#中文文法

[xuexishijian]

句法学 - Syntax

词类 cílèi / 词性 cíxìng - Parts of speech

名词 míngcí - Noun

动词 dòngcí - Verb

形容词 xíngróngcí - Adjective

副词 fùcí / 状语 zhuàngyǔ - Adverb

前置词 qiánzhìcí / 介词 jiècí - Preposition

后置词 hòuzhìcí - Postposition

连词 liáncí - Conjunction

代词 dàicí - Pronoun

限定词 xiàndìngcí - Determiner

句法功能 jùfǎ gōngnéng - Syntactic function

主语 zhǔyǔ - Subject

谓语 wèiyǔ - Predicate

宾语 bīnyǔ - Object

语序 yǔxù - Word order

格 gé - Case

主格 zhǔgé - Nominative

宾格 bīngé - Accusative

与格 yǔgé - Dative

属格 shǔgé - Genitive

具格 jùgé - Instrumental

题元角色 tíyuán juésè - Theta roles （语义角色，语义关系，主题关系）

施事 shīshì - Agent

受事 shòushì / 客事 kèshì - Patient

主事 zhǔshì - Theme

感事 gǎnshì / 经验者 jīngyànzhě - Experiencer

益事 yìshì - Beneficiary

领事 lǐngshì - Recipient

终点 zhōndiǎn - Goal

工具 gōngjù - Instrument

Syntactic structure

中心语 zhōngxīnyǔ - Head

附加语 fùjiāyǔ - Adjunct

标定语 biāodìngyǔ - Specifier

论元 lùnyuán - Argument

补足语 bǔzúyǔ - Complement

短语 duǎnyǔ / 词组 cízǔ - Phrase

句子 jùzi - Sentence

分句 fēnjù - Clause

从句 cóngjù - Subordinate clause

(句子)成分 (jùzi) chéngfen - Constituent

Theoretical terms

管辖 guǎnxiá - Govern

约束 yuēshù - Bind

移位 yíwèi - Movement

语迹 yǔjì - Trace

拷贝 kǎobèi - Copy (n.)

提升 tíshēng - Raising

控制 kòngzhì - Control

合并 hébìng - Merge

辖域 xiáyù - Scope

一致 yīzhì - Agreement

特征 tèzhēng - Feature

投射 tóushè - Project (v.)

扩充的投射原则 kuòchōngde tóushè yuánzé - Extended projection principle

语段 yǔduàn - Phase

语段不可渗透性条件 yǔduàn bùkě shèntòuxìng tiáojiàn - Phase impenetrability condition (PIC)

句法树 jùfǎ shù - Syntax trees

节点 jiédiǎn - Node

姐妹节点 jiěmèi jiédiǎn - Sister nodes

母节点 mǔ jiédiǎn - Mother node

女节点 nǚ jiédiǎn - Daughter node

终端节点 zhōngduān jiédiǎn - Terminal node

支配 zhīpèi - Dominate

Theoretical frameworks

生成语法 shēngchéng yǔfǎ - Generative grammar

X' 理论 lǐlùn - X-bar theory （also X次理论）

管辖与约束理论 gǔanxiá yǔ yuēshù lǐlùn - Government & binding

词汇功能语法 cíhuì gōngnéng yǔfǎ - Lexical functional grammar

依存语法 yīcún yǔfǎ - Dependency grammar

[vol-cayno]

❇️

[s0-das]

[whisperglyph]

强国不必法古

To build a strong nation, it is not necessary to follow ancient principles.

[rakuraikaze-va]

I also dubbed Cure Idol's transformation into Mandarin Chinese~

[longway4nothing]

まぜこぜ二人一組生き残り野外指定地点発見通過走破時間争い競技こと混合ダブルスサバイバルオリエンテーリング(2回目)の六年生と一年生の組み合わせがKAWAII

[xinguozhi]

海外华人都被视为中国国民 习近平要“海内外中华儿女”讲好中国故事

风传媒/简恒宇   …

[borealing]

LFBAUDBAJS FUCK he asks in german "do you speak german?" then in french "do you speak french" then in chinese "i dont speak chinese?"

[findareading]

「例えば、就眠儀式みたいなことですか？　就寝する前に必ず、体操するとか、本を読むとか、そういう」

— 西澤保彦著『春の魔法のおすそわけ』（2011年4月Kindle版、中公文庫）

[xuexishijian]

Multiple uses of 你

Aside from its normal use as the second-person pronoun, Mandarin 你 has several other meanings it can take on, depending on the context.

Normal (propositional) use: 你 refers to the addressee

我好像见过你。 'I seem to have seen you before.' (Biq 1991: 308)

Impersonal use: Doesn't refer to the addressee, but to a generic person (English and many other languages have this as well)

那些小孩子恼得叫你不能专心做事。 'Those children make such a noise, it makes you (me, one) unable to concentrate on work.' (Biq 1991: 309)

Speaker-oriented use: The speaker uses 你 to refer to themself or to a group associated with the speaker (note that the reverse situation can occur with 我 referring to the addressee)

Context: An actor discusses his experience with a director 他每次比如说我在演的是手，他会跟你讲这个应该怎么样。 'He gives comments when I am acting, he will tell you (me) how it should be.' (Hsiao 2011: 805) (Note the switch from 我 to 你: The speaker is inviting the listener to put themself in his situation.)

Metalinguistic use: Not used as a pronoun at all, 你 calls on the address to pay attention to the speaker's next point

Context: A and B are talking about the importance of education A: Once education is developed many more doctors can be trained. Uh, this is one point but if not, ah? B: This is medical education. A: 就是医药，对吗，你整个儿的学校也多了，诶，上小学上中学的人都多了，那么上医学院的人也多了。。。 A: 'Just medicine, surely, <NI> the number of schools on the whole increases, eh, the number of people going to grade schools and middle schools increases, then the number of people going to medical schools will increase, too...' (Biq 1991: 314-5)

I just think it's neat how this little pronoun can serve a variety of purposes, and it really goes to show just how creative speakers can be with the tools available to them in their language. I recently saw a presentation by a fellow grad student, Tian Xinhe, who formalized these uses of 你 from a theoretical syntax perspective. If anyone's interested in more details about that, I'd be happy to talk more. :) References & further reading:

Biq, Yung-O. (1991). The multiple uses of the second person singular pronoun ni in conversational Mandarin. Journal of Pragmatics, 16, 307-321.

Hsiao, Chi-hua. (2011). Personal pronoun interchanges in Mandarin Chinese conversation. Language Sciences, 33, 799–821.

史金生 & 王璐菲. (2022). 虚拟对话与立场构: “你”在互动中的移指用法 [Virtual dialogue and stance interpretation: The reference shift of "ni" in interaction.]. 中国语文, 6, 671–683.

Tian, Xinhe. (2025, March 28-29). The multi-functionality of the second person pronoun in Mandarin Chinese: a study on syntax-interaction interface [Conference presentation]. CHAMP3, Barcelona, Spain.

[emilyenglishstudy]

【英文法】excitingとexcitedなど分詞形容詞の区別【ワンポイント解説】

[heatalk]

���二生肖是天文曆法與數學智慧的結晶?

[閱讀全文: https://is.gd/8XFIUm]

這套以十二種動物代表年份的系統，既非單純的民間傳說，亦非偶然的數學遊戲，而是古代天文曆法學與社會文化相互交融的產物，反映先民對時間秩序的獨特理解。 [...]

[aiandemily]

最新版！文化庁の「生成AIと著作権に関する考え方について」を解説