#test and methods in forensic science

[matchalovertrait]

Alegría v Caruso: Day 2, Pt. 1

Everybody was seated, waiting for the trial to resume after what seemed like a never-ending weekend. Seriously, it felt like 4 months (and 7 days, if we want to be exact).

While Erick and Ángel felt a little uneasy after how Day 1 ended, Noemí was rather optimistic. She would feel comforted knowing Dulce was on the right side, even if the jury made a decision against her.

Lewis, however, felt pretty guilty for not sharing his suspicions regarding Caruso. In his defense, most people probably wouldn't like being told, "Your partner is a shady, lying jerk. And he squeezed my hand too hard."

When Lewis confessed this to Dulce, she forgave him. It didn't matter anymore. Yeah, maybe she wouldn't have believed Lewis, and that thought was unsettling.

On the other side of the room, Isabela was silently scolding Caruso for... reasons.

Hold on, were they trying to match outfits like Dulce and Antonio? The audacity when their claim was Caruso's "originality"...

It didn't take long for Caruso to be spared from the continuous bickering. The judge walked into the courtroom and took a seat, making Isabela settle down.

"This court is now in session," he announced. It was showtime.

Antonio stood up from his seat and walked over to the judge's bench.

“Your Honor, today we present a crucial piece of evidence: Ms. Alegría’s personal notebook, containing years’ worth of handwritten notes and original recipes.”

Chatter was heard around the room. What an interesting development.

Isabela shot up from her seat. “Objection! The notebook could have been fabricated over the weekend.”

A valid concern, but the judge was much too intrigued. “Overruled. We will hear the evidence first.”

Isabela remained firm, determined to cast doubt. “But, Your Honor. The defense was not made aware of this evidence before today.”

“Ms. Alegría could not find it, and we were unsure it would be found on time," Antonio explained.

That is technically the truth. Dulce was impressed with Antonio's ability to say just enough.

Antonio added, "Given that it contains important material to this case, we ask for it to be admitted."

“I will allow it.” His nod signaled for Antonio to continue.

“This notebook contains the ingredient lists and handwritten revisions. Momentarily, the ink analysis expert will verify when these entries were made.”

The screens behind him showed photographs of the pages from the notebook. The jurors nodded listened attentively.

Dr. Nadia Galecki, a forensic document analyst, was called to the stand.

Antonio began. "Dr. Galecki, can you explain how you determined the authenticity of this piece of evidence?"

"Using chemical testing, we conducted an ink dating analysis to determine when the ink was applied to the pages. The compounds in ink change over time, and by measuring these changes, we can estimate how long ago something was written."

"And what conclusions did you draw?"

"Based on our tests, the majority of the entries predate Ms. Alegría's relationship with Mr. Caruso by several years—some, nearly a decade."

The people in the courtroom whispered, and Caruso could not believe what was happening. How is he so good at this? He can't be real.

"Thank you, Dr. Galecki. No further questions." Checkmate.

It was Isabela's turn. "Dr. Galecki, ink dating analysis is not an exact science. How precise are these results, really? Could there be a margin of error of weeks? Months? ...Years?"

The analyst seemed to take offense to that. "It is a highly reliable method. Science is never absolute, but our tests can generally determine whether the ink was applied within a certain time frame. We use multiple techniques to ensure accuracy."

"But you also found that some entries were written after Ms. Alegría met Mr. Caruso, right?"

Dr. Galecki did not falter. "Yes, but it does not change the fact that the majority of the notebook is older than their relationship."

Isabela frowned.

Meanwhile, Dulce was pleased with how things were going. She hoped her joy wasn't too obvious. Winning was always fun.

Start from the beginning (Gen 2)

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[mindblowingscience]

Crime scene investigation may soon become significantly more accurate and efficient thanks to a new method for detecting gunshot residues. Researchers from the groups of Wim Noorduin (AMOLF/University of Amsterdam) and Arian van Asten (University of Amsterdam) developed the technique that converts lead particles found in gunshot residue into light-emitting semiconductors. This method is faster, more sensitive, and easier to use than current alternatives. Forensic experts at the Amsterdam police force are already testing it in actual crime scene investigations. The researchers published their findings in Forensic Science International on March 9.

Continue Reading.

[lcatala]

Thinking about how a frighteningly high proportion of forensic methods that have been or are currently getting used for criminal investigation are just junk science.

Torture doesn't work Trials by ordeal don't work Witness testimonies are unreliable Mediumship and divination don't work Truth serum doesn't work Graphology doesn't work Hypnosis is highly unreliable Recovered-Memory Therapy doesn't work Fingerprints are not always reliable Offender profiling doesn't work Polygraphs (lie detector tests) don't work Autopsies are not always reliable DNA testing is not always reliable

This has rather frightening implications from both ends — the number of people who were condemned on really flimsy evidence, but also the number of murderers who just get away with it, which could well be most of them. The whole myth of the "super-intelligent serial killers" seems to have been invented to hide a much less glamorous reality: that most repeat killers are just otherwise-normal people who escape notice simply because cops don't care or are incompetent.

[innjoo65]

New Breakthroughs in the DB Cooper Mystery: A New Chapter in a Legendary Case

More than five decades after one of America’s most notorious unsolved crimes occurred, the D.B. Cooper case has resurfaced with renewed vigor. The FBI, which officially closed the case in 2016, is reportedly examining new evidence that could shed light on the identity of the infamous kidnapper. This includes an umbrella allegedly linked to the case and additional artifacts discovered by the family of a potential suspect. These developments have reignited the public’s fascination with this enduring mystery.

More red news on Google News

The crime that gripped a nation

On November 24, 1971, a man who had purchased a plane ticket under the alias "Dan Cooper" hijacked Northwest Orient Flight 305. After boarding the plane in Portland, Oregon, Cooper handed a flight attendant a note in which he claimed to have a bomb. He demanded $200,000 in cash, four parachutes, and safe passage to Mexico City.

When the plane landed in Seattle, authorities complied with Cooper’s demands, exchanging the money and parachutes for the passengers. The plane then took off again as instructed. Somewhere over the remote forests of the Pacific Northwest, Cooper jumped into the night with the ransom money strapped to his body. Despite massive searches and countless leads over the years, Cooper and his remains have never been found.

More red news on Google News

New Evidence: The Umbrella and Family Testimony

Recent discoveries have thrust the case back into the spotlight. The family of Richard McCoy Jr., a convicted hijacker who some suspect may have been D.B. Cooper, found a parachute allegedly linked to the hijacking. The McCoys found the parachute, along with other items such as a skydiving log, in storage on their family property in North Carolina.

The unique characteristics of the umbrella have astounded investigators. It is said to match the description of equipment used during the 1971 robbery. The FBI has obtained the items for forensic analysis, including possible DNA testing, as advances in forensic science can now yield results that were previously impossible to obtain.

#Reviewing forensic evidence

The new evidence comes as the FBI reassesses previously collected evidence, such as Cooper’s tie, which was left on the plane. Forensic experts believe that genetic testing — a method that can extract individual DNA profiles from mixed samples — could provide a breakthrough in identifying the hijacker. The tie, which Cooper wore during the flight, contained molecules that suggested he worked in a manufacturing or technical environment. Investigators hope that newer DNA techniques will reveal a match.

Investigators, including Eric Ollis and Tom Kay, have played a pivotal role in keeping the case alive. Ollis, the lead amateur investigator on the case, has expressed confidence in identifying Cooper’s DNA by the end of the year. However, he has faced challenges in accessing crucial evidence, such as a tie, due to legal and institutional barriers.

McCoy Jr.: The Familiar Suspect

The appearance of the parachute has heightened speculation about Richard McCoy Jr., a Vietnam War veteran and U.S. Special Forces operative who was arrested for a similar plane hijacking just months after Cooper's escape. McCoy hijacked a United Airlines flight in 1972, demanded a $500,000 ransom, and then parachuted from the plane before being captured days later.

Although McCoy has denied being DB Cooper, the similarities between the two cases are striking. His skydiving background and military training match the meticulous planning evident in Cooper’s robbery. McCoy’s family maintains his innocence, but newly emerging evidence could reignite scrutiny of his possible involvement.

The story of D.B. Cooper has transcended the realm of true crime to become a cultural phenomenon. Theories about his identity range from the plausible to the bizarre, with suspects including military personnel, career criminals, and even recluse individuals. The kidnapping has inspired books, documentaries, and films, cementing its place in American folklore.

The discovery of the umbrella, coupled with advances in forensic science and renewed investigative efforts, offers hope for solving a case that has baffled experts and the public for more than 50 years. If the evidence leads to a definitive identification, it will close one of the most famous chapters in American criminal history while answering questions that have lingered for decades.

More red news on Google News

What for

Analysis of the umbrella and other evidence is still ongoing. If investigations confirm a direct link to DB Cooper, it could finally put years of speculation and debate to rest. For now, the public remains intrigued by the possibility of solving this legendary mystery—a story that continues to defy the odds and inspire curiosity across generations.

[studypalace-hub]

How to Prepare for the FMGE/NExT Exam After Studying MBBS Abroad

The choice to study MBBS abroad, especially in countries like Russia, is unique and enriching. However, after completing medical education, the FMGE or NExT has to be cleared to practice in India, which forms a big challenge for MBBS students from all abroad. The journey through FMGE or NExT becomes quite intimidating and complicated for MBBS graduates from any foreign university. Prepare to take the FMGE/NExT Exam after MBBS abroad study as follows.

Understanding the FMGE/NExT Exam

The FMGE is the examination conducted by foreign medical graduates for practicing in India. It is conducted by the National Board of Examinations (NBE). Basically, this exam tests the knowledge and clinical skills of candidates who have completed their MBBS degree from outside India.

The NExT exam, on the other hand, is going to replace the FMGE and will be the gateway for MBBS students across India, including those who graduate from foreign medical schools. The NExT exam will be a two-part examination system: one for theoretical knowledge (NExT-1) and one for practical and clinical skills (NExT-2).

MBBS students who have completed their education abroad require passing the FMGE/NExT to get a medical license in India.

Step 1: Understand the Syllabus and Exam Pattern

The first step in your preparation is to understand the syllabus and exam pattern. The FMGE syllabus covers subjects from all the major medical disciplines, including:

Anatomy

Physiology

Biochemistry

Pathology

Microbiology

Pharmacology

Forensic Medicine

Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and more.

The NExT exam would have a comparable syllabus, but it will be more elaborative and practical. It's essential to thoroughly study each topic because these tests not only focus on theoretical concepts but also put your ability into practice in practical medical scenarios.

Step 2: Plan your study schedule Structure your study time into manageable slots. Focus on subjects like Medicine, Surgery, and Pediatrics, as these areas carry higher weight. Use multiple resources such as textbooks, online lectures, question banks, and mock tests to reinforce your knowledge.

Step 3: Use Question Banks and Practice Papers

Continuous practice is one of the best ways to prepare for any medical exam. Make use of FMGE question banks and previous years' papers to understand the kind of questions that are asked. These papers not only help you get familiar with the exam format but also give you an idea of frequently asked topics.

The relevant focus for NExT would be on clinical questions and case scenarios, which are going to comprise a significant portion of the practical assessment. Preparing clinical vignettes, MCQs, and problem solving is key to doing well in the NExT exam.

Step 4: Strengthen Clinical Skills

Since FMGE and NExT are basically very clinical courses, one would require sharpening their practical knowledge. Clinical rotation or observing hospitals can be conducted. Discussing clinical cases among friends or consulting senior doctors shall enhance the skill of clinical reasoning and confidence level.

Step 5: Take Online Courses or Coaching

For students who have studied MBBS abroad, online coaching for FMGE/NExT is a very good way of keeping track with your preparation. Many coaching centers provide specialized FMGE crash courses to help the foreign medical graduate pass the exam easily.

Moreover, coaching will offer mock exams, personalized guidance, and can keep you motivated during your preparation.

Step 6: Staying Updated on Medical Knowledge

The medical field is always developing, and you must ensure your knowledge is updated. Stay current with recent advances in medical science, new diagnostic tools, and treatment methods by reading medical journals, attending webinars, and participating in conferences. This will not only make you better prepared but will benefit you in the long run too in your medical career.

Step 7: Manage Stress and Time

It is very stressful to prepare for FMGE/NExT, so it is necessary to keep one's mental and physical well-being intact. Include regular exercise, adequate sleep, and breaks to keep your mind fresh.

Final Thoughts

Passing the FMGE or NExT exam is one of the final steps after MBBS abroad, especially MBBS in Russia. With proper knowledge of the syllabus, following a proper study plan, practicing clinical skills, and updating oneself with the latest medical knowledge, one can be adequately prepared for these exams.

Be dedicated, plan your time, and take the exam with confidence. Consistent preparation will get you well set for a medical career in India.

Good luck!

[science-sculpt]

Amplifying Revolution: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Imagine a scenario where you have a crucial document, but there's only one fragile copy. You need numerous duplicates to analyze and share. This is exactly the challenge faced by scientists dealing with DNA. Thankfully, a revolutionary technique called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) comes to the rescue. PCR, often referred to as molecular photocopying, is a fundamental tool in molecular biology. It allows scientists to exponentially amplify a specific DNA segment, creating millions of copies from a minuscule sample. This has revolutionized various fields, from diagnosing diseases to unraveling genetic mysteries.

The credit for inventing PCR is widely attributed to Kary Mullis, a biochemist working at Cetus Corporation in the early 1980s. Inspired by his nighttime drives through California, Mullis envisioned a method for exponentially copying DNA segments through repeated cycles of heating, annealing (primer attachment), and extension (polymerase-mediated DNA synthesis). This elegant concept became the foundation of PCR. Mullis's concept was brilliant, but a crucial hurdle remained. The process required a DNA polymerase enzyme that could withstand repeated heating and cooling cycles. The solution came from an unexpected source: hot springs. In 1976, researchers discovered Taq polymerase, a heat-stable enzyme isolated from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus. This discovery was a game-changer, as Taq polymerase could function optimally during the high-temperature steps of PCR. In recognition of its transformative impact on science, Kary Mullis was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993, alongside Michael Smith, who pioneered site-directed mutagenesis.

While the core concept of PCR was established, the technique required further refinement. Pioneering researchers like Henry Erlich at Cetus played a vital role in optimizing reaction conditions, automating the process, and developing the now-ubiquitous thermal cyclers that precisely control the temperature changes needed for PCR. The 1980s and 1990s witnessed a surge in PCR applications. In 1985, PCR was used for the first time to analyze sickle cell anemia, demonstrating its potential for clinical diagnostics. Forensic science embraced PCR in 1987, with the successful amplification of DNA from a single human hair. By 1989, highly sensitive DNA fingerprinting techniques based on PCR became a game-changer in criminal investigations.

At the heart of PCR lies a clever exploitation of the natural process of DNA replication. The key players in this drama are:

Template DNA: The DNA sequence that contains the target region to be amplified

Primers: Short sequences of nucleotides that flank the target DNA region and serve as starting points for DNA synthesis.

DNA Polymerase: Enzyme responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands by extending the primers using nucleotides.

Nucleotides: The building blocks of DNA, including adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

Buffer Solution: Provides optimal conditions for the enzymatic reactions to occur.

Thermal Cycler: Instrumentation used to automate the PCR process by cycling through different temperatures.

At its core, PCR mimics the natural process of DNA replication within an organism. However, PCR condenses this complex process into a series of controlled steps carried out within a test tube. Here's a breakdown of the PCR cycle:

Denaturation: The first step involves heating the reaction mixture to a high temperature (usually around 95°C), causing the double-stranded DNA to separate into two single strands. This process is known as denaturation.

Annealing: The temperature is then lowered to allow the primers to bind (anneal) to their complementary sequences on the single-stranded DNA. This typically occurs around 50-65°C, depending on the primer sequences.

Extension: With the primers bound, the temperature is raised again, and DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by extending from the primers using the nucleotides present in the reaction mixture. This step occurs at a temperature optimal for the DNA polymerase enzyme, typically around 72°C.

Cycle Repetition: These three steps—denaturation, annealing, and extension—are repeated multiple times (usually 20-40 cycles), resulting in an exponential increase in the number of DNA copies. Each cycle doubles the amount of DNA, leading to millions of copies of the target sequence after just a few cycles.

The beauty of PCR lies in its repetitive nature. With each cycle, the number of copies of the target DNA segment doubles. After 30 cycles, for example, you can have billions of copies of the specific DNA region, enough for further analysis.

This versatile technique has spawned numerous variations, each tailored for a specific purpose. Let's delve into some of the most common types of PCR:

Real-Time PCR (qPCR): Real-Time PCR, or quantitative PCR (qPCR), revolutionized nucleic acid quantification by enabling the real-time monitoring of DNA amplification. This technique utilizes fluorescent reporter molecules to measure the accumulation of PCR products during each cycle. qPCR is invaluable in gene expression analysis, microbial quantification, and diagnostic assays due to its high sensitivity and quantitative capabilities.

Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR): Reverse Transcription PCR combines PCR with reverse transcription to amplify RNA sequences. This technique converts RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) using reverse transcriptase enzyme before proceeding with PCR amplification. RT-PCR is pivotal in gene expression studies, viral load quantification, and the detection of RNA viruses such as HIV and SARS-CoV-2.

Nested PCR: Nested PCR involves two rounds of amplification, with the second round using a set of nested primers that bind within the product of the first round. This nested approach increases specificity and reduces nonspecific amplification, making it ideal for detecting low-abundance targets and minimizing contamination. Nested PCR is commonly used in forensic analysis, pathogen detection, and rare allele identification.

Multiplex PCR: Multiplex PCR allows simultaneous amplification of multiple target sequences within a single reaction. This technique employs multiple primer sets, each specific to a distinct target region, enabling the detection of multiple targets in a single assay. Multiplex PCR is valuable in microbial typing, genetic screening, and detection of pathogens with complex genetic profiles.

Digital PCR (dPCR): Digital PCR partitions the PCR reaction into thousands of individual micro-reactions, each containing a single DNA template molecule or none at all. By counting the number of positive and negative partitions, dPCR accurately quantifies target DNA molecules without the need for standard curves or reference samples. This technique is useful for absolute quantification of rare targets, allelic discrimination, and copy number variation analysis.

Allele-Specific PCR: Allele-Specific PCR selectively amplifies alleles containing specific nucleotide variations, enabling the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or mutations. This technique utilizes primers designed to match the target sequence with single-base mismatches at their 3' end, allowing discrimination between different alleles. Allele-Specific PCR finds applications in genetic testing, pharmacogenomics, and population studies.

PCR's ability to amplify DNA has made it an indispensable tool in various fields. Here are a few examples of its diverse applications:

Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance: PCR plays a pivotal role in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases. By amplifying specific nucleic acid sequences, PCR enables the detection of pathogens with high sensitivity and specificity. PCR-based tests have become indispensable in diagnosing viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis, influenza, and COVID-19. Additionally, PCR facilitates the surveillance of disease outbreaks and the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance.

Genetic Testing and Personalized Medicine: PCR empowers genetic testing by enabling the detection of genetic mutations, polymorphisms, and variations associated with inherited diseases, cancer, and pharmacogenomics. Through techniques like allele-specific PCR and real-time PCR, researchers can identify disease-causing mutations, assess drug efficacy, and tailor treatments to individual patients. PCR-based genetic tests have transformed healthcare by enabling early disease detection, risk assessment, and personalized therapeutic interventions.

Forensic Analysis and DNA Profiling: PCR has revolutionized forensic science by enabling the analysis of minute DNA samples collected from crime scenes. Techniques like short tandem repeat (STR) analysis and multiplex PCR allow forensic experts to generate DNA profiles with high resolution and accuracy. PCR-based DNA profiling is used in criminal investigations, paternity testing, disaster victim identification, and wildlife forensics, contributing to the administration of justice and conservation efforts worldwide.

Environmental Monitoring and Microbial Ecology: PCR facilitates the study of microbial communities in diverse environments, including soil, water, air, and the human microbiome. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis using PCR-based methods enables the detection and characterization of microbial species, including bacteria, fungi, and archaea. PCR-based assays are employed in environmental monitoring, food safety testing, and microbial source tracking, aiding in the preservation of ecosystems and public health.

Agricultural Biotechnology and Food Safety: PCR plays a vital role in agricultural biotechnology by enabling the detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), plant pathogens, and foodborne pathogens. PCR-based assays are used to verify the authenticity and safety of food products, detect allergens, and monitor the presence of contaminants such as pesticides and toxins. PCR-based technologies contribute to ensuring food security, quality control, and regulatory compliance in the food industry.

Evolutionary Biology and Phylogenetics: PCR-based methods are indispensable tools for studying evolutionary relationships and biodiversity. Techniques like DNA barcoding and metagenomics employ PCR to amplify and analyze DNA sequences from diverse organisms, elucidating their evolutionary history and ecological interactions. PCR facilitates the identification of new species, the study of population genetics, and the conservation of endangered species, enriching our understanding of the natural world.

PCR's versatility and precision make it indispensable in unlocking the secrets of genetics and unraveling complex biological mysteries. Its ability to amplify minute DNA samples with remarkable speed and accuracy has opened doors to countless possibilities in research and diagnostics. s we delve deeper into the intricacies of the genetic world, PCR will undoubtedly remain a powerful tool for unlocking the secrets of life itself.

[meiieiri]

Could you tell us more about working in labs? What types of study are necessary and what is your daily life like? Do you like what you do? (Asking because I'm very interested in this type of area😞) Thanks😸

hi, lovely! I love this question, and it’s so nice to hear you’re interested in lab work! 🩵 and yes, i love what i do, but you know, from time to time, i think of what life would have been like if i pursued fashion or writing instead, but i’m pretty happy where i am right now yea~ means so much to me that you asked 🥹

well, as an undergrad, i took up pharmaceutical sciences (currently finishing up my masters 😭), but most of my colleagues typically graduate with degrees in biology, biochemistry, chemistry, or even, statistics.

as for my daily life…

if i’m not working on my master’s thesis or having my fave meal of chicken nuggets and iced coffee to keep me awake, i mostly spend my time in an quality control assay laboratory. the company i’m working for sends finished products and i help determine the label claim of random drugs from different market batches (say, a painkiller, and the packaging claims it has 400 mg of the active drug, i confirm if that is indeed true by subjecting it to different tests, if it ain’t, we have to get manufacturing to fix it) or more preferably, i determine the identity of unknown compounds in prototype drugs using instrumental methods like infrared spectroscopy or nuclear magnetic spectroscopy. it’s kinda similar to how a forensic scientist maps out dna samples and fingerprints!

…

i rambled *hehe*~ this was such a nice question and i really loved answering it. 🥹🫶🏻 thank you, quenn!

[ailelie]

tl;dr: Don't trust (most) forensic science

"Bad Evidence" from The Intercept

Hair analysts testifying on the stand had made erroneous statements in at least 33 death penalty cases, according to the agency. “Nine of these defendants have already been executed and five died of other causes while on death row.”

[...]

Much of the recent upheaval in the forensics world can be traced back to a landmark study released by the National Academy of Sciences in 2009. Titled “Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward,” the report questioned the scientific basis for virtually every forensic discipline used to convict people and send them to prison. With the exception of DNA analysis, it found, “no forensic method has been rigorously shown to have the capacity to consistently, and with a high degree of certainty, demonstrate a connection between evidence and a specific individual or source.”

[...]

The NAS report, and an even more stinging critique of pattern-matching practices released by the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology in 2016, were particularly critical of bite marks. The “available scientific evidence strongly suggests that examiners cannot consistently agree on whether an injury is a human bite mark and cannot identify the source of [a] bite mark with reasonable accuracy,” reads the PCAST report — a problem the group did not think could be rectified. “PCAST considers the prospects of developing bite-mark analysis into a scientifically valid method to be low. We advise against devoting significant resources to such efforts.”

Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward

By using the term “underresourced,” the committee means to imply all of its dimensions. Existing data suggest that forensic laboratories are underresourced and understaffed, which contributes to a backlog in cases and likely makes it difficult for laboratories to do as much as they could to inform investigations, provide strong evidence for prosecutions, and avoid errors that could lead to imperfect justice. But underresourced also means that the tools of forensic science are not as strong as they could be. The knowledge base that underpins analysis and the interpretation of evidence—which enable the forensic science disciplines to excel at informing investigations, providing strong evidence for prosecutions, and avoiding errors that could lead to imperfect judgment—is incomplete in important ways.

[...]

Although DNA laboratories are expected to conduct their examinations under stringent quality controlled environments, errors do occasionally occur. They usually involve situations in which interpretational ambiguities occur or in which samples were inappropriately processed and/or contaminated in the laboratory. Errors also can occur when there are limited amounts of DNA, which limits the amount of test information and increases the chance of misinterpretation. Casework reviews of mtDNA analysis suggest a wide range in the quality of testing results that include contamination, inexperience in interpreting mixtures, and differences in how a test is conducted.

[...]

Uniqueness and persistence are necessary conditions for friction ridge identification to be feasible, but those conditions do not imply that anyone can reliably discern whether or not two friction ridge impressions were made by the same person. Uniqueness does not guarantee that prints from two different people are always sufficiently different that they cannot be confused, or that two impressions made by the same finger will also be sufficiently similar to be discerned as coming from the same source. The impression left by a given finger will differ every time, because of inevitable variations in pressure, which change the degree of contact between each part of the ridge structure and the impression medium. None of these variabilities—of features across a population of fingers or of repeated impressions left by the same finger—has been characterized, quantified, or compared.

"How did we fall for the junk science of forensics?" from The Spectator

I believed in the polygraph test, in an unthinking way, right up until last week when I read a new book by M. Chris Fabricant, Junk Science and the American Criminal Justice System, which carefully and unarguably explains that almost every forensic science is unreliable, and most are entirely bogus. It’s not just polygraphs, says Fabricant, but the whole damn shooting match: arson investigation, hair microscopy, bullet lead analysis, voice spectrometry, hand-writing and bloodstain spatter analysis. ‘The list of discredited forensic techniques is considerable,’ writes Fabricant.

"We Need To Get Junk Science Out of Courtrooms" from Current Affairs

Fabricant:  

I defined junk science in the book as subjective speculation masquerading as scientific evidence. And what I mean by that is that there is no scientific or empirical basis for the opinion. It’s based largely on training and experience and hasn’t been demonstrated to be valid and reliable through scientific research done through the scientific method and published in peer-reviewed journals, the way that mainstream typical science works.

In forensics, what we often have as compared to mainstream science are forensic techniques and knowledge generated by law enforcement. And typically, it’s done in an ad hoc basis. It will become useful in a particular case or a particular crime. Bite mark evidence is an example that I use in the book to demonstrate how a particular form of junk science gets introduced into the legal system. But it really only takes one case—one precedent-establishing case—or one judge to allow in one technique, and it’s very, very hard to exclude that evidence forever thereafter, no matter how junky it was to begin with.

[...]

Yes, it’s a fundamental problem with forensics. A lot of it goes back to what we were talking about earlier in terms of the difference between mainstream science and forensic sciences. One of the other examples that I point to in the book is arson investigation. Arson investigation, like bite mark evidence, hair microscopy, blood spatter evidence, firearms analysis—many of these techniques really operate in essentially a guild-like structure. The masters of the trade have the received wisdom that is passed down from mentor to mentee, generation from generation. A lot of it is folklore. What I mean is that it sounds science-y, and there are big textbooks, and there are leading practitioners of the field who become very high flying and high paid consultants. But it’s just never been tested.

[...]

One of the real problems with fingerprints and forensics, generally, is that there aren’t any standards nationally for, well, anything in particular—even as a threshold issue as to how much information you need in a latent fingerprint to make a so-called match. We know, today, that fingerprints have not been demonstrated as a matter of science to be unique. I think they probably are. I’m not arguing that they aren’t. But we don’t know this as a fact. What’s more important in forensics is that we don’t know how similar two fingerprints are. When you’re talking about latent fingerprints, these are smudges at crime scenes. If we don’t have any standards for how much information in that smudge you need, then you get a real problem with creating a potential wrongful conviction, a false positive, because some fingerprint experts will be willing to make a match based on very little information. What we get in that type of situation is the influence of cognitive bias on that conclusion. All forensics have a certain amount of subjectivity, some much more than others. Fingerprints are no different in that there aren’t any measurements being taken here to say that we need to have within a measurement of uncertainty, that when we declare a match that we know exactly what that means as a measurement, that this came within our one-millimeter degree of confidence in this measurement on this loop and this loop on this fingerprint. We don’t do that; it’s eyeballed.

[musette22]

Re:forensics - I’m American and about the same age as Sebastian. When I was in middle/high school, forensics was a science course you could take that was super high level and mostly taught about DNA (both what it is and rudimentary testing techniques) as well as, like, problem solving/scientific method type lessons to apply the science you learned to problems. My school also offered forensics as a unit of larger science courses (like biology). So it’s possible it was a science course!

Oohh that's really interesting to know, thank you for explaining! Considering that Sebastian was apparently talking about doing theatre competitions in the New York area throughout high school when he mentioned forensics, it looks like in this case he meant debating/performing monologues etc. rather than scientific forensics. But it would've been very cool if he'd done that as well!

[fixomnia-scribble]

Me reading a forensic anth article: "...the results of these studies cannot be directly applied to skeletons because joint congruencies are lost in the defleshed state (1,16), and skeletonized remains are subject to PM alteration (e.g., erosion)."

Stephan, C; Winburn, A.; Christiansen, A.; and Tyrrell, A. (2011). Skeletal Identification by Radiographic Comparison: Blind Tests of a Morphoscopic Method Using Antemortem Chest Radiographs. Journal of Forensic Science, 56(2). DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01673.x

My brain:

Conference going well so far! Large gathering last night for the international delegates, which was breathtaking in places. Academic conferences are notably cliquey and a bit summer-campy, with people catching up with colleagues from schools in the same or nearby countries. But we have about 30 forensic scientists here who are their country's only (or nearly so) representative. They are unfunded and largely unsupported, and do forensic research while working as lab scientists or doctors. In many cases, their governments have a vested interest in not bringing forensics to bear on past events. They will never teach, never publish and be unheralded at home. But they come to this conference every year, to connect and to tell the world, in person, what they are doing and why. That's badass.

And today is the Forensic Anth meeting, a mini-symposium at a university near the conference center. I am up early and replete with a good hotel breakfast and counting my blessin's.

[productliabilityinvestigation]

Forensics Materials Engineering Services: Solving Complex Cases with Science

Forensics materials engineering is a critical field that blends science, engineering, and investigative methods to uncover the underlying causes of material failures and provide clear insights into complex cases. Whether it's a construction collapse, a car accident, or a product malfunction, forensic materials engineers play a pivotal role in determining what went wrong and how to prevent similar incidents in the future.

In this blog, we’ll explore how forensics materials engineering services work, the process behind these investigations, and why their insights are crucial for various industries.

What Are Forensics Materials Engineering Services?

Forensics materials engineering services involve the application of scientific principles to analyze and determine the causes of material failures or performance issues. These services are essential in investigating how materials used in construction, manufacturing, transportation, or other fields break down or behave unexpectedly. Forensic engineers employ advanced testing techniques, laboratory analysis, and field investigations to uncover critical details that can answer key questions regarding the material’s failure.

The field of forensics materials engineering is essential in a variety of industries, including construction, automotive, aerospace, and consumer goods. Forensics experts examine everything from concrete and steel used in buildings to polymers and composites found in everyday products. Their work helps identify faults, whether they arise from design flaws, manufacturing defects, environmental conditions, or human error.

The Role of Forensics Materials Engineers

Forensic materials engineers are highly trained professionals with expertise in the properties of materials and their behavior under different conditions. Their role extends beyond simple failure analysis, encompassing a deep dive into various factors such as:

Material Properties and Composition: Engineers carefully examine the physical properties of materials, including their strength, flexibility, and resistance to wear and corrosion.

Environmental Impact: Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and exposure to chemicals can significantly affect a material's performance. Forensic engineers analyze these conditions to understand how external forces may have led to failure.

Stress and Fatigue Analysis: Many failures occur due to material fatigue—repeated stress that weakens a material over time. Forensic engineers use specialized tests to understand how a material withstood stress over its life cycle.

Failure Mechanisms: Whether it’s brittle fracture, creep, or corrosion, forensic engineers identify the mechanism behind the material failure. This understanding is vital in offering solutions to prevent future failures.

Common Applications of Forensics Materials Engineering Services

The applications of forensic materials engineering are widespread, addressing a range of issues across different industries. Here are some key examples of where these services come into play:

Construction and Infrastructure In the construction industry, failures such as cracks in concrete, weakened steel beams, or material degradation can result in catastrophic outcomes. Forensic engineers investigate structural failures and determine if substandard materials or improper construction techniques were involved. Their findings often contribute to improved construction standards and safety regulations.

Automotive and Aerospace Engineering In automotive and aerospace industries, material failures can have life-threatening consequences. Forensic engineers analyze failed components, such as tires, engine parts, or fuselage sections, to determine how they failed under operational conditions. By identifying weak points in materials or design, they contribute to the development of safer, more reliable vehicles and aircraft.

Product Failures Consumer products, such as electronics, appliances, and toys, can fail due to material issues. Forensic engineers are called upon to investigate why a product malfunctioned or caused harm. By identifying design flaws, manufacturing defects, or inappropriate material choices, they help manufacturers improve their products to prevent future recalls and ensure consumer safety.

Environmental and Corrosion Studies Materials exposed to harsh environmental conditions, such as saltwater or industrial chemicals, can degrade over time. Forensic materials engineers study how corrosion and other environmental factors affect materials used in infrastructure, marine equipment, and industrial machinery, providing valuable insights for maintenance and material selection.

The Process of Forensic Materials Engineering Investigations

Forensic materials engineering investigations follow a systematic approach to ensure that all relevant factors are thoroughly examined. Here is an outline of the typical process:

Initial Consultation and Case Review The first step is to consult with the client to understand the scope of the failure, the circumstances surrounding the incident, and the type of materials involved. The forensic engineer may request documentation or samples of the materials in question.

Field Investigation and Data Collection Engineers visit the site to collect data, take samples, and document the conditions under which the failure occurred. This includes visual inspections, photographs, and measurements.

Material Analysis and Testing The collected samples are taken to laboratories for testing. Common tests include tensile testing, microscopy analysis, fracture analysis, chemical composition analysis, and stress-strain testing. These tests reveal the material’s behavior and how it responded to various forces.

Root Cause Analysis The forensic engineer uses the results of the tests and investigations to identify the root cause of the failure. This could involve a single factor or a combination of issues such as improper material choice, design flaws, or external influences.

Report and Recommendations Once the investigation is complete, the forensic materials engineer prepares a detailed report that explains the cause of the failure, the methodology used during the investigation, and recommendations for preventing future incidents.

Why Forensics Materials Engineering Services Are Crucial

The importance of forensic materials engineering cannot be overstated. Here’s why:

Safety and Risk Mitigation: Forensic engineers help prevent accidents by identifying material weaknesses and failures before they lead to catastrophic events. This can save lives and reduce risks in industries such as construction, aerospace, and automotive.

Legal and Insurance Purposes: In cases of lawsuits or insurance claims, forensic material analysis provides essential evidence to support or refute claims. The scientific nature of forensic engineering ensures that the findings are credible and objective.

Quality Control and Improvement: By understanding why materials fail, companies can improve their design, manufacturing processes, and product safety standards, ultimately leading to better products and customer satisfaction.

Conclusion

Forensic materials engineering services are essential in uncovering the root causes of material failures, providing solutions, and offering preventive measures. These investigations help safeguard lives, protect property, and drive innovation in industries ranging from construction to consumer goods. By leveraging the power of science and engineering, forensic materials engineers offer invaluable insights that not only resolve current issues but also prevent future ones.

[worldwideinvestigationservices]

What Happens During a Criminal Investigation by a Forensic Expert?

When a serious crime occurs, it is not only the detectives that step in; the role of a forensic expert is very significant in uncovering the truth. However, what actually happens backstage? In the simplest manner possible, let us explain the process step by step.

1. Crime Scene Is Secured and Analyzed

Once a crime is reported, the first step is to ensure that the location is safe for law enforcement—this is done by them. They need to be confident that they are not destroying forensic evidence by their movements and thus they have to preserve all potential proof. Forensic Experts come to the scene after the place is safe and secured in order to carry out a more detailed examination.

Furthermore, things like fingerprints, hair, blood stains, digital devices, clothing fibers, and even environmental elements, i.e. soil or liquids are thoroughly described and collected. This activity is called a crime scene by forensic professionals. It is of paramount importance as even the seemingly minor thing left out can give a new twist to the investigation.

In addition to regular signs of evidence, forensic professionals may use technologies that expose the invisible and hidden. Instruments such as UV light scanners, 3D scanners, or chemical tests are improving forensic technology and giving police new methods to work better, quicker, and with increased accuracy. 

2. Evidence Is Sent for Scientific Examination

After obtaining every physical and digital evidence that exists, the materials are carefully packed and transported to a forensic laboratory so that they can be further examined. Professionals in different areas work on various types of evidence in order to analyze it. For example, biologists might take blood or hair samples for DNA tests, chemists could identify the substance, and digital forensic specialists could focus on electronic devices.

The progress in technology, especially the application of artificial intelligence in forensic science, has brought about a significant change in the methodology used. AI tools are now being implemented to expedite the pattern recognition process, simplify the process of fingerprint identification, and even make predictive crime analysis models.

On the one hand, biological remains will be tested for DNA profiling, toxicology, or fiber comparison. On the other hand, the digital devices are subject to rigorous Forensic Investigations, including execution of Cyber Forensic Data Recovery. The process involves accessing the copy of files that were deleted, analyzing email logs, decoding encrypted messages as well as tracing location data.

This stage known as Criminal Case Analysis is the process of evaluating and verifying electronic evidence of a Forensic Specialist. They also ensure the chain of custody is maintained, which in other words, means the data is securely handled from the point it was collected to the courtroom where it is presented.

4. Report Is Compiled and Presented in Court

Upon the completion of all examinations and checks, a detailed forensic report is pieced together by an informed official. The file contains images, technical summaries, schedules, and the expert's opinion. Then the Forensic Expert leads the evidence presentation explaining the correlation between it and the overall criminal case.

The majority of the time, expert witnesses give the judge and juror a better understanding of the complex scientific findings. The presence of witness experts has become more important, especially in those cases with digital or cyber evidence, where the use of technical language can be too much to handle.

This is the last and most critical step in a scientific approach to criminal investigations by forensic experts that leads to justice being based on trustworthy, scientifically proven outcomes. All the former measures are merged to create crystal clear evidence in court, which is the basis for a fair trial and informed decision making.

The New Challenges for Forensic Experts

The point is that the function of a Forensic Expert in Criminal Investigations is actively shifting. The spread of cyber threats in the digital sphere has led to experts' diversification of their skills. Today, they are becoming adept in fields like blockchain forensics, AI-driven crime prediction, and real-time surveillance analysis.

Moreover, the utilization of forensic cyber tools is on the rise as the number of crimes that cast the digital shadows increases. To be effective, professionals have to keep up with certifications, training, and technological developments.

Final Thoughts

Even a Criminal Investigation By Forensic Expert is not just about white lab coats and high-precision instruments of investigation — it is also an operation that is dedicated to the highest truth mission through scientific methodologies. Every single action, whether it be the crime scene analysis, the digital forensics, or the cyber evidence recovery, is a part of the big picture.

With the advancement of forensic tools, especially in the domain of AI in forensic analysis and Cyber Forensic Data Recovery, the future of crime investigation becomes even more accurate and tech-driven.

Be it the crime of passion or the cybercrime of the future, the Investigations conducted by the use of Forensic Science remain one of the key factors in modern justice systems. 

[nursingwriter]

Toxicology Testing History in forensic science is referred to as application of science into law. The process came at a time when crime needed to be solved using sophisticated means, and institutions needed innovations in the field of science. Many techniques were adopted to determine level of toxins in people’s blood or fluids. It has helped identify harmful toxins that would otherwise not have been discovered. Toxicology testing refers to the methods used to determine toxic levels in samples. The process of toxicology testing includes collecting samples, testing the samples by use of special methods like chromatography, analyzing results and finally generating a toxicology report. The process that leads up to the report is an important aspect for accurate results. This happens to be a highly sensitive area, so maximum cleanliness is required and sterilized materials need to be used. This form of testing is commonly used in police stations and hospital labs, to test for illicit substances and toxins in the blood and other body fluids respectively. In the case of law enforcement, they can use this as evidence if one is charged with ‘Driving under the Influence’, which is a traffic offence. In murder cases, DNA evidence can be used in court to prove a crime with an accuracy of 99.91%. According to Lappas (2016), accused persons are always prosecuted when they are found with illicit substances in their blood stream. Toxins are porous materials, and just like germs, they penetrate the skin and into the human blood stream through the semi permeable membranes. When alcohol is ingested, its particles are absorbed into the blood stream through the capillaries in the stomach walls. Alcohol contains starch which is stored as fats in the fatty glands and the toxins remaining are passed onto the liver for processing. This is why the liver is always affected by toxins since it works to get rid of toxins from the body. Forensic toxicology aims to determine toxins in samples especially blood, tissues or urine samples. In a court case, forensic evidence can be used to prosecute or vindicate a defendant. The law allows for forensic evidence to be used in public court if the case is of a sensitive nature. In the case of a drunken driver case, the alcohol blood level is always tested to determine whether the accused’s blood was above or below the required limit to drive. The accuracy of forensic evidence makes it easier for prosecutors since there is 98% chance of beating forensic evidence in a case in court. The Federal Bureau of Investigation uses the forensic evidence to prosecute people thus a success rate in their convictions. Forensic toxicology was adopted in the 1970s as a way to improve testing samples in labs, law enforcement, sports and employment recruitment processes. In sports, toxicology testing is taken seriously when an athlete ingests supplements and always leads to suspension from the sport or a hefty monetary fine Wells & Peter (2016). Generating a toxicology report requires toxicology testing. The process of testing includes collecting samples from subjects. The specimen can be blood, urine, faeces and saliva. The specimen is usually handled by lab technicians who are highly trained in the field. Testing the sample always requires various tests including an immune assay test. This is a test whereby antibodies that are attracted to that specific drug are deployed to detect the drug in the sample. If the drug or toxin is present in the sample, it will combine with the antibody. In the case of a urine sample a common substance of abuse usually detected in the samples is amphetamines. Monoclonal and polyclonal samples are normally used to detect such toxin in the samples and the result measured by a spectrometer. A toxicology report comes after all the testing has been done. The lab technician analyses the sample composition, concentrates and toxins and records their percentages. There is always a threshold on the amount of toxins present in a sample to consider it contaminated. It is usually as a result of the lab test identifying and quantifying potential toxins in the samples and making recommendations on a treatment plan. A toxicology report is an important aspect of determining the level of toxins in someone’s blood or urine. There is need to generate the report quickly through screening if the case is sensitive, but further testing is always required to determine qualitative and quantitative data on the correct amount of toxins. Quick screening does not guarantee accurate results, but the combination of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry guarantees the qualitative and quantitative techniques are applied to get the correct percentage of toxins in any given sample. The new methods adopted by anti-doping institutions help improve the accuracy of toxic detection since there are new substances in the world that are hard to detect, but with the right technology and deployment, they are detected. In summary, forensic technology helps a lot of institutions with accountability and determining toxins in the body. Toxicology has enabled innovations in testing and development of ways to ensure that new toxins in the blood are detected early and treated. Most of the tests are new but effective in detecting toxins and amino acids that may be harmful to one’s health. Doctors, law enforcement officers and lab technicians are at the forefront of ensuring that the equipment, the testing process and the overall results are valid and accurate. References: Joron, Guy, et al. “Endocrinology, Metabolism, Toxicology, and Clinical Chemistry.” The General: A History of the Montreal General Hospital, edited by Joseph Hanaway and John H.Toxicology Testing History in forensic science is referred to as application of science into law. The process came at a time when crime needed to be solved using sophisticated means, and institutions needed innovations in the field of science. Many techniques were adopted to determine level of toxins in people’s blood or fluids. It has helped identify harmful toxins that would otherwise not have been discovered. Toxicology testing refers to the methods used to determine toxic levels in samples. The process of toxicology testing includes collecting samples, testing the samples by use of special methods like chromatography, analyzing results and finally generating a toxicology report. The process that leads up to the report is an important aspect for accurate results. This happens to be a highly sensitive area, so maximum cleanliness is required and sterilized materials need to be used. This form of testing is commonly used in police stations and hospital labs, to test for illicit substances and toxins in the blood and other body fluids respectively. In the case of law enforcement, they can use this as evidence if one is charged with ‘Driving under the Influence’, which is a traffic offence. In murder cases, DNA evidence can be used in court to prove a crime with an accuracy of 99.91%. According to Lappas (2016), accused persons are always prosecuted when they are found with illicit substances in their blood stream. Toxins are porous materials, and just like germs, they penetrate the skin and into the human blood stream through the semi permeable membranes. When alcohol is ingested, its particles are absorbed into the blood stream through the capillaries in the stomach walls. Alcohol contains starch which is stored as fats in the fatty glands and the toxins remaining are passed onto the liver for processing. This is why the liver is always affected by toxins since it works to get rid of toxins from the body. Forensic toxicology aims to determine toxins in samples especially blood, tissues or urine samples. In a court case, forensic evidence can be used to prosecute or vindicate a defendant. The law allows for forensic evidence to be used in public court if the case is of a sensitive nature. In the case of a drunken driver case, the alcohol blood level is always tested to determine whether the accused’s blood was above or below the required limit to drive. The accuracy of forensic evidence makes it easier for prosecutors since there is 98% chance of beating forensic evidence in a case in court. The Federal Bureau of Investigation uses the forensic evidence to prosecute people thus a success rate in their convictions. Forensic toxicology was adopted in the 1970s as a way to improve testing samples in labs, law enforcement, sports and employment recruitment processes. In sports, toxicology testing is taken seriously when an athlete ingests supplements and always leads to suspension from the sport or a hefty monetary fine Wells & Peter (2016). Generating a toxicology report requires toxicology testing. The process of testing includes collecting samples from subjects. The specimen can be blood, urine, faeces and saliva. The specimen is usually handled by lab technicians who are highly trained in the field. Testing the sample always requires various tests including an immune assay test. This is a test whereby antibodies that are attracted to that specific drug are deployed to detect the drug in the sample. If the drug or toxin is present in the sample, it will combine with the antibody. In the case of a urine sample a common substance of abuse usually detected in the samples is amphetamines. Monoclonal and polyclonal samples are normally used to detect such toxin in the samples and the result measured by a spectrometer. A toxicology report comes after all the testing has been done. The lab technician analyses the sample composition, concentrates and toxins and records their percentages. There is always a threshold on the amount of toxins present in a sample to consider it contaminated. It is usually as a result of the lab test identifying and quantifying potential toxins in the samples and making recommendations on a treatment plan. A toxicology report is an important aspect of determining the level of toxins in someone’s blood or urine. There is need to generate the report quickly through screening if the case is sensitive, but further testing is always required to determine qualitative and quantitative data on the correct amount of toxins. Quick screening does not guarantee accurate results, but the combination of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry guarantees the qualitative and quantitative techniques are applied to get the correct percentage of toxins in any given sample. The new methods adopted by anti-doping institutions help improve the accuracy of toxic detection since there are new substances in the world that are hard to detect, but with the right technology and deployment, they are detected. In summary, forensic technology helps a lot of institutions with accountability and determining toxins in the body. Toxicology has enabled innovations in testing and development of ways to ensure that new toxins in the blood are detected early and treated. Most of the tests are new but effective in detecting toxins and amino acids that may be harmful to one’s health. Doctors, law enforcement officers and lab technicians are at the forefront of ensuring that the equipment, the testing process and the overall results are valid and accurate. References: Joron, Guy, et al. “Endocrinology, Metabolism, Toxicology, and Clinical Chemistry.” The General: A History of the Montreal General Hospital, edited by Joseph Hanaway and John H. Burgess, McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal; Kingston; London; Chicago, 2016, pp. 131–139. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1d98931.14. Lappas, Nicholas T., and Courtney M. Lappas. “The Development of Forensic Toxicology.” Forensic Toxicology, 2016, pp. 1–24., doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-799967-8.00001-3. Wells, Peter G. “A History of Research in Environmental Science and Ecotoxicology at the St Andrew’s Biological Station.” A Century of Maritime Science: The St. Andrews Biological Station, edited by Jennifer Hubbard et al., University of Toronto Press, 2016, pp. 316–355. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1c0gm92.15.Toxicology Testing History in forensic science is referred to as application of science into law. The process came at a time when crime needed to be solved using sophisticated means, and institutions needed innovations in the field of science. Many techniques were adopted to determine level of toxins in people’s blood or fluids. It has helped identify harmful toxins that would otherwise not have been discovered. Toxicology testing refers to the methods used to determine toxic levels in samples. The process of toxicology testing includes collecting samples, testing the samples by use of special methods like chromatography, analyzing results and finally generating a toxicology report. The process that leads up to the report is an important aspect for accurate results. This happens to be a highly sensitive area, so maximum cleanliness is required and sterilized materials need to be used. This form of testing is commonly used in police stations and hospital labs, to test for illicit substances and toxins in the blood and other body fluids respectively. In the case of law enforcement, they can use this as evidence if one is charged with ‘Driving under the Influence’, which is a traffic offence. In murder cases, DNA evidence can be used in court to prove a crime with an accuracy of 99.91%. According to Lappas (2016), accused persons are always prosecuted when they are found with illicit substances in their blood stream. Toxins are porous materials, and just like germs, they penetrate the skin and into the human blood stream through the semi permeable membranes. When alcohol is ingested, its particles are absorbed into the blood stream through the capillaries in the stomach walls. Alcohol contains starch which is stored as fats in the fatty glands and the toxins remaining are passed onto the liver for processing. This is why the liver is always affected by toxins since it works to get rid of toxins from the body. Forensic toxicology aims to determine toxins in samples especially blood, tissues or urine samples. In a court case, forensic evidence can be used to prosecute or vindicate a defendant. The law allows for forensic evidence to be used in public court if the case is of a sensitive nature. In the case of a drunken driver case, the alcohol blood level is always tested to determine whether the accused’s blood was above or below the required limit to drive. The accuracy of forensic evidence makes it easier for prosecutors since there is 98% chance of beating forensic evidence in a case in court. The Federal Bureau of Investigation uses the forensic evidence to prosecute people thus a success rate in their convictions. Forensic toxicology was adopted in the 1970s as a way to improve testing samples in labs, law enforcement, sports and employment recruitment processes. In sports, toxicology testing is taken seriously when an athlete ingests supplements and always leads to suspension from the sport or a hefty monetary fine Wells & Peter (2016). Generating a toxicology report requires toxicology testing. The process of testing includes collecting samples from subjects. The specimen can be blood, urine, faeces and saliva. The specimen is usually handled by lab technicians who are highly trained in the field. Testing the sample always requires various tests including an immune assay test. This is a test whereby antibodies that are attracted to that specific drug are deployed to detect the drug in the sample. If the drug or toxin is present in the sample, it will combine with the antibody. In the case of a urine sample a common substance of abuse usually detected in the samples is amphetamines. Monoclonal and polyclonal samples are normally used to detect such toxin in the samples and the result measured by a spectrometer. A toxicology report comes after all the testing has been done. The lab technician analyses the sample composition, concentrates and toxins and records their percentages. There is always a threshold on the amount of toxins present in a sample to consider it contaminated. It is usually as a result of the lab test identifying and quantifying potential toxins in the samples and making recommendations on a treatment plan. A toxicology report is an important aspect of determining the level of toxins in someone’s blood or urine. There is need to generate the report quickly through screening if the case is sensitive, but further testing is always required to determine qualitative and quantitative data on the correct amount of toxins. Quick screening does not guarantee accurate results, but the combination of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry guarantees the qualitative and quantitative techniques are applied to get the correct percentage of toxins in any given sample. The new methods adopted by anti-doping institutions help improve the accuracy of toxic detection since there are new substances in the world that are hard to detect, but with the right technology and deployment, they are detected. In summary, forensic technology helps a lot of institutions with accountability and determining toxins in the body. Toxicology has enabled innovations in testing and development of ways to ensure that new toxins in the blood are detected early and treated. Most of the tests are new but effective in detecting toxins and amino acids that may be harmful to one’s health. Doctors, law enforcement officers and lab technicians are at the forefront of ensuring that the equipment, the testing process and the overall results are valid and accurate. References: Joron, Guy, et al. “Endocrinology, Metabolism, Toxicology, and Clinical Chemistry.” The General: A History of the Montreal General Hospital, edited by Joseph Hanaway and John H. Burgess, McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal; Kingston; London; Chicago, 2016, pp. 131–139. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1d98931.14. Lappas, Nicholas T., and Courtney M. Lappas. “The Development of Forensic Toxicology.” Forensic Toxicology, 2016, pp. 1–24., doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-799967-8.00001-3. Wells, Peter G. “A History of Research in Environmental Science and Ecotoxicology at the St Andrew’s Biological Station.” A Century of Maritime Science: The St. Andrews Biological Station, edited by Jennifer Hubbard et al., University of Toronto Press, 2016, pp. 316–355. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1c0gm92.15.Toxicology Testing History in forensic science is referred to as application of science into law. The process came at a time when crime needed to be solved using sophisticated means, and institutions needed innovations in the field of science. Many techniques were adopted to determine level of toxins in people’s blood or fluids. It has helped identify harmful toxins that would otherwise not have been discovered. Toxicology testing refers to the methods used to determine toxic levels in samples. The process of toxicology testing includes collecting samples, testing the samples by use of special methods like chromatography, analyzing results and finally generating a toxicology report. The process that leads up to the report is an important aspect for accurate results. This happens to be a highly sensitive area, so maximum cleanliness is required and sterilized materials need to be used. This form of testing is commonly used in police stations and hospital labs, to test for illicit substances and toxins in the blood and other body fluids respectively. In the case of law enforcement, they can use this as evidence if one is charged with ‘Driving under the Influence’, which is a traffic offence. In murder cases, DNA evidence can be used in court to prove a crime with an accuracy of 99.91%. According to Lappas (2016), accused persons are always prosecuted when they are found with illicit substances in their blood stream. Read the full article

[komalargroup]

MBBS in India – A Complete Guide for Medical Aspirants

MBBS in India is one of the most prestigious and sought-after professional courses among science stream students. With top government and private medical colleges offering globally recognized degrees, advanced infrastructure, and diverse clinical exposure, India is a leading destination for aspiring doctors. This guide covers eligibility, colleges, fees, admission, and career opportunities.

India is one of the leading countries in the world for medical education, producing thousands of doctors every year who serve in both domestic and international healthcare systems. MBBS in India is the most popular undergraduate medical program in India. It is not only a respected career path but also a deeply rewarding one, offering opportunities to serve humanity while maintaining job stability and prestige.

Every year, more than 18 lakh students appear for the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET-UG), the single entrance exam for MBBS admission in India. With around 1.08 lakh MBBS seats available across the country in over 700 medical colleges, India offers extensive opportunities for students who are passionate about becoming medical professionals. The journey to become a doctor is rigorous, but with the right preparation and guidance, students can successfully secure a seat and build a lifelong career in medicine.

Why Choose MBBS in India?

There are several reasons why India continues to be a top choice for studying MBBS. The first and foremost is the quality of education provided by both government and private institutions. Medical colleges in India are regulated by the National Medical Commission (NMC), ensuring that the curriculum, teaching standards, and assessment methods meet national guidelines. Additionally, students benefit from real-time clinical exposure, especially in government hospitals where patient inflow is significantly high. This exposure helps students gain practical experience and sharpen their diagnostic and treatment skills from an early stage.

The diverse and large population of India also provides a wide range of case studies and medical conditions, giving students an edge in clinical learning. Moreover, government medical colleges offer highly subsidized education, making it possible for meritorious students from all financial backgrounds to pursue a career in medicine.

Course Duration and Curriculum

The MBBS course in India has a duration of 5.5 years. This includes 4.5 years of academic education and 1 year of compulsory rotating internship in hospitals. The academic portion is divided into three phases, covering pre-clinical, para-clinical, and clinical subjects. Students study a wide range of subjects such as Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, Forensic Medicine, General Medicine, General Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Psychiatry, Ophthalmology, and more.

The internship gives students hands-on training in all major departments, which is essential for developing professional competence and confidence before entering independent practice or pursuing postgraduate education.

Eligibility Criteria

To pursue MBBS in India, students must meet the following criteria:

Must be at least 17 years of age at the time of admission

Must have passed Class 12 (10+2) or equivalent with Physics, Chemistry, Biology/Biotechnology, and English

Must have scored a minimum of 50% marks in PCB (40% for SC/ST/OBC)

Must qualify NEET-UG, the national entrance exam for MBBS

Admission Process

MBBS admissions in India are done strictly on the basis of NEET scores. After NEET results are declared, students participate in centralized counseling processes conducted by the Medical Counseling Committee (MCC) for the All India Quota (15% seats) and by respective state authorities for state quota (85% seats). The admission process involves registration, document verification, choice filling, seat allotment, and reporting to the allotted college.

Top Medical Colleges in India

India is home to several prestigious government and private medical colleges. Some of the top institutions include:

All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi

Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore

Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC), Pune

Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC), Delhi

Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Manipal

Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry

These colleges are known for their high academic standards, modern infrastructure, experienced faculty, and excellent placement records.

Fee Structure

The fee for MBBS in India varies based on the type of institution:

Government Colleges: INR 10,000 to 1.5 lakh per year

Private Colleges: INR 7 to 25 lakh per year

Deemed Universities: INR 10 to 30 lakh per year

Government colleges are the most affordable and are in high demand due to their low tuition and high quality of education.

Career Opportunities After MBBS

After completing MBBS, students have multiple career options. Many choose to pursue postgraduate degrees like MD, MS, or DNB through NEET-PG. Others may begin practicing as general physicians or join hospitals and healthcare institutions. Some may appear for international licensing exams such as USMLE (USA), PLAB (UK), or AMC (Australia) to pursue careers abroad. Opportunities also exist in public health, medical research, healthcare administration, and medical education.

Conclusion

Pursuing an MBBS in India is a prestigious and fulfilling journey. With quality education, extensive clinical training, and countless career opportunities, India remains a strong and reliable destination for medical aspirants. For students ready to commit to a challenging yet rewarding path, MBBS in India opens the door to a world of possibilities in the field of medicine.

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E-government is the short form of electronic government, also known as the “e-gov” and has a number of other names in digital government, the online government, and even transformational government. E-government discusses the manner in which government makes use of the exchange of information and services that are pertinent with regards to the citizens, individual businesses, and other governmental agencies to name a few. E-government thus takes care of information and communications technology, which in this paper we will call as ICT. All these processes are carried out to ensure that there is improvement within the processes, efficiency is achieved, public services are better managed and delivered and there are plenty of tasks that are done in the right manner as far as processes of democratic governance are concerned. Thus to add to the same discussion, we see that the E-governments encompass a number of different models including the Government to Citizen, also known as the Government to Customer, Government to Business and lastly Government to Government. However, to coin the most significant of these activities that E-government does in the related scheme of things, we see that E-government increases efficiency between the tasks ensure there is convenience all around and there is a better accessibility factor related to the provision of basic public services. Hence the interaction between the private sector and that of the public sector is also improved as a result of the very same.   OR   Scientific method is a group of techniques designed for studying phenomena and gathering evidence and new knowledge in addition to using old information while combining both. The key point being acquiring observable, empirical and calculated evidence and using cognitive abilities of reasoning under certain principles. Every field of inquiry uses different procedures of scientific method. Scientific inquiry uses certain methods that differ from other methods of gathering knowledge. Scientific method usually involves studying natural phenomena and forming hypotheses to explain them. Experiments are then performed to measure the accuracy of these hypotheses and they are repeated several times in order to determine whether or not the phenomena behaves according to the predictions laid out by the hypotheses i.e. whether the tests are predictable (Wudka 1998). Some domains of inquiry tend to come under certain theories which permit the structuring of specific hypotheses. Almost all fields of inquiry share the common ideal that the manner of gathering data and acquiring new knowledge must be unbiased and objective. This leads to accurate observation, data gathering and interpretation of results. Scientific method also requires that the data is documented, shared and accessed in order for other researchers and scientists to conduct their own experiments independently and reproduce the results. This enables the statistical measurement of data and verify their reliability. Forensic Science Forensic science is a scientific method of collecting and scrutinizing evidence. It is a science that is applied to legal issues. It involves the testing of different parameters and associated references to the background information about the subject in question in order to arrive at a conclusion (Ellen 2005 p.3). Forensic scientists are specialized professionals who involve themselves in accident or crime scene investigation. They use their skills by observing, recognizing, identifying and individualizing the physical evidence available at the scene, then go about attempting to reconstruct the sequence of events that took place so that the police, lawyers and the courts can fully unravel in detail the crime or accident. Observation and Description in Forensics As in other fields of scientific study, forensic scientists rely greatly on scientific method. The initial first step is the observation and collection of information and data most of which is physical. Forensic scientists generally search for data at the scene or in the laboratory Read the full article

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Why the School of Applied Sciences is Your Gateway to a Practical and Rewarding Career

In today’s job market, employers are not just looking for people with degrees—they’re searching for candidates who have real-world skills, critical thinking abilities, and practical knowledge. That’s exactly what the School of Applied Sciences focuses on.

If you're someone who wants to solve real problems, work in dynamic industries, and make a meaningful impact—this is the right place to begin.

Let’s explore how a degree in Applied Sciences can help you unlock a career that’s not just rewarding but also future-proof.

What Sets Applied Sciences Apart?

Unlike pure science, which is mostly theoretical, Applied Science bridges the gap between science and industry. It’s where knowledge meets action.

Applied Sciences include fields like:

Biotechnology

Chemistry

Environmental Science

Forensic Science

Physics and Electronics

Food Science

Microbiology

These are all areas where scientific knowledge is directly used to improve health, industry, sustainability, and safety.

Why Choose the School of Applied Sciences?

Here’s why this school could be your launchpad to success:

✅ Hands-on Learning

From the start, students work in labs, on field studies, and with real-world data. It's not just about learning formulas—it's about applying them.

✅ Career-Focused Curriculum

Every course is designed keeping industry needs in mind. You’ll learn what employers actually look for, including lab techniques, research methods, data analysis, and communication skills.

✅ Industry and Research Exposure

Get opportunities to work on live projects, attend workshops, and even intern with companies and research labs. Some universities also connect you with government agencies and NGOs for real impact.

✅ Strong Faculty Support

You’ll be guided by experienced professors, many of whom have backgrounds in scientific research, industrial projects, or interdisciplinary innovation.

Courses That Open Doors

Some of the most popular applied science programs offered by institutions like SKD University include:

B.Sc. / M.Sc. in Biotechnology

B.Sc. / M.Sc. in Chemistry

B.Sc. / M.Sc. in Environmental Science

B.Sc. in Forensic Science

Integrated Programs (B.Sc.+M.Sc.) in various specializations

Integrated programs are especially useful if you want a seamless academic journey from undergraduate to postgraduate studies. SKD University’s Integrated Programs are designed to give students long-term direction with less hassle and more focus.

Entrance & Admission Process

Admissions are usually based on academic merit or entrance tests. Here’s what you should expect:

University-level entrance exams

Direct admission based on 12th-grade marks (for B.Sc.)

National or state-level entrance exams (for higher studies or fellowships)

Interviews or research proposals (for postgraduate or Ph.D. admissions)

Always check specific course requirements on the official university portal.

What Career Opportunities Await You?

Applied Sciences prepare you for a diverse range of careers—not just one job role. Depending on your field, you can work in:

Pharmaceutical and Biotech companies

Hospitals and Clinical Labs

Research and Development (R&D) sectors

Environmental Consultancies

Food & Beverage Industry

Forensic Investigation Units

Government departments like Pollution Control Boards or Forest Services

Academia and Teaching

And with further studies or competitive exams like CSIR-NET, GATE, or GRE, many students also pursue Ph.D. programs or global research fellowships.

Real-World Skills You’ll Develop

While academics are important, the School of Applied Sciences also focuses on:

Problem-solving and critical thinking

Project planning and research writing

Teamwork and collaboration

Lab safety and equipment handling

Communication and presentation skills

These skills are essential in today’s multidisciplinary work environments, where science, business, and technology are all connected.

Final Words: A Smart Start for a Strong Future

Choosing Applied Sciences means choosing relevance, innovation, and impact. Whether you're passionate about the environment, curious about DNA, or want to make breakthroughs in medicine or materials—there’s a place for you here.

The School of Applied Sciences is where your ideas take shape and your passion becomes your profession.

To begin your journey, explore SKD University’s Integrated Programs and see how you can fast-track your education and career with expert guidance and practical experience.

This is your gateway. Step in and make it count.