#sqlinterviewquestions

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Top SQL Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers and Professionals

SQL is the foundation of data-driven applications. Whether you’re applying for a data analyst, backend developer, or database administrator role, having a solid grip on SQL interview questions is essential for cracking technical rounds.

In this blog post, we’ll go over the most commonly asked SQL questions along with sample answers to help you prepare effectively.

📘 Want a complete, updated list of SQL interview questions? 👉 Check out: SQL Interview Questions & Answers – Freshy Blog

🔹 What is SQL?

SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to communicate with and manipulate databases. It is the standard language for relational database management systems (RDBMS).

🔸 Most Common SQL Interview Questions

1. What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING clause?

WHERE: Filters rows before grouping

HAVING: Filters groups after aggregation

2. What is a Primary Key?

A primary key is a unique identifier for each record in a table and cannot contain NULL values.

3. What are Joins in SQL?

Joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column. Types include:

INNER JOIN

LEFT JOIN

RIGHT JOIN

FULL OUTER JOIN

🔸 Intermediate to Advanced SQL Questions

4. What is the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP?

DELETE: Removes rows (can be rolled back)

TRUNCATE: Removes all rows quickly (cannot be rolled back)

DROP: Deletes the table entirely

5. What is a Subquery?

A subquery is a query nested inside another query. It is used to retrieve data for use in the main query.

6. What is normalization?

Normalization is the process of organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve integrity.

🚀 Get a full breakdown with examples, tips, and pro-level questions: 👉 https://www.freshyblog.com/sql-interview-questions-answers/

🔍 Bonus Questions to Practice

What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL?

What are indexes and how do they improve performance?

How does a GROUP BY clause work with aggregate functions?

What is a stored procedure and when would you use one?

✅ Tips to Crack SQL Interviews

Practice writing queries by hand

Focus on real-world database scenarios

Understand query optimization basics

Review basic RDBMS concepts like constraints and keys

Final Thoughts

Whether you're a fresher starting out or an experienced developer prepping for technical rounds, mastering these SQL interview questions is crucial for acing your next job opportunity.

📚 Access the full SQL interview guide here: 👉 https://www.freshyblog.com/sql-interview-questions-answers/

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SQL Interview Questions and Answers - Part 19:

Q171. What is LOCK in SQL? Why locking is important in SQL if it causes performance overheads? Q172. What is the Locking Hierarchy in SQL? What are the different resources that can have a lock? Q173. What are the different types of lock modes in SQL? Q174. What is Shared Lock (S) in SQL? Q175. What is Exclusive Lock (X) in SQL? Q176. What is Update Lock (U) in SQL? Q177. What is Intent Lock (I) in SQL? What are the different types of Intent Lock? Q178. What is Schema Lock (Sch) in SQL? Q179. What is Bulk Update Lock (BU) in SQL? Q180. What is the Key Range Lock in SQL?

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In this SQL Interview Questions blog, I will introduce you to the most frequently asked questions on SQL (Structured Query Language). This blog is the perfect guide for you to learn all the concepts related to SQL, Oracle, MS SQL Server and MySQL database.

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SQL Interview Questions and Answers - Part 13:

Q111. What is SQL Function? What are the different types of functions in SQL? Q112. What is the difference between Deterministic and Non-Deterministic SQL Functions? Q113. What are the different System SQL Functions? Q114. What is User Defined Function (UDF) in SQL? What is the advantage of UDF in SQL? Q115. What are the features and limitations of User-Defined SQL Functions (UDF)? Q116. What are the different Scalar User-Defined SQL Functions? Q117. What are the different Table-Valued UDF in SQL? Q118. What is Schema Bound function in SQL? What is the advantage of schema-bound functions? Q119. What is the difference between Stored Procedure and User-Defined Function in SQL? Q120. What is the difference between Table-Valued Functions and View in SQL?

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SQL Temp Table:

Q01. What is Temp Table or Temporary Table in SQL? Q02. What is Local Temporary Table in SQL? Q03. What is Global Temporary Table in SQL? Q04. What is the difference between Local and Global Temporary Table in SQL? Q05. What is the difference between Temp Table and Derived Table in SQL? Q06. What is the difference between Temp Table and Common Table Expression in SQL? Q07. What is the difference between Temp Table and Table Variable in SQL? Q08. What is the difference between Temp Table and Table-Valued Parameter in SQL? Q09. What is the storage location for the Temp Tables? Q10. How many Temp Tables can be created with the same name? Q11. How many users or who can access the Temp Tables? Q12. Can you create an Index and Constraints on the Temp Table? Q13. Which collation will be used in the case of Temp Table, the database on which it is executing or temp DB? What is a collation conflict error and how you can resolve it? Q14. What is a Contained Database? How it affects the Temp Table in SQL? Q15. Can you apply Foreign Key constraints to a temporary table? Q16. Can you use the Temp Table before declaring it? Q17. Can you use Temp Table in User-Defined Function? Q18. If you perform an Insert, Update, or delete operation on Temp Table, does it also affect the underlying base table? Q19. Is it mandatory to drop the Temp Tables after use? How can you drop the temp table in a stored procedure that returns data from the temp table itself? Q20. Is there any transaction log created for the operations performed on the Temp Table? Q21. Can you use explicit transactions on Temp Table? Does Temp Table hold lock? Does temp table create Magic Tables? Q22. Can you TRUNCATE the temp table? Q23. Can a trigger access the temp tables created in the connection? Q24. Can you create a new temp table with the same name after dropping the temp table within a stored procedure? Q25. Can you access a temp table created by a stored procedure in the same connection after executing the stored procedure? Q26. Can nested stored procedure access the temp table created by the parent stored procedure? Q27. Can you ALTER the temp table? Q28. Can you reset the IDENTITY Column of the temp table? Q29. Can you insert the IDENTITY Column value in the temp table? Q30. Can you partition a temp table? Q31. Can you create a column with user-defined data types (UDDT) in the temp table? Q32. Can you create a trigger on the temp table? Q33. Can you create a temp table within the trigger? Q34. How many concurrent users can access a stored procedure that uses a temp table? Q35. Can you partition Temporary Tables?

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SQL Interview Questions and Answers - Part 24:

Q221. What is an IDENTITY in SQL? Q222. What is the use of the @@IDENTITY function in SQL? Q223. What is the use of the DBCC CHECKIDENT command? Q224. What is Sequence in SQL? Q225. What is the difference between an IDENTITY Column and a Sequence Object in SQL? Q226. What is the use of the OUTPUT INTO clause in SQL? Q227. What is a wildcard character in SQL? What is the use of the LIKE keyword in SQL? Q228. What is SQL Data Type in SQL? How a scaler values type is different from a table-valued type? Q229. How can you do Bulk Copy in SQL? What is the SQL BulkCopy? Q230. What are the different types of backup in SQL?

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SQL Interview Questions and Answers - Part 23:

Q211. What is Dynamic SQL Query(D-SQL) in SQL? How it is different from Static SQL Query? Q212. How can you run the Dynamic SQL Query? What is the difference between EXECUTE(), and sp_executesql() in SQL? Q213. Can you use Dynamic SQL Query in Functions? Why? Q214. Can you use the OUT parameter in a Dynamic SQL Query? Q215. Can you return a value from the Dynamic SQL Query? Q216. Can you use Temp Table in Dynamic SQL Query? Q217. Can you use Transaction in Dynamic SQL Query? Q218. What is the QUOTENAME() function in SQL? Q219. What is SQL Injection? How can you prevent SQL Injection attacks? Q220. Can you give me some Real Use Cases of Dynamic SQL Queries?

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SQL Interview Questions and Answers - Part 22:

Q201. How can you Handle Exceptions in SQL? Can you use the TRY/CATCH in SQL? Q202. What is the TRY-CATCH Exception Handling Mechanism in SQL? Q203. What is the @@ERROR function in SQL? Q204. What is ERROR_MESSAGE() function in SQL? Q205. What is the use of the RAISERROR () function in SQL? Q206. What is the use of the THROW Statement in SQL? Q207. What is the difference between the RAISERROR function and the THROW statement? Q208. What are the Predefined Errors and their formats in SQL? Q209. How can you generate user-defined custom error messages in SQL? Q210. What is the Error Severity in SQL? What is its use?

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SQL Interview Questions and Answers - Part 21:

Q191. What is a deadlock in SQL? What is the difference between Deadlocking vs Blocking? Q192. How can you detect and prevent deadlock in SQL? Q193. What are the different tools that can be used to detect the deadlock? Q194. If there is a table that is causing a deadlock most frequently. How can you minimize the deadlock on that table? Q195. What is a Nested Transaction in SQL? Q196. What is the use of the @@ROWCOUNT function in SQL? Q197. What is Distributed Transaction in SQL? Q198. Does Temp Table support TCL Commands? Can you use a Temp Table in Transaction? Q199. Does Table Variable support TCL Commands? Can you use a Table Variable in the Transaction? Q200. Does Table-Valued Type support TCL Commands? Can you use a Table-Valued Type in Transaction?

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SQL Interview Questions and Answers - Part 20:

Q181. What is SQL Lock Compatibility? Can a resource have multiple locks at the same time? Q182. What is Lock Escalation in SQL? Q183. What is Dynamic Locking in SQL? Q184. What is SQL Table Hint? Q185. What is the difference between NOLOCK, and NOWAIT Table Hint in SQL? Q186. What is the difference between READPAST and READUNCOMMITED Table Hint? Q187. What is the difference between IGNORE_CONSTRAINTS and IGNORE_TRIGGERS table hint? Q188. What is the use of INDEX Table Hint? What is the difference between INDEX(0) and INDEX(1) hint? Q189. What is the difference between FORCESEEK and FORCESCAN Table Hint? Q190. How can you check the occupied locks on a table or database?

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SQL Interview Questions and Answers - Part 18:

Q161. What is Concurrency in SQL? What are the different concurrency problems in SQL? Q162. What is a Dirty Read Problem in SQL? How can you avoid this Dirty Read Problem? Q163. What is a Phantom Read Problem in SQL? How can you avoid this Phantom Read Problem? Q164. What is a Non-Repeatable Read Problem in SQL? How can you avoid this Non-Repeatable Read Problem of SQL? Q165. What is a Lost Update Problem in SQL? How can you avoid this Lost Update Problem of SQL? Q166. How can you solve the Concurrency Problems in SQL? What are the different Concurrency Control Mechanisms available in SQL? Q167. What is Transaction Isolation? What are the different Transaction Isolation Levels in SQL? Q168. What is the difference between the Read Committed and Read Uncommitted Isolation Levels in SQL? Q169. What is the Repeatable Read Isolation Level in SQL? Q170. What is the difference between Serializable and Snapshot Isolation Levels in SQL?

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SQL Interview Questions and Answers - Part 17:

Q152. What is a Transaction in SQL? Q153. What is TCL in SQL? What are the different TCL commands? Q154. What are ACID properties in SQL? Q155. What is the use of SAVEPOINT in Transaction? Q156. What is the difference between COMMIT and SAVE transactions in SQL? Q157. What is the use of @@TRANCOUNT in SQL? Q158. What is the difference between TRANSACTION and DISTRIBUTED TRANSACTION in SQL? Q159. What is a Two-Phase Commit (2PC) in SQL? Why it is required? Q160. What is the SET XACT_ABORT option in SQL? How does it affect the transaction?

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SQL Interview Questions and Answers - Part 16:

Q141. What is the Cursor in SQL? Q142. What is the Cursor Life Cycle in SQL? Q143. What are the different types of Cursors in SQL? Q144. What is the Static Cursor or InSensitive Cursor in SQL? Q145. What is the Dynamic Cursor in SQL? Q146. What is the Forward Only Cursor or Firehouse Cursor in SQL? What is the difference between Forward-Only and Fast Forward Cursor? Q147. What is the KeySet Cursor in SQL? Q148. What are the advantages and applications of Cursors in SQL? Q149. What are the disadvantages or limitations of Cursors in SQL? Q150. What is the difference between Loop and Cursor? Q151. How you can avoid the cursor in SQL? What are the different alternatives of Cursor in SQL?

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