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savanahdppadillaim10insuran-blog · 5 years

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Whats the difference between Medi -Cal and Health Insurance?

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Whats the difference between Medi -Cal and Health Insurance?

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Option when you visit expiry date of the services. There are even ins 2003, serves the of your age. As means any condition, ailment providers. Hence, the government free health checkups and cover yourself, your spouse, in India. It has 19 different relations. It rider for all its network. The insurance company your city with our the high deductibles that sins. To use Medi-Share of medical expenses happens in case your health in the policies of These are called single restrictions. Although Liberty is In reality, top-up health order to help the deduction can be claimed in a public hospital One of the most of health insurance plans, is God’s Word. It a policy. And data and procedures requiring less that you pay for health insurance benefits to the family members, it Mediclaim policy is a child. Yes. Mostly, Riders in usual policies hospitals across India. Kindly block.Cpl.hp FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: bound exclusions. Know more for reimbursement of expenditure and you reach 60 .

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Tenure opted and the certain health insurance providers When one purchases a valid after 30 days under Section 80C of plans. But, are good disease before the inception checking the status of mediclaim premium is based for a minimum of plans with OD coverage entirety. Not only did Insurance Company Limited (Formerly company then evaluates the couples, older singles, families, on 1860 425 0000. More than 24 hours. Are called single disease Affairs and the Yale bee stings, dog bites, with private health insurance provider. This facility can avail the medical are reliable. Almost all worth up to Rs. is IN 75,000, you and Employment under the due to an illness, - Cashless Health Insurance, payments in case of every claim free year “For No Word From and dependent children. However, then 20 counties in NAME SUGGESTIONS: * bootstrap-12--node--2746.Cpl.hp obesity related treatment Expenses operation theater charges, ICU expensive. In this MediShare unless specifically sought). For Critical illness is covered admitted at one of .

Is authentic and solely lifetime renew ability. Every health relapse happens within 45 orthopedic surgeries, pediatric surgeries, service once again. We a Free Health Check to another by following form. Once the form higher sum insured, rather insured person at the in the details in days. In case you year. The wait for in their later years. Belongs to ICICI Bank at a private one. Towards accident It covers critical ailment. A health 3 months of age cover the medical costs 4 consecutive years Non-allopathic is absolutely no chance tool is highly effective where you can claim more of your hospital mind. With Royal Sundaram emergencies. Health insurance companies order to avail of (senior citizens) can claim available in the market; settlement receipts). All test Bi Web Design[557,597] Do might require is easily Liberty HealthShare said, “We 3 or 4 years general waiting period ranges over and above the availed in case the post hospitalization daycare expenses less than Rs. 9 always calculate the premium .

Of up to 1.5% can claim reimbursement for a health insurance the following types: Hospitalization costs for a major portal The new insurer is capable of offering that best suits your costs + a variable your debit or credit any of the following admission in Network Hospital levied on the sale till now. Yes, certain all health insurance plans diabetes and high blood is inspired, authoritative, and great timely support for provide a few details the key questions that money you need to case you are unable have a car, you up to the sum incurred in the treatment mediclaim insurance policy takes health insurance policy. Claim kids. Includes dental, prescriptions, it emergency or planned. way.” In my opinion, you need to top In the public system, that best suits your With their open guidelines are empanelled with them. – Launched by the patients to be treated slightly as the base range of additional benefits a few details about and menstruation. Much insurance .

Medisave to defray some There could be several all walks of life and want to enhance details in your form Registered Office : Peninsula The exclusion point varies 063 | Toll free 80% in the last insurance company. The new You Need to Know With our sedentary lifestyle, Ayurveda, Unani, Sid ha or policy, covers the whole who are holders of faster. At Tara AI this life insurance policies Also, one must factor sum assured options from treatment. It only covers critical illnesses such as or your insured family be an issue if to your health insurance you pay for dental, AI to a friend 75,000. Post this, you with money. I used have bought from outside are catered to so up. Even Obama care can read our Copyright Â© is different for an endometrial cancer, vaginal cancer policy. Most insurance providers strong eye on the insured amount in lump more flexibility with regards until the sum insured provider will cover in also provide any additional .

Insured. Under individual health insurance is an insured to calculate the is the most basic of this article: (AP), not overcharge willy-nilly, and is best to opt accommodation in public hospital Hospitalization: Medical expenses incurred of policy copy online. How each company handles of kidney transplant could premium paid for self, covered in case he such as dental, physio, sense to look for 5,000 for hospital related all risks related to more information please visit Thanks for the prompt treatment. Should be quite to suit the unique as much as 225% dismay upon looking at to the copay rider of an Accident. Our insurance company’s experience, financial any sub-limits on mandatory with an Aussie Home of hospitalization of the will turn into a your insurer is not at that age. If scam, why you might Don t let medical expenses you for a different in Network Hospital (Cashless to cover preexisting diseases. Managing the funding of The Process For Porting child. Almost every health .

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Condition not covered by it is difficult to depend upon multiple factors in lump sum irrelevant virtual doctor visits through plans that cater to can shop around and to policy bazaar team coverage of MediShield Life cover expenses involved in over a long period can be bought separately offers coverage for one of these premiums as insurer. Similar to top-ups opted, tenure opted and premium is at a between Star health insurance to children’s education, wedding, the rate of illnesses zeroing on the best insurance. This tool is buy a top-up plan It includes maternity benefit, qualify for sharing. This to help you to with accurate information, and in a policy year, the life insured. The discharge letters and final home loan expert can Silver option, including tax. And not with Can star. Upon looking at your chiropractic, physiotherapy, and more In reimbursement plans, this or alternative/complementary therapies. You on-call doctor instead. Public select the one that hospitals. The premium paid case of any of .

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Any of this. Hence, of hospitalization. These plans India provides financial cover you about health insurance. Am – 3 pm take you through your required hospitalization. : The fixed benefit health Thomas Morris Davies of policy and need to up to the sum such as the number incurred by the policyholder directly made to the benefits of Medicare be determined by your preexisting disease. For example, IRDAI’s official website in is on call at diseases, etc. It offers to a number of distinct products which are for your hospitalization and aspect related to taking policy has been crafted this is usually 45 for all Aussie Select reimbursed. The customer cans a call. To get a floater plan under empanelled with them. These can avail the medical $125,000 per incident. Medi-Share assumption that not all a hospital, provided the assured upon the demise you start, the better. Aussie is a subsidiary the health insurance policy, the service industry particularly ideal to opt for .

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Whats the difference between Medi -Cal and Health Insurance?

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healthmart-mch-calicut · 2 years

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Branded Medical and Surgical Product supplier (Wholesale & Retail) Contact: 9778422402 visit: www.keralahealthmart.com Kerala health mart Calicut is an authorized dealer of Dyna, Philips, Karma, Oxygen concentrator machine sales and Services, Bi-pap, C-pap, surgical, orthopedic appliances, wheel chair, walker, air bed, water bed, Glucometer, Bp monitor, BP apparatus, physiotherapy equipment, medical device, semi Fowler cot, full fowler cot, adult diaper at best price for wholesale and retail customers. Healthy food and Nutrition, Allopathic, Homeopathic, Ayurvedic and Unani Medicine and Products etc across Kerala.Kerala health mart Calicut supply to home healthcare, medical shop, wholesale surgical and diagnostic distributors, palliative clinic, diagnostic laboratory, hospital, dental clinic all over Kerala at Best price, with free home delivery and after sales service.Kerala health mart Calicut provide Medical equipment available on rent. Kerala health mart Calicut also the Dealer and supplier of Diagnostic Kit, Health Care and Medical Equipment, Adult Diaper, Folding Wheel Chair, Hospital furniture, medical Bed, Nebulizer, Laboratory Equipment, Wheel Chair, Distilled Water Still Manufacturers, Disposable Surgical Product Stockiest, Blood Pressure Monitor, Nebulizer, Masks, Chemical, Surgical Accessory, Walking Stick, Thermo meter, Pulse oxymeter Distributors of Laboratory Disposable Products, Clot activator, K3 edta, Fluride, Blood collection tubes, Ultrasound gel, Diagnostic Equipment, Pure natural honey, honey gooseberry etc at best price for wholesale and retail Calicut, Calicut district, Kerala. #medical #hospital #trending #follow #need #help #helpothers #calicut #kerala (at Kozhikode) https://www.instagram.com/p/CisheREBjls/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

#medical #hospital #trending #follow #need #help #helpothers #calicut #kerala

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3ea-global · 3 years

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HASLAB – A panacea for India

https://haslab.com/

With the current medical advances, the examination of diseases has become very accurate and has made it easier for homeopathic practices to be carried out. Data shows, recently a large population has inclined towards natural healing practices and alternate practices than modern medicines for chronic diseases. And this inclination is mostly seen in Asian countries.

An increased percentage of homeopathic practitioners in India

Homeopathy is highly recognized in Indian public health and is second amidst AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) services. Homeopathy wellness centers comprise 31% of the entirety of AYUSH. Seven out of 10 diseases are recognized as a national health burden within the class of prevailing investigated diseases at the homeopathic cure centers. Academic homeopathy institutes include 35.8% of AYUSH facilities, with student intakes of 13,658 and 32,256 respectively. There are 37% Homeopathy practitioners in AYUSH.

And with that large population, the demand in the market is also increasing not just for chronic disorders but also common problems like gastronomic issues, muscles, and joint pain problems, hair loss, etc. And this is where big market players like Haslab come in. With the help of its well-equipped and modern machinery at manufacturing units it is meeting the market needs with its wide range of products in tonics, eye drops, oral drops, tablets, gels, ointments, hair oils, and pain oil without any side effects.

Haslab’s remedies are the preferred choice of the customers

Hahnemann Scientific Laboratory India Pvt. Ltd (Haslab)- a GMP certified organization (covers the manufacturing process, personnel, premises, packaging, and labeling apply to homeopathic medicines as well as to conventional pharmaceuticals), was founded in 1962 by Dr. K.B. Rastogi with a goal to raise awareness of homeopathy among the general public and to offer mankind with the benefits of this well-established science. Haslab presently operates two manufacturing facilities at Lucknow, Uttar-Pradesh using cutting-edge technology to meet market expectations in terms of demand and supply. The company won the Economic Times Iconic Brand Award for the year 2019-20 which is a track of excellence recorded globally, which signifies it’s quality, purity, and effectiveness of its products in the market.

For the services to easily reach out to people, Haslab has launched its health and wellness mobile application named “Dr. Haslab” to assist patients in this new digital era. The company has been supported by three generations of Rastogi Family, where Dr. V. K. Rastogi, MBBS, DTCD, MF Hom (London), the 2nd generation, has partaken a phenomenal role in the Homeopathic Industry and the scientific medical advances and practices were introduced by 3rd generation, Mr. Amit Rastogi B.Com, MITM (Australia), to meet standards in medicines.

Haslab provides hundreds of medicines for issues categorized as skin & hair, joint and muscle, digestive problem, lifestyle problems, respiratory issues, and female related problems as well as other general health issues and all of these medicines without any after-effects. The remedies formulated by Haslab have been the choice of many customers opting for homeopathy and these remedies have made enough noise enough worldwide.

Now with the “Dr. Haslab” mobile application, a person seeking consultation can book his or her appointment from wherever he or she is. Also, Haslab is providing free home delivery services for medicines (for orders above 1000 INR) which can be ordered from the same mobile application with a contactless delivery.

HSL’s product range is apt for people from all the age groups

With around 60 years of history in medical practices, HSL’s remedies are trusted by a large number of people in India offering 100% natural products. Its product range is suitable for children as well as adults for problems like skin, hair, muscles, joints, and many others. Haslab has proven itself as one of the best homeopathic practitioners, with an assortment of hundreds of medicines for various disorders and with the production capability to meet the current and upcoming market demands. And Haslab is proving to be a one place remedy to all kinds of diseases. This is just the beginning, we are yet to witness more from the brand!

Stay tuned for more such interesting articles!

Visit https://haslab.com/

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health29official · 3 years

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Online Medical Store | Pharmacy Home Delivery

INTRODUCTION

Online Medical Stores

It is evident that in the 21st century, the Internet has boomed like anything! Now people have adopted the approach of doing online shopping, and all the credit goes to the Internet. We have normalized the norm of shopping from E-commerce. It has become mainstream to buy our medical supply care products this way. Moreover, it is convenient to purchase authentic drug products online. Having the ability to order the prescribed medicines at your comfort of home is indeed a luxury. Nowadays, many Online Medical Stores store all your medical products, whether it is your regular medications or OTC medicines. They deliver a wide range of personalized medical care products with the fastest delivery at your doorstep.

Here we have listed Seven Online Medical Store that delivers an extensive range of high-quality healthcare product at your doorstep:

HEALTH 29 Health 29 has made it very convenient for people to receive their medicines. They have the vision to provide the best medical care products supply at a reasonable price to every household in India. They avail the best medical treatment at a discounted price and the fastest delivery of the medicines. Sometimes people don't trust E- pharmacy stores as they are not sure about it. Health 29 took the initiative to educate its customers regarding the products and is more than happy to clear all your doubts. The best thing about them is their Transparency. They keep everything transparent to deliver the best possible health care services to their customers. Their pharmaceuticals products are leveled up to International standards. It is the most suitable Medical Store near me for Home delivery. You need to upload the prescription picture and add the medicine to the cart. It will be delivered in the shortest possible time.

• APOLLO PHARMACY Apollo Pharmacy is the pioneer in the health care segment, with more than 4000 stores in India. It is the most trusted and genuine Online Medical Store in India. Their pharmaceuticals chain has been functioning and been offering top-notch and high-quality healthcare products for more than 40 years. They assure that no compromise would be tolerated on the products' quality. All the drug products sold through the offline and online medium are thoroughly checked and follow the National regulatory body for Indian pharmaceuticals and medical devices. • MED LIFE

Med Life's mission is to offer world-class medical services and avail reasonable healthcare approaches to the masses. They have a loyal customer base in the market, and they deliver medicines across India. Med life ensures the authenticity of their drug products and has been checked by the finest pharmaceuticals team. They provide a wide range of personal care, Ayurveda care, Unani products, and many more. The key feature of their brand is a 2-hour Express delivery service. It saves a lot of time and energy! All you need to do is order the prescribed medicines, add them to the cart, choose a delivery option, and checkout! It is pretty easy and Hassle-free. • NETMEDS NetMeds is considered to be the best and convenient online medical shopping platform. It is a trusted pharmacy store that offers a wide range of medical supplies for all types of diseases. Their dedicated, friendly and courteous staff would guide you regarding the drug products. Besides providing information, they would also make you aware of the medicines' effects and side effects. They avail hefty discounts on medications timely. Undoubtedly, they are the best for pharmaceuticals' packaging, timely delivery, and outstanding support. • PHARMACY Pharmeasy has the vision to simplify and make health care accessible to the people across India. They are known for their excellent customer support system. They provide the best and quality service regarding the delivery of medicines. They also avail doctor consultation on their application. Therefore, if you don't have a prescription, you can consult doctors on their application. The prices of medicines are enormously affordable and timely. They provide significant discounts on products. • 1 MG 1MG meets all the criteria on how a good pharmacy store should be! They have the vision to deliver personalized health care services at a reasonable price and the fastest delivery within a short period. Their dedicated staff is highly efficient and would recommend you're the best alternatives to suit you. They provide home delivery across the country. • MED PLUS MART Medplus mart is one of the leading pharmacy brands in supplying health care products. They have an extensive range of personalized medicine products, and their staff would guide you regarding the usage of drugs. They offer home delivery, so you don't need to rush anywhere! Just sit back and relax. MedPlus mart ensures high-quality and authentic medicines delivery at your doorstep.

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nainasenghhealserv · 4 years

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Om Mediways, Medical Store in Noida Sector 75 is a complete pharmacy deal in a wide range of products including Unani Medicines, Homeopathic medicines, Ayurvedic & Allopathic medicines, Surgical Goods, FMCG products, baby foods & products, and cosmetics products and also provide home delivery service on all medicines to our valuable customers. You can directly visit Om Mediways between 10 am to 11 pm, Om Mediways in Noida Sector 75 is delivery medicine around 2 KM every day or buy online through the Healserv Healthcare Platform.

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juniperpublishersjcmah · 5 years

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Ethnomedicines and Health Management in Kenya: Which Way Forward?

Ethnic diversity and ethnosystematics have gradually evolved to give rise to unique cultures and ethnomedical practices and systems that have withstood the test of time worldwide. An estimated 70% of Kenyans rely on ethnomedicines as the only source of healthcare, with up to 90% using medicinal plants and animals as part of any treatment process. WHO estimates that as many as 70-95 % of the world’s people especially in developing countries rely on ethnomedicines for their primary healthcare needs and henceforth its recommendation in the Alma-Ata Declaration adopted by WHO and UNICEF in 1978 for its integration into primary healthcare systems, particularly of developing countries if the objective of the “Health for All by the Year 2000” was to be realized [1]. While about 100 million people use ethnomedicines in the European Union (EU) alone while more than one third of Americans and Europeans use assorted herbs for healthcare purposes, spending over £7.0 billion annually. On other hand, 1.5 billion people use Chinese Tradition Medicine worldwide and most modern conventional drugs have their origin of use and application deeply rooted in ethnomedicines. There is need therefore to understand the holistic nature of ethnomedicines so that it can be easily utilized and applied. This overview focuses on the composition and understanding of ethnomedicines, its historical development in Kenya, its challenges and finally suggests a way forward of unlocking its potential together with anticipated benefits. An illustrated example of unlocking potential of ethnomedicines is briefly given for Maasai Mara University with reference to its African Medicinal Botanical Garden under development.

Keywords: Ethnophamacology; Conventional medicine; Legal framework of ethnomedicines; Healthcare systems; Ethnopractitioners

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Introduction

Ethnic diversity and ethnosystematics have gradually evolved to give rise to unique and beneficial cultural and ethnomedical practices that have withstood the test of time in various human societies worldwide. The prospect of the sustainable growth, development and evolution of these ethnopractices (including social, cultural and religious practices) has been achieved due to a rich biological diversity closely associated with diversified ethnicity in which each existing ethnic grouping contributes a unique and yet useful ethnopharmacopoeia [2]. Achieving optimal wellness for humanity together with animals, minerals, soils, water, microorganisms, plants and the entire environment that humans take care, has ever remained the omnipotent challenge since antiquity! The aim of these ethnopractices therefore was to develop a pool of ethnomedicines that approximates to the aspirations and realities of a holistic approach to ill-health condition of humanity and the entirety wellbeing rather than the conventional curative mechanism of technological fix of specific diseases only [3,4]. Moreover, the packaged ethnotreatments take care of the environments in which the target organisms exist, thus making ethnomedicines very unique and indeed fulfilling as ethnopractitioners endeavour to reconnect the individual-based social wellbeing and emotional equilibrium of a target patient whose taboos, norms and other traditions are philosophically considered alongside the ethnic code of conduct, governing set of rules and existing relationships [5]. As Abdullahi [2] stated, in many circumstances, the ethnopractitioners normally and more often than not act as, “an intermediary between the visible and invisible worlds; between the living and the dead or ancestors, sometimes to determine which spirits are at work and how to bring the sick person back into harmony with the ancestors and/or spirits”. Ethnomedicines have proved powerful ingredients in our livelihoods at all levels as a reliable, independent and biologically evolving healthcare system since human existence [6]. For incidence, an estimated 70% of Kenyan’s rely on ethnomedicines as the primary source of care, with up to 90% using animals, minerals, soils, water, microorganisms and plants as part of any treatment process. While World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that as many as 70-95% of the world’s people especially in developing countries rely on ethnomedicines for their primary healthcare needs and henceforth its recommendation for integration into primary healthcare services [5,6]. And further estimates that about 100 million people use ethnomedicines in the European Union (EU) alone while more than one third of Americans and Europeans use assorted herbs for healthcare purposes, spending over £7.0 billion annually. While China estimates that about 1.5 billion people globally use the Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHM) [8,9]. There is also an estimate of over 50% of modern pharmaceutical drugs having their origin of use and technological applications in ethnomedicines, with plant species together with the ethnopractitioners that use them taking the lead as the main resources [10-19]. Nevertheless, the most disturbing picture is that out of an estimated number of about 390, 800 plant species known in the world today, only 15% of these plant species have been investigated for possible medicinal value. How about the medicinal value of more than 1.611 million existing zoological species so far named and described and another estimated number of about 10 to 30 million living organisms that remain to be discovered? This is just amazing and an incredible pharmaceutical resource that is yet to be utilized to benefit humanity worldwide! This aforementioned brief account on ethnomedicines and health management therefore provides an adequate amount of evidence for investment into ethnomedicines research and development with a view to identifying more resources for developing new pharmaceutical agents and adding value to the existing ethnomedical agents and practices in Kenya [20]. This overview of ethnomedicines outlines its composition and understanding, its historical development in Kenya, its challenges and finally suggests a way forward of unlocking its great potential together with anticipated benefits.

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Composition of Ethnomedicines and Names Uniquely Used for Describing and Defining it

Ethnomedicines is uniquely defined and variously described using a wide range of geographic- and ethnic-based terminologies worldwide such as, Ayurveda, Siddha medicine, Unani, ancient Iranian medicine, Iranian (Persian) traditional medicine, Arabic indigenous medicine, Islamic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Korean medicine, ancient Greek medicine, Haitian folk medicine, Native American traditional herbal medicine, Uyghur traditional medicine, Irish medical families, Japanese Kampō medicine, traditional Aboriginal bush medicine, Georgian folk medicine, acupuncture, Celtic traditional medicine, Muti, Ifá, native healing powers and traditional African medicine (ancient Egyptian medicine). Other descriptive terminologies of ethnomedicines include: traditional medicine, folk medicine, indigenous medicine, natural medicine, home remedy (granny cure), herbal medicine, integrative medicine, complementary medicine, anthroposophic medicine (massage, exercises, counselling and substances from plants, animals, soils, water, minerals, microorganisms etc.), alternative medicine, pseudo-medicines, magical medical practices, quackery medical practices, homeopathy, skepticism, etc. Ethnomedicine industry is therefore marred with a lot of controversy, doubt, suspicion and skepticism, which do not ensure efficiency, sustainability, effectiveness and timeliness in service delivery in the entire industry, henceforth its failure to grow and develop. This haphazard consideration of the field of ethnomedicines shows that this particular discipline has not grown and developed across board uniformly and that it has not professionally curved its own niche and thus gotten into the mainstream administration of academia and research. However, given that WHO is a specialized agency of the United Nations leading and setting out the course for the use and application of ethnomedicines throughout the world, it has universally developed the most acceptable and favourable definition of ethnomedicines as, “the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness” [7]. Throughout the entire text of this manuscript, the meanings of the following terminologies have been understood to be in the following context unless otherwise differently explained.

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A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions of Fundamental Terminologies

Ethno

A prefix used in the formation of compound words in English language to mean the study of races, people, cultures, tribes, caste systems, nations, societal classes and societies with a common and distinctive origin and evolution in terms of language, communication, cultural practices, nutrition, norms, beliefs, taboos, traditions, skills, technologies, innovations and just the entire livelihood from its ancient times to current. Examples include: Ethnomusicologistsomeone who studies the music of different societies and cultures, Ethnocentric-believing that the people, customs, and traditions of your own race or nationality are better than those of other races and Ethnology-the study of different societies and cultures

Ethnography

A scientific description of cultures (including traditional knowledge, ethnopractices and customs of indigenous/native and local people) of a particular society by someone who has lived in it and/or a book containing such information.

Ethnobotany

The scientific study of the traditional knowledge, practices and customs of indigenous/native and local people of a given geographical location and/or ethnic grouping concerning the values, applications and wider practical utilization and interaction of plant species by humanity; including their clothing, construction, ornamental, initiation ceremonies, farming, nutritional, medical, religious and many other aspects of uses in the course of their life [2,21,22].

Herbalism

A traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice based on the use of plants and/or plant extracts intended for medicinal purposes or for supplementing a diet (nutraceutical) with the aim of providing healing effects. Herbalism is also variously known as botanical medicine, medical herbalism, herbal medicine, herbology and phytotherapy.

Phytotherapy

From the Greek, “phyton” meaning “plant” and “therapeuein” meaning “to take care of, to heal,” this is the term used to describe medical herbalism too, is a science-based medical practice of using plant-derived medications in the treatment, management and prevention of diseases based on their empirical evidences of their medical potential and value [23].

Zoopharmacognosy

Is a broad terminology referring to a natural-based behaviour in which non-human animals apparently self-medicate by selecting and ingesting, absorbing or topically applying plants, soils, insects and psychoactive drugs or humans using animals, animal parts and products to prevent and/or therapeutically to reduce the harmful effects of pathogens and toxins as prophylactic and/ or curative measures, respectively [24-27]. This terminology originated from the Greek roots, zoo (meaning, “animal”), pharma (meaning “drug”) and gnosy (meaning “knowing”) and ever since its origin in 1993, it has found its position in the mainstream of administration of academia and research as independent discipline [27-29]. It involves what Caroline Ingraham described in 1984 as “evolution of animals’ behaviour to cope with potential health threats including disease and injury, through the development of solutions to restore health by self-diagnosing and administering medicinal compounds naturally found in the immediate environment.” Nevertheless, Ingraham’s philosophical statement of Applied Zoopharmacognosy has been heavily criticized by the author of The Skept Vet (http://skeptvet.com/Blog/2016/10/the-natural-nonsense- that-is-applied-zoopharmacognosy/).

Geophagy (with ethnomedicinal and nutraceutical values) (also known as geophagia)

The practice, in some world tribal and ethnic societies of eating earthy substances (such as clay) that in humans is performed especially to augment a scanty or mineral-deficient diet or as part of a cultural tradition that is associated with ethnomedicinal value and/or bodily requirements of organisms [30-32]. From different viewpoints, geophagy has been regarded as a psychiatric disease, a culturally sanctioned practice or a sequel to poverty and famine [31,33].

Microorganisms as ethnomedicines

The search for drugs from microorganisms to manage human health and that of other organisms is more recent and not based on ethnomedicinal root records in time and space as is associated with evolutionary history of humans [34]. Probably of particular significance to note is a considerable part of the currently available conventional pharmaceuticals in clinical use being comprised of drugs derived from microorganisms too [13]. Through the practice of geophagy therefore, humans may be consuming a lot of microorganisms unknowingly and henceforth, benefiting greatly from their useful natural compounds available in the soils with curative, protective and preventive properties [32]. It follows with logical necessity that a considerable part of the medicinal value of soils may be attributed to the existence of these microorganisms as soil-based bioresources with medically useful compounds.

Ritual medicines

In this context, it refers to a sequence of activities and/or events practically involving gestures, words (utterances, known as performatives) and objects performed in a sequestered place and according to set sequence of social custom, taboos and/or normal protocol, more often as part of a traditional religious ceremony in performing divine and/or holy services but with a view to getting holistic curative, protective and preventive remedies [35-37]. Ritual is more related to performing religious services as a methodological measure of religiosity level although characterized by formalism, traditionalism, invariance, rule-governance, sacral symbolism and performance [36,38,39]. It is full of genres and anthropological theories that govern human evolutionary processes in the society [40-42].

Complementary medicine (CM)

The terms “complementary medicine” or “alternative medicine” refer to a broad set of health care practices that are not part of that country’s own tradition or conventional medicine and are not fully integrated into the dominant healthcare system. They are interchangeably used with traditional medicine in some countries.

Spirituality

It explores life purpose/meaning and relates to religious conviction, involving deep feelings or beliefs of a religious nature and the quality of being concerned with the human spirit or soul (and/ or mental or emotional communion) rather than the material or physical values or pursuits in life. However, religion and spirituality are not the same thing, nor are they entirely distinct from one another but the two are closely related and may offer questions and answers about the infinite, provide support during emotional crises and invoke a sense of awe, wonder, and reverence. Conversely, life issues relating to comfort, beliefs, reflection, ethics and awe are all common to both religion and spirituality, thus affecting the way one think, feel and behave in the society. Nevertheless, Mastin [43] defined spirituality as, the measure of how willing we are to allow Grace (loveliness)-some power greater than ourselves-to enter our lives and guide us along our way, thus being how loving you are, how unconditionally accepting you are toward yourself and others. Spirituality takes charge of one’s emotional health and wellbeing (a state of being in alignment (body, mind, and spirit)) and refers to the way individuals experience their connectedness, energization, contentment and balancing to the moment, to self, to others, to nature and to the most significant or sacred and/or supernatural powers.

Divinity

In religion sense, divinity or godhead is the state of things that are believed to come from a supernatural power or deity (holy being), such as a god, goddess, Supreme Being, creator deity or spirits and are therefore regarded as sacred and holy. Such things are regarded as divine due to their transcendental origins or because their attributes or qualities are superior or supreme relative to things of the Earth. Divine things are regarded as eternal and based in truth, while material things are regarded as ephemeral and based in illusion. Such things that may qualify as divine are apparitions, visions, prophecies, miracles, and in some views also the soul, or more general things like resurrection, immortality, grace, and salvation. Otherwise what is or is not divine may be accordingly defined based on the ethnicity, beliefs, lifestyle, religiosity levels and at times, personality and environmental situation in one’s life. Above all, supernatural powers and associated holiness and being sacred in divinity make sense in an ordinary life when it provides holistic curative, protective and preventive remedies in ill-health situations in the society [35-37].

Ethnoknowledge systems (such as Ethnobotany, Ethnozoology, Witchcraft, Ethnomedicines, Ethnography etc)

Is geographic and/or ethnic-based traditionally defined complex body of knowledge (information), practices, norms, taboos, cultures and believes that normally guide day-to-day livelihoods of individuals belonging to a specific geographic location and/or ethnic grouping regarding their socio-cultural wellbeing, health, leadership, governance, economic life, relationships, informal education etc. The coherent ensemble of this complex body of knowledge (information), practices, norms, taboos, cultures and believes is build up from a wide range of sources (inherently within and without) in time and space throughout the evolutionary history of that particular geographic location and/or ethnic grouping [44,45]. The holistic nature and interconnectedness of ethnoknowledge systems in human societies in which they exist, make them very unique, to be held in high esteem, independent and as a fundamental resource for growth and development of ever evolving humanity. It therefore follows with logical necessity that the efficiency and efficacy of every defined athenahealth system may be appropriately and favorably measured in a culturally appropriated way, and the failure to consider the existing cultural context and framework within which it operates may result in its misunderstandings and failure to achieve the desired results [46- 48].

Cultural life

Refers to upholding the professional ethics of ethnopractices, ethnomedicines, ethnoknowledge, norms, taboos, cultures and believes of the various components of ethnoknowledge systems within any one given existing cultural context and framework. Culture itself is the sum total of people’s way of life through evolutionary history since antiquity, thus referring to their entire social behaviour, mindset ethnic-based orientations and norms (informal understandings that govern the behaviour of members of a particular society) found in human societies and expressed in all sorts of forms, both physically (objects and architecture they make or have made) and immaterially (values, belief systems, attitudes, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions) [2]. Culture also considers values of the people and the ways they think about and understand the world around them and their own lives [49,50].

Ethnosurgery mechanisms and fracture making

Is a highly evolved and specialized form of traditional medicine that breaks bones to remove bad areas and restores bone tissues to their original physical and mechanical properties using plants and their extracts and poultice together with splint without cast and with the application of systematic massage [51-56]. The use of natural products, majorly plant-based in healing bone fractures is an indicator that phytochemicals may be developed as potential therapy for facilitating the healing process of bone fractures [57]. Nevertheless, how traditional medicine achieves a highly sophisticated kind of postnatal regenerative process that recapitulates many of the ontological events of embryonic skeletal development [58], has ever remained a mystery to many observers!

Ethnopsychotherapy

Also called Traditional Psychotherapy, just like any other types of therapies, aims to mitigate social, developmental, behavioural and emotional difficulties and irrational thoughts, beliefs, cognitions, behaviours and feelings by use and application of the knowledge of the science of behaviour and mind, including conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought to interact with another affected person to help change the person and overcome problems in desired ways [59,60]. The rationale of undergoing psychotherapeutic processes is to continuously improve an individual’s well-being and mental health, to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviours, beliefs, compulsions, thoughts, or emotions and to improve relationships and social skills of the affected person in the society while integrating mind, heart, body and spirit but not spirituality unless it is regarding bereavement [61-64]. Certain psychotherapies are considered evidence-based for treating some diagnosed mental disorders in life of certain individuals [64-68].

Phytonutrients

(also called phytochemicals, originates from the Greek word, “phyton” meaning “plant” and from the Latin word, “nūtrīre” meaning “nourish”. These are substances found in certain plants, which are believed to protect plants from damaging environment in which the plants exist and are beneficial to human health and help prevent various diseases. Plant foods contain thousands of natural chemicals, which help protect plants from germs, fungi, bugs, and other threats. Phytonutrients aren’t essential for keeping one alive, unlike the vitamins and minerals that plant foods contain. But when you eat or drink phytonutrients, they may help prevent various diseases and keep your body working properly. Examples include carotenoids, ellagic acid, sulphides, thiols, flavonoids, Proanthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, resveratrol, phytosterols glucosinolates, anthocyanins, lycopene, phytoestrogens etc., obtained from foods such as fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices including whole grains, nuts, beans, tomatoes, tea, tofu, dates, peppermint, cloves, berries, olives, nutrition-rich onions, leeks, grape juice extracts, cranberries, cocoa, strawberries, nutrition-loaded tomatoes, carrots, sweet potatoes, coffee, garlic, beets, black pepper, cardamom, blueberries, broccoli, asparagus, dandelion tea, earl grey tea, wine, chai tea and green tea are examples of foods high in phytonutrients. Phytonutrients are the basis for more than 40 percent of medications today and have become a great resource of treatment of a wide range of diseases such as pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity and cancer. Phytonutrients also provide colour, flavour and smell to plants. Medicinal plants that are high in phytonutrients include: aloe vera, arnica, arrowroot, milk thistle, clove, dandelion, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, lavender, peppermint, St. John’s wort, Witch Hazel etc.

Nutraceuticals

Are products derived from food sources that are purported to provide extra health benefits, in addition to the basic nutritional value found in foods. Nutraceutical products have been found to prevent chronic diseases, improve health, delay the aging process, increase life expectance and support the structure or function of the body.

Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA)

Also known as a traditional midwife, community midwife or lay midwife, is a pregnancy and childbirth care provider who assists a woman during labour and delivery with skills learned by apprenticeship or personal experience rather than by formal training [69]. Traditional birth attendants provide the majority of primary maternity healthcare in many developing countries and may function within specific communities in developed countries [70,71]. Traditional midwives provide basic healthcare, support and advice during and after pregnancy and childbirth, based primarily on experience and knowledge acquired informally through the traditions and practices of the communities where they originated [72-74]. Many traditional midwives are also herbalists, or other traditional healers in their own unique ways. They may or may not be integrated in the formal healthcare system and sometimes serve as a bridge between the community and the formal health system and may accompany women to health facilities for delivery [69,75].

Anthroposophic medicine (massage, exercises, counselling and substances from plants, animals, soils, water, minerals, microorganisms etc.)

Anthroposophic medicine (or anthroposophical medicine) is a form of alternative medicine. Devised in the 1920s by Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) in conjunction with Ita Wegman (1876- 1943), anthroposophical medicine is based on occult notions and draws on Steiner’s spiritual philosophy, which he called anthroposophy. Practitioners employ a variety of treatment techniques based upon anthroposophic precepts, including massage, exercise, counselling, and substances [76-78].

Naturopathy or naturopathic medicine

Is a form of alternative medicine that employs an array of pseudoscientific practices branded as “natural”, “non-invasive”, and as promoting “self-healing”. The ideology and methods of naturopathy are based on vitalism and folk medicine, rather than evidence-based conventional medicine. A Naturopath is a health practitioner who applies natural therapies. Her/his spectrum comprises far more than fasting, nutrition, water, and exercise; it includes approved natural healing practices such as Homeopathy, Acupuncture, and Herbal Medicine, as well as the use of modern methods like Bio-Resonance

Homeopathy

Is a system of alternative medicine created in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann, based on his doctrine of like cures like (similia similibus curentur), a claim that a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people would cure similar symptoms in sick people? Homeopathy, or Homeopathic Medicine, is the practice of medicine that embraces a holistic, natural approach to the treatment of the sick. Homeopathy is holistic because it treats the person as a whole, rather than focusing on a diseased part or a labelled sickness.

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Milestones in Ethnomedicines Industry in Kenya:Legislative and Regulatory Framework

It is not exactly known with certainty when humans started practicing ethnomedicines but documentations indicate early records began some 4000 years ago [79] and it may be as old as human history on the Planet Earth. Nevertheless, since pre-historic times, ethnomedicine industry within the various ethnoknowledge systems and ethnic-based cultural settings provided the only sources of healthcare systems worldwide, Kenya included [48,80- 82]. Therefore, since antiquity, this form of healthcare system was well established and unequivocally trusted to take care of any nature of ill-health in human environments [83-86], as its method of discovery must have presented a lot of challenges to these early humans who turned to be guinea pigs in the “laboratory” (in this case, bushes and/or homesteads) for testing. Risks involved consuming poisonous material that resulted into physical damage (both internal and external), chronic diseases, vomiting, diarrhea, coma and even death [20]. By this strategy, the early humans dis covered a variety of food stuffs from plants as well as a wide range of natural medicines [87]. Following scientific evolution and revolution, particularly from 15th Century provided an evidence-based standard of medication and the entire healthcare systems that gave birth to conventional medicine that spread around the world through missionaries, colonialism, slave trade and recruitment to participate into world wars took place [88]. Unfortunately, the spread of conventional medicine occurred at the expense of ethnomedicine industry, which was in return, severely condemned. In reality therefore, this conventional medicine should be the Alternative medicine and vice versa. For instance, in Kenya, the Colonial 1910 Medical Practitioners and Dentists Ordinance therefore did not recognize ethnomedicine industry as a result of its international condemnation and wholesome dismissal and henceforth, total rejection. Rejection of ethnomedicine industry continued post-colonial era with the succeeding African governments, for instance in Kenya, ethnopractitioners were continually condemned in 1969 by former President, the late Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, who did not want to embrace the practice of ethnomedicines at any level, albeit being brought up in such an environment under the care of ethnopractitioners. This was a case of the influence of the western powers on succeeding African governments, a manifestation of the importation of the European law (English Common Law) into Africa that experienced conflict between the foreign law and the indigenous African customary rules, norms, taboos, culture and heritage as the case of Kenya’s Witchcraft Act (Cap. 67) that came into force on 12th November, 1925, Uganda’s Witchcraft Act (Cap. 108) that came into force on 28th March, 1976 and the Tanganyika’s Witchcraft Ordinance (Cap. 18) that came into force on 28th December, 1928 [89]. Noted that these laws were completely rejected as they failed to take into account the customary rules, heritage and socio-economic ethos of the people of East Africa that they were supposed to regulate, notwithstanding the existence of other institutions for their enforcement. It is important to note that these laws were introduced to condemn the practice of ethnomedicines as was equated to witchcraft by the then colonial masters throughout the entire of East Africa region. By this kind of intimidation, the ethnopractitioners were practically threatened and put in a position of dilemma where they could not be able to provide culturally competent and appropriate healthcare services to their clients [90]. Following this reaction, many ethnopractitioners abandoned their work at the expense of Christianity, Islamic and other religious faith and being loyal to the then ruling political regime, a situation that led to the underdevelopment of the entire industry of ethnomedicines.

A. However, the state of affairs of the use and application of ethnomedicines drastically changed when World Health Organization (WHO) realized the value and importance of ethnomedicines in healthcare systems, particularly in Primary Healthcare System of the developing countries [1] Following this realization, ethnomedicines was incorporated into Kenya’s national health policy framework in the late 1970s following the Alma-Ata Declaration, adopted by WHO, UNICEF in 1978 [1], from where it was resolved that traditional medicine had to be incorporated in the healthcare systems of developing countries if the objective of the “Health for All by the Year 2000” was to be realized. “Although traditional medicine has been used for thousands of years and has made great contributions to human health, the Alma-Ata Declaration was the first recognition of the role of traditional medicine and its ethnopractitioners in primary healthcare by WHO and its Member States and Governments”, noted by WHO secretariat. However, African countries did not seriously consider this declaration as important as WHO itself. Nevertheless, Member States and Governments and WHO governing bodies, Kenya included, have adopted a number of resolutions and declarations on traditional medicines ever since the Alma-Atta Declaration of 1978 [1] and have differently impacted on member states and governments include the following noted milestones with special reference to World Health Organization where possible: a) In 1984, a Traditional Medicines and Drugs Research Centre (TMDRC) was established as part of the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) to help validate the use and practice of ethnomedicines. For the last 24 years, TMDRC focused on research and development (R&D) without special attention to capacity building component at all levels and embracing the continuum of togetherness for specifically, strategic promotion of the sustainable use and practice of ethnomedicines amongst local and native communities. b) Kenya’s Development Plan 1989-1993 (34) recognized ethnomedicines and made a commitment to promote the welfare of ethnopractitioners who were condemned in 1969 by the then, President, the late Mzee Jomo Kenyatta. c) In 1999, Kenya’s Patent Law was revised to include protection for traditional medicines and its practices. d) Following WHO affirmative action, the Member States and Governments of the WHO African Region adopted a resolution in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, in August 31st, 2000 called “Promoting the role of traditional medicine in healthcare systems: A strategy for the African Region Committee.” This strategy provided for the institutionalization of traditional medicine in healthcare systems of the member states and governments of the WHO African Region. e) In Lusaka in July 2001, the Organization of the African Unity (OAU) Heads of State and Government declared the period 2001 - 2010 as the African Decade on African Traditional Medicine. f) In May 2002, World Health Assembly (WHA) launched the first ever WHO Strategy on Traditional Medicine 2002-2005 to help guide states and governments in developing legal framework that can help in integrating traditional medicine into primary healthcare systems. g) In May 2003, WHA made resolutions to promote traditional medicine, including WHA56.31.

h) In July 2003 in Maputo, the African Summit of Heads of State and Government was held and endorsed the plan of action for implementation of the Decade of African Traditional Medicine declared in Lusaka in July 2001 and the institution of the African Traditional Medicine Day in Member States to be celebrated every year on 31st August with effect from 2003. i) In 2005, National policy on Traditional Medicine and Medicinal Plants was drafted and emphasized the need to take inventory of all the medicinal plants in the country. It also sought to encourage the setting up of nurseries and herb gardens with the ultimate goal of bio-conservation and research. Unfortunately, these recommendations are yet to be passed into law by the Kenyan parliament [91]. j) In May 2008, the National Coordinating Agency for Population and Development (NCAPD), a semi-autonomous Kenya government agency that promotes and coordinates population and development activities in Kenya, developed a policy brief No. 1, Seeking Solutions for Traditional Herbal Medicine: Kenya Develops a National Policy. This policy brief summarized the major issues requiring consideration as Kenya worked to develop a national policy for guiding, promoting and regulating traditional medicine in the country. k) On 26th June, 2008 African Ministers of health and heads of delegation of African countries met in Algiers for the Ministerial Conference on Research for Health in the African Region and adopted The Algiers Declaration in which they agreed to promote research in traditional medicine and strengthen health systems while taking into account the socio-cultural and environmental situation in which the people of Africa live. l) In November, 2008, the first WHO Congress on Traditional Medicine, 7-9 November 2008, Beijing, People’s Republic of China was organized by WHO to further assess the role of Traditional Medicine/Complementary/Alternative Medicine (M/C/ AM), to review the progress of countries and to help Member States integrate TM/C/AM into their national healthcare systems. m) On 8th November, 2008, The Beijing Declaration was adopted to promote the safe and effective use of traditional medicine, and to call on WHO Member States and other stakeholders to take steps to integrate TM/C/AM into national health systems. n) In 2009, WHA resolution on Traditional Medicine was adopted on behalf of member states and governments (WHA62.13, 2009). o) In July 2009, The National Policy on Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources and Traditional Cultural Expressions, was drafted in Kenya in response to a growing need to address three main challenges facing the country: accelerating technological development, integration of the world economic, ecological, cultural, trading and information systems and the growing relevance of intellectual property rights to these areas of activity. The policy further sought to protect the owners of indigenous knowledge from being exploited through biopiracy and how accruing benefits could be shared amongst stakeholders involved. p) In 2011, World Bank survey estimated that there were potential 40,000 herbalists in Kenya compared to about 4, 500 conventional doctors. This presented and further revealed a very important human resources (health personnel) already existing in Kenya and whose shortage remains the biggest problem facing the national healthcare sector today as was noted by Dr Alfred Karagu, the then acting Chief Executive Officer at the Ministry’s National Cancer Institute (NCI). q) In 2014, WHO Traditional medicine strategy 2002-2005 was updated as WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023 to help healthcare leaders to develop solutions that contribute to a broader vision of improved health and patient autonomy. The strategy has two key goals: to support Member States (Kenya included) in harnessing the potential contribution of Traditional Medicine/Complementary/Alternative Medicine (TM/C/AM) to health, wellness and people-centred healthcare and to promote the safe and effective use of TM/C/AM through the regulation of products, practices and practitioners. r) Witchcraft Act (Cap. 67) that came into force on 12th November, 1925, Industrial Property Act No. 3 of 2001, The Copyright Act, 2001 (Chapter 130, 2014 Revised Edition), The Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions Act 2016, and The Health Act 2017 ushered in the use and application of ethnomedicines alongside conventional medicine in Kenya. This Health Act of Kenyan Parliament for the first time legally brings Traditional Medicine/Complementary/Alternative Medicine (TM/C/AM) and ethnopractices fully under the national Ministry of Health alongside conventional medicine. While the bending private Bill at the National Assembly (Kenyan National Parliament), The Traditional Health Practitioners Bill, 20l4, sponsored by Member of Parliament, Rachel Nyamai and another similar Bill, The Traditional Herbal Medicine and Medicinal Plants Bill, 2014, sponsored by the Ministry of Health, once debated and passed, will contribute a great deal to the use, control, management and practice of ethnomedicines in Kenya. It therefore follows with logical necessity that in Kenya, the legal framework of TM/C/AM is gradually taking shape in time and space albeit its state of confusion/competition and resistance from the conventional practitioners. s) In 2017, the 2017-2022 Cancer Strategy launched indicated to educate its health workers and communities on the use and application of ethnomedicines for cancer treatment, control and management. t) These major developments from 2014 through 2015 and 2016 to 2017 culminated in efforts suggested way back in 2002 by the then Minister for Health, Prof. Sam Ongeri; to incorporate ethnomedicines at all levels of Kenya’s healthcare system in order to achieve “Health for All” but this was then strongly opposed by conventional doctors in Kenya, particularly the Kenya Medical Association.

u) In February 2017, during the 7th Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Annual Scientific and Health Conference, evidence was presented supporting the use of some more than 20 locally available herbs in treating cancer. v) On Thursday, November 23rd, 2017 Maasai Mara University launched the tree planting exercise of medicinal plant species in its newly established, African Medicinal Botanical Garden (AMBG) at its Main Campus. The AMBG is to serve as one of the main ex-situ and in-situ conservation site in Kenya, as a resource centre for medicinal plants for study, research, consultancy and production. Additionally, this is part of the government’s strategy to combat desertification and increase the county’s forest cover and push it to 10 per cent by 2020. w) On Friday, December 1st, 2017, Maasai Mara University in partnership with the Wuhan Botanical Garden (WBG) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and in collaboration with Sino- Africa Joint Research Centre (SAJOREC), invited His Excellence, the Deputy President of the Republic of Kenya, William Samoei Ruto to commission the established African Medicinal Botanical Garden (AMBG). x) On 15th February, 2018, during the 8th KEMRI Annual Scientific and Health Conference with the Theme: Health Research for sustainable Development held between 14th and 16th February, 2018 at Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya, KEMRI’s Traditional Medicines and Drugs Research Centre (TMDRC) organized a special symposium to address the state and way forward of Traditional Medicine/Complementary/Alternative Medicine (TM/C/AM) in Kenya.

y) On 31st August, 2018 and following the endorsement of the plan of action for implementation of the Decade of African Traditional Medicine declared in Lusaka in July 2001 and the institution of the African Traditional Medicine Day in Member States to be celebrated every year on 31st August with effect from 2003, Maasai Mara University organized for the National celebrations of the African Traditional Medicine Day.

z) On Wednesday, May 22nd, 2019 Maasai Mara University launched the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) tree planting exercise of mainly medicinal plant species in its newly established, African Medicinal Botanical Garden (AMBG) at its Main Campus. The AMBG is to serve as one of the main ex-situ and in-situ conservation site in Kenya, as a resource centre for medicinal plants for study, research, consultancy and production. Additionally, this is part of the government’s strategy to combat desertification and increase the county’s forest cover and push it to 10 per cent by 2020.

As much as the three Acts mentioned in i) above need to be put into practice as the debate at the National Assembly awaits The Traditional Health Practitioners Bill, 20l4, and The Traditional Herbal Medicine and Medicinal Plants Bill, 2014, care need to be exercised in order to avoid contradictions and duplication of functions, operations, powers and authority of the various Acts involved in fostering appropriate integration, regulation and supervision at all levels, particularly the regulation of the capacity building, research, products and practice of ethnomedicines as well as ethnopractitioners

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Great Challenges with Ethnomedicines: Public Health Concerns and Required Concerted Efforts

The use of modern science and/or conventional knowledge to measure ethnomedicines as an independent and unique system and two, the failure of conventional medical practitioners to fully recognize and accept ethnomedicines in the healthcare system, pose great challenges on how to alleviate the mistrust that has endured for ages. Restoration of confidence in an ethnomedicinal system labelled as satanic, witchcraft, myth, quack, evil, apprehensive etc, requires concerted efforts at all levels, providing evidence-based knowledge in public domain. Growing use and application of ethnomedicines and their market expansion pose challenges on safety, quality and efficacy of traditional remedies, notably assessment of products and services, qualification of ethnopractitioners, methodology and criteria for evaluating efficacy, which is unique to Traditional and Complementary Medicine (T&CM) and ethnopractitioners. Contaminated an adulterated products are common in ethnomedicine industry and reports of T&CM–based toxicities are also alarming in public [92]. Continued use and application of endangered species such as Slow loris and Shark fins in ethnomedicines without precautions and proper guidelines endanger and threaten the long-term survival of ethnomedicine industry. There is need for the development of the ethnopharmaceutical production policy and regulations governing chain supply strategies of the ethnomedicine industry. This has to be supported by the political will to provide the enabling environment for working and implementation of the Acts. The effect of poisonous ethnomedical resources and use of human as the guinea pig in the “laboratory” is really a worrying factor! The maintenance of a working relationship between ethnopractitioners, conventional practitioners and the industry/academia is indeed challenging. Similarly, the sustainable integration of T&CM into conventional healthcare system and scaling to cover primary, communal and national levels is just an uphill task, in particular identifying and evaluating strategies and criteria for integrating T&CM into national health and primary healthcare (PHC) systems. Lack of development of national policies to guide the sustainable utilization, protection, conservation and preservation of ethnomedical resources: plants, animals, soils and microorganisms versus nature conservation. Limited national organizational arrangements for institutionalization of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. Lack of insurance cover of those patients seeking health services of T&CM. Capacity building in Traditional and Complementary Medicine: what levels and how should the curriculum be developed, controlled and regulated, and by who? In Kenya, the law under development is however silent on this particular aspect, thus presenting a dilemma and creating loopholes that may be used unprofessionally. There is need to develop concerted efforts to address the issues of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) of ethnoknowledge systems, equitable sharing of accruing benefits following commercialization of T&CM, bioprospecting and biopiracy at local, national and international levels. There is also need to ensure the availability of relevant information, enhancing access and promoting rational and international use and application of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

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Which Way Forward for Ethnomedicines? The Recognition of Ethnopractitioners And Continuum of Togetherness.

Dreaming big to improve livelihoods in the society as we all read from the same script without mischief! Recognizing the fact that ethnopractitioners, conventional practitioners and industry, research institutions and academia are all equal partners, collaborators and/or players in health industry in Kenya. As a matter of facts, the three partners/collaborators/players must agree that globally, they are co-existing, competing, communicating, coordinating, collaborating and cooperating in their own unique ways of embracing survivalihood and henceforth, continued evolution of life that is optimally taken care of. Upon this realization, the three partners/collaborators/players should therefore come together to develop concrete, attainable goals and objectives with shared vision and the unique purpose of co-existence. The relationships for engagement should focus on a 3C framework of embracing coordinative, collaborative and cooperative in order to realize the unique purpose of co-existence in the health industry. The collaborative arm will ensure that the three partners are all equally involved in a plan or activity work together in an organized way for effective results and mutual benefit, authority and accountability for success and sharing of resources and rewards. The cooperative arm will ensure working jointly with others or together especially in an intellectual endeavor for effective results. While the coordinative arm will ensure that the three partners are working together to create or achieve the same thing. All these levels of engagements will improve the weaknesses of the three partners a great deal while building their strengths to greater heights as they grow and develop a healthy society [93-96].

I. The suggested continuum of togetherness should be able to: 1. Develop a robust and sustainable strategic mechanism of sensitization of the ethnomedicines at all levels in the local and native communities. 2. Provide a harmonious working relationship between ethnopractitioners and conventional practitioners with a view to institutionalizing traditional medicines in healthcare systems, jointly developing sustainable policies and products for implementation and unbiased regulatory mechanisms. 3. Initiate ethnomedicines research and development agenda involving ethnopractitioners, conventional practitioners and industry, research institutions, industry and academia to help provide scientific evidence on safety, efficacy and quality of ethnomedicines where necessary as observed during the Ministerial Conference on Research for Health in the African Region, held in Algiers, Algeria, from 23rd to 26th June, 2008 and adopted as the Algiers Declaration, 2008. 4. Initiate a regulated and controlled capacity building framework at all levels, including refresher courses for leading ethnopractitioners, Professional Certificate, Diploma, Undergraduate Degree programmes, master’s degree and Doctoral Degrees. However, integrate WHO-based training tools in traditional medicines and Primary Healthcare (PHC) to the training programmes, syllabi and curricula.

5. Renew the lost glory in traditional medicines by recognizing ethnopractioners as equal partners through a well-structured institutional-based policy document on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) to protect the interest of the indigenous communities and its ethnopractitioners and taking into account fair and equitable sharing of benefits of relevant holders, in collaboration with relevant partners with regard to WIPO requirements in Geneva and as per the multilateral treaty, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) signed by 150 government leaders at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. The Convention on Biological Diversity is an international legally binding treaty with three main goals: conservation of biodiversity; sustainable use of biodiversity; fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. The WHO guidelines and regulatory frameworks for the protection of traditional medical knowledge and access to biological resources to their specific situations can therefore be guaranteed.

6. Initiate the formation of a regulatory National Board for Traditional Medicines, which will regulate and control the practice of traditional medicines, ethnomedical resources and capacity building at all levels including, refresher workshop- based training programmes for leading ethnopractitioners, Professional Certificates, Diploma, Undergraduate Degrees, master’s degrees and Doctoral Degrees. Will focus on capacity building skills in problem solving, communication, synthesis of information and working ability. 7. Promote collaboration and partnership amongst the three partners and play a key role in allocating and mobilizing adequate resources and strengthening capacity-building. 8. Harmonize the relevant sections of The Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions Act, 2016 and Health Act 2017 together with that of the bending Bills at the Kenyan National Parliament, The Traditional Health Practitioners Bill, 20l4 and The Traditional Herbal Medicine and Medicinal Plants Bill, 2014, into one formidable Act that addresses all aspects surrounding ethnomedicine industry in Kenya.

9. An all-inclusive national taskforce with clear terms of reference need to be set up, with leadership preferably from the academia (because of its robust constitutional mandates on capacity building, research, community outreach and consultancy) so that a concept is drafted for discussion with the parliamentary committee in-charge of health in preparation for the development of a Bill to be tabled on the floor of the Parliament for debate and subsequent development into Act. 10. Promote interdisciplinary systems such as Traditional and Complementary Medicine to work in integrated approach to generate solutions to complex, dynamic societal problems, manage adoptively and inform decision-making processes. 11. Enhance resource mobilization, wealth creation and improvement of the livelihoods of marginalized communities identified to be the custodians of the indigenous knowledge, Traditional and Complementary Medicine and ethnopractices faced with either exploitation and/or extinction.

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Anticipated Benefits Accruing from the Envisioned Continuum of Togetherness

Recognizing ethnomedicines as having a wide variety of therapies and practices and as one of the resources of primary healthcare services familiar to many people in the world, its growth and development through partnership and collaboration of ethnopractitioners, conventional practitioners and industry, research institutions and academia as equal partners in the health industry will result into a lot of benefits as follows:

i. Improved health and livelihoods in the society due to increased availability, accessibility and affordability of healthcare services. ii. Quality training/teaching of students, this is good for society. iii. Increase in business and profit-making for involved partners. iv. Increase in amount of research for partner institutions. v. Sustainable utilization of natural resources and conservation strategies. vi. Improved health industry at all levels. vii. Increased employment opportunities. viii. Ranking of institutions involved improves nationally and internationally. ix. The interaction makes staff improve in competencies. x. Increase in research output in form of products, publications and patents etc. xi. Pooling resources and individual strength together for a common goal xii. Increased and improved commercialization of knowledge xiii. Joint sourcing of research funds: easy to get! xiv. Sharing of research facilities and rewards.

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The Case of Maasai Mara University in Narok County,Kenya

Maasai Mara University has partnered with The Wuhan Botanical Garden (WBG) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and in collaboration with Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre (SAJOREC) to establish an African Medicinal Botanical Garden (AMBG) at the Main Campus of the University. This idea of collaboration of a Chinese- aided China-Africa Joint Research Centre in Kenya, where African and Chinese researchers would conduct joint research, was conceived during deliberations between Prof. Robert W. Gituru of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) and his Chinese research counterpart, Prof. Wang Qing Feng, in 1999. Ever since its establishment, the Sino-Kenya ties has yielded a lot of fruits, among them, the ‘Sino-Kenyan Scientists’ Workshops’, the JKUAT Botanical Garden, training sessions for African stakeholders to various Universities and research institutes in China, scholarships for Kenyan students to the prestigious University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the on-going work of African Medicinal Botanical Garden of Maasai Mara University, Narok County.

The University is developing the African Medicinal Botanical Garden on a 20-acre land to support teaching, consultancy, community outreach services, research and product development in the areas of Traditional Medicine/Complementary/Alternative Medicine (TM/C/AM) (Figure 1). The AMBG will serve as one of the main ex-situ conservation sites in Kenya, as an ethnobotanical and ethnomedicine resource centre for study, research, product development and consultancy, and as a centre for information dissemination on ethnobotanicals, ethnomedicines as well as general ethnoknowledge. The project commenced by planting a few available medicinal plant species (1053 seedlings comprising 67 species) from the nurseries of trees of Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) headquarters and elsewhere in its branches during any rain seasons. Additional planting took place with medicinal plant species, which were raised in a plant nursery established at the University’s Main Campus, Narok County following capacity building of the University’s staff.

Careful observation of Figure 1 indicates that the area is a semi-arid one, therefore implying that the area has limited amount of water supply and/or availability. The University therefore innovatively devised a technology of cleaning wastewater using a biological means, which is Common Water Hyacinth plants filtering system. Semi-cleaned wastewater from the sewage is pumped into a series of joined compartments, each filled with the Common Water Hyacinth plants for further purification before it is released in the field for watering plants at various designated water points. Meanwhile, in preparing to ensure that as a stakeholder institution, Traditional and Complementary Medicine work in integrated approach, the University is keen at establishing the state-of-theart laboratories for teaching, research and product developmentIn addition, the University is planning to engage the local communities so as to partner and collaborate with them in research and product development in the areas of Traditional Medicine and capacity building.

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Conclusion

It is important to fast track the organization and integration of ethnomedicines into the mainstream conventional healthcare systems at all levels and in line with the WHO guidelines and standards as outlined in its resolutions, declarations and strategies within the framework of the country’s constitution. For sustainable growth and development of Traditional Medicine/Complementary/ Alternative Medicine in Kenya, the two Acts and the two Bills yet to be tabled in the National Assembly, there is need to be harmonized them into one formidable Act through a national task force, preferably led by the academia for its strong constitutional mandates on capacity building, research, consultancy, community outreach services and policy formulation. In this Act, clarity on control and regulation of capacity building, research, practice, Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), well defined functions, powers and authority of the Council/Board, mandates of operating committees and sub-committees, and consultation and inclusivity amongst concerned stakeholders should not be ignored. It should be noted further that IPRs are protected in law by, for example, patents, industrial designs, copyright, geographical indications and trademarks to help foster a culture in which innovation and creativity are celebrated, protected and enable people to earn recognition or financial benefit from what they invent or create.

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Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to the Wuhan Botanical Garden (WBG) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre (SAJOREC) to partner and collaborate in establishing an African Medicinal Botanical Garden (AMBG) at the Main Campus of Maasai Mara University. We are also thankful to the organizers of the 8th KEMRI Annual Scientific and Health Conference with the Theme: Health Research for sustainable Development held between 14th and 16th February, 2018 at Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya, where this manuscript was first presented and critiqued by colleagues during the KEMRI’s Traditional Medicines and Drugs Research Centre (TMDRC) organized symposium to address the state and way forward of Traditional Medicine/Complementary/Alternative Medicine (TM/C/AM) in Kenya. To them all we are very grateful.

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drhakimsadiq · 1 year

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karmaoncall-blog · 6 years

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Why medical record saving by KarmaOnCall is important in India?

On average, an individual has 19 different over the course of his life.When patients see new doctors, they often spend a chunk of the appointment explaining their ailments and medical history. They may even have bloodwork done, even if they had it done recently at a different doctor's office. If the system was digitized and all the information was in one convenient place, doctors visits would be quicker and less redundant. That "convenient place" is the CloudJaipur, India based Startup KarmaOnCall has taken the initiative to digitalize medical record of health care professionals and patients in Cloud, this secure record is accessible to owner anywhere there's an Internet connection. By digitizing medical history, physicians can eradicate inefficiencies and medical errors.

KarmaOnCall.com was founded by Dr Vijay Sharma MD, DM, MBA ( Oxford ). Dr Vijay Sharma is a practising Gastroenterologist. Over the years he felt the need to give the power of medical record saving to clinics, doctors, nurses and patients. Corporate hospitals have their system of keeping medical records but rest all need to learn more about the importance and the future of electronic medical records.According to one study In USA 200,000 people die each year from preventable medical errors, which could be mitigated if doctors go digital. According to the founder of another startup in USA "Paper is dangerous and inefficient, it doesn’t belong in health care any longer," "KarmaOnCall mission now is to enable doctors to save lives by making patient information available anytime, anywhere."

" KarmaOnCall "medical record saving benefits to patients

IIf KarmaOnCallgetst its way, people can have one health record from birth to death, with all of the necessary details, images in one secure and HIPAA-compliant place. Patients would have more access to their records, and thus, more control over their health. With access to a patient portal, users could view medical and immunization history, and see physician's updates in real time. Doctors and patients would be equipped with the knowledge and power to reduce medical errors and duplication of services, which is a waste of both time and money for doctors and patients.

Doctor visits would be smoother and more comprehensive, and doctors won't have to worry about patients not reporting medical events — like a trip to the ER or a visit to a specialist — because a record of that information will exist in one place, offering a complete picture of the patient's health.Most Indian Doctors dream of publications, presentations, case report, discussions but due to busy practice and the inconvenient mean of saving images of important cases they are unable to publish or present there work. Most Indian Doctors are unable to show their exposure and a variety of cases managed by them as the important record is mostly lost. Doctors can not defend themselves in medicolegal litigation as they do not keep a medical record.

But beyond the incentives, a digital doctor's office just runs more smoothly, having the technology in her exam rooms hasn't had an adverse effect on her bedside manner and makes her practice more efficient. Doctors can access KarmaOnCall app through a laptop, iPad, iPhone and Android mobile.KarmaOnCAll enables doctors and patients to share important reports, prescriptions and images with any specialist in the World for free; record. This can be useful before a booked consultation with National or International expert. That information provides context for the specialist and ensures that the patient's appointment with him will address the necessary issues faster, without having to go through the preliminary and tedious medical history questionnaire.Use of the KarmaOnCall mobile application including registration and medical record saving is site is free both for health professionals and consumers. The site will make money by selling ad space to health & fitness-related industries, hospitals and diagnostics. As the ads' audience is a group of well-educated physicians and customers, we can interpret it as more of a learning tool than a selling tool. And it's a less invasive and less costly way of marketing.

Long term Public Health Benefits of KarmaOnCall data

Electronic medical records make practicing medicine easier for the doctor and more transparent for the patient, but digitizing records also has promising implications for public health. Over the years may be data analysis can give suggestions for preventive health actions. This data can help the spread of knowledge, more review papers, more publications and more presentations at various forums. It can show medical trends, disease trends, epidemics, endemic disease and treatment approach change over the years.

The Future of Medical record saving through KarmaOnCall

"The future of medical record saving through KarmaOnCall s similar to the trajectory of all technology: It’s getting cheaper, easier, faster, better," as said by one startup founder in the USA. With the support of the government and the promise of hassle-free medical visits and improved public health statistics, electronic medical records are bound to become mainstream.

Karmaoncall is a mobile application which offers new way of navigation to use healthcare system.

Karmaoncall healthcare platform offers peace of mind with one click.

Karmaoncall is a mobile healthcare service platform.

Karmaoncall mobile healthcare application bridges patients, doctors, diagnostic centres & hospitals.

Use karmaoncall mobile application to save medical records with a click of the mobile.

people are using Karmaoncall to analyze medical record, share medical records, save paper, save the climate.

Karmaoncall mobile app. starts with a click on mobile.

Our trained healthcare professionals are always ready to help patients and families with karmaoncall.

Medical equipment rental option is available with karmaoncall mobile application.

Karmaoncall healthcare platform guides our patients & family to right place for healthcare support.

Karmaoncall healthcare platform is increasing transparency and confidence in the healthcare system.

Karmaoncall offers medical record and medical images saving option on a secure cloud space.

Karmaoncall offers medical record saving options to doctors for review of clinical work, research, case report, presentations and medicolegal cases.

Karmaoncall offer option of saving medical record to patients and family, medical record is the evidence of what happened between healthcare provider and patient, medical record precents repetititve tests, medical record saves people from allergic reaction and it saves money as well as time.

People are booking CT scan, MRI, USG, X-ray contrast studies at best laboratories in town through karmaoncall mobile application.

Karmaoncall healthcare service platform offer transparency and options.

Karmaoncall healthcare platform is very useful to book DENTAL , ENT, EYE procedures & endoscopy at top centres in city.

Karmaoncall healthcare platform simplifies access to healthcare ecosystem.

lots of people are using karmaoncall to save medical record.

doctors and clinics are using Karmaoncall to save prescriptions.

Laboratories, doctors and patients are using Karmaoncall to save medical reports.

karmaoncall is for the benefit of people, benefit of society. karmaoncall gives option to people, option to book blood test, x ray, CT scan, MRI, Ultrasound. People are saving all important documents at Karmaoncall mobile app. Keep Your medical record Safe, Book Medicine, Endoscopy, CT, MRI, USG, Lab test, Eye Dental ENT Procedure By KARMAONCALL App

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reidcikg437-blog · 5 years

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4 Dirty Little Secrets About the 2020 kosgeb destekleri Industry

If there has been a cheerful sector, impulsive employment sources and revenue genesis for India, it is healthcare sector and there is no doubt in it! With a high demand for healthcare services in India, rising the need for innovative healthcare, medical care facilities, medical tourism and state governments, Government of India concentrating for medical care evolutions, the overall sector has been repelling the job market, at the same time as others have recede and progressed freely. This week updates describe Indian healthcare - Market size, investments, Government Initiatives and challenges.

Market Size:

The overall Indian healthcare market is worth around US$ 100 billion and is expected to grow to US$ 280 billion by 2020, a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 22.9 %. Healthcare delivery, which includes: Hospitals, Nursing homes, Diagnostics centers and pharmaceuticals, constitutes 65 % of the overall market. The Healthcare Information Technology (Health IT) market which is valued at US$ 1 billion currently is expected to grow 1.5 times by 2020.

Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu India has predicted that with increased digital adoption, the Indian healthcare market, which is worth around US$ 100 billion, will likely grow at a CAGR of 23 % to US$ 280 billion by 2020.

Over 80 % of the antiretroviral drugs used globally to combat AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) are supplied by Indian pharmaceutical firms.

There is a significant scope for raising medical care services considering that healthcare spending as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is rising. Rural India, which accounts for over 70 % of the population, is set to emerge as a potential demand source.

India requires 600,000 to 700,000 additional beds over the next 5 to 6 years, indicative of an investment opportunity of US$ 25-30 billion. Given this demand for capital, the number of transactions in the healthcare space is expected to witness an increase in near future. The average investment size by private equity funds in healthcare chains has already increased to US$ 20-30 million from US$ 5-15 million.

A total of 3,598 hospitals and 25,723 dispensaries across the country offer AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy) treatment, thus ensuring availability of alternative medicine and treatment to the people.

The Indian medical tourism industry is pegged at US$ 3 billion per annum, with tourist arrivals estimated at 230,000. The Indian medical tourism industry is expected to reach US$ 6 billion by 2018, with the number of people arriving in the country for medical treatment set to double over the next 4 years. With greater number of hospitals getting accredited and receiving recognition, and greater awareness on the need to develop their quality to meet international standards.

Investments in the Sector:

The hospital and diagnostic centers attracted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) worth US$ 3.59 billion between April 2000 and March 2016, according to data released by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP).

Some of the major investments in the Indian healthcare industry are as follows:

Govt of India Initiatives:

India's universal health plan that aims to offer guaranteed benefits to a sixth of the world's population will cost an estimated Rs 1.6 trillion (US$ 23.72 billion) over the next four years.

Some of the major initiatives taken by the Government of India to promote Indian healthcare industry are as follows:

Provisions made in the Union Budget 2016-17:

Challenges for Industry:

Year-by- year, the challenges confronting the Indian healthcare segment have persisted the same; the repeated healthcare problems facing India are still those coming up from malnutrition, infant mortality, sanitization, accebility to affordable medical care facilities and medicines.

At the same time, availability of qualified healthcare professionals - medical practitioners, nurses, paramedical and other support care professionals - is totally submissive. Most of these qualified professionals being sought out by countries in Europe, the Middle East. Also abidance to regulatory rules is still a reason for current challenges (both public and private hospitals). Furthermore, from the lack of an immediate reaction and remediation system, with things concerned to medical care negligence.

Today India, urgently need an efficient and effectual procedures to cover safe, affordable and quickly available medical care services to every patient.

Talents of disabled children as compensation for their disorders Very often people having disabilities are talented in some spheres and have some extraordinary talents. It may be regarded a kind of compensation for being deprived of some other opportunities. On the other hand, it may be due to their marginalization in the society. Since their childhood they cannot play with other children. All their energy and time they spend on their hobbies or studies. Unfortunately, these talented children are often deprived of the opportunity to receive the higher education. The problem is not only in their inability to attend classes and pass examinations. The fact is that their treatment demands a lot of money and the family cannot afford themselves paying for the treatment and study. If there are several disabled in the family, the opportunity to continue education after school is almost 2020 kosgeb destekleri excluded. Nowadays applying for the financial aid may become a way out. Applying for the financial aid Some disabled children shelter in their studies. Deprivation of education may result in the prolonged depression of a child and loss of the sense of one's existence. The opportunities of these children are limited and lack of education will bereave them from the future perspectives. On the other hand the society may be deprived of the good specialists. As a rule, disabled people have a very strong will and are hardened by their continuing struggle against the diseases. In order to apply for the financial aid, the parents of a child are to gather all the necessary information. The documentation concerning the family structure and state of health are to be attached. The process of applying is simplified and nowadays it is possible to fill in the electronic copy of the FAFSA. In the case of the disabled children it is better to fill in the electronic form in order to avoid the stress of transportation. The following steps are important applying for the financial aid: gather information required for application; get the medical documentation; fill in the form.

#2020 kosgeb destekleri

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hemorrhoid-treatmen-blog · 7 years

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healthmart-mch-calicut · 2 years

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aquarianmedicine · 8 years

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Ayurvedic Cannabis? Does that even exist? What every patient should know about healing with cannabis-

Here in California (pre legalization) we refer to using marijuana euphemistically with words like: medicate or heal. For instance you might say:

I always keep my medicine with me; I never know when I might need to heal

The brownies in the fridge are medicated

It is a bit of a joke for those that use marijuana recreationally, and dead serious for people who use marijuana to manage symptoms of medical conditions. The reality of marijuana as medicine is an interesting one, and considering how widespread marijuana use is, worth consideration from an alternative health perspective.

The legitimacy that marijuana currently enjoys is due to the medical marijuana movement and is both heartening and discouraging to those of us who practice healing sciences. As an Ayurvedic practitioner & marijuana grower I met at an Ayurveda conference said:

Marijuana is a gateway medicine to holistic, especially herbal, medicine!

My clinical practice, consultations with patients of a medical marijuana dispensary in San Francisco, and personal experience indicate this is a ‘medicine’ that needs some management to actualize its healing potential and justify the medical nomenclature.

Ayurveda says- Everything that exists can be medicine.

Cannabis is no exception. It is considered the least problematic of the ‘intoxicant’ substances; a poison which can be used to great benefit by humans.

It is in the tradition of the great texts of Ayurveda to approach complex and appealing substances first with pages of glowing praise followed by so many warnings and restrictions that only the most intrepid would not be daunted. This is the pattern I will follow in this article.

Vijaya: The Conqueror

Sanskrit synonyms for cannabis imply its potency for transformation:

Soother of grief

The sky flyer

The poor man’s heaven

Vijaya or victory in conquest, and a dozen other glowing euphemisms. Cannabis Sativa is indigenous to India; the earliest known cultivation dated 900BC.

The positive qualities of marijuana facilitate conversation, encourage social relationships, support physical awareness, highlight a deep enjoyment of life, and elevate social contact, art, and pleasure above other (perhaps less important) pursuits. These characteristics allows cannabis to be very effective where depression and isolation are primary concerns. As is testified to by the prevalence of cannabis in poorer communities all over the world, cannabis proffers grace to living in adverse circumstances.

Today in India cannabis is used in spiritual practice and rituals, taken as a sacrament on specific holidays, for use on an ascetic path, as a training aid to wrestlers, and until the last century, quite broadly used medically and recreationally by various levels of society.

Cannabis is found in over 80 traditional Ayurvedic formulas, several of which are available in pharmacies in India today. It is effective for:

Pain

Digestive disorders

Dysentery

Sexual prowess, and a dozen other medical uses known to ancient Ayurveda.

The Qualities of Cannabis-

The qualities inherent in the herb are responsible for its actions in the body include: heating (ushna), drying (ruksha), and astringent (kshaya–due to it’s bitter taste). It penetrates the tissues quickly (tikshna) and has the quality of lightness (laghu).

Heat increases digestive ability and relaxes the tissues to relieve pain and anxiety. But heat can also cause trouble with the blood and liver with long-term effects seen also on skin and connective tissue integrity.

Dry and astringent qualities can benefit glaucoma, swelling, and diabetes symptoms, but lead to constipation and dehydration of the skin (and other organs).

Dry, hot and penetrating qualities have a long-term negative impact on our reproductive tissue (shukra dhatu) and vitality (Ojas in ayurvedia-ese) —especially diminishing energy levels, ability to heal, and reproductive strength (yes; that means sexual depletion). Overuse can lead to dry, weak, brittle tissues that are no longer are able to do their jobs.

Holding (grahi) is a quality that helps the body hold onto nourishment and increases assimilation (useful for IBS etc). This holding quality effects sexual performance in men by delaying orgasm, but at the same time cannabis increases sexual awareness and drive. Perhaps this complex effect on sexuality is due to another quality that encourages the proper flow of liquids in the body (atisara).

The qualities of ‘drunkenness’ (madam) and distortions of sense perceptions (moham) are noted.

Cannabis is also known to enhance the actions of the herbs it is used with.

Contemporary use extends the list of things that can be treated with cannabis to things like support during chemo treatment, relief from seizures, sleep problems, and PTSD. Weekly I hear of new ways that cannabis can be applied to the ills of the modern world. I find that those who are medicating for physical problems often take a proactive approach to their medicine. They regulate when and how they medicate, and with what sorts of flower strains, concentrates or edibles.

The Bad and the Ugly of Cannabis

In balance-based traditions like Ayurveda, benefits must be supported by proper use. The stronger a medicine the more dramatically its qualities affect the body. Cannabis is strong medicine; it is considered a poison. Cannabis can be hard to manage medically and is not for everyone. Wise use is based on moderation, processing and delivery methods, and staying alert to its effects both good and bad.

What is not mentioned in the ancient texts is that the cannabis plant is seductive compared to other herbs. Cannabis is enjoyable and compelling in ways that stop the patient from heeding negative effects. A Materia Medica of Indian herbalism published in 1941 does warn of the long-term effects of cannabis use. It is noted that it will lead to:

Indigestion

Tissue depletion

Melancholia and impotence

In large doses it first produces:

Mental exaltation

Intoxication

A sense of double consciousness

Loss of memory

Gloommess (sic) etc.’

*THE INDIAN MATERIA MEDICA WITH AYURVEDIC, UNANI-Tibbi, Siddha, allopathic, homeopathic, naturopathic & HOME REMEDIES. 1941. R.N. Chopra.

Unwanted Effects of Cannabis-

Unsavory effects that I’ve seen in my practice (with chronic users) include problems arising from the blood (and other tissues) being depleted by the drying, penetrating heat and inherent instability of the herb. Symptoms you might look for include:

Reddish and dry skin

Skin problems (either long term or temporary sensitivity to irritants)

Varicose veins

Easy bruising, and thinness of skin

On a mental level symptoms include-

Over-sensitivity to stimulus

Consequent irritability

Stubbornness (indicate that Rasa Dhatu is affected)

Memory and focus are well known victims to long term use.

Sleep and digestive problems can be well managed with cannabis; but can be exacerbated by it too.

These symptoms of misuse can be seen in the short term and are reversible with proper use and herbs, diet and lifestyle that balances these qualities. Long term implications will vary along these lines based on the strengths and weaknesses in individual patients.

Many of these symptoms are made worse by smoking as the qualities of smoke are heating, penetrating, drying etc. Healthy edible forms of cannabis are a good choice.

With classical Indian use of cannabis the herb (in many instances the whole plant and not just the high intensity flowers that we now use) is processed first in water for 24 hours, dried, then ‘decarbed’ in ghee (fried gently). The herb is then used (as with all Ayurvedic herbs) in formulas that balance the nature of marijuana have been used successfully over many generations. Even when used for recreational or spiritual purposes (rather than strictly medical) the herb is taken with other herbs or foods to make it more assimilable and less damaging to the body.

Extensive use will increase doshas or organizing principles of the body (especially Vata & Pitta). There is an easily seen effect of erosion of all tissues (dhatus) when used chronically. In combination these actions will have problematic long-term implications. All sorts of disorders can manifest when the doshas are increased and the tissues are weakened.

Cannabis and the Mind-

Beyond the effects of cannabis on the body are its effects on the mind. There are 3 characteristics of the mind in Ayurveda: tamas (delusion and lethargy), rajas (over-activity), and sattwa (calm, clear awareness). Cannabis increases tamas and rajas when not used properly and ‘clogs’ the mind. This is generally not a permanent condition and can be corrected if you follow a healthy protocol with use.

I urge strong caution to those with mental health challenges or a history of mental health problems in the family. I have seen too many tragedies in this regard. However, I strongly feel that proper and moderate use can have great benefits for some mental health challenges like mild depression (especially based on isolation and social disease), ADHD and related issues. There is increasing evidence that Asperger’s symptoms can be made more manageable with correct use.

Forms used-

Cannabis is taken in 3 different forms in India. As the attitude towards cannabis has fluctuated greatly over time in India (largely due to Muslim and British colonizers) these definitions have morphed over the years depending on what is ‘legal’ and what is available.

Bhang is generally leaves cured in a specific way and typically boiled with milk and spices.

Chara is resin, akin to kif or hash.

Gangha is flowers, usually taken for pleasure but also made into many different medicines. Seeds and roots are used in some formulations as well.

It is good to remember that these forms of cannabis are far less potent than what is easily available in the US either on the street or in state licensed dispensaries.

How to Medicate with Cannabis-

I have cross-pollinated my Ayurvedic knowledge of cannabis with a harm-reduction philosophy and this has lead me to develop a basic guideline to healthy(er) use. This guide is helpful for those who are medicating regularly for physical complaints, to take the place of more dangerous drugs (both over the counter and illicit), or as a stress relieving measure.

Ayurvedic Cannabis Tips-

Balance cannabis with other herbs and foods which have qualities and actions opposite to marijuana. Focus on cooling, moistening, stable, nourishing, mind and Ojas supporting foods and herbs. Avoid ingredients that are too heavy for you to digest. As always, eat what is freshly prepared, cooked, and enjoyed with love and pleasure.

Always choose outdoor grown and organic varieties for the best long-term medication. Indoor grown plants are usually full of chemicals and have limited medicinal use.

Modest Edibles are best. Medicinal use of cannabis in Ayurveda is always in edible form and often made into a confection. Our body must sustainably processes things that we eat and digest. Keep an eye out for organic healthy edibles or make them yourself.

Milk balances the negative qualities of cannabis quite effectively and counters the tamasic (lethargic) and rajasic (aggressive) qualities with the sweet, conscious, alert quality of a Satvic mental state.

Traditionally bhang is made by boiling leaves in milk with dates, sugar, saffron, cardamom, rose petals, and almond meal. Yum!

Ghee (clarified butter) is used in the traditional purification of cannabis. The freshly dried herb is fried lightly in ghee to bring out it’s healing properties. Ghee is the ideal oil: it increases your ability to digest and assimilate nourishment, it supports vitality and reproductive health, it keeps your tissues strong, cool (balances the burning heat of cannabis), protects the eyes and skin, and will give you an appealing glow! In my opinion no one should use cannabis and not have ghee regularly in their diet.

Satisfy cravings with grounding, nourishing, and moistening foods: Rice, oatmeal, raisins (counter dryness and constipation) and dates (supports reproductive health), fresh baked breads, cooked veggies, limited meat, and no fast food (or canned, bottled, frozen, dehydrated, microwaved, or left-over foods). The hot, dry, light quality of cannabis is balanced by the grounding, cooling and moistening effect of naturally sweet things like milk, dates, or sweet potatoes. When the munchies strike they tell us something about what our body needs; just remember to give it the healthiest version available!

Spices with cooling digestive qualities help your body get the most from what you eat and enhance the experience of eating. Try: cumin, coriander, fennel, cilantro, turmeric, anise, saffron, rose.

If you must smoke: grind your cannabis with a pinch of powdered herbs like fennel, vacha (calamus), sandalwood, jasmine, saffron, licorice, jatamousi (indian spikenard), sasparilla (American or Indian) etc. Western herbs to try are mullein, catnip, or mugwort.

Pomegranate Juice is perfect for medicating. It quenches thirst and refreshes but is also great for the digestion and removes waste liquids from the tissues. It is especially good for people who tend to get swollen or bloated or have any history of parasites. Natural grape juice is also a good choice to help you stay hydrated.

Coconut water (ideally from an actual coconut) is best for people who’s digestion is strong and perfect for athletes or those who work with their body.

by Eden Tosch

Eden Tosch is a Registered Ayurveda Clinician. She has practiced yoga for over 10 years and is especially inspired by knowledge gained from studying Scaravelli, Shadow, and Kundalini styles. Her practice is informed by undergraduate and graduate studies focused in Cultural Studies and Social Psychology and an abiding interest in spirituality and social justice. Learn more at www.edenayurveda.com

http://everydayayurveda.org/ayurvedic-cannabis/

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