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white-flag-publishing · 8 years ago

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The Shape Of The Earth

An ancient Greek named Eratosthenes made the first recorded measurement of the Earth’s circumference after he noticed sunlight could only reach the bottom of a well, in Syene, a city in southern Egypt, once during the year.

While he was in Alexandria during that time of year, later, he noticed objects cast a shadow - which suggested the Earth was spherical, not, as previously thought, flat.

He assumed the rays from the Sun were parallel and as such - he calculated the angle to be that of 1/50th of a circle.

He then concluded the circumference of the Earth was approximately 50 times the known distance between Syene and Alexandria.

His estimate was more accurate, being within a few percent of the actual circumference, than other estimates in his day.

By 220 BC he created a rudimentary map of the world - which had no Americas.

Today we know the circumference at the equator is about 24,000 miles (40,075 kilometers).

Nicolaus Copernicus published his book ‘On The Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres’ in 1543 which was a comprehensive presentation of a heliocentric model.

The Roman Catholic Church proclaimed the heliocentric theory to be false and ��altogether opposes to Holy Scripture” in 1616 - in an attempt to stop people questioning the authority of the scripture: which they, alone, we’re authorised to read and interpret.

In 1608 Galileo Galilei refined the spyglass, Hans Lippershey had produced, in hopes of winning a contract for the production of telescopes for naval officers.

He continued to improve the design to reach 30x magnification - which he used to study the motion of planets: and confirmed the heliocentric theory.

By 1609 Johannes Kepler gave us the Law of Orbits which indicated all the planets, in our solar system, move in elliptical orbits.

His second law, The Law of Equal Areas in 1618, demonstrated the further a planet is from the Sun the slower it travels.

These two laws, which Isaac Newton showed, some 70 years later, were a consequence of the Law of Universal Gravitation, allowed us to calculate positions of the planets.

Kepler’s third law, called The Law of Periods in 1618, showed how distant planets have very long years - given the square of the period of revolution is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its elliptical orbit.

These were among the earliest scientific laws established by mankind and, while unifying astronomy and physics, the laws became a stimulus to subsequent scientists who sought to express reality in terms of simple equations.

Louis XIV commissioned Cassini to map France and in doing so Cassini discovered the Earth is not a perfect sphere.

Isaac Newton postulated the Earth bulged around the equator and flattened at the poles.

Newton’s opinion sparked controversy among scientists of the day - so they decided to settle it by sending expeditions to ascertain the figure of the Earth.

Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Alexis Claude Clairaut, and Pierre Charles Le Monnier traveled to Northern Finland, where they would measure latitude orthogonal to the arctic circle.

Louis Godin, Pierre Bouguer, and La Condamine were sent to South America to perform similar measurements at the equator.

11th May 1735 - La Condamine sailed from La Rochelle accompanied by Godin, Bouguer, and the botanist, Joseph de Jussieu.

This journey was one of the first scientific expeditions which led to discoveries of rubber despite the difficulties they experienced.

The scientists spent a month performing triangulation measurements in the Yaruqui plains — from 3 October to 3 November 1736 — before returning to Quito.

Bouguer detected an error in La Condamine’s measurements, in December 1741, and this caused a quarrel that was followed by the silent treatment.

However, working separately, they completed their project in May 1743 - despite two deaths, financial ruin, and the struggle to scale the Andes (which brought on altitude sickness).

During these struggles La Condamine devised the metric system which revolutionalised standard weights and measures.

The measurement they took were collated to verify the Earth is shaped much like a tangerine - and this established the scientific method used to predict the shape of the Earth.

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white-flag-publishing · 8 years ago

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Poetry In Perpetual Motion

A perpetual motion machine is a hypothetical device that works (indefinitely) without a source of energy.

This kind of machine is considered impossible, because it would agitate or violate:

1) The first law of thermodynamics - which states the law of conservation cannot create new energy in an isolated system.

2) The second law of thermodynamics - which states: entropy (disorder) mostly increases.

3) The third law of thermodynamics - which states: less motion means less entropy.

The Laws of Thermodynamics https://youtu.be/8N1BxHgsoOw

The uncontrolled transfer of heat is a problem with any mechanical device because friction is going to affect efficiency.

The vice is versa - too - because the Carnot cycle defines the upper limit on the efficiency that an engine can achieve during the conversion of heat into work.

The Carnot Cycle https://youtu.be/rBsWAfTWOks

Thus… the idea of a perpetual motion machine appears to be a fools errand.

The “water screw” by Robert Fluid in 1618 was the first recorded attempt at creating a perpetual motion machine.

This elaborate contraption failed to work.

However, it did add fuel to the perpetual challenge (no pun intended) among amature inventors, who sought notoriety, to produce such a device.

Leonardo DaVinci likened these inventors to alchemists - who romanced the ideology of solving some impossible dream.

This was rather ironic considering he prepared schematics for a perpetual motion apparatus.

A machine, that extracts energy from a finite source, cannot operate indefinitely - because it is driven by the energy that is stored in the source it is supplied by.

This sounds rather ludicrous - because it’s like describing the catch in twenty two.

Nevertheless… there are many people who have attempted to broach this quandary precisely because it is a definitive challenge - and such a machine would be invaluable.

Is A Perpetual Motion Possible? https://youtu.be/4b8ZsFszE8I

How could such a device be built?

Well… a perpetual motion machine would require temperatures Th (hot) and Tc (cold) respectively - where two reservoirs can cancel out convection while the engine goes through the cycle of perpetual motion.

This would conserve entropy ΔS because heat can be deposited in the cold reservoir, and cold can deposited in the hot reservoir.

Since there is no volume change in either reservoir during the cycle - the energy ThΔS is extracted from the hot reservoir and a smaller amount of energy TcΔS is deposited in the cold reservoir.

The difference in the two energies (Th-Tc)ΔS is equal to the work done by the engine.

The Carnot Heat Engine https://youtu.be/pRiDJBqVRIw https://youtu.be/12Aa-R98yvE

Classification of Machines

1) First Type PM-Machine

Produces work without the input of any energy - which violates the first law of thermodynamics.

2) Second Type PM-Machine

Spontaneously converts thermal energy into mechanical work - which violates the second law of thermodynamics.

3) Third Type PM-Machine

Completely eliminates all friction and other dissipation forces to maintain perpetual motion - which violates logic because dissipation can never be completely eliminated in a mechanical system.

http://makezine.com/2016/04/07/these-7-machines-may-just-convince-you-perpetual-motion-is-possible/

New states of matter, such as Time Crystals, allow a perpetual motion machine to bypass the laws of thermodynamics within a closed linear system (because convection cancels out at the microscopic level).

This is to say … this field of science is opening doors to new frontiers in understanding the function of convection.

Indeed… understanding the function of convection may provide insights into light.

If gravity, for example, takes effect at the fifth scale from the zero point vacuum - we may be able to measure the wave function (collapse) because convection is associative.

Given the fact all of reality exists within the fluctuating variables of hot and cold: this area of science may become crucial - because time is effected by extreme temperature conditions.

The Evolution of Time (Director’s Cut) https://youtu.be/V7bbYNCdqak

Science has observed time shifting in cyclicity between the entropic extremes.

Entropy Management (within time dilation) may be the pinnacle of human ingenuity - because it would define the creative genius of Genesis to form star systems.

Mind is all that matters in the end.

The pursuit of the perpetual motion machine may be predicated upon the notion of free energy - but the reality is: it’s more about defying the laws of nature.

Perhaps we should be content with coffee.

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white-flag-publishing · 8 years ago

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The Nature Of Reality

The history of science includes a plethora of notable people who worked to secure their observations as a true perspective of the nature of reality.

Take, for example, the caloric idea, by Antoine Lavoisier, that was intended to secure the belief heat was a substance rather than the product of atoms vibrating.

After publishing a memoir, “On Heat” Lavoisier and Laplace designed an ice calorimeter apparatus for measuring the amount of heat given off during combustion or respiration.

These experiments were difficult to refute, given the fact the scientific community were also reluctant to accept the notion of vibrational atoms but there was one man, Count Rumford, who made it his mission to disprove the caloric idea after he noticed heat coming from boring cannon barrels.

He never saw the caloric idea proven wrong but his legacy, of establishing an institute dedicated to the pursuit of science and his divorce allowed him to pursue science with zeal - and this led to the caloric idea being scrapped.

The point here is… science is the noble pursuit of truth but prejudice and mediocrity within science often causes the advancement of understanding the nature of reality to stumble.

…often into a stone cold brick wall.

Science has, since the erroneous idea of caloric, moved toward a greater understanding of the nature of reality.

Caloric was just one example that illustrates how science struggles to move forward.

Albert Einstein often rebuked the scientific community for being mediocre - because people struggled to understand his theories - yet even he refused to acknowledge Quantum Theory stating, “I’d like to think the Moon is still there when I close my eyes,” because he abhorred the idea ‘probability’ was at the heart of reality.

He coined that ‘Moon’ phrase to portray the struggle scientists encounter when the facts, observed, defy conventional thinking in science.

He wanted science to portray the uniformed mechanical working of reality - so he had a hard time dealing with the measurement problem - and probability in quantum mechanics.

Since then… science has developed a strong theoretical aspect - which it expects people to venerate as truth (without evidence) because the mathematical formulas work.

This has gained strength following the correct predilections, such as the Bose-Einstein Condensate, that have emerged.

Making correct predictions helps to reassure science when they are confirmed - so it’s understandable this is an important feature of science.

We often look to people like Albert Einstein with reverence - because he had a fervent love for science: yet even he suffered a bias in refusing to accept what science observes.

This is to say… science has a natural inclination to be sceptical as it attempts to ascertain knowledge of the world we live in.

Today… science is losing its identity because philosophy is stepping into the forum to explain the inexplicable - while the 'debate mindset’ of atheists demand evidence from those who hold to a faith in a divine creator.

On the surface… it looks like everything is starting to unravel - as 'qualified’ scientists debate the theories that offer an explanation to the Measurement Problem.

What people do not realise is… the scientific community has been struggling to figure this out since the 1920s - when the double-slit experiment refused to yield the collapse of the wavefunction.

Science and truth, it would seem, are strange bedfellows - and a typical conversation between them might go something like this:

Science: Quantum Mechanics starts at zero point - as a quark takes on mass through the scale of Scalar Interactions to create a particle.

Truth: You can only see the first manifestation of gravitational field effects at the fifth scale.

Science: That’s not at the zero point !??!

Truth: Yep… it’s only at the fifth scale you can see the manifestation of mass with measurable density.

Science: What does that mean?

Truth: Well… quantum effects are only measurable at the fifth scale.

Science: I’m not following you.

Truth: Q-bits and quarks are not matter. They are information with properties that exhibit the vector-magnetic potential which draws them together.

They produce field effects, almost, all of which are non-local and non-linear. They are all holographic.

Science: The universe is holographic.

Truth: These sub-quarks are the interstitial constituents that are intrinsic to everything that forms at a higher scale above the fifth scale.

Science: Are you saying we can observe the relationship between the classical model and quantum mechanics - to solve the Measurement Problem?

Truth: From the physical vacuum we see the zero point is where the Virtual Ensembles come together and go back in.

Science: That’s the first scale.

Truth: At this scale they are spinning with periodicity and inside these periodic oscillations you can see sub-quarks that are occupying the same time and space because they are not matter.

Science: …but Q-bits are at the second scale.

Truth: Yes… by this scale they already demonstrate characteristics that are predictive and dispositive as to what they will become.

Science: You’re describing a pre-gravity quantum electro-dynamic pump.

Truth: The third scale are sub-quarks and quarks are at the fourth scale. By the time you see hadrons, neutrons, electrons etc, at the fifth scale, gravitational field effects kick in.

Science: Is there a post-gravity quantum electro-dynamic pump?

Truth: The mechanism, you call a pump, ensures the Virtual Ensembles continue to go into and out of the physical vacuum within the sub-quarks so the growing particle establishes cohesion with reality.

Science: Are you saying we are (actually) observing what we can’t see when we measure the collapse of the wave function?

Truth: Quantum Theory is a product of observing gravitational effects on particles - but, as you can see, gravity only comes into existence at the fifth scale.

Science: What has that got to do with consciousness affecting the double-slit experiment?

Truth: Consciousness was a pre-existing element before the emergence of gravitational effects.

Science: That defies logic.

Truth: At the quantum level of the electrons and neutrons and protons etc. you can see three finer levels of complexity where the electromagnetic, weak nuclear-force, and gravity operate while the mechanism continues to function.

Science: Yes… your point being?

Truth: You can see this happening.

Science: Yes !??!

Truth: You see this happening because your own consciousness is able to perceive it.

Science: You’re not making any sense.

Truth: You set up a controlled experiment. You established the parameters for measurement. You facilitated the results.

Science: Yes. I remember that.

Truth: You experienced it.

Science: Are you saying… consciousness, being a quasi-element of reality, functions constantly beyond the range of scales we’ve been discussing?

Truth: Yes.

Science: Is consciousness the pump?

Truth: No. It allows the mechanism to function.

This conversation illustrates how science is struggling to accept the inevitable - even though this information is verifiable.

The reason why this particular outline will meet with skepticism and robust denial is because it calls into question the way each person takes responsibility for the thoughts they have.

Thoughts that lead to specific types of behaviour - whether good or bad: which means morality is at the heart of the way reality functions.

…and that is something - few are willing to accept (let alone the scientific community).

If we are to embrace the true noble cause of science - this is something we cannot ignore.

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white-flag-publishing · 8 years ago

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The Universe - Growing Old

How is time perceived and can we predict the lifespan of our universe?

Turns out we have a few theories on the destiny of reality. However… science is yet to take the acceleration of entropy into consideration.

This is something that may cause the gravitational force to unravel exponentially, as it reaches a critical point of no return, because the whole universe could disolve away: within the lifetime of a person.

This may sound incredible… but science is aware of the cosmological constant which allows the universe to exist - and, as such, we know the universe is finely tuned.

Are We Real? http://youtu.be/oyH2D4-tzfM

Entropy is causing this critical number to exceed the acceptable constraints of cohesion: which means the whole universe could unravel, like a lightning bolt, after it passes a critical point.

You will not hear of this being discussed among scientists because this is something science is yet to fully appreciate.

Still… our understanding of time has improved over the last century or so.

Therefore… we can postulate the destiny of our universe (for the time being).

Is the Universe Infinite? http://youtu.be/dG1JpC5jels

Of course - the science of physics always gets fun at the quantum level.

Quantum Theory http://youtu.be/CBrsWPCp_rs

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white-flag-publishing · 8 years ago

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Strange Worlds

Scientists dared to reach out, with sophisticated instrumentation, to explore the planets in our solar system.

What they saw was (way) beyond their wildest imagination - and they often had to rewrite their assumptions with every discovery that came along.

This forced science to adopt a cautious approach to defining reality - and, as such, science now assumes theory is correct until proven otherwise.

This means science can maintain an open mind as it continues to investigate and explore the reality we live in.

This video shows how they were amazed by the discoveries that came to light from the perspective of gravitational forces.

As we venture toward the edge of our solar system, we are beginning to understand how the magnetic fields affect the regions beyond the ort cloud.

Strange Magnetic Bubbles http://youtu.be/qq3U5o4Yblw

Then… of course we imagine the vastness of the known reality - which may be relative in nature.

This is because everything depends on clarifying the way reality demands subjective observation of all that is objectively seen.

How Large is the Universe? http://youtu.be/CEQouX5U0fc

This is where things get peculiar because science is grappling with the relationship between matter and anti-matter and the implications are far reaching.

The Riddle of AntiMatter http://youtu.be/Y5oNwJNdMxY

As science looks deeper into the mysteries of reality - they begin to acknowledge the evidence for an alternate reality.

Mysteries of a Dark Universe http://youtu.be/QUpWCRadIIA

As we approach these things, we begin to realise - everything is just an illusion.

What We Still Don’t Know: Are We Real? http://youtu.be/oyH2D4-tzfM

There are always things that totally throw science into a head-scratching frenzy.

Dark Matter Blobs http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120306-dark-matter-galaxies-mystery-space-science/

Unexplained Gamma-Ray Pulsar http://youtu.be/Hgf3i__YDrc

Ultradense Planet Baffles Scientists http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/02/120222-new-planet-found-densest-jupiter-corot-space-science/

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