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sciencespies · 3 years

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How Close Are We To The Holy Grail Of Room-Temperature Superconductors?

https://sciencespies.com/news/how-close-are-we-to-the-holy-grail-of-room-temperature-superconductors/

How Close Are We To The Holy Grail Of Room-Temperature Superconductors?

One of the biggest physical problems in modern society is resistance. Not political or social resistance, mind you, but electrical resistance: the fact that you cannot send an electrical current through a wire without some of that energy getting lost, being dissipated into heat. Electrical currents are just electric charges that move over time, and are harnessed by humans to move through current-carrying wires. Yet even the best, most effective conductors — copper, silver, gold, and aluminum — all have some resistance to current passing through them. No matter how wide, shielded, or unoxidized these conductors are, they’re never 100% efficient at transporting electrical energy.

Unless, that is, you can make your current-carrying wire go from a normal conductor to a superconductor. Unlike normal conductors, where the resistance gradually lowers when you cool them down, a superconductor has its resistance plummet to zero below a certain critical threshold. Without any resistance, superconductors can transmit electrical energy in a lossless fashion, leading to the holy grail of energy efficiency. Recent developments have brought about the highest-temperature superconductor ever discovered, but we probably won’t be transforming our electronics infrastructure anytime soon. Here’s the science of what’s going on at the frontiers.

One of Faraday’s 1831 experiments demonstrating induction. The liquid battery (right) sends an … [+] electric current through the small coil (A). When it is moved in or out of the large coil (B), its magnetic field induces a momentary voltage in the coil, which is detected by the galvanometer. As the temperature decreases, the resistance of the circuit decreases as well.

J. Lambert

Superconductivity has a long and fascinating history. We realized back in the 19th century that all materials — even the best conductors — still exhibit some sort of electrical resistance. You can lower the resistance by increasing the cross-section of your wire, by lowering the temperature of your material, or by decreasing the length of your wire. However, no matter how thick you make your wire, how cold you cool your system, or how short you make your electric circuit, you can never achieve infinite conductivity with a standard conductor for a surprising reason: electrical currents create magnetic fields, and any change in your resistivity will change the current, which in turn will change the magnetic field inside your conductor.

Yet perfect conductivity requires that the magnetic field inside your conductor not change. Classically, if you do anything to decrease the resistance of your conducting wire, the current will increase, and the magnetic field will change, meaning you can’t achieve perfect conductivity. But there’s an inherently quantum effect — the Meissner effect — that can arise for certain materials: where all magnetic fields inside a conductor are expelled. This makes the magnetic field inside your conductor zero for any current that flows through it. If you expel your magnetic fields, your conductor can begin behaving as a superconductor, with zero electrical resistance.

Helium’s unique elemental properties, such as its liquid nature at extremely low temperatures and … [+] its superfluidic properties, make it well-suited to a series of scientific applications that no other element or compound can match. The superfluid helium shown here is dripping because there is no friction in the fluid to keep it from creeping up the sides of the container and spilling over, which it does spontaneously.

Alfred Leitner

Superconductivity was discovered way back in 1911, when liquid helium first came into widespread use as a refrigerant. Scientist Heike Onnes was using liquid helium to cool down the element mercury into its solid phase, and was then studying the properties of its electrical resistance. Just as expected, for all conductors, the resistance gradually dropped as the temperature dropped, but only up until a point. Abruptly, at a temperature of 4.2 K, the resistance completely disappeared. Moreover, there was no magnetic field present inside the solid mercury once you crossed below that temperature threshold. Later only, several other materials were shown to exhibit this superconductivity phenomenon, all becoming superconductors at their own unique temperatures:

lead at 7 K,

niobium at 10 K,

niobium nitride at 16 K,

and many other compounds subsequently. Theoretical advances accompanied them, helping physicists understand the quantum mechanisms that cause materials to become superconducting. After a series of experiments in the 1980s, however, something fascinating began to occur: materials composed of vastly different types of molecules not only exhibited superconductivity, but some did so at significantly higher temperatures than the earliest known superconductors.

This figure shows the development and discovery of superconductors and their critical temperatures … [+] over time. The different colors represent different types of materials: BCS (dark green circle), Heavy-fermions-based (light green star), Cuprate (blue diamond), Buckminsterfullerene-based (purple inverted triangle), Carbon-allotrope (red triangle), and Iron-pnictogen-based (orange square). The novel states of matter achieved at high pressures have led to the current records.

Pia Jensen Ray. Figure 2.4 in Master’s thesis, “Structural investigation of La2–xSrxCuO4+y – Following staging as a function of temperature”. Niels Bohr Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen. Copenhagen, Denmark, November 2015. DOI:10.6084/m9.figshare.2075680.v2

It started with a simple class of materials: copper oxides. In the mid-1980s, experiments with copper oxides with the elements lanthanum and barium broke the longstanding temperature record by several degrees, being found to superconduct at temperatures greater than 30 K. That record was quickly broken by using strontium instead of barium, and then was broken once again — by a significant margin — by a new material: Yttrium-Barium-Copper-Oxide.

This wasn’t just a standard advance, but rather a huge leap: instead of superconducting at temperatures below ~40 K, which meant that either liquid hydrogen or liquid helium was required, Yttrium-Barium-Copper-Oxide became the first material discovered to superconduct at temperatures above 77 K (it superconducts at 92 K), meaning that you could use the much cheaper liquid nitrogen to cool your device down to superconducting temperatures.

This discovery led to an explosion of superconductivity research, where a variety of materials were introduced and explored, and not only extreme temperatures but also extreme pressures were applied to these systems. Despite the huge explosion in research surrounding superconductivity, however, the maximum superconductivity temperature stagnated, failing to crack the 200 K barrier (while room temperature is just a hair under 300 K) for decades.

Still image of a liquid nitrogen cooled puck, superconducting above a magnetic track. By creating a … [+] track where the outside magnetic rails point in one direction and the inside magnetic rails point in the other, a Type II superconducting object will levitate, remained pinned above-or-below the track, and will move along it. This could, in principle, be scaled up to allow resistance-free motion on large scales if room-temperature superconductors are achieved.

Henry Mühlpfordt / TU Dresden

Nevertheless, superconductivity has become incredibly important in enabling certain technological breakthroughs. It’s widely used in the creation of the strongest magnetic fields on Earth, which are all made through superconducting electromagnets. With applications ranging from particle accelerators (including the Large Hadron Collider at CERN) to diagnostic medical imaging (they’re an essential component of MRI machines), superconductivity isn’t just itself a fascinating scientific phenomenon, but one that enables some excellent science.

While most of us are probably more familiar with the fun and novel applications of superconductivity — such as using those strong magnetic fields to levitate frogs or taking advantage of superconductivity to make frictionless pucks levitating above and sliding across magnetic tracks — that’s not really the societal goal. The goal is to create an electrified infrastructure system for our planet, from power lines to electronics, where electrical resistance is a thing of the past. While some cryogenically cooled systems currently leverage this, a room-temperature superconductor could lead to an energy-efficiency revolution, as well as infrastructure revolutions in applications such as magnetically levitated trains and quantum computers.

A modern high field clinical MRI scanner. MRI machines are the largest medical or scientific use of … [+] helium today, and make use of quantum transitions in subatomic particles. The intense magnetic fields achieved by these MRI machines rely on field strengths that can only be achieved with superconducting electromagnets, at present.

Wikimedia Commons user KasugaHuang

In 2015, scientists took a relatively simple molecule — hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a molecule very analogous to water (H2O) — and applied an incredible pressure to it: 155 gigapascals, which is over 1500000 times the pressure of Earth’s atmosphere at sea level. (For comparison, this would be like applying more than 10,000 tonnes of force to every square inch of your body!) For the first time, the 200 K barrier was cracked, but only under these extremely pressurized conditions.

This line of research was so promising that many physicists who had become disillusioned with the prospect of achieving a practical solution to the superconductivity questioned took it up once again with renewed interest. In the October 14, 2020 issue of Nature, University of Rochester physicist Ranga Dias and his colleagues mixed hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, and methane under extreme pressures: ~267 gigapascals, and were able to create a material — a “photochemically transformed carbonaceous sulfur hydride system” — that shattered the temperature record for superconductors.

For the first time, a maximum superconducting transition temperature of 288 K was observed: about 15 degrees Celsius or 59 degrees Fahrenheit. A simple refrigerator or heat pump would suddenly make superconductivity possible.

Inside a material subjected to a changing external magnetic field, small electric currents known as … [+] eddy currents will develop. Normally, these eddy currents decay away rapidly. But if the material is superconducting, there is no resistance, and they will persist indefinitely.

Cedrat Technologies

Last year’s discovery represented a tremendous symbolic breakthrough, as the increase in known superconducting temperatures followed a steady progression in recent years under extreme pressures. The 2015 work in pressurizing hydrogen and sulfur cracked the 200 K barrier, and 2018 research in a high-pressure compound involving lanthanum and hydrogen cracked the 250 K barrier. The discovery of a compound that can superconduct at liquid water temperatures (albeit at extremely high pressures) isn’t exactly a surprise, but it is a really big deal to break the room temperature barrier.

However, it seems that practical applications remain significantly far off. Achieving superconductivity at mundane temperatures but extreme pressures is not significantly more accessible than achieving it at mundane pressures but extreme temperatures; both are barriers to widespread adoption. In addition, the superconducting material only persists as long as the extreme pressures are maintained; once the pressure drops, so does the temperature at which superconductivity occurs. The next big step — one that remains to be taken — is to create a room temperature superconductor without these extreme pressures.

This is an image, taken with scanning SQUID microscopy, of a very thin (200 nanometers) … [+] Yttrium-Barium-Copper-Oxide film subjected to liquid helium temperatures (4 K) and a significant magnetic field. The black spots are vortices created by the eddy currents around the impurities, while the blue/white regions are where all the magnetic flux has been expelled.

F. S. Wells et al., 2015, Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 8677

The concern is that there may be some sort of a Catch-22 situation at play here. The highest-temperature superconductors at standard pressures don’t appreciably change in behavior as you vary the pressure, while the ones that superconduct at even higher temperatures under high pressures no longer do so when you reduce the pressure. Solid materials that are good for making wires out of, like the various copper oxides discussed earlier, are very different than the pressurized compounds that are only created in trace quantities under these extreme laboratory conditions.

But — as first reported by Emily Conover at Science News — it’s possible that theoretical work, aided by computational calculations, could help point the way. Each possible combination of materials can give rise to a unique set of structures, and this theoretical and computational search can help identify which structures may be promising for obtaining the desired properties of high-temperature but also lower-pressure superconductors. The 2018 advance that crossed the ~250 K superconducting barrier for the first time, for example, was based on such calculations, which led to the lanthanum-hydrogen compounds that were then experimentally tested.

This diagram shows the structure of the first high-temperature low-pressure superhydride: LaBH8. The … [+] authors on this 2021 work were able to predict a hydride superconductor, LaBH8, with a high superconducting temperature of 126 K at a pressure down to 40 gigapascals: the lowest pressure ever for a high temperature superconducting hydride.

S. Di Cataldo et al., 2021, arXiv:2102.11227v2

Already, such calculations have pointed towards a substantial advance by leveraging a new set of compounds: yttrium and hydrogen, which superconduct at near-room temperatures (-11 Celsius, or 12 Fahrenheit) but at substantially lower pressures than were previously required. While metallic hydrogen — which only exists at ultra-high pressures, such as those found at the bottom of Jupiter’s atmosphere — is expected to be an excellent high-temperature superconductors, the addition of extra elements could lower the pressure requirements while still maintaining the high-temperature superconductivity property.

Theoretically, all single-element combinations with hydrogen have now been explored for superconductivity properties, and the hunt is now on for two-element combinations, such as the carbon-sulfur-hydrogen compound previously discovered experimentally by Dias. Lanthanum and boron with hydrogen has shown promise experimentally, but the number of possible two-element combinations rises into the thousands. Only with computational methods can we receive guidance on what we ought to try next.

Squeezed to high pressure between two diamonds, a material made of carbon, sulfur and hydrogen … [+] superconducts: transmitting electricity without resistance at room temperature. So long as the pressure and temperature simultaneously remain above a certain critical threshold, the resistance will remain at zero. This compound holds the record for highest superconducting temperature: 15 C (59 F).

J. Adam Fenster / University of Rochester

The biggest questions surrounding high-temperature superconductivity now all involve the pathway to getting to low pressures as well. The true “holy grail” moment will come when mundane conditions — in both temperature and pressure — can create a situation where superconductivity still persists, enabling a wide variety of electronic devices to leverage the power and promise of superconductors. Although individual technologies will advance, from computers to maglev devices to medical imaging and much more, perhaps the biggest benefits will come from the savings of vast amounts of energy in the electrical grid. High-temperature superconductivity, according to the US Department of Energy, could save the United States alone hundreds of billions of dollars in energy distribution costs annually.

In a world of finite energy resources, the elimination of any inefficiencies can benefit everyone: energy providers, distributors, and consumers at all levels. They can eliminate problems such as overheating, greatly reducing the risk of electrical fires. And they can also increase the lifespan of electronic devices while simultaneously reducing the need for heat dissipation. Once a novelty, superconductivity leapt into the scientific mainstream with the 20th century’s advances. Perhaps, if nature is kind, it will leap into the consumer mainstream with 21st century advances. Impressively, we’re already well on our way.

#News

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stone-man-warrior · 4 years

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November 14, 2020: 6:19 pm:

https://twitter.com/BorisJohnson/status/1327189401965891586

From earlier today:

It's about "The Crown".

Have a look for different creative & obscure ways the production team is telling you to draw an imaginary line from the top header of the white door on the left, through the top of Boris's head, horizontally as he stands there in the room. There are picture frames also, the "most remote human settlement" is indeed the "top of your head", could refer to some agreement, or disagreement with others, coded. The "90" percent statement is telling you to see that old guilded picture frame behind Boris as the screen angle making the corner of the frame be "through his head", that seems as a "disagreement" of some kind spoken visually and secretively. Something to consider is that common doorway header's are framed into a wall at 6'10" above the floor, leaving room for the door jamb's thickness, thereby rendering a net door height of 6'8", with room for flooring material of approximately 1" thickness. So, 6' 8" is equal to 80", AD, a door, with just a small oportunity to exit in the small space beneath the door. "Limbo" statement could be present at the other end of the "Crown" statements Boris is eluding.

Whatever it is, the secret to the Boris Plastic Remote Civilization Ocean terror, is contained at the header, and footer of that door, and in that old guilded picture frame, with emphasis to their relationship to Boris' head. Look also at the text footer at the end of the video. After looking again, the bottom of the door is where the secret emphasis is at, in my opinion. That very small space that exists between the top of the floor covering material, and, the bottom of the door. About one-half of an inch or so, measurements there can very, due to moisture, settling, and characteristics of dimensional lumber. Jesus was a Carpenter terror comm includes knowledge that a piece of dimensional milled lumber is not true. not only is a 2 x 4 actually 1 1/2" x 3 1/2", but there is more unfaithful things to know. The Carpenter MUST know ahead of time that the lumber, when stacked three layers thick, will grow by 1/4" every time. The math: 1 1/2 + 1 1/2" + 1 1/2" = three layers of lumber stacked on top of one another, nailed. The math says: 4 1/2" is the measurement. The Carpenter who measures the finished product, reads 4 3/4" on the tape measure, every time. The reason: The lumber has a crown. When stacked and nailed, those crowns combine to add 1/4" per every three boards nailed. The increase of "Wall Grow" as it is sometimes called, can be even more with larger dimensional lumber. 2 x 4 and 2 x 6 lumber makes 1/4" "Wall Grow" due to dimensional surface crown per every three flat stacked pieces of wood. The remedy that has been accepted for combating against costly mistakes caused by Wall Grow, is to cut the studs short by 1/4" prior to framing the wall. A wall that is going to finish out with a ceiling height of 8', will use 92 1/4" studs. That makes a net wall height of 8'1" (92 1/4 stud + 4 1/2 plates + 1/4 wall grow = 8' 1"), leaving some room for cladding on the ceiling, such as drywall, to finish out at just over 8′ above the floor. The Carpenter MUST know and accommodate for small instances of 1/4" that will show up all over the place if the Carpenter is not careful, skilled, knowledgeable about crowns. ======================================== This Carpenter wants to create a situation for Mr. Johnson such that all of the houses of all of the world are clad with beautiful silver lined ceilings. Silver, a product that is so cheap, they are using it as siding on the houses. ======================================== There are instances that don't matter. Example is a shower enclosure. The Carpenter simply stacks up some lumber around the perimeter of the enclosure at a hight that will accomodate the selected shower door. There are no ceiling considerations for a shower door, so, the "shower dam" is built per the door requirement. 1/4" Wall Grow slop is disregarded.

After the Carpenter is done making the shower dam, that is when the Hot Mop comes, and slops hot tar all over the dam, and basin, so it won't leak, and such that the shower water will run towards the drain. Tile installers, Masons Union, comes to finish out the dam with pretty tile after the Hot Mop Tar cools off. Other consideration: All of the work that is required to build showers and walls, starts with figuring out how to get to the jobsite. Where is the driveway? Very important consideration, the answer is provided at the Zoning Department, they hand out driveway's there. After the driveway is located, then, "where is the sewage going to go? is the next important thing that the Carpenter has to know before building a shower dam. The Department of Environmental Quality will help you figure out which way the shit will run, with emphasis on "Where does the fresh water come from for the shower?" So, at that time, there are two people standing there, at a place that looks like a nice place to live, there is only dirt, a driveway, and two people at that moment. They make plans for later. The person who wants to live there, and the person who will help figure out which way the shit will run. The two are looking for fresh water, and how to keep the shit away from it. A divining rod may or may not be helpful, it's a mystery. =============================================== Other, more sinister considerations for Mr. Johnson's Tweet

I can explain best with an example: There once was a landfill, a garbage dump, that served the greater Los Angeles area. It was located along the northern ridge of some hills along the Interstate 405 Freeway. The landfill, filled up. The landfill was covered with earth, and for many years there were some exhaust ports that were installed into the ground, and were for release of Methane gas from decomposition of the garbage under the ground. The exhaust ports were ignited, burned away the methane for many years, non-stop, always burning safely away all of the methane. You could see them from the freeway. Later, some people went there, and made plans. now, there is vastly expansive housing neighborhood of very, very expensive houses. They are built directly on top of that landfill. So, it's not always about a nice place to live. Sometimes it's about finding ways to make others think it's a nice place to live, and, sometimes, it's a coverup where a lot of garbage is at. It also can be a way to extinguish those pesky methane gas exhaust ports in environments where nitrous oxide gas is being used as a weapon. Along the 405 Freeway in the 1970's. So, one more time Mr. Johnson... Please send Lewis Hamilton to my house. I would like to speak with him. ========================================== Soon, Boris, the roads will be paved physically with sterling silver. A cheap, recyclable product. ========================================== 6:25 pm.

============================================ Also from earlier today:

https://twitter.com/Pontifex/status/1327589599804153857

There is a hidden Walther PPK in that tweet. (you have to scroll over the link to see the “Mondale” part. and have some prerequisite info) What to know:The PPK uses ammunition that only fits into a PPK. It's the gun used by James Bond. The "poor" is phonetic: "The Pour". It's about Freemason Fraternal Orders. "Shaken, not stirred", there is a preferred amount of "Slump" to The Pour. The Slump is a measurement. The mason orders the concrete with a specific amount of water added per application requirements. The cement is tested upon delivery by the mason when the concrete truck arrives. The test measurement consists of a traffic cone, the cement is poured into the cone, the cone is turned over, placed onto the ground, lifted up revealing the wet concrete. The amount of slump is measured by the number of inches of sag to the cone shaped wet concrete as the cone is removed. 2" Slump is popular. The cement will sag two inches when the cone is removed. If the cement mix is too wet, the mason will send it back. If too dry, the mason will ask the delivery to add water there at the job site. There is a California Mondale in that tweet. The service to the pour is the delivery driver adding water "Walther PPK". The Mason is seeking a perfect mix. The concrete application is special, unknown conditions require experimentation with the mixture, says the Bergoglio in that tweet. There are two people standing there. One is the Mason, one is the Concrete Delivery Driver. The two are experimenting a mixture for optimum slump. The Pope is one of the two, he uses his hat to measure slump in absence of a traffic cone. Where's Waldo? is the question. Waldo is Jeff Prouix. Royal Canadian Mounted Police disguised as Oregon State Police. Waldo is Waldo because his orders were to do a murder hit at the Walgreen's in Grants Pass OR on 11-11-2020... fail... too much slump. This new slump experimentation is to find a new replacement Jeff Prouix. This will be the third one, the way I remember things. So, there is possibility that the Jeff Prouix who died at Walgreen's was actually Agent Rabner of Oregon FBI who was portraying Jeff Prouix for the purpose of fooling federal agents in faraway places who refuse to do their own research. Maybe, is a lot of slump there, but could be. If I knew where to apply, I would sign up to be the new Jeff Prouix, as the most qualified for the job. Unfortunately, my SAG card expired when I was just a small boy. 6:33 pm.

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thebestsellingproducts-blog · 4 years

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How To Make 925 Silver

Oxidation on jewelry called oxidation treatment from the most direct manner is to dish the jewelry with a layer of alumina. Now this is a very convenient option for all those individuals who've no time at all for jewellery maintenance. This treatment is used tremendously on silver jewelry now.B.Sterling silver jewelrySilver is among the precious metals, and is only after gold one of all the precious metals for now. Though the cost of silver is not as large as the purchase price of gold or platinum, its cost is much higher when compared with the cost of tin, lead or other metals.

But silver is too delicate and easily deformed, hence metals are added the hardness when it is used in making and metals are added by every country to it. As a matter of fact, in agreement with the worldwide standard, it's long since the silver content is over 92 known as sterling silver so the sterling silver jewelry sold in the marketplace is made of 925 silver.5%. C.what's 925 silverGenerally talking, of metal which combines 7 rather than 999 sterling silver. 925 silver is a type 999 sterling silver, the jewelry made of 925 silver may keep its shape and does not deforms easily.999 sterling silver, the jewelry made of 925 silver may keep its shape and does not deforms easily.5% of silver, and it's internationally recognized as sterling silver.

The jewelry made of silver is more durable and stronger. 999 sterling silver is as soft. Compared with the jewelry manufactured from is oxidized, silver polishing dip in is oxidized, silver polishing dip won't wear a lot or need continuous polishing.D.The way to keep sterling silver jewelry. The biggest reason which is oxidized, silver polishing dip utilize air barrier, for instance, silver jewellery is oxidized, silver polishing dip after that into the jewellery is oxidized, silver polishing dip. When silver jewellery is oxidized, silver polishing dip or silver polishing cloth may be utilized to polish the jewelry. When SP dip is required to be fabric should be used so When SP dip is required to be. When SP dip is required to be utilized to polish silver jewellery, the jewellery needs to be washed with water and rubbed thoroughly instantly after being polished with SP dip in order should be dried with a hair drier or else precisely the oxygen in precisely the air will speed up precisely the silver oxidation after that the jewellery ., and you know how to jewelries.

#HowToMake925Silver #howToMake

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fumpkins · 2 years

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Silver oxide flash powder 💥 This special flash powder composition uses silver oxide as an oxidizing agent and magnesium powder. During the reaction elemental silver is formed, which leaves a black stain on the paper. Ag2O + Mg -> MgO + 2Ag

New post published on: https://livescience.tech/2022/08/02/silver-oxide-flash-powder-%f0%9f%92%a5-this-special-flash-powder-composition-uses-silver-oxide-as-an-oxidizing-agent-and-magnesium-powder-during-the-reaction-elemental-silver-is-formed-which-leaves/

#chem #gifs #reaction

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storeinnovacera · 2 years

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What can a soldering iron be used for?

Every craftsman is familiar with a soldering iron. It melts solder (a metal alloy with a low melting point), allowing the two materials to be heated and melted through a central point. It is especially convenient for merchants such as electronics technicians, jewelers, and metal workers. It's also safer and more accurate than melting with other heating tools like torches, and there's almost no risk of igniting or burning the material you're using. To learn more about what soldering irons do, here are 10 ways to do it: - Roofing welding business Roofers often use solder to fuse the components of a copper roof. It is also used to make sparkling roofs. Since roofs do not need to be handled with the same precision as small parts, soldering irons commonly used for roofs have a wide tip that heats up quickly and is usually gas-assisted to retain their heat in windy conditions. - Weld metal sinks Domestic metal sinks are welded together. It's similar to what roofers use to make shiny roofs. Welding creates a permanent bond that makes the sink leak proof. Rainy days are definitely convenient! - Weld stained glass and Mosaic The beautiful patterns of different colors that you see in stained glass and mosaics are held together by solder. These usually require a stronger 100-watt soldering iron, as well as other tools such as a glass cutter or glass grinder. - Welding of the plastic circuit board As one of the most common uses for electric soldering irons, plastic circuit boards are used in electronics. The metal alloy of the solder establishes a continuation of the current when connecting two wires. This required precision often means using more precise tools, including temperature control of the soldering iron. - Solder for electrician Just like circuit boards, electricians use soldering irons to splice wires in residential or commercial wiring. They also use them to fuse wires in electrical terminals or control panels. - Car maintenance solder Although solder is not strong enough to repair engines, it is commonly used to fill irregular Spaces, smooth rough surfaces, or tighten joints. It can also be used to fill holes, fuse metal plates, and tin metal plate edges to do body repairs on your car. - Household welding tools Another common use for soldering irons is DIY home projects by home artisans. This broad theme means that there are a variety of soldering tools to choose from, such as soldering pencils or soldering guns, in addition to the typical soldering iron. - Jewelry welding This is another industry that requires very high precision, and jewelers often use soldering pens or irons with interchangeable soldering tips to improve accuracy. Solder also has a high silver content. Because oxides form when metal is heated, jewelers often use borax flux to reduce oxidation and help maintain work quality. - Welding vacuum tubes For metal-ceramic connections, vacuum tubes can be welded into sealants and insulating parts. This is important in electronics because the near vacuum allows electricity to flow freely. - Pipe welding To be on the safe side, plumbers use lead-free solder when connecting water pipes. While large projects can often be done with a welding torch, in some cases they need to work in tight Spaces where soldering irons are safer and easier to handle. That's right! Soldering irons not only have several different uses, but also several different types.INNOVACERA produces ceramic heating elements for soldering irons and has cooperated with a number of well-known electronic tools. Our heating element is the PROCESS of MCH (Metal Ceramics Heater). It is the material of tungsten, molybdenum, molybdenum, manganese, and other high melting points Metal heating resistance paste is printed on 92 ~ 96% alumina flow ceramic green billet according to the requirements of heating circuit planning, with 4 ~ 8% sintering agent multi-layer superposition. At 1500 ~ 1600°C under high temperature burning into one body has the advantages of corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, long life, high efficiency and energy saving, uniform temperature, good thermal conductivity, thermal compensation speed, and does not contain lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other harmful substances, in line with the European Union RoHS environmental protection requirements. It is another generation product after alloy heating wire and PTC heating element. If you have relevant requirements, feel free to contact us. Customized is accepted. Read the full article

#CeramicHeater #CeramicHeaterElement #HeatingElement #MCHHeatingElement

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ourtumbler30things · 6 months

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Check out this listing I just added to my Poshmark closet: SILPADA MOP Chain Necklace N1504 Sterling 36” Toggle VERY GOOD COND.

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hbratman · 5 years

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jenkinsmaytx · 5 years

Link

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andreagillmer · 6 years

Text

Explorer Pulls ‘Stunning Gold Assays Out of the Ground’ in Idaho

Source: Thibaut Lepouttre for Streetwise Reports 07/23/2018

Asserting this is “about as good as it gets,” Thibaut Lepouttre of Caesars Report describes the prospects following the release of assay results from this company.

Last month, Integra Resources Corp. (ITR:TSX.V; IRRZF:OTCQB) reported on the assay results of three RC holes that were drilled on the DeLamar gold-silver property in Idaho. The results were absolutely excellent, as the drill bit intersected long, thick and relatively consistent intervals of gold and silver in an area that was barely explored. Kinross Gold Corp. (K:TSX; KGC:NYSE), the previous owner and operator of the project, didn’t drill deep enough, as the few holes it drilled at Sullivan Gulch didn’t go much deeper than 100 meters. That wasn’t sufficient to encounter the mineralization, and the Sullivan Gulch area represents the low-hanging fruit for a resource expansion.

Of the intercepts, 64% and 59% were encountered outside of the mineralized resource envelope (which contains the current 2.67 million-ounce [Moz] gold equivalent [AuEq] resource estimate). That’s great for resource expansion purposes, but there’s another important and interesting takeaway from this ratio.

It does seem to indicate the average grade of the current resource at DeLamar (118 Mt at 0.7 g/t AuEq) might have been underestimated; it would be a huge coincidence if most of the holes drilled at DeLamar would encounter abnormal grades of in excess of 1 g/t AuEq. Sure, this is just speculation on our part for now, but keep in mind the assay results of the first few holes that have been released also contained quite a bit of rock grading in excess of 1 g/t AuEq.

We also noticed the gold equivalent calculations were using a very conservative 85:1 silver/gold ratio. That’s interesting, as it once again emphasizes the conservative nature of Integra’s reporting. Applying a more common 75:1 ratio (which is the silver/gold ratio used by most peers calculating a gold-equivalent resource, with the silver credit converted into gold) would increase the gold-equivalent grades to 2.28 g/t AuEq over 221 meters and 1.89 g/t AuEq over 198 meters. “Pretty good” would be an understatement, given excellent (historical) metallurgical recoveries.

Using a higher silver/gold ratio could indicate ITR might be underreporting its gold-equivalent grades compared to other gold-silver exploration companies.

But let’s take a second to explain the importance of the metallurgical test work. Historical records show a recovery rate of 92% of the gold and 75% of the silver in a mill circuit, while the historical recovery estimates for the heap-leach scenario averaged 84% gold and 64% silver. As Kinross never optimized its heap-leach plans, we would expect some fine-tuning to increase the recovery rates to in excess of 85% for the gold and to about 65-70% for the silver. But to err on the cautious side, let’s assume recovery rates of 80% for gold and 60% for silver.

There’s an important detail to mention here. It’s not unlikely the transitional and sulfide ore could also be heap leached. The common misperception is that heap leach only works on oxides, but that’s not true. In DeLamar’s case, Kinross noted a very consistent metallurgical performance, whether it was milling oxide, transitional or sulfide rock. The amount of data for a heap-leach scenario is more limited, so Integra Gold will be focusing on optimizing the heap-leach potential of the project.

It will be interesting to see the recovery rate of the sulfide mineralization at DeLamar. It definitely is possible to see an elevated recovery rate. For instance, Minera Alamos Inc. (MAI:TSX.V: MAIFF:OTCQB) is leaching sulfide mineralization in Mexico at an acceptable recovery rate. Should Integra’s metallurgical test work (results are expected in Q4) confirm the transitional and sulfide material could be successfully leached (a recovery rate of 65-70% for sulfides would be great), then that’s a game-changer for the project.

Integra Resources is doing everything right. Its exploration program is stepping out and adding more tonnes to the total size of the mineralized envelope (which could push the next resource update to 5 million ounces gold-equivalent), while the higher grade nature of the mineralization could make this project even more profitable than we originally assumed.

We are looking forward to the next batch of drill results, as well as the metallurgical test results, by the end of this year. If the met work confirms our suspicions, Integra Resources could very well be sitting on one of the most exciting advanced-stage exploration projects in the USA. A 5 million-ounce heap-leachable project on a past-producing mine site is probably as good as it gets.

Thibaut Lepouttre is the editor of the Caesars Report, a newsletter and mining portal based in Belgium that covers several junior mining companies with a special focus on precious metals and base metals. Lepouttre has a Bachelor of Law degree and two economics masters degrees that have forged his analytical approach to the mining sector. Considered a number cruncher, Lepouttre focuses on the valuations of companies and is consistently on the lookout for the next undervalued mining company.

[NLINSERT]

Disclosure: 1) Thibaut Lepouttre: I, or members of my immediate household or family, own shares of the following companies mentioned in this article: a long position in Integra and Minera Alamos; no position in Kinross. I personally am, or members of my immediate household or family are, paid by the following companies mentioned in this article: None. My company currently has a financial relationship with Integra Resources. I determined which companies would be included in this article based on my research and understanding of the sector. 2) The following companies mentioned in this article are sponsors of Streetwise Reports: None. Click here for important disclosures about sponsor fees. 3) Comments and opinions expressed are those of the specific experts and not of Streetwise Reports or its officers. The information provided above is for informational purposes only and is not a recommendation to buy or sell any security. 4) The article does not constitute investment advice. Each reader is encouraged to consult with his or her individual financial professional and any action a reader takes as a result of information presented here is his or her own responsibility. By opening this page, each reader accepts and agrees to Streetwise Reports’ terms of use and full legal disclaimer. This article is not a solicitation for investment. Streetwise Reports does not render general or specific investment advice and the information on Streetwise Reports should not be considered a recommendation to buy or sell any security. Streetwise Reports does not endorse or recommend the business, products, services or securities of any company mentioned on Streetwise Reports. 5) From time to time, Streetwise Reports LLC and its directors, officers, employees or members of their families, as well as persons interviewed for articles and interviews on the site, may have a long or short position in securities mentioned. Directors, officers, employees or members of their immediate families are prohibited from making purchases and/or sales of those securities in the open market or otherwise from the time of the interview or the decision to write an article, until one week after the publication of the interview or article.

( Companies Mentioned: ITR:TSX.V; IRRZF:OTCQB, )

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goldcoins0 · 6 years

Text

Explorer Pulls 'Stunning Gold Assays Out of the Ground' in Idaho

Source: Thibaut Lepouttre for Streetwise Reports 07/23/2018

Asserting this is "about as good as it gets," Thibaut Lepouttre of Caesars Report describes the prospects following the release of assay results from this company.

Last month, Integra Resources Corp. (ITR:TSX.V; IRRZF:OTCQB) reported on the assay results of three RC holes that were drilled on the DeLamar gold-silver property in Idaho. The results were absolutely excellent, as the drill bit intersected long, thick and relatively consistent intervals of gold and silver in an area that was barely explored. Kinross Gold Corp. (K:TSX; KGC:NYSE), the previous owner and operator of the project, didn't drill deep enough, as the few holes it drilled at Sullivan Gulch didn't go much deeper than 100 meters. That wasn't sufficient to encounter the mineralization, and the Sullivan Gulch area represents the low-hanging fruit for a resource expansion.

Of the intercepts, 64% and 59% were encountered outside of the mineralized resource envelope (which contains the current 2.67 million-ounce [Moz] gold equivalent [AuEq] resource estimate). That's great for resource expansion purposes, but there's another important and interesting takeaway from this ratio.

We also noticed the gold equivalent calculations were using a very conservative 85:1 silver/gold ratio. That's interesting, as it once again emphasizes the conservative nature of Integra's reporting. Applying a more common 75:1 ratio (which is the silver/gold ratio used by most peers calculating a gold-equivalent resource, with the silver credit converted into gold) would increase the gold-equivalent grades to 2.28 g/t AuEq over 221 meters and 1.89 g/t AuEq over 198 meters. "Pretty good" would be an understatement, given excellent (historical) metallurgical recoveries.

Using a higher silver/gold ratio could indicate ITR might be underreporting its gold-equivalent grades compared to other gold-silver exploration companies.

But let's take a second to explain the importance of the metallurgical test work. Historical records show a recovery rate of 92% of the gold and 75% of the silver in a mill circuit, while the historical recovery estimates for the heap-leach scenario averaged 84% gold and 64% silver. As Kinross never optimized its heap-leach plans, we would expect some fine-tuning to increase the recovery rates to in excess of 85% for the gold and to about 65-70% for the silver. But to err on the cautious side, let's assume recovery rates of 80% for gold and 60% for silver.

There's an important detail to mention here. It's not unlikely the transitional and sulfide ore could also be heap leached. The common misperception is that heap leach only works on oxides, but that's not true. In DeLamar's case, Kinross noted a very consistent metallurgical performance, whether it was milling oxide, transitional or sulfide rock. The amount of data for a heap-leach scenario is more limited, so Integra Gold will be focusing on optimizing the heap-leach potential of the project.

It will be interesting to see the recovery rate of the sulfide mineralization at DeLamar. It definitely is possible to see an elevated recovery rate. For instance, Minera Alamos Inc. (MAI:TSX.V: MAIFF:OTCQB) is leaching sulfide mineralization in Mexico at an acceptable recovery rate. Should Integra's metallurgical test work (results are expected in Q4) confirm the transitional and sulfide material could be successfully leached (a recovery rate of 65-70% for sulfides would be great), then that's a game-changer for the project.

[NLINSERT] Disclosure: 1) Thibaut Lepouttre: I, or members of my immediate household or family, own shares of the following companies mentioned in this article: a long position in Integra and Minera Alamos; no position in Kinross. I personally am, or members of my immediate household or family are, paid by the following companies mentioned in this article: None. My company currently has a financial relationship with Integra Resources. I determined which companies would be included in this article based on my research and understanding of the sector. 2) The following companies mentioned in this article are sponsors of Streetwise Reports: None. Click here for important disclosures about sponsor fees. 3) Comments and opinions expressed are those of the specific experts and not of Streetwise Reports or its officers. The information provided above is for informational purposes only and is not a recommendation to buy or sell any security. 4) The article does not constitute investment advice. Each reader is encouraged to consult with his or her individual financial professional and any action a reader takes as a result of information presented here is his or her own responsibility. By opening this page, each reader accepts and agrees to Streetwise Reports' terms of use and full legal disclaimer. This article is not a solicitation for investment. Streetwise Reports does not render general or specific investment advice and the information on Streetwise Reports should not be considered a recommendation to buy or sell any security. Streetwise Reports does not endorse or recommend the business, products, services or securities of any company mentioned on Streetwise Reports. 5) From time to time, Streetwise Reports LLC and its directors, officers, employees or members of their families, as well as persons interviewed for articles and interviews on the site, may have a long or short position in securities mentioned. Directors, officers, employees or members of their immediate families are prohibited from making purchases and/or sales of those securities in the open market or otherwise from the time of the interview or the decision to write an article, until one week after the publication of the interview or article.

( Companies Mentioned: ITR:TSX.V; IRRZF:OTCQB, )

from https://www.streetwisereports.com/article/2018/07/23/explorer-pulls-stunning-gold-assays-out-of-the-ground-in-idaho.html

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ourtumbler30things · 8 months

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Check out this listing I just added to my Poshmark closet: SILPADA Chain Link Disc Pendant Necklace N1665 Sterling Oxidized EXC COND.

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citychemicaltmblr1234-blog · 4 years

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Organic Chemistry Basics

Natural chemistry is a department and precise area of chemistry. Organic chemistry deals particularly with the homes, shape, and composition of organic compounds. Natural compounds, by means of definition, are compounds that include carbon and hydrogen atoms. It's far generally agreed that the science of natural chemistry began in 1828. It's miles then that friedrich woehler by chance evaporated an aqueous solution and came up with the natural compound referred to as urea. Although carbon isn't the maximum not unusual element within the global, it's miles one of the most versatile. Natural compounds are composed of carbon and hydrogen molecules, however may also incorporate other factors. Some of the most common factors determined in organic compounds consist of oxygen, halogens, nitrogen, and occasionally sulfur or phosphorus.

Most organic compounds are covalently bonded, which permits them to shape lengthy, complicated carbon chains and rings. Carbon atoms are very solid, and are capable of form stable covalent bonds with each other (referred to as catenation). Unlike non-organic materials, natural compounds will typically melt or decompose if uncovered to temperatures beneath 300 ranges celsius. Another characteristic of natural compounds is they tend to be extra soluble in natural solvents. Solubility, however, constantly relies upon on the overall shape of the compound and the functional agencies gift. A practical group refers back to the elements of a molecule that make up its particular chemical nature.

City Chemical produces chemicals like: Acetone Sodium Bisulfite cas 540-92-1, Aluminum Fluoride cas 7784-18-1, Ammonium Carbamate cas 1111-78-0, Ammonium Iodide cas 12027-06-4, Ammonium Fluoride cas 7784-18-1, Barium Cyanide cas 542-62-1, Clerici Solution cas 61971-47-9, Cobalt Carbonyl cas 10026-22-9, Cupric Oxide cas 1317-38-0, Dichlorophene cas 97-23-4, Diethylsilane cas 542-91-6, 3,3-Dimethylnaphthidine cas 13138-48-2, Germanium Disulfide cas 12025-34-2, D-Glucosamine cas 3416-24-8, Hexamethylditin cas 661-69-8, Humic Acid cas 1415-93-6, DL-Iso-Citric Acid Sodium Salt cas 1637-73-6, Lead Thiocyanate cas 592-87-0, Molybdenum Dichloride Dioxide cas 13637-68-8, Nickel Monoxide cas 1313-99-1, Primuline cas 8064-60-6, Quininic Acid cas 86-68-0, Silicon Tetraiodide cas 13465-84-4, Silver Nitrate cas 7761-88-8, Tantalum Ethoxide cas 6074-84-6, Tetraethylgermanium cas 597-63-7, Tetraethylsilane cas 631-36-7, Triethylsilane cas 617-86-7, Zinc Chromate cas 13530-65-9, Zinc Silcofluoride cas 16871-71-9, 1,4-Naphthoquinone cas 130-15-4, 2,5-Dimethylindole cas 1196-79-8, 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol cas 89-64-5, Antimony Trioxide cas 1309-64-4, Barium Manganate cas 7787-35-1, Benzyltrichlorosilane cas 770-10-5, Dibutyltin Sulfide cas 4253-22-9, Diphenic Acid cas 482-05-3, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Tetrasodium Salt cas 13235-36-4, Ferric Benzoate cas 14534-87-3, Ferric Oleate cas 1120-45-2, Gold Resinate cas 68990-27-2, Octachlorotrisilane cas 13596-23-1, Palladium Resinate cas 68425-21-8, Pangamic Acid Sodium Salt cas 77700-02-8, Platinum Acetate, Platinum Resinate cas 68916-35-8, Potassium Metaborate cas 16481-66-6, Potassium Thiosulfate cas 10294-66-3, Retene cas 483-65-8, Silicon Acetate cas 562-90-3, Silver Arsenate cas 13510-44-6, Silver Difluoride cas 7783-95-1, Silver-2,4-Pentanedionate cas 15525-64-1, Triolein cas 122-32-7, Zinc Oleate cas 557-07-3, Zinc Salicylate cas 16283-53-0

Learn more about City Chemical at citychemical.com

Possibly the most crucial and maximum studied forms of organic compounds are those that comprise nitrogen. These compounds typically include parts of the amino organization. Whilst the amino group combines with the carboxyl group, amino acids are born. Amino acids are seemed as the building blocks of proteins. Scientists and researchers use several types of techniques with a purpose to decide the molecular structure of an natural compound. Here are the maximum not unusual techniques currently in use:

Crystallography: crystallography is the science of figuring out the preparations of atoms in solids. By means of reading the diffraction patterns given off by a pattern, scientists are able to decide its shape. This is the most precise method for reading compounds. But, most crystals aren't big enough to produce a clear image of some compounds.

Mass spectrometry: this approach entails examining the molecular weight and fragmentation pattern of a compound to decide its chemical structure. Elemental analysis: elemental evaluation includes reading the sample of the compound to determine its elemental and isotopic composition. In reading organic compounds commonly unfavourable techniques, which include flame atomic absorption or graphite furnace atomic absorption, are used to decide the fundamental composition of a molecule.

Infrared spectroscopy: spectroscopy is used to decide the presence or absence of practical groups to analyze the chemical nature of a molecule. Uv/vis spectroscopy: ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry to decide the nature of a compound. Spectrophotometry uses a spectrophotometer to degree how a good deal mild is absorbed by using the pattern.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr): nmr spectroscopy is one of the most not unusual methods to reap the physical, chemical, structural and electronic nature of a molecule. Nmr works via reading the magnetism of a nucleus by means of putting it in alignment with a magnetic discipline, and then the use of an electromagnetic discipline to disrupt this alignment.

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