#Physics study material

[vavaclasses]

Class 12 Basic Properties of Electric Charge Notes for Students

Introduction:

Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Understanding the basic properties of electric charge is crucial for students preparing for board exams, JEE, and IIT entrance exams. This study material provides an in-depth exploration of these properties, ensuring a solid foundation for further study in physics.

Key Properties of Electric Charge

1. Quantization of Charge

Electric charge is quantized, meaning it exists in discrete amounts rather than a continuous range. The fundamental unit of charge is the charge of an electron (e) or proton (+e), where e = 1.6 × 10^-19 coulombs.

All charges are integral multiples of this elementary charge, i.e., Q = n × e, where n is an integer.

2. Conservation of Charge

The total electric charge in an isolated system remains constant over time. This is known as the conservation of charge.

During any physical process, the total charge before and after the process remains the same, indicating that charge cannot be created or destroyed.

3. Additivity of Charge

Electric charges can be added algebraically. When two charges are combined, the total charge is the algebraic sum of the individual charges.

For example, if a system has charges Q1 and Q2, the total charge Q_total = Q1 + Q2.

4. Charge Invariance

The electric charge of a system does not change with velocity. This means that charge is invariant under relativistic transformations, unlike mass and energy.

5. Interaction Between Charges

Like charges repel each other, while unlike charges attract. This fundamental interaction is described by Coulomb's law, which states that the force (F) between two charges (Q1 and Q2) separated by a distance (r) is given by:

F = k⋅∣Q1⋅Q2/r^2

where k is Coulomb's constant (k ≈ 8.99 × 10^9 Nm^2/C^2).

Additional Concepts

1. Electric Field

An electric charge produces an electric field around it. The electric field (E) at a point is the force (F) experienced by a unit positive charge placed at that point:

E=F​/Q

2. Conductors and Insulators

Conductors allow free movement of electric charge through them, while insulators do not. Metals are good conductors, whereas materials like rubber and glass are good insulators.

3. Coulomb's Law in Vector Form

The vector form of Coulomb's law provides both magnitude and direction of the force between two point charges:

F= k⋅Q1⋅Q2​/ r^2. ^r

where ^r is the unit vector in the direction of the line joining the two charges.

Conclusion:

Understanding the basic properties of electric charge is essential for mastering concepts in electromagnetism and is foundational for advanced studies in physics. These properties, including quantization, conservation, additivity, and interaction, form the basis for analyzing electric fields, forces, and various phenomena in both theoretical and applied physics. For students preparing for board exams, JEE, and IIT, a strong grasp of these concepts is crucial for success.

[starot]

semester is in full swing but my research is not !

we are doing our best though ;; shoutout to hotpot and monster hunter for keeping me going !!

[steel-nageyari]

super late revenge comic for fe scuffle orz

hi lio :] i hope you like them even though it's super rough u_u; <3

[marauding-almond]

it’s a little weird just how exited I am for the school year

[dideki]

university.. university leave me alone

[theawkwardvillainess]

I love Maya so much because there's SO much seething hatred and thirst for violence in her (inevitably having root in all-consuming fear) and yet she chooses to be as gentle and understanding as possible and she's convinced that she doesn't want (both rationally and empathically/emotionally) to hurt others. AND THEN SHE ENDS UP HURTING OTHERS BECAUSE OF HER LOVE TO THEM. fucked up creature.

[autumnoakes]

well, i'm at the end of the course and all my formula sheets up until like last week's content have said "physics 12" on them.

as in. senior year high school physics.

this course can and should be structured way better than this. i shouldn't be spending 75% of the course going over things i learned in high school.

[shrews-things]

The notes for my irodalom záróvizsga are literally over twice the length of my szakdolgozat I hate it here and I wanna sleep for a month

[scoriarose]

Check your gifts this year for snake castles!

Sakura loves this oddly shaped cardboard, and gets really happy climbing all over it. The rough texture is ideal to move on, and the variety of shapes make it really interesting for them

This one came with my water pik but I've seen them packaged with other things too! (Be sure to remove any staples, tape, etc as that can hurt them).

When your noodle gets bored of it you can add it to your rotation of enrichment toys. But if they really like it, well a number of things that started as enrichment I let them keep in their enclosure and they enjoy daily. (Not a day goes by they don't play in their Oballs).

Oh also tubes into their hides in addition to an above ground easy exit make hides so much more awesome. I mean, of course secret tunnels are really really cool, that's something kids, snakes, and all of us can agree on!

[dean-is-love]

uni starts in a week and i really need to find a way to cope with that. i will be posting my aesthetic notes

[studiousandrogynousfox-blog]

getting back up

i haven't written a post in a while and i think last time was from before i finished the small research project? i passed that small project and then had less than a week off before i was back to start working on the big and final research project. and that was a mistake. because it turns out that i need more recovery time from barely sleeping for more than a week. i started to struggle more and more until my therapist put me on a two week medical leave.

the two weeks are now over and i am feeling better but now i have to get back into the rhythm of actually doing things and i'm a bit apprehensive about that. i now have two weeks to study for the resit of the exam i failed last winter. which is a little stressful because if i don't pass again it's going to make finishing this bloody degree so much harder.

i will try to not focus on that however and just go at it one day at a time!

[the-blaze-empress]

:D how's life

holy shit life is so life-y rn. so much of it. so little time. not necessarily bad i am just ridiculously busy atm, going on a trip in literally 12 days holy shit thats so close so i have to do a couple uni assignments two weeks early, which is fun, plus im helping produce a show this year for the uni's ancient theatre club so thats like an extra 5 hours a week of rehearsals and meetings on top of classes and the two early assignments, BUT I GET TO SEE MY PARTNER IN 16 DAYS SO ITS ALL WORTH IT

and ive become slightly obsessed with techno/missa/phil so. yknow thats fun i will be single-handedly canonising and populating the missa/technoblade tag on ao3 i feel

[iristial]

Maybe it's a sign that I saw the new Ateez comeback announcement right after I finished my first batch of quizzes :D

[catastrxblues]

great i think i’ve finally caught a hint of a cold. my question is, where the fuck were you a month ago, when i could actually afford to take a day off?????

[iron-niffler]

god im tired

[moreaujeans]

holyyy shit