produce hydrogen is being maximized by exploring advancements in culture strategies, such as photobioreactor design, light management techniques, and nutrition optimization.

Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC): Better Electrolyte Materials: Advanced electrolyte materials with improved stability, durability, and ionic conductivity are the subject of research.

System Integration: By combining SOECs with other renewable energy sources, including solar or wind power, or by utilizing waste heat from industrial processes to increase the electrolysis process's energy efficiency, system integration innovations seek to maximize the overall performance of SOECs.

Practical applications for all hydrogen-related technologies

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR):

Practical Use Case: Manufacturing Hydrogen

For the large-scale industrial production of hydrogen, SMR is now the leading technique.

Electrolysis:

Transport-Related Use Case: Renewable Hydrogen

"Green hydrogen" can be produced via electrolysis using renewable energy sources for use in transportation.

Biomass Gasification: A Practical Application: Carbon Capture and Storage Combined with Sustainable Bioenergy (BECCS).

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) in conjunction with biomass gasification has the potential to remove CO2 from the environment and produce low-carbon hydrogen. This technology is a component of the BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) concept, which uses gasified biomass feedstock to produce hydrogen, captures and stores the resulting CO2 emissions, and uses hydrogen for a variety of purposes, including power generation and transportation.

Nuclear:

Practical Use Case: Production of Nuclear Hydrogen

Efficient hydrogen production can be achieved by thermochemical processes driven by nuclear energy or high-temperature electrolysis. Nuclear power facilities can supply the high-temperature heat required for thermochemical or electrolysis processes, which can produce hydrogen with low or no carbon emissions.

Photobiological: A Practical Application: Producing Hydrogen Using Algae

A sustainable method for producing hydrogen can be found in photobiological hydrogen production, which uses cyanobacteria or microalgae. Algae growth and hydrogen generation can be supported by the organic nutrients found in wastewater, which can be utilized by integrating algae culture systems with wastewater treatment facilities.

Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC):

Practical Use Case: Combining Renewable Energy Sources

Clean hydrogen can be produced by combining SOEC technology with renewable energy sources, such solar or wind power.

Key players in each of the Hydrogen Technologies:

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR):

Air Liquide

Linde

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.

Shell

BP

Chevron

TotalEnergies

ExxonMobil

Electrolysis:

Nel Hydrogen

ITM Power

Siemens Energy

McPhy Energy

Ballard Power Systems

Hydrogenics

Enapter

Proton OnSite

Biomass Gasification:

Mitsubishi Power

Valmet

Nexterra Systems Corp.

DP CleanTech

Biomass Engineering Ltd.

Choren Industries

PRM Energy Systems Inc.

Zilkha Biomass Energy

Nuclear:

X-energy

Framatome

General Atomics

Idaho National Laboratory

TerraPower

Westinghouse Electric Company

NuScale Power

Lightbridge Corporation

Photobiological:

Synthetic Genomics

Algenol

HyperSolar

Cyanotech Corporation

Aurora Algae

Sapphire Energy

Heliae Development, LLC

Algenuity

Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC):

Sunfire

SolidPower

Elcogen

Ceres Power

Nexceris

Haldor Topsoe

Cummins

Fraunhofer IKTS

Finally, hydrogen technologies are extremely promising for a low-carbon, sustainable energy future. Cooperation and additional research are necessary to realize their full potential.

Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration: To promote innovation, exchange knowledge, and develop laws and regulations that are helpful, governments, business leaders, academic institutions, and international organizations should work together.

Research and Development: To solve technical problems, increase productivity, and cut expenses, research must continue. Programs for system integration, innovative materials, catalysts, and hydrogen generation technology optimization should receive funding for research and development.

Pilot Projects and Demonstration Plants: Pilot projects and demonstration facilities should be established in order to demonstrate the feasibility and scalability of hydrogen technologies, with cooperation from governments and industry stakeholders.

Infrastructure Development: The development of hydrogen infrastructure, such as manufacturing plants, storage options, transportation systems, and refueling stations, requires teamwork. Governments and business should collaborate to establish incentives and a regulatory environment that will encourage the construction of hydrogen infrastructure.

International Cooperation: Reaching the full potential of hydrogen technologies requires international cooperation. To solve shared issues, standardize requirements, and hasten the worldwide use of hydrogen as an energy carrier, nations should promote cross-border collaboration, knowledge exchange, and cooperative research projects.

Public Awareness and Education: It is essential to raise public knowledge of and educate them about the advantages of hydrogen technologies. To educate and involve the public on hydrogen's role in a sustainable energy transition, governments, businesses, and academic institutions should fund public outreach campaigns, educational initiatives, and knowledge-dissemination platforms.

We can unleash the transformational power of hydrogen technology and build a cleaner, more sustainable future for future generations by embracing collaboration, funding research and development, and cultivating a supporting ecosystem.

Green Hydrogen Systems: For the purpose of producing, storing, and consuming hydrogen gas, renewable energy sources like solar, wind, or hydropower are used in "green hydrogen systems," which are the mechanisms and procedures involved.

Hydrogen Fuel Technology: Transportation, industry, and power generation are just a few of the uses for hydrogen fuel technology, which is the creation, implementation, and exploitation of technologies that use hydrogen as a clean and effective energy source.

Hydrogen Power Systems: When hydrogen is employed as a major energy carrier, hydrogen power systems are the infrastructure and integrated technologies used to produce electricity.

Hydrogen Vehicle Technology: The term "hydrogen vehicle technology" describes the planning, creation, and use of automobiles that run on hydrogen as a fuel source.

New Hydrogen Technology: Innovations and recent developments in the realm of hydrogen-related technologies are referred to as "New Hydrogen Technology".

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Generator: A hydrogen fuel cell generator is a device that uses the electrochemical reaction that takes place inside a fuel cell to directly convert hydrogen fuel into power.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology Companies: Companies and organizations that actively work on the development, production, and marketing of hydrogen fuel cell technologies are known as hydrogen fuel cell technology companies.

Hydrogen Storage Technologies: Technologies for storing hydrogen safely and effectively for later use are referred to as hydrogen storage technologies.

Hydrogen Power Plant: An industrial facility used primarily as a fuel source for the production of electricity is called a hydrogen power plant, sometimes referred to as a hydrogen energy facility or hydrogen power station.

Fuel Cell Technology: The term "fuel cell technology" describes the research, development, and use of devices known as "fuel cells," which produce electricity by reacting electrochemically with hydrogen and oxygen.

Hydrogen Production Technologies: The techniques and procedures used to produce hydrogen gas from various feedstocks are referred to as hydrogen production technologies. Hydrogen is an energy carrier with multiple applications that can be created through different ways, each with its own set of benefits, drawbacks, and environmental considerations.

Hydrogen Energy Technology: The generation, storage, distribution, and use of hydrogen as a clean and adaptable energy source are all included in the wide category of technologies and systems known as hydrogen energy technology.

Hydrogen Technology Companies: Businesses and organizations that focus on the development, manufacture, and commercialization of hydrogen-related technologies across a range of industries, including production, storage, distribution, and consumption, are known as hydrogen technology firms.

Green Hydrogen Technology: The techniques and procedures used to produce hydrogen gas from renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, or hydropower, are referred to as "green hydrogen technology."

Hydrogen Cell Technology: Using an electrochemical process, hydrogen gas (H2) is used as fuel in hydrogen fuel cell technology to produce electricity.

Applications of Hydrogen Energy: Hydrogen energy's adaptability and potential as a clean and efficient energy carrier make it suitable for use in a wide range of sectors.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology: Utilizing an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity, hydrogen fuel cell technology is a clean and effective energy conversion method.

Fuel Cell Manufacturing: Fuel cell manufacturing is the process of creating fuel cells, which are devices that use an electrochemical reaction to directly transform chemical energy into electrical energy.

Hydrogen Car Technology: The use of hydrogen fuel cells to power automobiles is known as hydrogen car technology. Fuel cell vehicles, or hydrogen cars, are a cutting-edge and sustainable substitute for conventional gasoline-powered automobiles.

Blue Hydrogen Technology: With the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS), blue hydrogen technology produces hydrogen gas while reducing emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2).

Hydrogen Power Companies: The production, distribution, and use of hydrogen as a clean and effective energy source are the main areas of concentration for enterprises engaged in the hydrogen energy sector.

Hydrogen Engine Technology: Hydrogen engine technology pertains to the utilization of hydrogen as a fuel in internal combustion engines or other engine types intended to burn hydrogen to produce electricity.

Hydrogen Generation Technology: Technology related to producing hydrogen gas, a flexible and clean energy source with a wide range of uses, is known as hydrogen generation technology.

Fuel Cell Technology Cars: Technology using fuel cells Automobiles that use hydrogen fuel cells to produce electricity to run an electric motor are referred to as fuel cell vehicles, or FCVs for short.

Together, let's make the transition to a world powered by hydrogen.

Read More -https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/industry-practice/hydrogen/hydrogen-technologies-comparison

[ledlightingmanufacturer]

The function characteristics and application of solar street lamp components

The function characteristics and application of solar street lamp components In the development of new energy, it is recognized at home and abroad that the highest technical content and the most promising development prospect is solar power generation. Solar power generation mainly has solar thermal power generation and solar solar power generation in two ways. This paper focuses on solar energy generation. Solar energy power generation is the direct conversion of solar energy into electrical power generation, can be divided into photovoltaic power generation, light induction power generation, photochemical power generation and photobiological power generation four kinds; At present, the most widely used photovoltaic power generation is to directly convert the photovoltaic effect generated by the light irradiated to the solar panel into direct current energy output, and its structure is generally composed of solar panels, batteries, controllers, inverters and brackets. The disadvantages of photovoltaic power generation are: high initial investment cost; Lower energy density; Intermittent power generation; Greatly affected by climatic conditions (can not generate electricity on rainy days); Photovoltaic power generation is currently mainly used in three aspects, namely: to provide power for places without power; Grid-connected power generation; Production of solar electronic products, such as all kinds of solar chargers, solar lamps (including solar street lights), solar water heaters, etc. 1.1 The basic characteristics of solar panels and their applications In order for the solar panel components to receive as much solar radiant energy as possible during the year, an optimal Angle is selected for the solar panel components during installation. Through the calculation of the special model, the change value of the monthly average solar irradiance of different inclination planes can be obtained. On the inclined plane of different angles, the solar irradiance varies greatly. Therefore, when installing solar panel components, the suitable inclination Angle should be selected through the test to obtain the maximum solar irradiance. 1.2 The basic characteristics and application of solar battery The solar battery group is the energy storage device of the solar panel, its role is to store the electric energy emitted by the panel when there is sunshine, and it is used for load at night or cloudy and rainy days. The battery is composed of a number of batteries in series and parallel, and its capacity requires that it can meet the power supply time and power supply requirements of street lights in the days without solar radiation. At present, lead-acid batteries are commonly used in China, and cadmium-nickel batteries can also be used in important occasions, but the latter price is higher. The storage battery is chemical energy, it converts direct current energy into chemical energy storage, and then converts chemical energy into electrical energy when needed, visible energy conversion process is reversible, the former is called battery charging, the latter is called battery discharge. Therefore, in the photovoltaic power generation system, the battery plays a role in the storage and regulation (release) of the electric energy generated by the system; Since the power output of the photovoltaic power generation system changes every day, the battery can also provide relatively stable electricity when the sunshine is insufficient or the photovoltaic power generation system needs to be repaired. 1.3 The basic characteristics and application of solar lighting fixtures Since LED is a DC power supply device, it is easy to be made into DC lamps, which are widely used in DC systems, such as solar lighting products. It has flat type ultra-high brightness LED, single beam type ultra-high brightness LED and beam type ultra-high brightness LED combination of three, because a single beam type ultra-high brightness LED light tube light direction is too strong, the comprehensive visual effect is poor, so, Flat type ultra-high brightness LED or flat type and beam type ultra-high brightness LED combination should be preferred, multiple leds are concentrated together, arranged and combined into a certain regular LED light source, as a solar street lamp lighting fixture. 1.4 Solar street lamp overcharge and overdischarge protection function In the application of solar street lights, attention should be paid to the control of overcharge and overdischarge of the battery. The so-called overcharge control is to disconnect the charging circuit in time when the battery is in the overcharge state, and the over-discharge control is to disconnect the discharge circuit in time when the battery is in the over-discharge state, which is to protect the battery and extend its service life. The basis for judging overcharge and overdischarge is the change of the battery voltage: When there is sunlight on a sunny day, the solar photovoltaic panel absorbs light energy through the relay switch normally closed point to charge the battery, when the battery voltage is higher than 26V, the storage battery is in an overcharged state, the relay switch normally closed point is broken, the normal open point is closed, the charging circuit automatically disconnected, stop charging the battery. Realize overcharge protection function; At night, the battery supplies power to the street lamp. When the voltage of the battery is lower than 22V, the battery is in the overdischarge state, the relay switch is turned from the normally closed point to the normally open point, the discharge circuit is automatically disconnected, and the power supply to the load (street lamp) is stopped, and the overdischarge protection function is realized. Read the full article

[healthtopicsposts]

What causes oily scalp?

As someone who has battled an oily scalp for years, I frequently wonder what results in this aggravating problem. I've learnt through my research that a number of things can lead to excessive scalp oil production.

Sebaceous glands that are working too hard are one of the main reasons of an oily scalp. Sebum, a natural oil produced by these glands, aids in lubricating and protecting the scalp and hair. An oily scalp might result from these glands producing too much sebum when they are hyperactive.

Hormonal imbalances are another cause that may lead to an oily scalp. Sebum production is heavily influenced by hormones, and variations in hormone levels can result in an increase in oil production. This explains why menopause, pregnancy, and puberty are frequently times when oily scalp is more prevalent.

Genetics, a bad diet, and specific drugs are further potential contributors to oily scalp. Additionally, an oily scalp may result from utilising the incorrect hair care products. For instance, employing items with thick oils or silicones can make the hair heavy and contribute to an oily scalp.

While there are many different factors that can contribute to an oily scalp, the good news is that there are also many effective treatments available. One treatment that has been gaining popularity in recent years is red light therapy hat.

Low-level red light is used in red light therapy, a non-invasive procedure, to stimulate hair follicles and encourage hair growth. The treatment works by boosting blood flow to the scalp, which then supplies the hair follicles with essential nutrients and oxygen. This enhances scalp health while supporting hair growth and strengthening.

Red light treatment has been demonstrated to be useful in regulating scalp oil production in addition to boosting hair growth. Red light treatment has been shown in studies to help regulate sebum production, resulting in a decrease in oily scalp.

According to one study in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, red light therapy can help people with oily scalps produce less scalp oil. For eight weeks, the study subjects underwent three sessions of red light therapy per week. The subjects' hair thickness and density also improved, and the researchers discovered a considerable reduction in scalp oil production at the conclusion of the study.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a chemical that gives cells energy, can be stimulated by red light treatment, according to another study that was published in the Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. Given that hair follicles need energy to form new hair, this may aid in the promotion of hair growth.

Red light therapy hat is becoming more and more popular as a hair growth equipment, with many people experiencing significant improvements in hair growth and scalp health after using the therapy. One of the best things about red light therapy hat is that it is a safe and non-invasive treatment that can be used at home without any side effects.

There are numerous solutions available if you want to try red light treatment on your own. A popular option for applying red light treatment to the scalp is a red light therapy cap, which is both practical and efficient. These hats can encourage hair growth and balance scalp oil production when worn for a short period of time each day.

In conclusion, if you are struggling with an oily scalp, it is important to understand the factors that can contribute to this issue. By addressing these underlying causes, you can help to improve scalp health and promote hair growth. Red light therapy is one treatment that has been shown to be effective in balancing scalp oil production and magical in promoting hair growth, and is becoming increasingly popular as a safe and non-invasive hair growth equipment. With the right equipment, you can easily incorporate red light therapy into your hair care routine and experience the benefits for yourself.

[fetonled]

600w Led Grow Light

Plants is very sensitive to light spectrum, light intensity, and lighting time. With the advantages of customizable spectrum, cold light source and long life, LED grow light has gradually become the first choice for indoor planting.

Feiteng 600W LED plant ight, combining photobiology and LED manufacturing technology to provide growers with the most ideal grow lighting

Different Models of 600w Led Grow Light

Full Spectrum Led Lights 5050V-4C

Led Grow Lights 5050+2835V-4C

Full Spectrum Grow Lights 5050+2835V-2C

Performance Advantages of 600w Led Grow Light

01

Higher Lighting Intensity

Grouped 3 basic units of 200W grow lights. Higher lighting intensity for bigger area.

02

Simple

Quick to deploy with simple connection method.

03

Patented LED Chip

Patented LED chip, each LED diode contains a full range from UVA to far red, among which UVA, 660, 730, which have key effects on plants, are treated with peaks, with super-strong spectral consistency.

04

Smart Control APP

time switch, spectrum adjustment, light intensity adjustment, wireless control.To free grower's hands and time.

[truepdf]

The goal of this volume is to comprehensively cover a highly readable, updated and extended, overview on our present knowledge of positive and negative effects of UV‑exposure, with a focus on vitamin D and skin cancer. Topics that are discussed in‑depth by leading researchers and clinicians range from the newest findings in endocrinology, epidemiology, histology, photobiology, immunology, cytogenetics and molecular pathology to new concepts for prophylaxis and treatment. Experts in the field as well as health care professionals not intimately involved in these specialized areas are provided with the most significant and timely information related to these topics. It is the aim of the second edition of this book to summarize essential up‑to‑date information for every clinician or scientist interested in how to balance between positive and negative effects of UV‑exposure to minimize the risks of developing vitamin D deficiency and skin cancer.

[lotonki]

Light blue top

Light blue top skin#

Light blue top professional#

Prospective, Randomized Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Local UV-Free Blue Light Treatment of Eczema. Keemss K, Pfaff SC, Born M, Liebmann J, Merk HF, von Felbert V.

Light blue top skin#

A controlled trial to determine the efficacy of red and near-infrared light treatment in patient satisfaction, reduction of fine lines, wrinkles, skin roughness, and intradermal collagen density increase. Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) in skin: stimulating, healing, restoring. Īvci P, Gupta A, Sadasivam M, Vecchio D, Pam Z, Pam N, Hamblin MR. LED face masks are worth the splurge but only if you know the best ones to buy. The 14 best led light therapy face masks worth every penny. The 19 best led face masks for light therapy benefits at home. Photodynamic and photobiological effects of light-emitting diode (LED) therapy in dermatological disease: an update. If you know of one we should consider, please email us at we will evaluate the product ASAP. At the time of publishing, we were not able to find enough LED light therapy masks from Black-owned and/or Black-founded businesses to meet this percentage. Gross face mask featured in this story every night (and has noticed a definite improvement in her skin texture and tone) and has also tried many of the other options on this list.Īccording to our Diversity Pledge, 15% of products in our newly-published market roundups will feature Black-owned and/or Black-founded brands.

Light blue top professional#

As a skincare enthusiast, she’s always loved professional LED light therapy treatments but recently hopped on board the at-home bandwagon as well. “This will differ by the type of mask, but typically treatment times are between 15 and 30 minutes.”īyrdie contributor Melanie Rud has over a decade of experience in the beauty industry, writing for some of the biggest magazines and websites out there. “Clean your face first, then turn the mask on to your desired wavelength, and leave it on for the recommended amount of time,” she says. “If you really only need to target skin concerns around the eye area, there are small sunglasses-shaped models on the other hand, if your neck could benefit from light therapy, too, look for masks that come with a neck piece.”Įngelman explains that LED light therapy can be done in your dermatologist’s office or at home with an at-home device. “If you want to multitask while you mask, make sure to get a wireless model,” she says. This will give you the most bang for your buck and will ensure that you can tailor the treatment to give your skin exactly what it needs.Īs Engelman explains, not all LED light therapy masks are the same, so you’ll want to look for a design that fits into your lifestyle. Adjustable SettingsĪs is the case with pretty much any beauty tool, opt for a pick that offers either several different types of light and/or varying intensities. It also controls oil production and can be an effective treatment for psoriasis and eczema. If you’re battling blemishes or looking to prevent future breakouts, Engelman says that blue light is best known for its ability to kill acne-causing bacteria. In addition to red light, she mentions that amber and white light also offer anti-aging benefits. This particular wavelength is ideal for helping to stimulate the production of collagen and elastin for smoother, less wrinkled skin in addition to reducing the appearance of pores and reducing inflammation. Dendy Engelman says to look for a mask that offers red light. If signs of aging are your primary concern, board-certified dermatologic surgeon Dr. What to Look For in an LED Light Therapy Mask Red Light Engelman is an award-winning, celebrity dermatologist, often featured in the media as a consultant. Dendy Engelman, MD, FACMS, FAAD is a board-certified dermatologic surgeon in New York.

[materialsscienceandengineering]

After two hours, sunscreen that includes zinc oxide loses effectiveness, becomes toxic: study

Sunscreen that includes zinc oxide, a common ingredient, loses much of its effectiveness and becomes toxic after two hours of exposure to ultraviolet radiation, according to a collaboration that included Oregon State University scientists.

The toxicity analysis involved zebrafish, which share a remarkable similarity to humans at the molecular, genetic and cellular levels, meaning many zebrafish studies are immediately relevant to people.

Findings were published today in Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences.

The research team, which included College of Agriculture Sciences faculty Robyn Tanguay and Lisa Truong and graduate fellow Claudia Santillan, sought to answer important but largely neglected questions regarding the massive global sunscreen market, predicted by market data firm Statista to be worth more than $24 billion by the end of the decade.

Read more.

[chirocynergy]

ChiroCynergy - Dr. Matthew Bradshaw, Dr. Hilary Rutledge - Chiropractic Near Me (Wilmington, NC)

 The fascinating cold laser story

 Albert Einstein proposed it way back in 1917. It sounded like something straight out of a science fiction novel. The use of low-level focused light waves as a therapy to heal tissue. But, just like most of his brilliant ideas, Einstein’s theory was WAY ahead of its time and everyone laughed at him.

 It was 43 years after Einstein’s prediction that he was proven right and low-level light was first developed into a therapy. In 1960, Hungarian surgeon, Endre Mester, first reported his experience using laser light to treat non-healing infections and inflammations (swelling) in rats. Mester reported a 70% success rate treating these infections which led to the development of a science he called “laser biostimulation,” or the stimulation of the local immune system.

 Today there is an entire science field devoted to this subject call photobiology – the study of how light affects living things.

 Since 1967, more than 2,000 clinical studies have been published worldwide on cold lasers. And on January 17, 2002, the first patent and market clearance was given by the FDA to a cold laser for the non-surgical treatment of joint pain. And listen to this: the study documented 94% of patients felt some improvement!

 In 2004, another study of cold laser therapy for treatment of knee joint pain revealed a 62% success rate in significantly reducing pain. This was achieved after approximately 10 treatments that lasted ONLY 15 minutes each.

 And with so many modern medical “cures” causing worse problems than the conditions they were initially intended to treat, one of the most important benefits was … no documented side effects! Not one – in fact, the only warning was not to shine the laser directly in the eye for a prolonged period of time.

 Call us: (910) 368-1528

Our Website: http://chirocynergy.com/

#chiropractor_wilmington_nc #best_chiropractor_wilmington_nc #chiropractor_near_wilmington_nc #chiropractic_in_wilmington_nc #best_chiropractor_in_wilmington_nc #chiropractic_near_me #chiropractor_near_me #family_chiropractor_in_wilmington_nc #female_chiropractors_in_wilmington_nc #physical_therapy_in_wilmington_nc #sports_chiropractor_in_wilmington_nc #pregnancy_chiropractor_in_wilmington_nc #sciatica_chiropractor_in_wilmington_nc #car_accident_chiropractor_in_wilmington_nc #Active_Release_Technique_in_wilmington_nc #Cold_Laser_Therapy_in_wilmington_nc #Spinal_Decompression_in_wilmington_nc

[plant-lights-yr]

Which plant supplement light is more suitable for greenhouse crop supplement light?

When planting crops in large sheds, you must worry about the lighting of the plants. If the sun is insufficient, it will affect the growth and flowering of the crops. Therefore, people will think of using LED full-spectrum plant supplement light to supplement light for plants.

5 light sources that affect plant growth

  Light is the basic environmental factor for plant growth and development. It is not only the basic energy source for photosynthesis, but also an important regulator of plant growth and development. The growth of plants is not only restricted by the amount of light or light intensity (photon flux density, photonfluxdensity, PFD), but also by light quality, that is, light and radiation of different wavelengths and their different composition ratios.

  The solar spectrum can be roughly divided into ultraviolet radiation (ultraviolet, UV<400nm, including UV-A320~400nm; UV-B280~320nm; UV-C<280nm, 100~280nm), visible light or photosynthetically active radiation (photosynthetically active radiation, PAr , 400~700nm, including blue light 400~500nm; green light 500~600nm; red light 600~700nm) and infrared radiation (700~800nm). Due to the absorption of ozone in the stratosphere (stratosphere), uc-c and most of uv-b cannot reach the surface of the earth. The intensity of uv-b radiation reaching the ground changes due to geographic (altitude and latitude), time (day time, seasonal changes), meteorological (cloud layer, thickness, etc.) and other environmental factors such as atmospheric pollution. .

  Plants perceive subtle changes in light quality, light intensity, duration and direction of light in the growing environment, and initiate changes in the physiological and morphological structures necessary for survival in this environment. Blue light, red light and far-red light play an extremely critical role in controlling the light morphogenesis of plants. The photoreceptors of phytochrome (Phy), cryptochrome (Cry) and photoreceptors (Phot) receive light signals and trigger plant growth and development changes through signal transduction.

  The monochromatic light mentioned here refers to light in a specific range of wavelengths. The wavelength range of the same monochromatic light used by different experimental subjects is not completely the same, and it often overlaps with other monochromatic lights with similar wavelengths to different degrees, especially before the emergence of LED light sources with good monochromaticity. in this way. Naturally, different or even contradictory results will be produced.

  Red light

  Red light (R) inhibits internode elongation, promotes lateral branching and tillering, delays flower differentiation, and increases anthocyanins, chlorophyll and carotenoids. Red light can promote the positive light movement of Arabidopsis roots. Red light has a strong positive effect on the resistance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses.

  Far red light (FR) can counteract the red light effect in many cases. Low r/fr ratio leads to reduced photosynthetic capacity of kidney beans. In the growth room, white fluorescent lamps are used as the main light source, and LEDs are used to supplement far red radiation (emission peak 734nm) to reduce the content of anthocyanins, carotenoids and chlorophyll, and make the plant fresh weight, dry weight, stem length, leaf length and leaf length. Width increases. The effect of supplementing fr on growth may be due to the increase in light absorption caused by the increase in leaf area. Arabidopsis thaliana grown under low r/fr conditions has larger and thicker leaves, larger biomass, and strong cold adaptability than plants grown under high R/FR. Different ratios of R/FR can also change the salt resistance of plants.

  Blu-ray

  Generally speaking, increasing the share of blue light in white light can shorten internodes, reduce leaf area, reduce relative growth rate and increase nitrogen/carbon (n/c) ratio.

  Blue light is needed for chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast formation in higher plants, as well as sun chloroplasts with high chlorophyll a/b ratio and low carotenoid levels. Under the red light, the photosynthetic rate of the cells of the algae will gradually decrease, and the photosynthetic rate will quickly recover after turning to blue light or increasing some blue light under continuous red light. After dark-growing tobacco cells were transferred to continuous blue light for 3 days, the total amount and chlorophyll content increased sharply. Consistent with this, the dry weight of cells per unit volume of culture medium will also increase sharply, and will increase very slowly under continuous red light.

For the photosynthesis and growth and development of plants, red light alone is not enough. Wheat can complete its life cycle under a single red LED light source. To obtain very large plants and a large number of seeds, an appropriate amount of blue light must be added (Table 1). The yield of lettuce, spinach and radish grown under a single red light is lower than that of plants grown under a combination of red and blue light, while the yield of plants grown under a moderate amount of red and blue light is comparable to that of plants grown under a cool white fluorescent light. Similarly, Arabidopsis thaliana can produce seeds under a single red light. Compared with plants grown under a cool white fluorescent light, as the proportion of blue light decreases (10%~1%), plants grown under a combination of red and blue light Bolting, flowering and fruiting will be delayed. The seed yield of plants grown under a 10% combination of red and blue light is only half of that of plants grown under a cool white fluorescent lamp. Excessive blue light inhibits plant growth, shortens the internodes, reduces branches, reduces leaf area and reduces total dry weight. There are obvious species differences in the blue light needs of plants.

Although some studies with different types of light sources have shown that the differences in plant morphology and growth and development are related to the different proportions of blue light in the spectrum, the conclusions are still questionable because the composition of the non-blue light emitted by the different types of lamps is also different. Although the dry weight and net photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area of ​​soybean and sorghum plants grown under the same intensity of fluorescent lamps are significantly higher than those of plants grown under low-pressure sodium lamps, these results cannot be attributed to the lack of blue light under low-pressure sodium lamps. I am afraid it is also related to too much yellow and green light and too little orange-red light under low-pressure sodium lamps.

  Green light

  The dry weight of tomato seedlings grown under white light (including red, blue and green light) was significantly lower than that of seedlings grown under red and blue light. The results of spectroscopic detection of growth inhibition in culture showed that green light is a harmful light quality with a peak at 550nm. The plant height, freshness, and dry weight of marigolds grown under light that removes the green light will increase by 30%-50% compared to plants grown under full-spectrum light. Full-spectrum light supplementing green light leads to short plants and reduced dry and fresh weight. Removal of green light enhances marigold blooming, while supplementation of green light inhibits the blooming of dianthus and lettuce.

 There are also research reports on green light promoting plant growth. Kim et al. (2006) summarized the experimental results of red and blue combined light (LEDs) supplementing green light and concluded that plant growth is inhibited when green light exceeds 50%, and plant growth is enhanced when the proportion of green light is less than 24%. Although the addition of green light to the red and blue combination light background provided by the LED led to a significant increase in the lettuce ground stem, the conclusion that the addition of green light strengthens plant growth and produces more biomass than under cold white light is a problem : (1) The dry weight of biomass they observed is only the dry weight of the upper part of the ground. If the dry weight of the underground root system is included, the results may be different; (2) Lettuce grown under red, blue and green lights on the ground The dry weight of the part is larger than that of plants grown under cool white fluorescent lamps. It is likely that the three-color lamps contain much less green light (24%) than cool white fluorescent lamps (51%). That is to say, the green light inhibiting effect of cool white fluorescent lamps is greater than that of cold white fluorescent lamps. Three-color light; (3) The photosynthetic rate of plants grown under combined red and blue light is significantly higher than that of plants grown under green light. The results support the previous speculation.

  The green light effect is usually the opposite of the red and blue light effects. Green light can reverse blue light and promote the opening of stomata. Treating the seeds with a green laser can quickly grow radishes and carrots to twice the size of the control. A dim pulse of green light can accelerate the elongation of seedlings growing in the dark, that is, promote the elongation of the stem. Treatment of Arabidopsis albino seedlings with a single green light (525nm±16 nm) pulse (11.1 μmol·m-2·s-1, 9s) from an LED plant light source resulted in a decrease in plastid transcripts and an increase in stem growth rate .

  (2007) Based on the research data of plant photobiology over the past 50 years, the role of green light in plant development, flowering, stomata opening, stem growth, chloroplast gene expression and plant growth regulation was discussed. The blue light sensor harmoniously regulates the growth and development of plants. It must be noted that in this review, the green light (500~600nm) is expanded to include the yellow part of the spectrum (580~600nm).

  Yellow light

  Yellow light (580~600nm) inhibits the growth of lettuce. Only yellow light (580~600nm) can explain the difference between the growth effects of high-pressure sodium lamps and metal halide lamps, that is, yellow light inhibits growth. Yellow light (peak at 595nm) inhibits cucumber growth stronger than green light (peak at 520nm).

  Some contradictory conclusions about the interweaving of yellow/green light effects may be due to the inconsistent wavelength range of light used in those studies.   Ultraviolet radiation

  Ultraviolet radiation reduces plant leaf area, inhibits hypocotyl elongation, reduces photosynthesis and productivity, makes plants vulnerable to pathogens, but can effectively promote anthocyanin synthesis.

Supplementation of uv-b led to an increase in the total biomass of 4 cultivars and 12 cultivars (6 of which reached a significant level); those cultivars that are sensitive to UV-B have both leaf area and tiller number Obviously reduced; there are 6 cultivars with increased chlorophyll content; 5 cultivars with significantly reduced leaf photosynthetic rate, and 1 cultivar with significantly increased chlorophyll content (its total biomass also increased significantly).

  The ratio of UV-B/PAR is an important determinant of the response of plants to UV-B. UV-B and PAR together severely affect the morphology and oil yield of peppermint. The production of very high-quality oil requires a high level of unfiltered natural light.

  It needs to be pointed out that although laboratory studies on the effects of UV-B are useful in identifying transcription factors and other molecular and physiological factors, the results usually cannot be mechanically extrapolated to the natural environment.

The led plant supplement light is specially developed to supplement the light for plants. The spectrum is in line with the absorption of sunlight by plant growth, and different powers can meet the requirements of crop growth for light intensity. There are many types of plant supplement light, so which kind of supplement light is cheap and easy to use?

From the research and development process, there are high-pressure sodium lamps, HID lamps, LED supplementary lights, and the fifth generation of plant supplementary lights-laser supplementary lights. Among these types of fill light, the laser plant fill light is the latest generation of fill light, so the effect and advantages will be better than the previous types of fill light.

The laser plant supplement light is a special LED plant growth lamp with a specific spectrum wavelength designed to replace sunlight with laser synthesis spectrum technology, promote plant growth photosynthesis, and create a suitable growth environment for plants. She occupies less space (one lamp per mu of land), consumes less electricity (3 kWh a month), is energy-saving and environmentally friendly, and the spectrum can be combined. The results are also good after experiments.

If you want to use the LED plant supplement light to have a good effect, in addition to using the appropriate supplement light, you must also have the correct use method, such as the distance between the led plant supplement light and the plant, and the use time of the supplement light pay attention. Then let's take a look at the use of plant fill light. How long is it suitable for general lighting?

The role of led plant supplement light is to give plants when the natural light is insufficient, so we must pay attention to it, if the weather is usually sunny and the light is sufficient, then there is no need to use supplement light, otherwise it will not only consume electricity, but the effect will not be comparable. The effect of natural light. If there is sufficient sunlight during the day, you can add light for 2-3 hours in the morning or evening. If it is raining on a cloudy day or when the light is insufficient for a long time in a hazy day, you must use the fill light for a long time to fill up the light. You can fill up the light throughout the day, and you can also extend the fill light time appropriately at night.

If it is sunny during the day, you can add light for 4-5 hours a day. If the light is weak during the day, you can add light throughout the day. If the crops have higher requirements for light, you must adjust the time of the light according to the actual situation. However, the crops also have to "rest" at night, so do not fill up the crops overnight, otherwise it will have a counterproductive effect.

www.86yr.com

[rutujamnm]

Hydrogen Technologies

A flexible and clean energy source with many uses is hydrogen. The following list covers some of the most popular hydrogen technologies, along with a comparison of their benefits and drawbacks:

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR): About 95% of the hydrogen produced worldwide is produced using SMR, which is the most widely used technique. In order to make hydrogen and carbon dioxide, methane and steam must react in the presence of a catalyst.

Electrolysis: Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen by a process called electrolysis, which runs on electricity. Alkaline and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis are the two forms. A well-established technique, alkaline electrolysis is less effective than PEM electrolysis but is still reasonably priced.

Biomass Gasification: The process of biomass gasification entails heating organic materials like wood or agricultural waste without the presence of oxygen in order to create a gas that can be refined into hydrogen.

Nuclear: Water is divided using high-temperature nuclear reactors in the nuclear hydrogen generation process. Though costly and raising questions about the security and safety of nuclear reactors, this technology produces hydrogen without emitting carbon.

Photobiological: The process of producing hydrogen by photosynthetic microorganisms, including algae, is known as photobiological hydrogen generation.

Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC): Water is divided into hydrogen and oxygen using a ceramic electrolyte in SOECs. Although still in the research and development stage, this technology is effective.

Thermochemical: Hydrogen can be produced from fossil fuels or other sources thermochemically, which uses heat and chemical reactions. Although it is currently in the research and development stage, this technique has the potential to be carbon neutral.

Explanation of Hydrogen Technologies

Technology and procedures related to the creation, distribution, storage, and use of hydrogen as an energy source are collectively referred to as hydrogen technologies. Energy needs can be met while reducing environmental impact by utilizing hydrogen, the most plentiful element in the universe, in a variety of forms.

Key components of hydrogen technologies:

Hydrogen Production:

Many techniques are available for producing hydrogen, such as:

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR): This is the most used process, in which steam is chemically reacted to produce hydrogen from natural gas.

Electrolysis: Utilizing electricity, water (H2O) is split into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). Solar or wind energy can be used to power electrolysis, which produces "green hydrogen" that emits no greenhouse gases.

Thermochemical Processes: Gasification and pyrolysis are two examples of high-temperature processes that can produce hydrogen from a variety of feedstocks, including waste and biomass.

Hydrogen Storage: Though its low density makes storage difficult, hydrogen is an incredibly adaptable energy carrier. Various techniques for storing data include:

Compressed Hydrogen Gas: For industrial and transit purposes, hydrogen is compressed and kept in high-pressure tanks, usually at 350–700 bar.

Liquid Hydrogen: Hydrogen is mostly employed in space exploration and certain industrial uses. It may be liquefied at extremely low temperatures (-253°C) and kept in insulated tanks.

Hydrogen Carriers: Certain materials have the ability to absorb and release hydrogen, such as metal hydrides and chemical compounds, which makes them useful for hydrogen storage and transportation.

Hydrogen Distribution: With the right adjustments, hydrogen can be supplied via pipelines and other existing infrastructure. Alternatively, tankers or specialized transport methods can be used to move it in liquid or compressed gas form.

Hydrogen Utilization: There are several uses for hydrogen, such as:

Fuel Cells: The only consequence of the electrochemical process that uses hydrogen to create energy in fuel cells is water. Vehicles such as vehicles, buses, and trains, as well as permanent power generating and portable electricity, all employ fuel cells.

Combustion: In order to make hydrogen compatible with traditional internal combustion engines, hydrogen can be utilized as fuel in those engines or directly burned to produce heat.

Industrial Processes: In many industrial processes, such as metallurgy, chemical synthesis, and refining, hydrogen is employed as a reducing agent or feedstock.

Hydrogen Blending: It is possible to gradually move towards a hydrogen-based energy system without requiring major infrastructure upgrades by blending hydrogen with natural gas in already-existing gas pipes.

Importance of Hydrogen Technologies

As a flexible and clean energy source, hydrogen has shown great promise in addressing major global issues like energy security, climate change, and energy transition.

Decarbonization and Climate Change Mitigation:

Hydrogen technologies provide a way to decarbonize a number of industries, including heavy manufacturing, shipping, aviation, and long-distance transportation, which would otherwise be challenging to directly electrify.

Energy Storage and Grid Balancing:

The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, is one of their main problems.

Energy Transition and Sector Integration:

Moving away from fossil fuels and toward a greener energy mix is made easier by hydrogen technologies. An efficient and linked energy ecosystem is created by allowing the integration of several energy sectors, including power, transportation, and heating.

Energy Security and Independence:

Energy security is increased by utilizing hydrogen technology to diversify the energy mix and lessen reliance on imported fossil fuels. Nations can lessen their need on imported energy by producing hydrogen domestically from a variety of sources, including nuclear power, renewable energy, and natural gas.

Technological Innovation and Job Creation

Technology innovation and economic progress are promoted by investments in hydrogen technologies. Jobs are being created along the value chain by the development and implementation of hydrogen infrastructure, which includes facilities for production, storage, and delivery.

Significance and Potential Benefits of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier

Regarding a sustainable and low-carbon future, hydrogen is an energy carrier with great importance and potential advantages. Let's examine the main justifications for why hydrogen is seen as a significant participant in the energy scene:

Versatility and Energy Storage:

Utilized in a wide range of industries and applications, hydrogen is an extremely adaptable energy source.Hydrogen is a desirable alternative to fossil fuels in a number of industries, including power generation, transportation, and industrial.

Carbon Neutrality and Climate Change Mitigation:

Green hydrogen is produced by electrolyzing hydrogen that comes from renewable energy sources like sun, wind, or hydropower.

Energy Efficiency and Resource Optimization:

When compared to conventional combustion engines, hydrogen-based devices, such fuel cells, have better energy conversion efficiency.

Energy Security and Independence:

By combining different energy sources, hydrogen presents chances to improve energy security. It may be made locally, which lessens reliance on imported fossil fuels. Countries can increase their energy independence, lower the geopolitical risks related to energy supply, and promote a more secure and resilient energy system by building a strong infrastructure for the production and delivery of hydrogen.

Air Quality and Health Benefits:

Air quality can be greatly improved by switching to hydrogen-based systems, especially in urban areas. Fuel cells and combustion processes driven by hydrogen generate no particulate matter or toxic pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).

Technological Innovation and Job Creation:

Research and technological innovation are propelled forward by investments in hydrogen technologies. This advancement draws funding from the private sector, encourages the development of a hydrogen industry, and generates employment possibilities in infrastructure construction, production, research and development and maintenance.

Applications of Hydrogen Technologies

There are many uses for hydrogen technologies in many different industries. Let's examine a few of the major uses for hydrogen that are of great interest:

Transportation:

Transportation is one of the main areas where hydrogen technologies are being used, as they provide efficient and clean substitutes for traditional fossil fuel-powered cars.

Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs): The only consequence of hydrogen fuel cells' process of turning hydrogen and oxygen into energy is water vapor, which powers fuel cell vehicles. Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) present a viable approach to decarbonizing the transportation sector because to its extended driving range, rapid refueling periods, and zero emissions.

Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (HICEVs): A temporary way to use hydrogen in current car fleets while lowering emissions is to use it as fuel in internal combustion engines that have been upgraded.

Energy Storage and Grid Balancing:

Energy storage and grid balancing, especially for intermittent renewable energy sources like solar and wind, can greatly benefit from hydrogen technologies.

Power-to-Gas: Hydrogen can be produced through electrolysis using surplus electricity generated during peak hours. Hydrogen can be utilized as a feedstock for industrial processes or stored and subsequently transformed back into energy.

Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Backup Power: Telecommunications, off-grid applications, and essential infrastructure can all benefit from the clean, dependable backup power that hydrogen fuel cells can offer.

Industrial Applications: Hydrogen technologies provide low-carbon alternatives and improve process efficiency, with numerous applications across diverse industrial sectors.

Hydrogen as a Feedstock: Several industrial processes, like the synthesis of methanol and the manufacturing of ammonia, require the utilization of hydrogen.

Hydrogen for Refining: In order to purge crude oil of contaminants and create cleaner fuels, refining techniques like hydrocracking and hydrotreating require hydrogen.

Steel and Metal Production: In the manufacturing of iron and steel, hydrogen can be employed as a reducing agent to help these energy-intensive industries become more carbon-efficient.

Power Generation: Hydrogen technologies present a clean and efficient option to conventional fossil fuel-based power plants for the production of electricity.

Distributed Generation: Distributed power generation using fuel cells can supply heat and energy to commercial, industrial, and residential structures.

Hybrid Power Plants: Reliable and dispatchable power can be produced by hybrid power plants that combine hydrogen with renewable energy sources, guaranteeing a steady supply of energy.

Residential and Commercial Heating: Hydrogen presents a low-carbon substitute for natural gas in heating applications.

Hydrogen Blending: Buildings, both residential and commercial, can use hydrogen for heating by blending it with natural gas in the current pipeline system.

Hydrogen Boilers: Carbon emissions from heating systems can be decreased by switching to hydrogen-fueled boilers from conventional natural gas boilers.

Futuristic opportunities for hydrogen technologies

Future hydrogen technologies have a lot of promise and will be essential in establishing a low-carbon, sustainable society. The following futuristic prospects demonstrate the revolutionary potential of hydrogen technologies:

Renewable Hydrogen at Scale:

The production of renewable hydrogen needs to be scaled substantially if hydrogen technologies are to survive. The creation of "green hydrogen" has the potential to grow in popularity and profitability with improvements in electrolysis technology and growing use of renewable energy sources.

Hydrogen as an Energy Storage Solution:

The requirement for effective energy storage technologies grows as the share of renewable energy sources rises. Future advancements in hydrogen storage technologies, such as novel materials and creative storing techniques, may improve the hydrogen storage systems' capacity, efficiency, and affordability, allowing for a larger integration of renewable energy sources into the grid.

Hydrogen-Based Synthetic Fuels:

Methanation and methanol synthesis are two techniques that can use hydrogen and collected carbon dioxide to create synthetic fuels. These fuels offer carbon-neutral replacements for fossil fuels in the infrastructure and applications now in use, such as industrial processes, heating, and transportation.

Hydrogen Infrastructure Development:

Establishing a strong infrastructure for hydrogen is essential to achieving the full potential of hydrogen technology. Prospective avenues for growth entail the construction of a vast hydrogen distribution infrastructure, including pipelines, filling stations, and storage facilities, in order to facilitate the broad acceptance of hydrogen-powered automobiles and facilitate the effective conveyance and application of hydrogen in diverse industries.

Hydrogen for Grid Flexibility and Sector Coupling:

Sector coupling and grid flexibility may be improved by incorporating hydrogen technology into the electrical system. Moreover, by utilizing hydrogen as a common energy carrier to connect several energy sectors, including industrial, transportation, and power, hydrogen can facilitate sector coupling and enhance system flexibility and optimization.

Hydrogen for Space Exploration:

Because of its excellent propulsion qualities and high energy density, hydrogen has long been employed in space travel. Prospective avenues for hydrogen technology development encompass progressions in hydrogen-dependent propulsion mechanisms, including liquid hydrogen engines, for space exploration expeditions, encompassing crewed trips to Mars and beyond.

Key Components and Processes Involved in Hydrogen Technologies

Hydrogen technologies encompass a range of parts and procedures that make it possible to produce, store, distribute, and use hydrogen as a source of energy. Let's examine the essential elements and procedures of hydrogen technologies:

Hydrogen Production:

There are numerous ways to create hydrogen, including:

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR): The most popular technique of producing hydrogen involves reacting natural gas with steam to create carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

Electrolysis: Electrolysis is the process of employing an electrical current to divide water (H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2).

Thermochemical Processes: Using high-temperature chemical reactions, thermochemical processes like gasification and pyrolysis can transform a variety of feedstocks, including waste or biomass, into hydrogen.

Hydrogen Storage:

Storage of hydrogen is essential to its effective use and transportation. There are several ways to store hydrogen, including:

Compressed Gas: At pressures between 350 and 700 bar, high-pressure tanks can be used to compress and store hydrogen. Applications related to transportation frequently use this technique.

Liquid Hydrogen: In insulated tanks, hydrogen can be stored after being liquefied at a very low temperature of -253°C.

Hydrogen Carriers: Compact and secure hydrogen storage is made possible by hydrogen transporters, which include metal hydrides and chemical compounds.

Hydrogen Distribution: Depending on the amount and goal of the distribution, there are several ways to spread hydrogen:

Pipelines: It is possible to adapt or repurpose existing natural gas pipelines for the distribution of hydrogen. But there are issues with hydrogen embrittlement and permeability that call either special hydrogen pipelines or improvements to existing pipelines.

Hydrogen Trucks and Tankers: Transporting hydrogen in liquid or compressed gas form requires the use of specialist trucks and tankers.

On-Site Generation: On-site hydrogen production is possible with the use of specialized systems like reformers or electrolyzers. For confined hydrogen supply, this method works well.

Hydrogen Utilization: Depending on the needs and application, there are several ways to use hydrogen:

Fuel Cells: The sole byproduct of fuel cells, which are electrochemical devices that transform hydrogen and oxygen into energy, is water vapor. They are used as stationary power sources, backup power, and vehicle power.

Combustion: In engines or burners, hydrogen can be used directly to produce heat and mechanical power, just like traditional fuels.

Industrial Processes: Metallurgy, refining, and chemical manufacture are just a few of the industrial uses for hydrogen. It serves these operations as a heat source, reducing agent, or feedstock.

Hydrogen Blending: It is possible to gradually move towards a hydrogen-based energy system without requiring major infrastructure upgrades by blending hydrogen with natural gas in already-existing gas pipelines or distribution networks.

Key Challenges for Hydrogen Technologies in The Future

Hydrogen technologies have great potential, but before they can be successfully implemented and widely used in the future, a number of important issues must be resolved:

Cost Competitiveness: Compared to traditional fossil fuel-based alternatives, the cost of producing hydrogen, especially green hydrogen from renewable sources, is now greater. Hydrogen production, storage, and infrastructure development come with significant capital and operating expenses, which makes it difficult for hydrogen technologies to become widely used.

Infrastructure Development: A strong hydrogen infrastructure must be established before hydrogen technologies may be widely used. The construction of pipelines or other alternate distribution systems, refueling stations, storage facilities, and hydrogen generating facilities are all included in this.

Energy Storage and Conversion Efficiency: Energy storage problems can be solved with hydrogen technology, although efficiency and storage capacity are not without problems. Because of its low energy density, hydrogen requires high pressure storage methods or enormous storage volumes.

Safety Considerations: In order to avoid mishaps, hydrogen must be handled and stored carefully because it differs from conventional fuels in terms of safety. Strict safety precautions and laws are required for the storage, transportation, and use of hydrogen due to its extreme flammability.

Scalability and Supply Chain: Ensuring a sustainable and dependable hydrogen supply becomes imperative as hydrogen technologies expand.

Policy and Regulatory Framework: The regulatory and policy environments must be favorable for the successful implementation of hydrogen technologies. The adoption of hydrogen technology can be sped up by implementing policies that encourage funding, R&D, and the creation of suitable safety norms and regulations.

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR): For industrial hydrogen production, steam methane reforming is the most popular technique. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas are created when high-temperature reactions between steam and methane, which is usually obtained from natural gas, occur.

Electrolysis: The process of electrolysis divides water (H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) using an electrical current. It provides a means to create "green hydrogen" while using renewable energy. There are two primary approaches for performing electrolysis:

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Electrolysis: Solid polymer electrolyte is used in PEM electrolysis to separate the oxygen and hydrogen gasses. It can produce hydrogen locally and decentralized, as at hydrogen fueling stations, and operates at relatively low temperatures.

Alkaline Water Electrolysis (AWE): Alkaline electrolyte solutions are used by AWE to speed up the electrolysis process. Because of its great durability and efficiency, it has been frequently employed for large-scale hydrogen production.

Biomass Gasification: Gasification of biomass entails using a thermochemical process to transform biomass feedstock such as wood chips, energy crops, or agricultural residues into a gas that is high in hydrogen.

Nuclear: Hydrogen can be produced using nuclear power by thermochemical reactions or high-temperature electrolysis. Utilizing the surplus heat produced by nuclear reactors, high-temperature electrolysis increases the electrolysis's effectiveness.

Photobiological: Hydrogen is produced by photosynthesis by photosynthetic microorganisms, such as algae or cyanobacteria, in a process known as photobiological hydrogen production. Even though research on photobiological hydrogen production is very promising, there are still many obstacles to overcome in terms of efficiency, scalability, and cost-effectiveness.

Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC): Utilizing a solid oxide ceramic electrolyte, Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC) allow for the direct conversion of steam into hydrogen and oxygen at high temperatures.

Thermochemical: A variety of chemical reactions involving high temperatures and certain catalysts are included in the thermochemical techniques used to produce hydrogen. Water splitting via metal oxide cycles, such as those based on iron or cerium, can be one of these processes.

Recent technological developments and innovations in each of the hydrogen production technologies:

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR):

Efforts are being made to capture and use the carbon dioxide produced during SMR, a process known as carbon capture and utilization (CCU). The environmental impact of SMR can be lessened by carbon capture technologies, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture and utilization (CCU), which capture CO2 and use it for storage or other industrial activities.

SMR with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): By combining CCS technology with SMR, carbon dioxide emissions can be captured and then stored, lowering the total carbon footprint of producing hydrogen.

Electrolysis:

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Electrolysis Advancements: The goals of recent developments in PEM electrolysis technology have been to increase cell cost-effectiveness, durability, and efficiency. The increased efficiency and extended longevity of PEM electrolyzers can be attributed to the use of novel materials, enhanced catalysts, and sophisticated cell designs.

Alkaline Water Electrolysis (AWE) Innovations: The goal of research and development is to increase AWE systems' scalability and efficiency. In order to improve the efficiency and reduce the costs of AWE, innovations include the creation of new electrode materials, improved electrolyte compositions, and optimized cell designs.

Biomass Gasification: Optimization of the Gasification Process: In order to increase hydrogen yields and decrease unwanted byproducts, researchers are looking into ways to optimize the gasification process.

Integration with Bioenergy Systems: To improve overall sustainability, biomass gasification for hydrogen production might be combined with bioenergy systems.

Nuclear: High-Temperature Electrolysis (HTE): Research is being done to better utilize the extra heat produced by nuclear reactors for the efficient synthesis of hydrogen.

Hybrid Systems: High-temperature nuclear reactors combined with hydrogen production technologies are the subject of research into hybrid nuclear-hydrogen systems.

Photobiological:

Genetic Engineering: Enhancing photosynthetic microorganism productivity and efficiency for photobiological hydrogen production is being done by researchers through genetic engineering. The potential for photobiological systems to produce hydrogen is being maximized by exploring advancements in culture strategies, such as photobioreactor design, light management techniques, and nutrition optimization.

Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC): Better Electrolyte Materials: Advanced electrolyte materials with improved stability, durability, and ionic conductivity are the subject of research.

System Integration: By combining SOECs with other renewable energy sources, including solar or wind power, or by utilizing waste heat from industrial processes to increase the electrolysis process's energy efficiency, system integration innovations seek to maximize the overall performance of SOECs.

Practical applications for all hydrogen-related technologies

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR):

Practical Use Case: Manufacturing Hydrogen

For the large-scale industrial production of hydrogen, SMR is now the leading technique.

Electrolysis:

Transport-Related Use Case: Renewable Hydrogen

"Green hydrogen" can be produced via electrolysis using renewable energy sources for use in transportation.

Biomass Gasification: A Practical Application: Carbon Capture and Storage Combined with Sustainable Bioenergy (BECCS).Carbon capture and storage (CCS) in conjunction with biomass gasification has the potential to remove CO2 from the environment and produce low-carbon hydrogen. This technology is a component of the BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) concept, which uses gasified biomass feedstock to produce hydrogen, captures and stores the resulting CO2 emissions, and uses hydrogen for a variety of purposes, including power generation and transportation.

Nuclear:

Practical Use Case: Production of Nuclear Hydrogen

Efficient hydrogen production can be achieved by thermochemical processes driven by nuclear energy or high-temperature electrolysis. Nuclear power facilities can supply the high-temperature heat required for thermochemical or electrolysis processes, which can produce hydrogen with low or no carbon emissions.

Photobiological: A Practical Application: Producing Hydrogen Using Algae

A sustainable method for producing hydrogen can be found in photobiological hydrogen production, which uses cyanobacteria or microalgae. Algae growth and hydrogen generation can be supported by the organic nutrients found in wastewater, which can be utilized by integrating algae culture systems with wastewater treatment facilities.

Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC):

Practical Use Case: Combining Renewable Energy Sources

Clean hydrogen can be produced by combining SOEC technology with renewable energy sources, such solar or wind power.

Key players in each of the Hydrogen Technologies:

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR):

Air Liquide

Linde

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.

Shell

BP

Chevron

TotalEnergies

ExxonMobil

Electrolysis:

Nel Hydrogen

ITM Power

Siemens Energy

McPhy Energy

Ballard Power Systems

Hydrogenics

Enapter

Proton OnSite

Biomass Gasification:

 Mitsubishi Power

Valmet

Nexterra Systems Corp.

DP CleanTech

Biomass Engineering Ltd.

Choren Industries

PRM Energy Systems Inc.

Zilkha Biomass Energy

Nuclear:

 X-energy

Framatome

General Atomics

Idaho National Laboratory

TerraPower

Westinghouse Electric Company

NuScale Power

Lightbridge Corporation

Photobiological:

 Synthetic Genomics

Algenol

HyperSolar

Cyanotech Corporation

Aurora Algae

Sapphire Energy

Heliae Development, LLC

Algenuity

 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC):

 Sunfire

SolidPower

Elcogen

Ceres Power

Nexceris

Haldor Topsoe

Cummins

Fraunhofer IKTS

Finally, hydrogen technologies are extremely promising for a low-carbon, sustainable energy future. Cooperation and additional research are necessary to realize their full potential.

Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration: To promote innovation, exchange knowledge, and develop laws and regulations that are helpful, governments, business leaders, academic institutions, and international organizations should work together.

Research and Development: To solve technical problems, increase productivity, and cut expenses, research must continue. Programs for system integration, innovative materials, catalysts, and hydrogen generation technology optimization should receive funding for research and development.

Pilot Projects and Demonstration Plants: Pilot projects and demonstration facilities should be established in order to demonstrate the feasibility and scalability of hydrogen technologies, with cooperation from governments and industry stakeholders.

Infrastructure Development: The development of hydrogen infrastructure, such as manufacturing plants, storage options, transportation systems, and refueling stations, requires teamwork. Governments and business should collaborate to establish incentives and a regulatory environment that will encourage the construction of hydrogen infrastructure.

International Cooperation: Reaching the full potential of hydrogen technologies requires international cooperation. To solve shared issues, standardize requirements, and hasten the worldwide use of hydrogen as an energy carrier, nations should promote cross-border collaboration, knowledge exchange, and cooperative research projects.

Public Awareness and Education: It is essential to raise public knowledge of and educate them about the advantages of hydrogen technologies. To educate and involve the public on hydrogen's role in a sustainable energy transition, governments, businesses, and academic institutions should fund public outreach campaigns, educational initiatives, and knowledge-dissemination platforms.

We can unleash the transformational power of hydrogen technology and build a cleaner, more sustainable future for future generations by embracing collaboration, funding research and development, and cultivating a supporting ecosystem.

Green Hydrogen Systems: For the purpose of producing, storing, and consuming hydrogen gas, renewable energy sources like solar, wind, or hydropower are used in "green hydrogen systems," which are the mechanisms and procedures involved.

Hydrogen Fuel Technology: Transportation, industry, and power generation are just a few of the uses for hydrogen fuel technology, which is the creation, implementation, and exploitation of technologies that use hydrogen as a clean and effective energy source.

Hydrogen Power Systems: When hydrogen is employed as a major energy carrier, hydrogen power systems are the infrastructure and integrated technologies used to produce electricity.

Hydrogen Vehicle Technology

The term "hydrogen vehicle technology" describes the planning, creation, and use of automobiles that run on hydrogen as a fuel source.

New Hydrogen Technology: Innovations and recent developments in the realm of hydrogen-related technologies are referred to as "New Hydrogen Technology".

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Generator: A hydrogen fuel cell generator is a device that uses the electrochemical reaction that takes place inside a fuel cell to directly convert hydrogen fuel into power.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology Companies: Companies and organizations that actively work on the development, production, and marketing of hydrogen fuel cell technologies are known as hydrogen fuel cell technology companies.

Hydrogen Storage Technologies: Technologies for storing hydrogen safely and effectively for later use are referred to as hydrogen storage technologies.

Hydrogen Power Plant: An industrial facility used primarily as a fuel source for the production of electricity is called a hydrogen power plant, sometimes referred to as a hydrogen energy facility or hydrogen power station.

Fuel Cell Technology: The term "fuel cell technology" describes the research, development, and use of devices known as "fuel cells," which produce electricity by reacting electrochemically with hydrogen and oxygen.

Hydrogen Production Technologies: The techniques and procedures used to produce hydrogen gas from various feedstocks are referred to as hydrogen production technologies. Hydrogen is an energy carrier with multiple applications that can be created through different ways, each with its own set of benefits, drawbacks, and environmental considerations.

Hydrogen Energy Technology: The generation, storage, distribution, and use of hydrogen as a clean and adaptable energy source are all included in the wide category of technologies and systems known as hydrogen energy technology.

Hydrogen Technology Companies :Businesses and organizations that focus on the development, manufacture, and commercialization of hydrogen-related technologies across a range of industries, including production, storage, distribution, and consumption, are known as hydrogen technology firms.

Green Hydrogen Technology: The techniques and procedures used to produce hydrogen gas from renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, or hydropower, are referred to as "green hydrogen technology."

Hydrogen Cell Technology: Using an electrochemical process, hydrogen gas (H2) is used as fuel in hydrogen fuel cell technology to produce electricity.

Applications of Hydrogen Energy:Hydrogen energy's adaptability and potential as a clean and efficient energy carrier make it suitable for use in a wide range of sectors.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology: Utilizing an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity, hydrogen fuel cell technology is a clean and effective energy conversion method.

Fuel Cell Manufacturing: Fuel cell manufacturing is the process of creating fuel cells, which are devices that use an electrochemical reaction to directly transform chemical energy into electrical energy.

Hydrogen Car Technology: The use of hydrogen fuel cells to power automobiles is known as hydrogen car technology. Fuel cell vehicles, or hydrogen cars, are a cutting-edge and sustainable substitute for conventional gasoline-powered automobiles.

Blue Hydrogen Technology: With the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS), blue hydrogen technology produces hydrogen gas while reducing emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2).

Hydrogen Power Companies: The production, distribution, and use of hydrogen as a clean and effective energy source are the main areas of concentration for enterprises engaged in the hydrogen energy sector.

Hydrogen Engine Technology: Hydrogen engine technology pertains to the utilization of hydrogen as a fuel in internal combustion engines or other engine types intended to burn hydrogen to produce electricity.

Hydrogen Generation Technology: Technology related to producing hydrogen gas, a flexible and clean energy source with a wide range of uses, is known as hydrogen generation technology.

Fuel Cell Technology Cars: Technology using fuel cells Automobiles that use hydrogen fuel cells to produce electricity to run an electric motor are referred to as fuel cell vehicles, or FCVs for short.

Together, let's make the transition to a world powered by hydrogen.

Read More-https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/industry-practice/hydrogen/hydrogen-technologies-comparison

[cnvhairgrowth]

Laser Cap Helps Fight Baldness, Thickens Hair Even While Watching TV or Eating Popcorn

A new laser cap that uses low light laser therapy can help fight signs of hair loss to prevent men from completely going bald. It can be inserted in a ball cap and use at home while relaxing.

This is a novel way to address problems of male pattern baldness that affects around 42% of men in ages between 18 to 49 who experience moderate to extensive hair loss.CRECIMIENTO DEL CABELLO GORRA

Laser Cap Helps Fight Baldness By Thickening the Hair Even While Watching TV or Eating Popcorn

According to Physiopedia, the term laser is the acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Different technologies have made use of laser technology for various practical uses.

Low-level light therapy (LLLT) was discovered by Hungarian physician Endre Mester in the 1960s. It is a non-invasive light source that generates a single wavelength of light commonly used in medicine by physiotherapists to treat musculoskeletal conditions.

This applies to the field of medicine is called photobiology or biostimulation. It can accelerate the repair of connective tissue and act as an anti-inflammatory agent.

A study entitled "The growth of human scalp hair mediated by visible red light laser and LED sources in males," showed that LLLT could be used to improve hair count in both men and women who suffer from androgenic alopecia, the most common form of hair loss.

How Does Low Light Therapy Regrow Hair? Lasers typically emit hot light, but LLLT does not generate heat, which is why it is sometimes referred to as cold laser therapy.

According to Futurism, low light laser therapy works by emitting light from the laser diodes that enhances blood circulation in the skin, which transports more nutrients. Therefore, LLLT stimulates the metabolism and protein synthesis in hair follicle cells in a process called photobiomodulation.

Prolonged usage of photobiomodulation could activate hair follicles and switch them from their dormant or telogen phase into their active or anagen phase that enables hair to regrow in places where it stopped growing.

LLLT in Laser Cap System For Hair Regrowth DEPILACIÓN LÁSER LLLT was only used in clinics before, but several companies have now made it possible to treat baldness even at the comfort of the user's home while sitting on a couch and watching TV or eating some snacks.

For example, Kiierr Laser Cap is equipped with a helmet that can fit inside a regular baseball cap. The laser diodes in each Kiierr laser cap emit a wavelength of 650 nanometers that is clinically proven effective. The more intense the light is emitted, the lesser time is needed for the completion and success of the treatment.

The results of using LLLT could be visible after three to four months, with maximum results after six or seven months. Meanwhile, using Kiierr 272 Premium for 30 minutes every day is 93% effective in regrowing and thickening hair.