#surface finish

[perlina-hitechcircuits]

The advantages of ENIG Surface treatment

Exceptional Surface Flatness One of the standout features of ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) is its impressive surface flatness, making it perfect for PCBs with fine-pitch components. This flat surface ensures precise electrical contact and reliable component placement. Additionally, the uniformity of the ENIG coating boosts its solderability, allowing for the formation of strong and consistent solder joints.

Versatile Soldering Compatibility ENIG is highly versatile, as it supports both leaded and lead-free soldering processes. This flexibility makes it suitable for a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics to industrial, aerospace, and defense systems. Furthermore, its RoHS compliance adds to its appeal in industries that require environmentally friendly manufacturing solutions.

Enhanced Oxidation Resistance The ENIG finish provides excellent protection against oxidation. The nickel layer acts as a shield, preventing the copper on the PCB from oxidizing, while the thin gold coating protects the nickel itself. This dual layer of defense extends the lifespan of the PCB, making ENIG a great choice for designs where durability is critical.

Durability and Longevity

ENIG is well-known for its durability and long-lasting performance. The nickel layer offers a hard, wear-resistant surface, capable of withstanding mechanical stress, which is crucial for through-holes, vias, and components like Ball Grid Arrays (BGAs) in demanding environments. This finish offers a long shelf life, with PCBs remaining reliable for over 12 months.

Though the gold layer is thin, it provides robust protection against corrosion. Gold’s natural resistance to oxidation ensures that the PCB's electrical performance remains consistent, even in challenging environments such as industrial or outdoor settings. Moreover, the electroless deposition process ensures even coverage across complex PCB geometries, further enhancing protection and longevity.

ENIG-finished PCBs are designed to maintain optimal performance for many years, even under tough conditions. While the initial cost of ENIG is higher than some other finishes, its extended lifespan makes it a cost-effective solution in the long run, especially for high-volume production common in places like China.

Superior Electrical and Thermal Performance

ENIG offers exceptional electrical conductivity thanks to its gold layer, which is crucial for minimizing signal loss, particularly in high-frequency applications. This makes ENIG a top choice for PCBs used in telecommunications, computing, and high-speed data processing.

In terms of thermal stability, the nickel layer's high melting point allows ENIG-finished PCBs to endure the high temperatures involved in soldering and operational use. This is especially important for PCBs in power electronics and other high-heat environments.

ENIG’s surface flatness is another performance advantage, ensuring accurate component placement and assembly, especially for fine-pitch and surface mount technology (SMT) components. Combined with excellent wetting properties, ENIG allows for the creation of reliable solder joints, which are critical to the performance and longevity of electronic devices.

Wide Compatibility

ENIG is highly compatible with various materials and manufacturing processes. It works seamlessly with both leaded and lead-free solders, and it supports a variety of solder pastes and fluxes, making it versatile across different types of PCB assemblies.

Additionally, the nickel layer provides strong corrosion protection, making ENIG suitable for use in harsh environments. It also offers a smooth surface for applications like chip-scale packages (CSPs) and is ideal for wire bonding. ENIG can handle multiple reflow cycles, making it a reliable choice for projects requiring repeated assembly processes.

If you have a PCB project with ENIG applied, please don’t hesitate to contact me--Perlina, you can click my hompage to find my our company's website.

[reachem07]

PCB Manufacturing Process: All You Need to Know

Creating a printed circuit board (PCB) is a systematic process that begins with meticulous design and material selection, crucial for ensuring functionality and durability. The initial steps involve the application of a thin layer of copper over a substrate material, typically a fiberglass substrate reinforced with epoxy resin and glass fiber, which provides the necessary rigidity and electrical insulation. This copper layer is then patterned to form conductive areas that will eventually carry electrical signals.

The layout design process utilizes advanced CAD software for precision, ensuring that the conductive paths and component placement areas are accurately defined. Once the design is finalized, it's transferred onto the PCB using photo reactive chemicals and UV exposure, a process known as outer layer imaging. This method allows for the precise alignment of layers and the creation of intricate circuit patterns.

After the design transfer, the excess copper is removed through a careful etching process, leaving behind the copper traces that form the circuitry. The PCB then undergoes a laminating process to apply a solder mask, a protective layer that covers the entire board while exposing the areas where components will be soldered. This solder mask application is crucial for preventing short circuits and ensuring the longevity of the PCB.

Following the application of the solder mask, a silkscreen printing process adds labels and markings to the PCB, aiding in component placement and board identification. The final step in the fabrication processes involves applying a surface finish, such as tin plating, to protect the exposed copper and ensure a reliable soldering surface. Other surface finishes like HASL (Hot Air Solder Leveling) or ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) are also used depending on the application requirements.

Throughout the PCB manufacturing process, precision is maintained through the use of technologies like CNC machines for accurate drilling of holes that will accommodate electronic components. Each part of the PCB fabrication process, from the initial design to the final surface finish, is critical to enhancing the PCB's electrical performance and longevity.

The final stages of assembly involve the placement of components onto the PCB, often by a contract manufacturer specializing in PCB assembly. This is followed by soldering, which can be done through various methods, to securely attach the components to the board.

Rigorous electrical tests are conducted to validate the PCB's performance, ensuring that it meets stringent quality standards before integration into electronic devices. These tests verify the integrity of the conductive paths, the correct orientation of components, and the overall functionality of the PCB.

This holistic approach underscores the importance of meticulous craftsmanship and thorough quality assurance in producing reliable PCBs that power our modern gadgets effectively. Each step, from the initial plating process to the final surface finishing, contributes to enhancing the PCB's electrical performance and longevity, making it a vital component in the electronics industry.

To read more please visit: 

Reachemical chemicals

reachemchemicals@gmail.com

16479857177

600 Matheson Blvd W Unit 5, Mississauga, Ontario ,ON L5R 4C1.

[medicaldevicesindustrynews]

Boosting Automotive Sector Needs Mold Release Agents

The Indian mold release agents market will grow significantly. The main factors responsible for the growth of the market are the development of the construction industry and, an increase in the demand for die casting for manufacturing the components of automobiles. The development of the construction industry in the country is one of the main factors improving the demand for mold release agents,…

[tsukinoshinjiu]

Willow Bark and Chamomile Bookbind

I've handbound @ssschrodingers-cat's LU fanfic Willow Bark and Chamomile! Took me a long while since I've been really busy with work and irl stuff, but I'm proud of the final result!! I will also be making all the files public in case anyone else would like to make their own binds :D Check below the cut for everything!

I feel that my handbinding skills really improved since last time (save a few nicks i gave myself LMAOO). It's definetly not perfect but it's probably my best so far. I really love this fic and its been in my brain ever since I read it. And now it's in my hands! If anyone else wants to bind this for yourself, I have shared all files necessary below! I would love to see if anyone does it too!

I do not give permission for any of these artworks and files to be re-sold. It is for personal use only.

[candlebel]

Amo al robopayaso. xd

[w-low]

Snow.

[foxika]

I wonder if you'd mind taking a brief survey?

so i finally started severance. sleepy fox on his own below

[sandflakedraws]

I know it might be an odd question but do you have any art of hickory crying or like angry? I’ve seen the one were he’s chasing those other trolls but don’t have another m?

oh.

anon,

buddy,

the more i like a character,

the more likely i am to have a backlog of Them Goin Thru It.

[shimmershy]

Legend has it, an 'angel' who has seen the surface will descend from above and bring us freedom....

[vigilskeep]

when you first start the cousland origin, you can have some conversations with arl howe, teyrn cousland, and duncan that shed some interesting light on the political situation in ferelden. it’s definitely the origin where you get the most context on the rebellion and on cailan and his father. while howe isn’t exactly the most trustworthy of sources, he is also one of the most openly critical of cailan that we have access to, which i think is worthy of interest

howe remembers maric with what the toolset describes as “genuine fondness”: “your father hasn’t spoken of our time with him? that man took care of his friends. as they say, he was large as life and twice as tall!” i think we should pay particular attention to that man took care of his friends.

what howe’s talking about is a really important aspect of kingship, where you win the consent and enthusiasm of the nobility for your rule by offering rewards like wealth, land, and prestige to the loyal. kingship is always less stable than it’s portrayed, and this is one of the ways that kings must essentially sell to the nobility that answering to them is worth their time, which would be especially important in ferelden given everything we know about its culture. fereldans believe someone only has power when it is given by the loyalty of those below them, who have the right to freely rescind that loyalty. the dao codex says that “the sight of [fereldan kings] asking for—and working to win—the support of ‘lesser’ men is a source of constant wonder to foreign ambassadors.”

i suspect howe is remembering a maric fresh from the victories of the rebellion, who was able to reward those who had followed him with the spoils of those victories. at the end of the stolen throne, we see that in the final days of the rebellion, maric was killing those who had betrayed his mother to the orlesians even when they arrived under truce to meet him on holy ground. in dao, we see no lingering orlesian nobility except for those who married in and continue to be met with marked hostility. i think we can safely surmise that maric elected to make no conciliatory measures and give everything to those who had followed him; with the orlesians on the run and his people out for blood, he was in a strong enough position to do so, and it certainly served to win the fond memories of men like howe.

by contrast, howe goes on to say, “it’s too bad cailan isn’t half that.” the toolset notes establish very clearly that it’s the same issue, elaborating on howe’s thoughts: “bitter turn, i don’t get as much from the current king”, and “disdainful, i have no use for him, he does me no favours”. this isn’t a minor character detail, if howe’s last words when killed by the player are anything to go by. “maker spit on you... i deserved... more...” whatever it is that howe feels he should have been given, by the crown or anyone else, it characterises his actions and his defining treachery.

it’s in these same conversations that we see another side of this demonstrated. there are two points where howe can openly criticise the king, and bryce immediately admonishes him for both. one even has the toolset note: “speaks sharply, as a lord to a lesser man, not a friend to an equal”. it definitely comes across that way; the way he tells howe “that’s enough” is not far off the voice he uses when the player, his child, displeases him. bryce can’t tolerate any criticism of cailan, as the couslands in dao are ardent supporters of the king. to venture some hc, i suspect that this is not merely royalist fervour, and that howe’s resentment for having been given less is matched by bryce’s awareness of the precariousness of having more.

over the centuries, the theirins have consolidated their power and eradicated almost all the teyrns (the noble rank that is second only to the king). with the only other lingering teyrn being loghain, who is essentially part and parcel of the royal family, the couslands stand alone as the only real rivals to theirin power within ferelden. there are rumours that bryce was once considered for king instead of the theirins; he too could have decided to believe he “deserved more”. but unlike howe, and perhaps understandably given his strong position and happy growing family, he is satisfied with what he has. he will not take the risk of even the slightest challenge being made within his hall

(i expect that bryce’s satisfaction with the current situation further spurred howe’s dissatisfaction to its heights, given the complicated cousland-howe history and the fact that he was expected to accept a friend he had fought beside as a superior for the rest of his life.)

i don’t think howe’s judgement on cailan is likely to be without basis. we don’t hear about any victories the young king has to his name, from which he could have passed around spoils. (to be fair, cailan had harder luck than maric in this regard. a king who raises a successful rebellion gets to bring glory and prestige to everyone who follows him, whereas a king trying to rebuild after that rebellion mostly gets to bring, uh, taxes probably. especially on wealthy centres of trade like howe’s amaranthine, one might assume.) cailan also takes a far more diplomatic approach to the question of orlais, which perhaps predictably did not win over many nobles of howe’s generation. it makes sense that cailan’s strongest supporters would instead be men like bryce who hope for things to simply continue, peacefully, as they are. perhaps in another world where cailan had won the battle of ostagar, he might have earned wider respect. (you could actually argue on this basis that there’s more sense and purpose to cailan’s glory-seeking than he usually gets credit for.) but howe already acts before ostagar, which can only demonstrate his certainty in cailan’s failings at this point: his belief that even if cailan could win, he would not be stable enough to pursue justice for the couslands

[valeovalairs]

They guys, the bros, the high schoolers who are probably failing at this point given how much school they skip and how many shenanigans they get involved in and it’s only the first week

[he-said-irene]

Thinking about all the things people say Moby Dick is about and the time I went to a poetry reading at my library and an older man read an (appropriately really long) poem about marathon reading Moby Dick in like 2 days in college for an assignment. It was really neat because he drew a lot of connections to things that never would have occurred to me to say that Moby Dick was “about” - the Vietnam war, civil rights, other things that happened to his friends or himself that were completely foreign experiences to me, but my immediate thought was “This guy GETS it.” Because Moby Dick is, first and foremost, about whatever happens to be going on in your life at the time when you read it. After that it’s about grief.

[shark-chicken7]

Hera sketch in honor of hades 2 update today! I love her design so so much

[atalana]

so i finally cleared prometheus on 32!

(and now i can get round to testing out the other weapons bc i unlocked eos' torches and then never looked back)

[randomthunk]

*bursts forth from underneath wrapping paper and party hats* HELLO I HAVE ART RIGHT AT THE LAST MINUTE

I could not make myself go two months without drawing anything, so here on the very last day of 2024 I have Silas from Deadlands, because it's comin' BACK and Silas is my FAVORITE and yeah.

[chopshajen]

10-14.

Ok I saw a photo of Tyler that grabbed me by the brainstem so I decided that doing a painting/value study of that photo would be a good idea. It was certainly an idea that cost me much sleep, but I’m happy with how it turned out so?? Worth?? I eyeballed everything, no tracing, then painted in grayscale as I always do before placing it in Mx. Gradient Map’s capable hands LOL