#Conservation of charge

[vavaclasses]

Class 12 Basic Properties of Electric Charge Notes for Students

Introduction:

Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Understanding the basic properties of electric charge is crucial for students preparing for board exams, JEE, and IIT entrance exams. This study material provides an in-depth exploration of these properties, ensuring a solid foundation for further study in physics.

Key Properties of Electric Charge

1. Quantization of Charge

Electric charge is quantized, meaning it exists in discrete amounts rather than a continuous range. The fundamental unit of charge is the charge of an electron (e) or proton (+e), where e = 1.6 × 10^-19 coulombs.

All charges are integral multiples of this elementary charge, i.e., Q = n × e, where n is an integer.

2. Conservation of Charge

The total electric charge in an isolated system remains constant over time. This is known as the conservation of charge.

During any physical process, the total charge before and after the process remains the same, indicating that charge cannot be created or destroyed.

3. Additivity of Charge

Electric charges can be added algebraically. When two charges are combined, the total charge is the algebraic sum of the individual charges.

For example, if a system has charges Q1 and Q2, the total charge Q_total = Q1 + Q2.

4. Charge Invariance

The electric charge of a system does not change with velocity. This means that charge is invariant under relativistic transformations, unlike mass and energy.

5. Interaction Between Charges

Like charges repel each other, while unlike charges attract. This fundamental interaction is described by Coulomb's law, which states that the force (F) between two charges (Q1 and Q2) separated by a distance (r) is given by:

F = k⋅∣Q1⋅Q2/r^2

where k is Coulomb's constant (k ≈ 8.99 × 10^9 Nm^2/C^2).

Additional Concepts

1. Electric Field

An electric charge produces an electric field around it. The electric field (E) at a point is the force (F) experienced by a unit positive charge placed at that point:

E=F​/Q

2. Conductors and Insulators

Conductors allow free movement of electric charge through them, while insulators do not. Metals are good conductors, whereas materials like rubber and glass are good insulators.

3. Coulomb's Law in Vector Form

The vector form of Coulomb's law provides both magnitude and direction of the force between two point charges:

F= k⋅Q1⋅Q2​/ r^2. ^r

where ^r is the unit vector in the direction of the line joining the two charges.

Conclusion:

Understanding the basic properties of electric charge is essential for mastering concepts in electromagnetism and is foundational for advanced studies in physics. These properties, including quantization, conservation, additivity, and interaction, form the basis for analyzing electric fields, forces, and various phenomena in both theoretical and applied physics. For students preparing for board exams, JEE, and IIT, a strong grasp of these concepts is crucial for success.

[astxrope]

What even is Australian politics hello???

[cormancatacombs]

Imagine if Trump & Musk had a breakup so messy & toxic that Elon gets deported

[savetheupholstery]

Having to experience Joel Millers death and then hearing the fucking Pope died within like 5 hours of each other is a surreal experience

[100-gar]

Me, the majority of the manga: haha why are the cops of the underground called border patrol? That's such a specific job for the general police to be named after.

Ohhhh. Oh that's why.

[flintandpyrite]

The person being like “I’m from New Zealand we didn’t wipe out our native megafauna the way the UK did”….like. Have you never heard of giant moa? Or haast’s eagle? The largest native predator is a tuatara…have you ever considered why that is? I’ll give you a hint, it’s not because NZ is an island paradise….

[miwtual]

i love studying metal music and alternative music in general for my grad work. i really do. but it just means that every time i see conservatives getting upset about bands of those subgenres being "too woke" despite that being the fucking point of the subgenre i feel like i am losing health in minecraft

[ffcrazy15]

Hey– hey guys?

HEY GUYS??

You know the guy who fired all of Twitter's staff and broke the damn site and it's now infested by bots?!

The guy who's contemplated turning off Ukraine's internet access—the internet access they use to coordinate their defense against Russian invasion—because he's getting friendly with Putin?!

The guy who, it just came out, tanked X-formerly-Twitter's value by over seventy percent?!

Hey yeah so Trump wants to put THAT GUY in charge of AUDITING THE ENTIRE GOVERNMENT.

MAYBE.

AND THIS IS JUST A SUGGESTION.

MAYBE WE SHOULDN'T LET THAT HAPPEN.

[rickybaby]

Laurent Mekies on Daniel’s race in Shanghai via Autosport

[fledercanons]

God it's so nice being able to take a shower and wash clothes without worrying about it 😭

[alwaysbewoke]

[coffeeastronaut]

never forget that no matter how progressive he was. it was only progressive for a catholic. and also. he wasnt The Niceies Pope he was The Pppe Of The Catholic Church. no matter what else he was still Of The Catholic Church. pope of those cunts. pope of shithead central. pope of colonialism: the religion. pope of the pedophillic norm. like come on be serious

[pathologising]

at work there is this certain kind of like...person that really pisses me off because they just assume what we do is free to take and they dont even ask they just walk up and mean mug us and take whatever they want and then they get mad when we r like Hi That Costs Money?????? its infuriating like at least acknowledge our existence bitch

[vanilla-bean-buttercream]

It's amazing how many white americans will talk to strangers about woke politics to a complete stranger as long as they're white looking

[spect-era]

Trying to get things set up so I can receive money from online commissions… I need to get more money for the con I wanna go to…

[alwaysbewoke]

insane cult shit.