#Conservation of charge
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Class 12 Basic Properties of Electric Charge Notes for Students
Introduction:
Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Understanding the basic properties of electric charge is crucial for students preparing for board exams, JEE, and IIT entrance exams. This study material provides an in-depth exploration of these properties, ensuring a solid foundation for further study in physics.

Key Properties of Electric Charge
1. Quantization of Charge
Electric charge is quantized, meaning it exists in discrete amounts rather than a continuous range. The fundamental unit of charge is the charge of an electron (e) or proton (+e), where e = 1.6 × 10^-19 coulombs.
All charges are integral multiples of this elementary charge, i.e., Q = n × e, where n is an integer.
2. Conservation of Charge
The total electric charge in an isolated system remains constant over time. This is known as the conservation of charge.
During any physical process, the total charge before and after the process remains the same, indicating that charge cannot be created or destroyed.
3. Additivity of Charge
Electric charges can be added algebraically. When two charges are combined, the total charge is the algebraic sum of the individual charges.
For example, if a system has charges Q1 and Q2, the total charge Q_total = Q1 + Q2.
4. Charge Invariance
The electric charge of a system does not change with velocity. This means that charge is invariant under relativistic transformations, unlike mass and energy.
5. Interaction Between Charges
Like charges repel each other, while unlike charges attract. This fundamental interaction is described by Coulomb's law, which states that the force (F) between two charges (Q1 and Q2) separated by a distance (r) is given by:
F = k⋅∣Q1⋅Q2/r^2
where k is Coulomb's constant (k ≈ 8.99 × 10^9 Nm^2/C^2).
Additional Concepts
1. Electric Field
An electric charge produces an electric field around it. The electric field (E) at a point is the force (F) experienced by a unit positive charge placed at that point:
E=F/Q
2. Conductors and Insulators
Conductors allow free movement of electric charge through them, while insulators do not. Metals are good conductors, whereas materials like rubber and glass are good insulators.
3. Coulomb's Law in Vector Form
The vector form of Coulomb's law provides both magnitude and direction of the force between two point charges:
F= k⋅Q1⋅Q2/ r^2. ^r
where ^r is the unit vector in the direction of the line joining the two charges.
Conclusion:
Understanding the basic properties of electric charge is essential for mastering concepts in electromagnetism and is foundational for advanced studies in physics. These properties, including quantization, conservation, additivity, and interaction, form the basis for analyzing electric fields, forces, and various phenomena in both theoretical and applied physics. For students preparing for board exams, JEE, and IIT, a strong grasp of these concepts is crucial for success.
#Electric charge properties#Quantization of charge#Conservation of charge#Coulomb's law#Electric field#Interaction between charges#Conductors and insulators#Physics study material#JEE physics preparation#IIT entrance exam physics#Class 12 physics notes#Board exam physics#Basic concepts of electromagnetism#Physics fundamentals#Electric charge quantization#Electric charge invariance#Electric force calculation#Physics revision notes#Electromagnetic field properties#Physics exam preparation tips#science#vavaclasses
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What even is Australian politics hello???
#guys this is coming from the official labor tiktok account#and this isnt the only thing theyve made#CURRENTLY IN CHARGE OF AUSTRALIA BTW#labor win the election by a LANDSLIDE YAAAY#i dont like labor. i will say that. i like them more than liberals though#mf the australian liberals dont even know what liberal means#what dk you mean your name is the progressives but youre conservative????? hello??#auspol#australian politics#aus politics#australia
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Imagine if Trump & Musk had a breakup so messy & toxic that Elon gets deported
#like to charge reblog to cast#if only#imagine#can you imagine#fuck trump#fuck musk#fuck donald trump#fuck elon musk#fuck elongated muskrat#anti trump#anti musk#fuck conservatives#fuck republicans#fuck republikkkans#fuck transphobes#politics#us politics#election 2024#fuck maga#anti maga
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Having to experience Joel Millers death and then hearing the fucking Pope died within like 5 hours of each other is a surreal experience
#All while I’m studying for an exam later today#it’s almost 5 in the morning#I’m tired#and Bobby earlier this week too????#i want off this ride#the last of us#tlou2 spoilers#tlou spoilers#tlou#the pope#pope francis#I miss the pope already#they’re going to put some uber conservative fuckwad in charge#just watch
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Me, the majority of the manga: haha why are the cops of the underground called border patrol? That's such a specific job for the general police to be named after.


Ohhhh. Oh that's why.
#suddenly henri's offer to take him back to the human world is feeling more like a deportation thing#m!ik#mairuma#m!ik spoilers#a guy in charge of the border patrol is racist. previously they would have deported iruma but now they probably just wanna kill him#and also the minority group of the many ears being deemed a threat to the netherworld#and them using an official excuse of nature conservation to look better about squashing a minority groups' harmless bid for independance#yeah the name's making a lot more sense now
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The person being like “I’m from New Zealand we didn’t wipe out our native megafauna the way the UK did”….like. Have you never heard of giant moa? Or haast’s eagle? The largest native predator is a tuatara…have you ever considered why that is? I’ll give you a hint, it’s not because NZ is an island paradise….
#just because it happened 3k years ago doesn’t mean it didn’t happen#and NO this is not me saying the Māori shouldn’t be in charge of conservation efforts in their land#but to say that NZ isn’t missing animals the way the UK is#is just laughable#obviously the US only has megafauna left by dint of its enormous size#if it was comparably sized to NZ or the UK of course the biggest thing here would be coyotes#but don’t pretend NZ isn’t affected by human migration sorry
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i love studying metal music and alternative music in general for my grad work. i really do. but it just means that every time i see conservatives getting upset about bands of those subgenres being "too woke" despite that being the fucking point of the subgenre i feel like i am losing health in minecraft
#kai.txt#like i just... i saw on instagram that people were upset about the mcr concert because of its 'political themes'#like im sorry did u miss the promo? or the albums? or the music videos?#or the fact that mcr is an alternative band that was born from gerard way witnessing 9/11 and wanting to make music to connect people?#did u also miss that alternative music of all subgenres (emo/punk/goth/metal/etc) are born as rebellion against the sociopolitical climate?#rage against the machine isnt just a fun band name its a fucking POLITICAL STATEMENT#ROCK MUSIC IS NOT FOR YOU CONSERVATIVES. GET THE FUCK OUT OF HERE AND STOP BUYING TICKETS#AND THEN BEING UPSET WHEN THE POLITICALLY CHARGED ALT BAND IS POLITICALLY CHARGED
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Hey– hey guys?
HEY GUYS??
You know the guy who fired all of Twitter's staff and broke the damn site and it's now infested by bots?!
The guy who's contemplated turning off Ukraine's internet access—the internet access they use to coordinate their defense against Russian invasion—because he's getting friendly with Putin?!
The guy who, it just came out, tanked X-formerly-Twitter's value by over seventy percent?!
Hey yeah so Trump wants to put THAT GUY in charge of AUDITING THE ENTIRE GOVERNMENT.
MAYBE.
AND THIS IS JUST A SUGGESTION.
MAYBE WE SHOULDN'T LET THAT HAPPEN.
#GUYS I am begging you if you're a conservative who believes in good financial management#Don't let Trump put Elon Musk in charge of auditing our government I BEG YOU.#I know the democrats suck but we can survive four more years of them I REALLY don't know if we can survive THIS.#republicans#trump#election 2024#elon musk#politics#conservatives
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Laurent Mekies on Daniel’s race in Shanghai via Autosport
#I doubt Daniel would have gotten a point anyway#the m-m-s strategy looked good on paper and while it was kind of ruined by the timing of the safety car#I don’t think the RB would have the pace enough to make that final charge on softs really count#I know a lot has already been said about RB’s strategy making abilities#i love that Daniel seems to have a say on what strategies he wants#which after mclaren is so refreshing#and I have to admit despite his quali results; this year and last year he has been really good at making them work for him in the race#but I do feel Daniel’s sometimes a bit too ambitious with his choice of strategy??#by his own admission he chose to start on the mediums in Japan and we all know this sorta played into the crash with Alex#on one hand I would rather him go for a more conservative strategy that mirrors what the cars in the midfield are on#on the other hand. now that he seems to be getting his pace back. maybe those ambitious strategies would pay off???#daniel ricciardo#China24
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God it's so nice being able to take a shower and wash clothes without worrying about it 😭
#for context alex and i were living w my sister and grandmother before this#my sister was charging us $400 per person for rent#in a house where we weren't allowed to wash our clothes at all and had to be VERY conserving with water bc of the drain field#that she refused to get fixed despite us giving her $800 a month for several months on top of her having a well paying job#we asked for a decrease in rent and she basically said ''sucks to suck'' so we moved into alexs parents house#SO much better ngl#i actually feel like i can live here#like yeah it has its drawbacks but its so nice to actually bathe and have clean clothes#anyway. drafts soon hopefully ❤️#ooc.
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#brian pritchard#republican official#georgia#election denier#voter fraud#hypocrisy#illegal voting#felony charges#conservative#crystal mason#texas#racial disparity#justice system#ken paxton#ballot access#politics
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never forget that no matter how progressive he was. it was only progressive for a catholic. and also. he wasnt The Niceies Pope he was The Pppe Of The Catholic Church. no matter what else he was still Of The Catholic Church. pope of those cunts. pope of shithead central. pope of colonialism: the religion. pope of the pedophillic norm. like come on be serious
#much more going on w him being like. personally a shithead too but that's bad pr for the church so you dont hear it as much#and i seriously cannot emphasize enough. was in charge of the catholic church. thr catholic church. the church? the fucking carholic church#mi#this is not to say btw that its wrong to be worried abt who they're going to make the next pope. that is defo worrying#bc to catholics he was the woke pope so it's not unlikely that they're going to swing conservative this time#im just saying. can you people stop acting like ohhhh so sadddddd the sweetie nicey pope dieddddd so saaddddd 😔#girl shur up. the godking of catholicism is dead. have a little decorum. this is a good thing#well. not a 'good' thing like. for the overall effects. but you can smile about it.
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at work there is this certain kind of like...person that really pisses me off because they just assume what we do is free to take and they dont even ask they just walk up and mean mug us and take whatever they want and then they get mad when we r like Hi That Costs Money?????? its infuriating like at least acknowledge our existence bitch
#its always conservatives ive noticed...very raaraa america people#like ok we get it youre selfish and think the world revolves around you but dont piss me off#my favourite is 'well you should have said something' i did actually im saying something right now as you reach your nasty past white hand#over to grab my little product#and usually i give shit away for free if i feel generous bc my boss is cool#but no because you were RUDE and UNCOUTH im charging you bitch
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It's amazing how many white americans will talk to strangers about woke politics to a complete stranger as long as they're white looking
#cat chats#i'm sure there are minority conservatives out there somewhere who will do that#but the amount of white people who will come up to me and start spewing their faux news bullshit are too goddamn high#also wild to talk about the pharmaceutical business and charging people monthly for their medicine when you're talking to a diabetic#and how the education system is failing our children when the person in front of you has mentioned they're a teacher#echo chamber brainrot of just having people around you agree no matter what
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Trying to get things set up so I can receive money from online commissions… I need to get more money for the con I wanna go to…
#talky txt#like I already have about 400 but the people there are charging a decent bit for autographs and stuff#plus I wanna be able to buy a lotta stuff without feeling like I gotta conserve the money
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insane cult shit.

youtube
#donald trump#conservative#republicans#maga#gop#trump 2024#trump legacy#republican party#conservative values#maga movement#gop strong#trump supporters#justin mohn#middletown murder#first-degree murder#abuse of a corpse#crime possession#bucks county#murder charge#family tragedy#crime news#Youtube#021224
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