#signal relay module

[dniel2can]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/electromechanical--relays--signal-relays/1462041-7-te-connectivity-6076042

What is a signal relay, signal relay switch, turn signal relay replacement

Telecom Relay SPST-NO (1 Form A) Surface Mount

[foone]

Apollo 19 on approach to the unknown Soviet module

You could cut the tension with a knife. Mission Control is furiously chewing gum, like only a man whose recently been told he's not allowed to smoke in here can. The screen is showing mostly static, but there's enough visibility to see that it's definitely a Soviet module that the Apollo 19 mission is approaching.

Albertson, a young guy of about 22, comes in with a couple binders. "I've got those mission briefs, sir." "Great, great. Chaffee is almost close enough to read the insignia, and then we can figure this crap out." Another phone rings. He ignores it. This mission is screwed up enough without some white house bureaucrat breathing down his neck.

Chaffee's radio signal lights up. "I'm close enough to read the markings. It looks like it's C-O-Ю-З... 2. Over." and a burst of static.

Albertson drops a binder on the floor, the sound making everyone jump, like the Space module a hundred miles over their head might jump out and bite them. Control spots the right binder among the ones still perched on the desk, and grabs it himself.

"Here it is. Soyuz 2, launched back in '68, unmanned. It was supposed to be docked with Soyuz 3, but they gave up and the mission was a failure. Says here that it deorbited 28th of October, 1968. Huh..."

He looks up at the big clock on the wall. It's 9:18 AM, 3rd of July... 1972.

He motions to Stevenson. "Give him the go-ahead. He should know how to open the hatch, we covered this in training." He zones out as Stevenson relays the information. What in the Sam Hill is a Soviet rocket doing in lunar orbit, nearly four years after the blasted thing is supposed to have landed? Did the commies cover up what they were really doing with this rocket? Is his information wrong? Is the damn CIA lying to them again?" and he reaches into his shirt for a pack of smokes that isn't there, for about the 14th time today. He's shaken back to reality by the image showing up on the screen: There's a Krechet-94 spacesuit in the module. There's only one reason a spacesuit would be in an "unmanned" module... this mission wasn't as unmanned as everyone says.

On the screen, Chaffee is reaching into the cramped pod. The suit's sun visor is down, thankfully, he's happen for one less scare today. Chaffee is looking at the suit's indicators, but they're all blank. If someone was alive in there... they aren't anymore. He fumbles with the bottom of the helmet's gold-colored visor, and Control vaguely hears Stevenson relaying to Chaffee that there should be two plastic clips by the bottom which can be used to raise the sun visor. Chaffee gets it, and slowly raises the visor. The death's head, the smiling skull... it's always an almost comical image, even when you rationally know that a skeleton is the result of a living and breathing person who has died and decayed. Control saw plenty of dead bodies back in the war, but usually they weren't this far gone.

Chaffee cuts in on the mic, saying the obvious. Yep, Houston, if you can't see this... it's a skeleton. He says he'll check the uniform for a name. Behind Control, Albertson finally stands back up and ends up dropping the binder all over again, and this time even more people jump. "My god!" he nearly shouts. Control needs a cigarette more than ever.

Albertson peers past Control at the screen. "The Soviets... were sending skeletons into space?"

Control tells Stevenson to take over, he needs to make a call. It's a lie, there's no call, he's just not going to make it through today without a smoke break. And as for Albertson... "Albertson, get the hell out of here. You're too damn stupid to be working at NASA. No, they didn't launch skeletons, you complete... GAH."

The mission carries on. Control gets his cigarette. Albertson goes off to be a fool somewhere else.

[shepchasingtail]

🔒 PANDORA – GLUTTONY DIVISION DOSSIER

SUBJECT: SKELTON, ISRAEL JANNICK Call Sign: Shepherd Clearance Level: ██/███ (Tier-9 Gluttony Access Only) Dossier ID: PND-GLUTTONY/Δ-HXN19-553

BIOLOGICAL OVERVIEW

Field Entry:

Full Name: Israel Jannick Skelton Date of Birth: 14 February 1993

Height:

6’2”

Weight:

172 lbs Place of Birth: Copenhagen, Denmark Nationality Dual – Danish / Classified (Naturalized ██████)

Species: Human/Shifter (Canine Variant: Belgian Malinois) Shifter Onset ██/██/20██ (Classified Biogenic Incident – Operation REBIRTH) Affiliation: Pandora Initiative – Gluttony Division Former Affiliation NATO Tactical Recon / K9 Division (BLACKLIST OPS: DEN-56) Status:

Active / Monitored

INTERNAL EVALUATION REPORT

SECTION I: SHEPHERD ABILITY OVERVIEW

Classification: Tier-III Controlled Morphotype (Caniform Subtype) Baseline Genome: Homo sapiens (genetically modified) Overlay Morphotype: Canis lupus familiaris (Shepherd-class phenotype)

A. Morphological Capabilities

Voluntary Shifting: Subject is capable of initiating full or partial transformation at will.

Partial Shifts: Include selective enhancement of olfactory organs, musculoskeletal extensions (e.g., digitigrade posture), and dermal layer modulation.

Full Shift: Yields complete quadrupedal canine form with high locomotion efficiency, camouflage benefit, and enhanced field mobility.

B. Structural Integrity & Recovery

Accelerated Tissue Regeneration: Healing factor calibrated to 4.7× human baseline; bone fractures re-knit in <24 hrs under monitored stasis.

Immune Compensation: Near-total resistance to conventional pathogens and most field-grade toxins.

Blood Reoxygenation Efficiency: Elevated hemoglobin turnover rate for extended physical exertion without hypoxia.

SECTION II: SENSORIAL AND PHYSICAL ENHANCEMENTS

A. Sensory Expansion

Olfactory Resolution: 40× human range. Capable of isolating individual scent trails from mixed source environments (urban, battlefield, subterranean).

Auditory Range: Detects ultrasonic emissions up to ~62 kHz. Has been used to triangulate active listening devices and microdrones.

Night Vision Equivalent: Tapetum lucidum layer in canine form provides low-light visual acuity rivaling next-gen thermal optics.

B. Physical Conditioning

Enhanced Strength: Estimated peak output at 3.2× human maximum. Documented ability to breach reinforced doors, carry 200+ kg under duress.

Agility & Speed: Max quadrupedal velocity recorded at 58 km/h (full sprint).

Climatic Adaptation: Fur density modulation in canine form provides heat insulation in low-temp environments.

SECTION III: COGNITIVE PROFILE & BEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE

A. Tactical Intelligence

Maintains operational cognition during transformation. No evidence of regression to feral behavior unless provoked by trauma triggers (see Incident #091).

Proficient in abstract planning, real-time threat analysis, and independent vector rerouting under compromised comms.

B. Emotional Regulation

Suppressed affect during operations. Exhibits high detachment, particularly in canine state.

Displays intuitive reading of emotional cues from both human and animal subjects. Empathic mimicry appears tactical rather than authentic.

C. Canine Subject Interaction

Capable of issuing non-verbal commands to domestic dogs and ferals. Effective in disrupting or redirecting threats posed by trained K9 units.

Behavioral reinforcement strategies suggest intuitive understanding of canine dominance hierarchies.

SECTION IV: TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT INTERFACE

Device: VOX-HALO UNIT 7 (Speech Relay Collar)

Purpose: Enables Shepherd to communicate in canine form via neural impulse-to-speech synthesis.

Construction: Titanium-carbide housing; layered biometric mesh; embedded Q-band encryption node.

Functionality: Interprets subvocal electrical signals and brainwave patterns to articulate human-equivalent language output.

Limitations:

Latency (~250–300 ms) under stress conditions Signal disruption in EM-dense zonesRequires re-sync post-shift for phoneme calibration

SECTION V: OPERATIONAL SPECIALIZATIONS

Bio-Tracking & Residue Analysis (real-time genetic target ID through scent/vocal trace matching)

Counter-Persona Interrogation Resistance (fragmented memory encoding prevents strategic leaks if captured)

Behavioral Manipulation (direct influence over canine populations; contextual manipulation of human behavioral cues)

Tactical Foresight & Pattern Anticipation (predictive modeling in unpredictable terrain)

Environmental Navigation & Substructure Mapping (notably high spatial memory in complex architecture)

Long-Term Surveillance in Hostile Terrain (maintains passive reconnaissance in feral state undetected)

Pack-based Engagement Strategies (demonstrates ability to coordinate with autonomous or semi-autonomous canine assets)

SECTION VI: LIMITATIONS AND RISK FACTORS

Shift Instability Under Neurological Stress: Intense psychological or physical duress can cause involuntary shifting or memory fragmentation.

Feral Lock States: Extended time in canine form can lead to suppressed human identity markers; subject may become unresponsive to recall protocols.

Verbal Delay in Shifted Form: Despite the VOX-HALO collar, speech output remains delayed and prone to error in rapid-communication scenarios.

Hostile Conditioning Thresholds: Displays lower resistance to certain ultrasonic frequencies used in anti-animal deterrents.

Emotional Dysregulation Triggers: Strong emotional stimuli related to past trauma (see Incident #030) can disrupt task focus and cause aggression or withdrawal.

Operational Limitation Post-Morphogenic Exposure Risk Evaluation Summary: Shepherd undergoes full cellular deconstruction and reformation during morphogenic transitions between human and caniform states. Upon reversion to human form, all integrated clothing, tactical equipment, and external gear are nullified by the biological transmutation process. The subject re-emerges nude, without protective coverage or field-ready attire.

Operational Risks Identified:

Environmental Exposure: Susceptibility to hypothermia, chemical agents, or abrasions in uncontrolled terrain.

Tactical Vulnerability: Immediate post-shift incapacity to engage, defend, or retreat due to lack of armor or armament.

Unit Disruption: Potential for distraction, morale disruption, or psychological discomfort among human personnel.

Public Exposure Risk: In civilian-adjacent operations, post-shift emergence could compromise mission secrecy and provoke incident escalation.

Discretion Protocol: Visual engagement of Shepherd during reversion is to be limited. Non-essential visual contact is to be restricted.

Additional Notes: The issue remains physiological and currently unresolvable via augmentation without compromising morphogenic fluidity. A prosthetic gear-retention solution is under review but deemed non-viable in rapid-shift scenarios as of the latest R&D cycle.

SECTION VII: INCIDENT LOG EXCERPTS

Incident #030 – Exposure to Stimulus ("Whistle Echo Variant") Date: 14 Jan 2023 Outcome: Temporary feral lock lasting 5h17m. Operative displayed territorial aggression. No operatives injured. Induced via unknown high-frequency pattern in proximity mine.

Incident #091 – Tactical Disengagement (Morocco Urban Cleft) Date: 26 Sep 2024 Outcome: Subject entered canine form mid-assault and failed to re-establish identity for 3.4 hours. Autonomous escape and later regrouping suggest partial operational memory retention. Collar data lost in transit.

Incident #117 – Forced Capture Test Date: 09 Feb 2025 Outcome: Subject resisted physical interrogation for 72 hours. Under simulated neural interrogation, subject's memory nodes shifted erratically, preventing clean data extraction.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE [CONFIDENTIAL – REDACTED]

Diagnosed with Controlled Identity Dissociation due to dual consciousness bleed Behavioral Overlay: Canine Imprinting ResidualsCompulsion: Cataloging animal trauma in encrypted field logs Displays signs of interspecies empathy inversion: higher emotional response to canines than humans Regular debriefings required post-shift to confirm cognitive cohesion Trust rating: Satisfactory (fluctuating) Loyalty tier: ██ (Observed Deviations) Note: Obedience - Absolute.

Watchlist Tag: "If he breaks, do not attempt containment. End him."

Behavioral Note (per Division Psych Lead): “If Shepherd is lost to his canine identity mid-field, he becomes invisible—but also irretrievable. We don’t track him when he's in that state. We observe. From afar.”

CLASSIFIED — AUTHORIZED MEDICAL PERSONNEL ONLY

Subject: Medical and Enhancement History Report Operative Call Sign: Shepherd Date: May 20, 2025 Prepared by: Division Medical and Biotechnical Services

Incident Date: 2022-04-15 Injury: Shrapnel wounds to left forelimb and minor lung puncture Outcome: Immediate field stabilization, followed by surgical removal of shrapnel fragments and lung repair at forward operating base hospital. Six weeks recovery with physical therapy. Enhancements/Surgery: Introduction of subdermal armor plating in left forelimb to prevent similar injuries; enhanced respiratory efficiency implant to improve oxygen intake post-injury.

Incident Date: 2023-01-10 Injury: Compound fracture of right hind leg due to blast exposure Outcome: Emergency orthopedic surgery including insertion of titanium rod and joint reconstruction. Extended rehabilitation including advanced kinetic therapy. Enhancements/Surgery: Cybernetic tendon reinforcement installed post-healing to improve joint strength and durability; pain receptor modulation implant for increased pain tolerance.

Incident Date: 2023-07-22 Injury: Severe lacerations and nerve damage from close combat engagement Outcome: Microsurgical nerve repair and skin grafts conducted; partial sensory loss initially observed with gradual return over three months. Enhancements/Surgery: Neural interface upgrade for enhanced reflexes and motor control; dermal regeneration accelerator installed to speed up healing in future injuries.

Incident Date: 2024-03-05 Injury: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by explosion shockwave Outcome: Intensive neurorehabilitation, including cognitive and motor skill therapies; implanted neural stabilizer to reduce inflammation and enhance brain plasticity. Enhancements/Surgery: Neural enhancement implant to improve situational awareness and reaction times; protective cranial plating surgically added to prevent future injuries.

Incident Date: 2024-11-17 Injury: Severe torso bruising and multiple rib fractures from vehicle rollover. Outcome: Surgical realignment of ribs, internal stabilization with biocompatible materials, and extended recovery with respiratory therapy. Enhancements/Surgery: Enhanced muscular reinforcement in torso area to absorb shock better; advanced pain modulation system installed to maintain operational capacity under duress.

SPECIALIZATIONS

Shifter Reconnaissance – Stealth Tier III (Caniform)

Bio-Tracking and Genetic Residue Analysis

Behavioral Manipulation (Canine and Human Subjects)

Canine-Based Infiltration Techniques (Enhanced Scent Masking, Terrain-Adaptive Stealth)

Counter-Persona Interrogation Resistance

Advanced Tactical Evasion and Pursuit

Environmental Adaptation and Survival (Urban and Wilderness)

Canine-Enhanced Sensory Surveillance (Olfactory and Auditory Amplification)

K9-Assisted Target Acquisition and Identification

Rapid Response and Extraction Operations

Tactical Communication and Nonverbal Signaling

Close Quarters Threat Neutralization

Combat-Integrated Tracking and Flanking Maneuvers

Low-Visibility Movement and Silent Navigation

Enhanced Pain Tolerance and Injury Recovery

Psychosensory Signal Disruption (Canine Howl Emulation for Area Confusion)

Counter-Surveillance and Detection Evasion

Multi-Terrain Mobility and Climbing Proficiency

Operational Camouflage Adaptation (Fur Pattern Shifting and Texture Modulation)

LIMITATIONS

Canine Phenotypic Shift Cognitive Decline: Upon full transformation into canine morphology, higher-order executive functions and complex tactical reasoning are significantly impaired, resulting in reliance on instinctual behaviors that may hinder mission-specific objectives.

Verbal Communication Restriction: In canine form, expressive communication is limited to nonverbal signaling and basic command comprehension, thereby reducing effective real-time coordination with human operatives. To mitigate this, a custom-engineered neural-linked collar—designated Vox-Halo Unit 7—has been implemented.

Sensory Modality Vulnerability: Exposure to extreme environmental factors such as hyperthermia or toxic chemical agents attenuates olfactory and other heightened sensory functions, diminishing tracking and detection capacity.

Physical Trauma Susceptibility: Despite augmented regenerative and endurance capabilities, Shepherd remains vulnerable to high-impact ballistic trauma and sustained blunt force injuries, which transiently impair operational effectiveness.

Engagement Range Limitation: Combat proficiency is primarily restricted to close-quarters; proficiency with ranged weaponry is suboptimal, necessitating support elements for medium to long-range threat neutralization.

Cognitive-Identity Disassociation: Prolonged duration in canine form or repeated canine-hominid identity shifts may precipitate episodes of cognitive disorientation or temporary loss of self-awareness, compromising operational reliability.

Cybernetic Maintenance Dependency: Enhanced physical and sensory augmentations require scheduled recalibration and maintenance; operational degradation occurs in the absence of routine servicing or if systems are compromised.

Infiltration Countermeasure Sensitivity: Although adept in unconventional infiltration, Shepherd’s biological and sensory enhancements are susceptible to detection by advanced biometric and bio-signature surveillance technologies.

Manual Dexterity Deficiency: The canine anatomical form imposes significant limitations on fine motor skills, restricting capability for complex tool manipulation, technical sabotage, or field repairs.

Psychological Stress Response: Exposure to high-stress combat environments or trauma-associated stimuli can induce atypical behavioral responses, including heightened aggression or withdrawal, necessitating ongoing psychological evaluation and support.

SKILLS

Proficient

Close Combat Mastery

Acrobatics & Evasion

Perception

Battlefield Endurance

Stealth & Infiltration

Expertise:

Pain Tolerance

Substandard:

Seduction

Cryptograms & Codebreaking

KNOWN ANOMALIES

Subject retains partial "residual scent memory" across forms.

Exhibits involuntary memory recall of K9 partner deceased during Operation ███████.

Regular unauthorized logging of animal casualties.

🗂️ MISSION LOGS – CLASSIFIED SLTH OPS

MISSION: MOTHER TONGUE Location: Novosibirsk Oblast, Russian Federation Date: ██/██/20██ Objective: Infiltrate abandoned research site formerly operated under Soviet Directive Красный Глотка ("Red Throat"). Extract cognitive imprint data from canine-based neural wetware prototypes. Operative Assigned: Agent SHEPHERD (solo, Sloth insertion) Status: ✅ OBJECTIVE RECOVERED – SITE COMPROMISED Casualties: 3 (hostiles), 12 (canine test subjects) Post-Op Psychological Score: Borderline-Flagged (Tier 2 Dissociation Signs Present)

Extracted Log [REDACTED]:

“Site was frozen beneath six meters of ice and silence. It didn’t feel abandoned. The dogs were still there—wired, suspended. No sedation. Some were still blinking. They kept looking toward the corner of the room… as if something was there. I didn't see it. But I heard it. A sound like breathing through water.”

“Data was stored in bone. Implanted microchips behind the orbital ridge—wetware designed to carry imprint memories. They weren’t studying obedience. They were recording language. The dogs were speaking… but not with mouths. With static.”

“I euthanized the subjects. Quick. Clean. I kept one piece. Just one skull. It still hums when I touch it.”

RED FLAG: Agent extracted unauthorized relic (biological remains) against directive. Post-Mission Directive: Agent under Tier-1 Cognitive Watch for residual imprint bleed. Subject claims no memory of return flight or initial post-op debrief.

Internal Note [Director ███████]:

“We told him to extract code. He brought back ghosts.”

MISSION: GLASS PRAYER

Location: Haifa, Israel Date: ██/██/20██ Objective: Embedded as stray for 6 days inside biotech security compound. Recover prototype genetic stabilizer. Status: ✅ RECOVERED Anomalies: Subject remained in canine form for 142 consecutive hours. No reversion recorded.

Extracted Log [REDACTED]:

“…man in the courtyard fed me each morning. Called me 'Kelev.' Didn’t know I understood. He talked about his daughter. Told me secrets. Where the vault was. What he’d buried. Day six, I took the drive from his pocket. He cried when I ran. I didn’t look back. The leash tightens when they trust you.”

MISSION: REBIRTH

Location: [REDACTED] Date: ██/██/20██ Objective: ████████ Status: ██ Notes: Operation during which subject’s shifter state first manifested. Incident classified under Pandora Directive X/13. Only surviving operative. No visual data recovered. All environmental surveillance “glitched.”

Post-Op Incident Report:

“…I was watching Juno die and I wasn’t in my body. I felt the hair before I saw it. I heard something scream inside my head—my voice, but not. I shifted for the first time. And I didn’t come back for three days.”

Outcome: Full biogenic transition. Induction into Pandora Gluttony Division.

🔒 ADDITIONAL FILES (ACCESS RESTRICTED TO OMEGA-LEVEL):

[ ] DOG 19 Incident File – Content Locked[ ] JUNO Termination Record – Redacted by Order 5C[ ] Directive A-Null: “Fail-safes for Subject Shepherd”

🔻 END OF FILE

“He is what happens when loyalty breaks and reforms with teeth.” – Pandora Internal Memo

[sngl-led-auto-lights]

Why does one side of my car's headlights always blow out?

Recurring failure of a headlight on only one side of your car typically signals an isolated electrical, environmental, or mechanical issue affecting that specific circuit. Here’s a step-by-step guide to diagnose and fix the problem:

Common Causes & Solutions Vibration Damage (Most Common)

Why: Rough roads or engine vibrations fatigue the filament in halogen bulbs. The side closer to the engine (e.g., driver’s side in LHD cars) often fails first.

Fix:

Install vibration-resistant bulbs (e.g., Philips XtremeVision, SNGL).

Add anti-vibration pads to the headlight assembly. Moisture Intrusion

Why: A cracked lens, bad seal, or missing dust cap lets condensation corrode contacts or cause thermal shock.

Fix:

Inspect for cracks/haze; reseal with butyl tape or replace the housing.

Use silica gel packs inside the headlight to absorb moisture. Poor Ground Connection

Why: Corroded/loose ground wires cause voltage fluctuations, overheating the bulb.

Fix:

Locate the ground point (near headlight or on chassis).

Clean corrosion with a wire brush, apply dielectric grease, and tighten. Voltage Spikes or Drops

Why: A failing alternator, bad voltage regulator, or weak battery sends uneven power.

Test: Use a multimeter to check voltage at the bulb socket (engine running):

Normal: 13.5–14.5V.

Problem: <12V (wiring issue) or >15V (alternator failure). Damaged Socket or Wiring

Why: Melted/burnt sockets or frayed wires restrict current flow, causing overheating.

Fix:

Replace the socket/harness.

Apply dielectric grease to contacts to prevent corrosion. Faulty Relay or Switch

Why: A failing headlight relay can send erratic power to one side.

Test: Swap the left/right relays (if separate) to see if the problem moves.

Diagnostic Checklist Swap the Bulbs

Move the "good" bulb to the problematic side. If it blows, the bulb isn’t at fault. Check Voltage at the Socket

Test with a multimeter while the headlight is on (ideal: 12–14.5V). Inspect for Moisture

Look for condensation, water droplets, or green corrosion on contacts. Examine the Fuse

Some cars have separate fuses per side; replace even if it looks intact.

Prevention Tips Always replace bulbs in pairs to ensure even performance.

Upgrade to LEDs: More vibration/voltage-tolerant (ensure CANBUS compatibility).

Install a relay harness: Bypasses factory wiring for stable power (e.g., Putco 240008).

Avoid touching halogen bulbs: Skin oils create hotspots that shorten lifespan.

When to See a Mechanic If basic fixes fail, suspect: A short circuit in the wiring harness.

Faulty body control module (BCM).

Parasitic drain overloading the circuit.

⚠️ Ignoring this can lead to:

Repeated bulb replacements ($).

Electrical fires from overheated wires.

Failed safety inspections.

Pro Tip: For recurring issues, a $50 professional electrical diagnostic can save hundreds in guesswork. Most problems stem from grounding faults or voltage irregularities—address these first! 🔧🔦

[covid-safer-hotties]

Also preserved on our archive

By Michael J. Peluso & E. Wesley Ely

Neurocognitive symptoms, including an impaired ability to process and memorize information, are among the most common and debilitating manifestations of long COVID, a disease experienced by as many as 400 million people worldwide, by one recent estimate (Z. Al-Aly et al. Nature Med. 30, 2148–2164; 2024). These symptoms, which can develop alongside those resulting from diseases of the lungs, heart and other organs, affect patients’ everyday functioning for months or even years following COVID-19. Matthew Fitzgerald, a 28-year-old former engineer at Tesla, described his long-COVID-related impairment during a clinic visit: “I’m a shell of myself. My physical issues aren’t half as bad as my brain problems. You can say brain fog, but that doesn’t come close to doing it justice.”

Extreme cases of long COVID stand out — authors who cannot write; nurses who fear making a medical error — but symptoms for most people are more insidious. Many long-COVID patients have neurological problems that meet the criteria for what would normally be considered age-related mild cognitive impairment, or mild to moderate dementia.

Over the past 30 years, US$42.5 billion have been spent on Alzheimer’s research, with limited progress. A decade ago, in part owing to the discovery of neurocognitive symptoms among younger, previously healthy people with complex illness in the intensive care unit, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) designated a category known as Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) to describe neurological conditions that rob people of their memory and personhood. There is now ample evidence that both older and younger people with long COVID and other infection-associated chronic conditions are at risk of developing ADRD.

As a result, the NIH and other institutions around the world have begun to expand the scope of dementia research to include long COVID under the funding umbrella of ADRD. We serve as co-investigators on a soon-to-launch National Institute on Aging-funded phase III trial to test whether baricitinib, an immune-modulating medication, can improve symptoms of patients with ADRD from long COVID. We hope that this and similar work will open the door for studies of other infection-associated chronic conditions, including myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and post-treatment Lyme disease.

Brain studies of COVID patients have been among the most revealing science to emerge from the pandemic. Patient scans reveal structural changes, such as in regions near the olfactory tracts and in specific areas of the blood–brain barrier, a membrane that protects the central nervous system from blood-borne toxins and pathogens. Signs of inflammation are sometimes present, and viral remnants have been found in brain specimens of people who died.

Much remains unknown about how long COVID develops and can be treated, but research on the interplay between our immune and nervous systems could provide clues. Scientists have identified how vagal neurons, which connect the brain to the rest of the body, can relay information about pathogens to the brain stem by increasing or dampening the immune response, for example (H. Jin et al. Nature 630, 695–703; 2024). Many researchers have hypothesized that abnormalities in vagal signalling, potentially set off by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, can drive long COVID.

Considering that long COVID affects more than 5% of people infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the risk that some of these patients will develop a rapidly acquired ADRD, there now exists a critical mass of people to study in this category. Vast resources will be needed to untangle how SARS-CoV-2 infection causes long COVID and how it might be prevented and treated. This line of research could have major implications for autoimmune diseases, in general, and neuro-inflammatory conditions, in particular.

Funding organizations are beginning to respond. Beyond the NIH’s US$1.15 billion RECOVER initiative to support long-COVID research, institutes within the NIH are increasingly supporting studies of neurologic long COVID. Major funders in Europe and elsewhere are also stepping up. But more commitments are urgently needed. With sustained investment in long-COVID research, there is enormous potential to inform future directions in ADRD — an area that in the coming years will contend with rapidly escalating patient numbers that are expected to reach 139 million globally in 2050, up from 55 million in 2020. It is crucial that we do not lose momentum.

Nature 634, S11 (2024)

doi: doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-03047-4

[forme-non-directive]

Explorer des formes sans instruction fonctionnelle

Certaines structures matérielles existent sans répondre à une logique d’activation. Elles ne sont ni conçues pour déclencher un geste, ni pensées pour orienter un usage. Elles se situent dans une autre approche : celle de la disponibilité non conditionnée. Une forme déposée peut ainsi se présenter sans imposer, sans suggérer, sans réduire l’interprétation à une trajectoire unique.

Ce qui est mis en avant ici, ce n’est pas l’absence, mais la possibilité d’un contact non scénarisé. L’objet, s’il ne porte aucune attente explicite, laisse pourtant la place à une interaction modulable. On peut s’en rapprocher ou s’en éloigner, sans conséquence, sans validation. Il ne s’agit pas de chercher un effet, mais de percevoir ce qu’une coexistence discrète permet d’ouvrir.

Cette posture demande un changement de regard. Dans un environnement où tout tend à solliciter, à guider, à répondre à un besoin identifié, ces formes font exception. Leur rôle n’est pas défini à l’avance. Ce sont des supports sans prédiction, qui n’instruisent pas le corps mais qui peuvent l’accompagner si celui-ci en ressent le besoin. Il ne s’agit pas de posture ni de fonction, mais de conditions minimales d’usage possible.

Dans cette optique, la matière ne devient pas passive : elle devient réceptive sans cadre. Elle accepte le geste sans y répondre, et c’est précisément cette non-réaction qui constitue sa force. Ce que l’on approche alors, ce n’est pas un dispositif, mais une structure tolérante, suffisamment ouverte pour s’ajuster sans jamais se refermer.

Cette approche modifie également la lecture de l’espace. L’environnement n’est plus composé d’éléments à utiliser, mais d’éléments à interpréter. Et dans cette liberté, c’est le corps lui-même qui détermine les modalités de relation. Le volume posé n’indique pas. Il se contente de rester là, stable, non envahissant, prêt à soutenir si cela s’impose naturellement, sans signal préalable.

Ce sont ces formes non directives qui permettent une autre manière d’être en rapport avec ce qui nous entoure. Une manière lente, fluide, sans anticipation, où le mouvement n’est ni restreint ni orienté. Ce que l’on découvre alors, c’est un environnement qui laisse faire — sans bloquer, sans pousser, sans déclencher.

Stabilité matérielle et absence de réponse programmée

Dans un contexte saturé de signaux, il est rare de croiser des éléments qui n’attendent rien. La plupart des objets renvoient à un usage. Ils sollicitent, ils dirigent, ils sont porteurs d’une fonction identifiable. À l’inverse, certains dispositifs matériels adoptent une forme d’inertie volontaire. Ils sont stables, mais ne cherchent pas à engager. Leur présence n’est pas conditionnée par une interaction. Ils restent disponibles sans provoquer.

Cette stabilité est précieuse. Elle ne repose pas sur l’immobilité, mais sur la neutralité d’activation. Ce sont des éléments qui accompagnent sans inscrire de trajectoire. Ils ne déclenchent pas de suite logique. Ils ne sont pas des relais vers une action. Leur potentiel est dans leur constance : une matière, un appui, une forme identifiable qui ne formule rien. Elle ne pose pas de question. Elle ne donne pas non plus de réponse.

Ce type de disposition ouvre un champ d’expérience particulier. Le geste n’est pas appelé. Il peut se produire, ou non. Et cette indifférence apparente n’est pas un défaut : c’est ce qui rend l’usage fluide. Il n’y a pas de délai. Pas de bon moment. Pas de manière correcte de s’approcher. Le contact peut être interrompu à tout instant, repris autrement, modifié sans déséquilibre. L’élément ne réagit pas. Il permet.

C’est cette permissivité matérielle qui modifie l’usage. Loin d’un système prévisible, ces formes installent une répétition calme, un environnement non directif où le corps peut ajuster ses postures en continu. Il n’y a pas d’interface, pas d’interpellation, pas de retour à gérer. Le volume posé devient un point d’ancrage flottant, réutilisable, silencieux.

Dans ces conditions, la matière cesse d’être une fonction. Elle devient un support minimal, juste assez pour stabiliser un mouvement ou donner un repère. Ce n’est ni un outil ni un mobilier. C’est une présence qui ne s’impose pas, mais qui reste en réserve. Et dans ce retrait, elle construit un espace libre, non hiérarchisé, compatible avec des formes d’attention ralenties.

Ce qui se joue ici dépasse l’esthétique ou le design. Il s’agit d’une approche du rapport au monde matériel où la non-intervention devient une qualité, et où le silence de la fonction ouvre la voie à des expériences nouvelles, non contraintes. C’est dans cette logique que s’inscrit l’exploration présentée sur ce site dédié aux agencements calmes, où les formes non activées sont pensées comme des ressources silencieuses.

Formes non contraignantes et disponibilité non dirigée

Lorsque l’on retire à un objet toute fonction explicite, il ne devient pas inutile. Il devient accessible autrement. Ce qu’il propose n’est plus une tâche, mais une cohabitation ouverte. Aucun scénario ne le précède. Aucune consigne ne l’oriente. Il est simplement là, dans une posture neutre, prêt à être intégré selon les besoins du moment, sans chercher à déterminer quoi que ce soit.

Ce type de disposition silencieuse et non contraignante fait l’objet d’une analyse approfondie dans cet espace de recherche dédié, où les agencements calmes sont explorés comme alternatives à l’usage imposé. Elle ne prépare rien non plus. Ce qu’elle autorise, c’est une liberté d’usage qui s’ancre dans la variabilité. L’objet ne contrôle pas les gestes. Il ne réagit pas au mouvement. Il ne transforme pas ce qui se produit autour de lui. Il attend sans insistance, et cette attente non marquée devient un point d’appui potentiel, stable et sans rigidité.

Cela change la manière dont le corps se positionne dans l’espace. Il n’a plus à s’adapter à un cadre précis. Il peut se déposer, se redresser, s’écarter. Il n’y a ni erreur, ni optimisation. Ce que l’objet offre, c’est un fond tolérant, un contexte qui ne juge pas la manière dont il est approché. Cela crée un rapport nouveau, délié des attentes habituelles liées à l’utilisation.

Dans ce cadre, les formes prennent un autre statut. Elles deviennent des ressources discrètes, souvent ignorées dans les environnements dirigés. Leur efficacité réside dans l’absence d’instruction. Elles n’absorbent pas l’attention. Elles laissent se construire un rythme, un appui, une posture — ou simplement un moment sans mouvement.

Percevoir sans orienter : une présence laissée ouverte

Dans un environnement saturé de signaux et d’intentions, certaines formes se distinguent par leur neutralité délibérée. Elles ne se donnent pas comme des objets à activer, ni comme des interfaces à décrypter. Elles existent, simplement, dans une zone perceptive sans direction assignée. Cette absence de guidage crée une relation nouvelle : le regard, le geste ou la pensée ne sont plus tenus par un parcours prédéfini.

Il ne s’agit pas d’un retrait complet, ni d’un vide. Au contraire, c’est souvent dans cette suspension des usages que quelque chose se réveille. Une forme immobile, une texture non sollicitée, un volume laissé à lui-même — tous ces éléments participent à une autre manière de ressentir l’espace. L’interaction, ici, ne commence pas par une fonction, mais par une cohabitation lente. On ne prend pas, on ne manipule pas : on perçoit en parallèle, sans déclenchement.

Cette disposition particulière appelle un autre rythme. Celui de l’attention dispersée, du mouvement hésitant, du regard flottant. Ce qui est perçu n’est pas ce que l’objet veut montrer, mais ce que l’on découvre en se tenant à côté. Ce mode relationnel modifie aussi le statut de l’observateur : on n’est plus dans une posture d’action, mais dans une présence partagée — sans enjeu, sans tension.

De nombreuses installations silencieuses dans les espaces contemporains reposent sur ce principe. Un objet peut être là sans but, mais non sans effet. Il peut rester muet, mais inscrire quelque chose dans la durée. C’est ce que permet ce type de forme : ni alerte ni message, mais une trace douce et continue dans la perception. Rien ne presse, rien ne bloque. Et pourtant, la forme agit, mais d’une manière presque invisible.

Adopter cette perspective, c’est aussi repenser notre rapport au matériel. Plutôt que de chercher ce que cela “fait”, on peut simplement s’autoriser à observer ce que cela laisse faire — ou non. Il ne s’agit pas de créer du sens, mais de laisser émerger une sensation non forcée. En cela, ce type d’objet devient un support de perception sans instruction : il ne produit rien de spectaculaire, mais propose un espace de lecture où chacun peut se positionner librement, selon ses propres seuils.

[brainanalyse]

Function of Brain Stem

Introduction 

The brain stem, often referred to as the “gateway to the brain,” is a vital component of the central nervous system responsible for regulating essential bodily functions and facilitating communication between the brain and the rest of the body. Comprising the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, this intricate structure plays a crucial role in sustaining life and maintaining homeostasis.

1. Regulation of Basic Life Functions

At the core of its function, the brain stem governs fundamental physiological processes necessary for survival, including heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure regulation. The medulla oblongata, situated at the base of the brain stem, serves as a control center for autonomic functions, such as breathing rate and heart rhythm, by monitoring sensory input and orchestrating appropriate responses.

2. Conduction Pathway for Sensory and Motor Signals

As a conduit between the brain and the spinal cord, the brain stem serves as a relay station for sensory information from the body to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the body. Nerve fibers ascend through the brain stem carrying sensory impulses towards the brain for processing, while descending fibers convey motor signals from the brain to the spinal cord, coordinating voluntary movements and reflex actions.

3. Integration of Reflexes

The brain stem plays a pivotal role in mediating reflex actions, automatic responses that occur in response to specific stimuli without conscious effort. Reflex arcs involving sensory receptors, afferent nerves, interneurons within the brain stem, and efferent nerves facilitate rapid, involuntary reactions to stimuli, such as withdrawing from pain or adjusting posture to maintain balance, ensuring swift and adaptive responses to environmental changes.

4. Control of Arousal and Consciousness

Crucially, the brain stem regulates levels of consciousness and arousal, exerting influence over wakefulness, alertness, and sleep-wake cycles. The reticular formation, a network of nuclei spanning the brain stem, modulates neural activity to promote wakefulness during periods of stimulation and facilitate transitions into sleep or altered states of consciousness, underscoring its pivotal role in regulating the overall level of cognitive awareness.

5. Coordination of Cranial Nerve Functions

Integral to its function, the brain stem houses nuclei responsible for controlling several cranial nerves involved in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic regulation of organs in the head and neck region. By coordinating the activities of these cranial nerves, the brain stem facilitates crucial functions such as vision, hearing, facial expressions, swallowing, and maintaining cardiovascular and respiratory homeostasis.

6. Facilitation of Postural Control and Balance

Moreover, the brain stem contributes to postural control and balance through its connections with the cerebellum, a structure located at the base of the brain. By integrating sensory feedback from the body and coordinating motor commands, the brain stem helps maintain stability and equilibrium, enabling smooth and coordinated movements essential for navigating the environment safely.

7. Modulation of Autonomic Functions

Additionally, the brain stem modulates autonomic functions, regulating visceral activities such as digestion, urination, and sexual arousal through its influence on the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways originating in the brain stem orchestrate physiological responses to stress, rest, and various internal and external stimuli, ensuring adaptive adjustments to maintain internal balance and respond to changing environmental demands.

8. Regulation of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Functions

Furthermore, the brain stem plays a central role in regulating cardiovascular and respiratory functions, ensuring the delivery of oxygen-rich blood to tissues and organs and maintaining optimal gas exchange in the lungs. Through specialized nuclei and reflex pathways, the brain stem modulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing patterns in response to physiological needs and environmental cues, safeguarding vital organ perfusion and metabolic balance.

9. Contribution to Neuroendocrine Control

Lastly, the brain stem contributes to neuroendocrine control by serving as a bridge between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Hypothalamic nuclei within the brain stem integrate neural and hormonal signals, regulating the release of pituitary hormones that govern various physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress responses, thereby exerting profound influence over systemic homeostasis and adaptation.

Conclusion

In summary, the brain stem embodies the intricate interplay between neural structures and physiological functions, serving as a linchpin of the central nervous system’s regulatory machinery. Its diverse roles encompass vital autonomic, sensory, motor, and integrative functions essential for maintaining life, consciousness, and adaptive responses to internal and external stimuli. Through its complex networks and dynamic interactions, the brain stem exemplifies the remarkable complexity and resilience of the human brain, underscoring its paramount importance in sustaining health, vitality, and cognitive function.

FAQs

1. What is the primary function of the brain stem? The brain stem is responsible for regulating essential physiological functions, including breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as controlling basic involuntary movements like swallowing and vomiting.

2. How does the brain stem connect the brain to the rest of the body? The brain stem serves as a conduit between the brain and the spinal cord, facilitating the transmission of sensory and motor signals to and from the body’s peripheral nervous system.

3. What are the major anatomical divisions of the brain stem? The brain stem comprises three main regions: the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain, each with distinct structures and functions contributing to overall neural regulation and coordination.

4. How does the brain stem contribute to consciousness and arousal? The reticular formation, a network of nuclei located throughout the brain stem, plays a critical role in regulating wakefulness, attention, and arousal levels by modulating the activity of cortical and subcortical brain regions.

5. What happens when the brain stem is damaged? Damage to the brain stem can result in profound neurological deficits, including loss of consciousness, impaired vital functions such as breathing and heart rate, and disturbances in sensory and motor control, depending on the extent and location of the injury.

[daleeltrading]

Top 5 Must-Have Accessories for Every Electrical Panel

An electrical panel is the nerve center of any low-voltage power distribution system — responsible for delivering electricity safely and efficiently to various circuits. While the breakers and busbars often take the spotlight, it’s the accessories that enhance functionality, safety, monitoring, and reliability. Whether you’re an OEM, panel builder, or facility manager, equipping your panels with the right accessories can make all the difference.

In this article, we explore the top 5 must-have accessories for every electrical panel, based on industry best practices and real-world applications.

1. Cable Ducts and Trunking Systems

Purpose:

Cable ducts (also called wiring ducts or trunking) are essential for organizing and routing internal panel wiring. They prevent clutter, minimize the risk of short circuits, and make future maintenance more manageable.

Key Benefits:

· Improved safety through wire separation and insulation

· Neat, professional layout that meets electrical standards

· Ease of troubleshooting during inspections or servicing

Common Types:

· Slotted PVC ducts

· Halogen-free wiring ducts (for safety-critical environments)

· Flexible ducts for tight corners

Pro tip: Always select ducts with sufficient space for future cable additions — typically 20–30% free space is recommended.

2. Terminal Blocks and Marking Systems

Purpose:

Terminal blocks serve as connection points between internal and external wiring, ensuring a secure and modular setup. Combined with proper marking systems, they allow clear identification of circuits and functions.

Key Benefits:

· Safe and reliable wire termination

· Clear labeling for faster diagnostics

· Scalable for expansions and upgrades

Essential Variants:

· Feed-through terminal blocks

· Grounding terminals

· Fuse terminal blocks

· DIN-rail mounted marking strips or markers

Tip: Use color-coded terminals and labels according to IEC or local wiring codes for better clarity.

3. Panel Meters and Monitoring Devices

Purpose:

Modern electrical panels are not just passive distribution points — they are smart monitoring stations. Panel meters and current monitoring devices help track voltage, current, frequency, and power consumption.

Key Benefits:

· Real-time data for preventive maintenance

· Improved energy efficiency

· Quick response to load imbalance or faults

Popular Options:

· Digital voltmeters and ammeters

· Multi-function energy analyzers

· Load monitoring relays

Advanced choice: Consider smart monitoring units with Modbus or Ethernet communication for integration with BMS or SCADA systems.

4. Control and Signaling Devices

Purpose:

Control and signaling accessories like push buttons, selector switches, and pilot lights are critical for human-machine interaction. They allow operators to control, signal, and monitor operations within or from the front of the panel.

Key Benefits:

· Improved operator control and feedback

· Quick visual status indication

· Enhanced safety through emergency stop functions

Must-Have Components:

· Illuminated push buttons (Start/Stop)

· Pilot lights (for voltage presence or fault status)

· Emergency stop buttons

· Audible buzzers for alerts

Best Practice: Use IP65-rated front-panel devices for industrial environments to ensure durability and resistance to dust and moisture.

5. Surge Protection Devices (SPD)

Purpose:

Electrical surges — whether from lightning or switching operations — can damage panel components or connected equipment. SPDs protect against transient over voltages.

Key Benefits:

· Prevents costly downtime and equipment failure

· Increases the lifespan of electronics and controls

· Meets compliance with IEC 61643 or UL 1449 standards

Selection Tips:

· Choose SPDs according to system voltage (230V/400V) and risk level

· Type 1 for external surge protection, Type 2 for internal panel protection

· Consider combined Type 1+2 for comprehensive safety

Smart move: Pair SPDs with monitoring modules to track surge counts and SPD health.

Final Thoughts

When designing or upgrading your electrical panel, these five accessory categories are not just optional — they’re essential. They improve safety, functionality, compliance, and operational efficiency. Whether you’re building panels for industrial, commercial, or residential applications, investing in high-quality accessories will yield long-term benefits.

At Daleel Trading, we supply trusted low-voltage switchgear accessories from leading brands like Civaux — ensuring your panels are equipped with components that meet international standards.

Ready to upgrade your panel accessories?

Contact us today to learn more about our product range or request a consultation with our technical team.

[usafphantom2]

U.S. Navy declares IOC for its new UAS reconnaissance MQ-4C Triton

Fernando Valduga By Fernando Valduga 09/15/2023 - 14:00 in Military, UAV - UAV

The U.S. Navy officially declared the initial operational capability (IOC) of Northrop Grumman Corporation's MQ-4C Triton multi-manned unmanned aircraft on September 14.

Since its Early Operational Capability (EOC) milestone in May 2020, the MQ-4C Triton has operated within the U.S. Navy Pacific Fleet, conducting maritime intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) missions in the area of responsibility of the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command as the Navy's only unmanned, high-altitude, long-lived aircraft.

The MQ-4C Triton, manufactured for use by the U.S. Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), supports a wide range of missions. These include maritime patrol, signal intelligence, search and rescue operations, as well as communications relay tasks.

According to the producer, these aircraft offer persistent surveillance capabilities, assisting in predicting opposing actions and facilitating more effective joint military efforts and enterprises.

Operating at altitudes above 50,000 feet and boasting a 24-hour resistance, the Triton serves as a continuous communications retransmission center, ensuring connectivity between dispersed Navy units, while allowing commanders to operate with a shared operational overview.

“The Triton proved to be invaluable for the maritime patrol and reconnaissance mission in the Indo-Pacific. Now that the system has reached its initial operational capacity, commanders will be able to take full advantage of Triton's powerful set of sensors to detect and stop potential opponents around the world," said Rho Cauley Bruner, director of the Triton program at Northrop Grumman.

"The persistent global maritime awareness is fundamental to deter, or compete and win, our opponents. Triton ensures that we are making informed decisions and operating effectively anywhere in the world," added Captain Josh Guerre, manager of the U.S. Navy's persistent unmanned aircraft systems program.

Northrop Grumman provided the U.S. Navy with a total of five Triton aircraft equipped with multiple intelligence capabilities, with the most recent delivery occurring in June 2023.

Tags: Military AviationNorthrop Grumman MQ-4C TritonUASUSN - United States Navy/U.S. Navy

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Fernando Valduga

Fernando Valduga

Aviation photographer and pilot since 1992, he has participated in several events and air operations, such as Cruzex, AirVenture, Daytona Airshow and FIDAE. He has work published in specialized aviation magazines in Brazil and abroad. Uses Canon equipment during his photographic work throughout the world of aviation.

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[acupuncturefrome]

How Does Acupuncture Work? An In-Depth Look at This Ancient Healing Practice

Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese healing art that has fascinated and mystified people for over 2,500 years. It involves inserting ultra-thin needles into specific points on the body to treat a variety of health conditions and stimulate the body's self-healing abilities.

But how exactly does acupuncture work? In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore both the traditional Chinese medicine theories and modern scientific perspectives on the mechanisms behind acupuncture. We'll also cover what conditions it may help, what to expect during treatment, its safety profile, and tips on finding a qualified acupuncture practitioner.

A Brief History of Acupuncture

Acupuncture has roots in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for over 2,500 years. The general theory is that health depends on the proper flow and balance of qi (vital energy) through pathways or meridians in the body.

Illness or dysfunction occurs when there's an imbalance or blockage of qi flow. Inserting ultra-thin needles into strategic points along the meridians is believed to restore proper energy balance and flow, thus treating disease.

While the concepts of qi and meridians seem mystical, modern researchers have worked to explore the science behind acupuncture's effects. Let's take a closer look at some of the ways acupuncture may work and the evidence behind its use.

Proposed Mechanisms: How May Acupuncture Work?

Over 20,000 studies have explored acupuncture, and several mechanisms have been proposed to explain its therapeutic effects. However, the exact processes behind acupuncture remain only partially understood.

Here, we'll cover some of the leading theories on the complex ways acupuncture stimulation interfaces with the body on a physical and neurological level:

Central Nervous System Effects

One of the most well-researched mechanisms is acupuncture's ability to trigger activity in the central nervous system. Inserting needles at specific points activates sensory nerve fibres, which relay signals to the spinal cord and brain.

This nerve stimulation prompts the central nervous system to release natural chemicals and hormones like endorphins, serotonin, dopamine and oxytocin. These compounds can block pain, regulate mood and emotions, reduce inflammation, and more based on what areas of the brain or body are activated.

So, in simple terms, acupuncture leverages the communication network of the nerves to promote physical and mental wellbeing via chemical responses.

Local Tissue Effects

On a local level, acupuncture needle stimulation causes various tissue-level effects near the site of insertion. Research shows it can increase blood flow and oxygenation, activate connective tissue through mechanical coupling, and regulate local inflammation or swelling.

This helps explain why acupuncture applied in one specific body region can alleviate pain or problems at that body part. For example, needles are inserted into the lower back to treat chronic back pain.

Autonomic Nervous System Regulation

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls key involuntary functions like heart rate, breathing, digestion, and metabolism. Acupuncture has been shown to balance the ANS by modulating the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

This effect on ANS function may clarify why acupuncture can benefit conditions tied to the cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive and other systems.

Changes in Brain Chemistry and Function

Emerging research shows acupuncture can prompt wider changes in brain activity and chemistry by promoting neuroplasticity - the brain's ability to structurally adapt and rewire itself. Acupuncture may support beneficial neuroplastic changes that bolster overall brain health.

Placebo Effects

Lastly, the placebo effect likely plays some role as well. The simple belief that acupuncture will provide relief can activate self-healing processes tied to the mind-body connection. However, many studies indicate acupuncture has more substantial effects beyond just placebo.

Now that we've covered some potential mechanisms behind acupuncture, next we'll look at the wide range of health conditions it may benefit.

Health Conditions Acupuncture May Help

Acupuncture has been studied for over 50 different health problems, making it one of the most versatile complementary medicine approaches available today. Here we cover some of the main conditions it may help:

Chronic and acute pain - One of acupuncture's most well-proven uses, backed by abundant research, is alleviating numerous types of pain, including low back pain, neck pain, osteoarthritis, surgery-related pain, and headaches. It's widely embraced as a non-drug option for pain management.

Nausea and vomiting - Multiple studies confirm the ability of acupuncture to control nausea and vomiting tied to surgery, chemotherapy, or morning sickness during pregnancy. Specific wrist acupoints are routinely used.

Reproductive issues - Fertility challenges, menstrual disorders, and symptoms tied to menopause or PCOS are common applications for acupuncture. It may support better reproductive outcomes when done alongside fertility treatments.

Mood disorders - Via effects on brain chemistry, acupuncture can help relieve anxiety and depression, regulating emotional health by lifting mood and outlook.

Digestive problems - Issues like IBS, constipation, nausea and bowel irregularities may improve with acupuncture sessions targeting digestion-related acupoints.

Inflammatory conditions - The regulating effects acupuncture has on inflammation makes it useful for arthritis, asthma, skin conditions and autoimmune issues, according to emerging research.

Insomnia and fatigue - Studies indicate acupuncture can regulate sleep, energy and stamina when these are impaired, helping to treat exhaustion.

Addictions - Early research has explored acupuncture for quitting smoking, alcoholism, and drugs. The calming effects it has may curb cravings and anxiety.

This list just skims the surface of what health problems acupuncture may address either directly or as an adjunct therapy. Our understanding of its therapeutic potential and range of applications continues expanding as research continues.

What to Expect During Acupuncture Treatment

If you decide to try acupuncture for pain relief or other issues, here's a quick overview of what typically takes place during a session:

Initial consultation - You'll discuss your health concerns and symptoms, and your acupuncturist will conduct an exam checking your pulse, tongue, medical history and any problematic areas. This guides your customized treatment plan.

Needle insertion - You'll lie down, sit or sometimes even stand as your provider inserts sterile, single-use, ultra-thin needles. Depth varies from just touching the skin to a couple of inches deep into the muscle. Most feel no or minimal pain.

Needles left in place - Needles remain in strategic points anywhere from a few minutes to 30 minutes, with most people feeling minor sensations like tingling or dull pressure around the sites.

Number of treatments - A health issue you've had for a long time, like chronic lower back pain, may need 1-2 sessions per week for two months. More acute conditions resolve faster - for example, 8-12 sessions helping postoperative pain.

Follow-up and lifestyle advice - Discuss progress with your acupuncturist during and after finishing treatments. They can suggest diet, exercise, and stress relief tips.

So, in a nutshell, a typical acupuncture session involves targeted insertion of tiny needles just under the skin's surface at specific anatomical locations indicated for the health problems you want to address.

Is Acupuncture Safe? What Are the Risks?

When practised by a professionally trained and registered acupuncturist, this needling technique is widely regarded as extremely low-risk and safe for most people. However, some risks include:

Infection (rare with the use of sterile disposable needles)

Nerve injury or organ puncture with very deep needling

Increased bleeding risk if you have a bleeding disorder or take blood thinners

Mild side effects like bruising, soreness, or tiredness for a day after treatment are relatively common.

To reduce risks, always confirm your acupuncturist has proper credentials and training and uses single-use disposable needles. Alert them to any medical conditions you have or medications you take, as certain issues require extra precautions.

While largely safe compared to drug therapies, acupuncture isn't risk-free - but adverse events occur very rarely with competent practitioners.

How to Choose an Acupuncturist: Certification and Costs

With acupuncture growing more mainstream, an explosion of practitioners now offer it. However, credentials, competency levels, costs, and accepted insurance coverage vary greatly.

Here are a few quick tips on finding a skilled, certified acupuncturist in your region:

Confirm proper registration - Look for practitioners on a professional register, such as the Association of Acupuncture Clinicians.

Check ranges costs - Sessions average £45-£95+ throughout the UK, with coverage through many major insurance plans but also many exclusions. Confirm before your visit.

Look into practitioner's experience - Search online reviews and profiles. Don't hesitate to ask pointed questions before committing to more extended treatment. Finding the right acupuncturist for your needs is key.

 

The Takeaway: A Versatile Complementary Therapy Backed by Science

In summary, acupuncture leverages very fine needles inserted into specific anatomical points to stimulate nerve pathways and trigger healing responses - reducing pain, regulating organ function, curbing nausea, lifting mood and more based on which points get activated.

While some scepticism and mystery still surround this ancient needling practice, an increasing body of research points to its usefulness as an adjunct treatment modality for all kinds of health problems.

So, if you're dealing with chronic back or neck discomfort, wrestling with anxiety/depression, or battling fatigue related to autoimmune issues or cancer care, acupuncture is worth considering.

Finding an experienced licensed acupuncturist to tailor sessions to your needs makes all the difference in this complementary therapy, delivering symptom relief and restoring wellbeing.

FAQs About Acupuncture

1. What is acupuncture, and how does it work?

Acupuncture is an ancient practice involving the insertion of thin needles into strategic points on the body. It operates on various mechanisms, including traditional Chinese medicine concepts like qi, as well as modern understandings of neurophysiology, triggering nerves and muscles, and releasing chemicals like endorphins.

2. What are the traditional Chinese medicine explanations for acupuncture?

Traditional Chinese medicine views acupuncture as rebalancing the flow of qi (vital energy) through meridians. It suggests that illnesses arise from blocked or unbalanced qi, which acupuncture aims to rectify.

3. What are the neurological effects of acupuncture?

Acupuncture stimulates central nervous system pathways, triggering the release of chemicals such as endorphins and neurotransmitters. It also influences autonomic nervous system function.

4. How does acupuncture affect local tissues?

Acupuncture can increase blood flow and oxygenation to tissues and has effects on connective tissue, contributing to its therapeutic benefits.

5. Is there a placebo effect associated with acupuncture?

Yes, belief in the effectiveness of acupuncture may contribute to some of its therapeutic benefits, known as the placebo effect.

6. What are some health conditions that acupuncture may benefit?

Acupuncture has been shown to provide relief for various conditions such as chronic pain, back pain, arthritis, headaches, nausea/vomiting, fertility issues, mood disorders, inflammatory conditions, and overall wellness enhancement.

7. What does an acupuncture session involve?

An acupuncture session typically begins with an initial consultation and assessment of the health issue. Hair-thin sterile needles are then inserted into specific points on the body and left for a period of time. The number of treatments required depends on the condition being treated.

8. Is acupuncture safe?

When performed by a qualified practitioner, acupuncture is generally considered safe with minimal side effects. However, there is a risk of infection if proper hygiene and technique are not followed. Special considerations for individuals with certain medical conditions, such as pacemakers, may apply.

9. How can I find a qualified acupuncture practitioner?

Look for practitioners who have received adequate training and are registered with a professional acupuncture register. When choosing a practitioner, consider asking about their experience, expertise, and any additional certifications. It's also important to inquire about costs and whether acupuncture services are covered by insurance.

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[quartz-components]

Relays are important part of any electrical and electronic circuits. We use relays in control applications, switching applications, circuit protection applications and load transfer applications. Relays are also used to provide electrical isolation between two circuits. This 2-channel Relay module comes with Optocoupler protection is an active low relay module which means that the relay will conduct when the input signal falls below 2V and if it is above 2V then the relay is turned off you can also make it an active module by changing the jumper position on the power module.

[larsxinnyi]

Nante's Rugged Surge Defense Cabinets Protect Critical Equipment

In demanding industrial environments, an industrial socket box serves as the first line of defense against harmful electrical surges. When power fluctuations occur, sensitive machinery and control systems face the risk of damage or unexpected downtime. Equipped with built -in surge arresters and reinforced wiring paths, this enclosure transforms an ordinary outlet cluster into a resilient safeguard. By channeling sudden voltage spikes safely to ground, it preserves the integrity of downstream devices and maintains continuous operation under challenging conditions.

Surge events often result from lightning strikes, utility switching, or internal motor start -ups. Without proper dismissal of these transient spikes, equipment may suffer insulation breakdown, circuit board failures, or degraded operational life. The specialized arresters within these distribution cabinets feature metal oxide varistors or gas discharge tubes that respond within nanoseconds, shunting excess energy away from critical circuits. Unlike generic power strips, these systems integrate protective modules directly at distribution points, minimizing cable lengths and reducing vulnerability.

Design considerations extend far beyond simple surge modules. Industrial enclosures demand robust construction materials that withstand dust, moisture, and mechanical impact. Rugged polycarbonate or powder -coated steel housings with high ingress ratings seal out contaminants while allowing heat dissipation through dedicated vents. Reinforced knockouts and strain relief clamps secure conduit entries, preventing accidental cable displacement. Together, these features form a comprehensive barrier against harsh elements and electrical threats alike.

Maintenance accessibility remains a key advantage. Hinged service doors with secure latches grant technicians swift entry without full disassembly. Internal busbars and terminal strips arrange wiring in orderly rows, each protected by individual circuit breakers or fuses. Visual indicators, such as LED status lights, display arrester health, signaling replacement needs before protective capacity diminishes. Field -replaceable cartridges simplify upkeep, ensuring that surge defense remains optimal without extensive downtime or specialized tools.

Modern control centers also benefit from integration with monitoring networks. Select enclosures embed voltage sensing modules that relay power quality metrics over industrial buses or wireless links. Facility managers access real -time dashboards showing transient count, surge magnitude, and device status. Predictive alerts flag abnormal surge activity, prompting preventive measures before equipment degradation occurs. This connectivity elevates protective hardware into an intelligent component of a larger asset management ecosystem.

Safety certifications underpin confidence in these solutions. Compliance with stringent standards for surge protection, electrical insulation, and fire resistance guarantees that installed units meet rigorous performance benchmarks. Inspections by accredited bodies ensure that manufacturing processes uphold consistent quality. By choosing certified enclosures, operators demonstrate due diligence and often satisfy insurance requirements for damage prevention measures in high -value installations.

Customization options allow precise matching to application demands. Modules support varied protection levels, from lower clamping voltages ideal for sensitive control circuits to heavy -duty arresters suited for main distribution feeders. Additional features include integrated isolation switches, remote trip capabilities, and selectable grounding configurations. Whether deployed in outdoor substations, mobile power carts, or plant automation racks, these configurable cabinets adapt to site -specific requirements with ease.

Environmental considerations also influence material selection and lifecycle impact. Many suppliers prioritize recyclable housing materials and RoHS -compliant components that exclude hazardous substances. Energy -efficient designs minimize standby losses, and recycled feedstock reduces overall carbon footprint. Take -back programs for spent arrester cartridges promote circular reuse, aligning protective infrastructure with broader sustainability goals favored by forward -thinking organizations.

Investing in a robust surge defense cabinet yields tangible returns. Protected equipment experiences fewer unplanned stoppages, reducing repair costs and lost productivity. Extended component lifespan delays replacement cycles and contributes to predictable maintenance budgeting. Enhanced uptime translates into smoother operations, whether supporting continuous manufacturing lines, critical research facilities, or remote telecommunications towers that demand uninterrupted power quality.

By integrating advanced surge mitigation techniques, rugged construction, and smart monitoring capabilities, a modern industrial socket box delivers comprehensive defense for valuable systems. Choose this high -performance solution to safeguard motors, drives, sensors, and control panels against unpredictable electrical disturbances. For more information about scalable enclosures and tailored protective options, visit https://www.nante.com/product/ .

[sngl-led-auto-lights]

Why do my headlights keep going out?

The following is a systematic analysis and solution based on the problem of frequent headlight extinguishing of your vehicle:

I. Core fault causes 1. Circuit overload causes fuse to blow

Short circuit or overload: Damage to the insulation layer of the wiring harness (such as friction between the wiring harness and metal parts in the engine compartment) will cause a short circuit, or the modification of high-power LED bulbs (such as 100W) exceeds the original circuit design capacity.

Detection method: Use a multimeter to measure the resistance at both ends of the fuse. If it is close to 0Ω, there is a short circuit; if the resistance value is normal but the fuse blows repeatedly, it is necessary to check whether the load exceeds the standard.

2. Relay/switch aging failure

Relay contact adhesion: Long-term current shock causes contact oxidation, and the circuit cannot be disconnected normally, which may cause intermittent power outage of the headlight.

Carbonization of the combination switch: The internal contacts of the headlight switch form high resistance (>5Ω) due to arc erosion, resulting in voltage fluctuations that cause the light to flicker or go out.

3. Poor connector contact

Plug oxidation: When the headlight socket is damp, the metal contacts generate copper oxide (especially in rainy areas), the resistance increases to more than 10Ω, and the current transmission is unstable.

Wiring harness is not connected: The terminal is not tightened during maintenance or the vehicle vibration causes the connector to loosen (common in off-road vehicles), and the measured voltage fluctuation can reach ±3V.

4. Bulb and circuit compatibility issues

Poor quality LED modification: Non-automotive grade LED driver EMC is unqualified, generating high-frequency harmonics to interfere with BCM control signals.

Halogen filament breakage: After the filament is partially melted, it may be briefly overlapped, showing random extinguishing (typical symptoms at the end of life).

II. Diagnostic process and tools Step-by-step troubleshooting table: Step Operation Tool/parameter Normal value range 1 Check fuse specifications and blown state Visual inspection + multimeter Original rated current (usually 10-20A) 2 Measure headlight socket voltage (ignition switch ON) Digital multimeter 11.5-14.2V 3 Shake the wiring harness to observe light changes (simulate vibration interference) Manual test Voltage fluctuation should be <0.5V 4 Replace relay test Relay of the same model Contact resistance <0.1Ω 5 Read BCM fault code OBD-II diagnostic instrument (such as Autel) No U0100/U0155 code

III. Targeted solutions 1. Circuit protection upgrade

Replace slow-blow fuses (such as ATO series), which have a surge current resistance 300% higher than fast-blow fuses.

Install ceramic insulation sleeves to protect the wiring harness in the engine compartment, which can withstand temperatures up to 1000℃.

2. Connection reliability optimization

Replace the original tin-plated plugs with gold-plated terminals, and the contact resistance is reduced to below 0.02Ω.

Apply conductive silicone grease (such as Dow Corning DC-4) in the socket to prevent oxidation and enhance sealing.

3. Control module reset

Perform a hard reset on the BCM: disconnect the negative pole of the battery for 10 minutes to clear the historical fault memory.

Update BCM firmware: Some models (such as Volkswagen after 2018) need to be upgraded to SW026 or above to fix the lighting control BUG.

Fourth, repair costs and suggestions Fault type Typical repair solution Cost range (RMB) Fuse/relay replacement Original spare parts + labor ¥80-200 Wiring harness repair Partial wiring + heat shrink tube insulation ¥300-600 BCM programming 4S shop special equipment matching ¥500-1,200 Full vehicle lighting system detection Diagnostic instrument + load test ¥200-400

Operation warning:

Do not use copper wire instead of fuse, which may cause the wiring harness to melt (case: a car owner caused a cabin fire).

LED modification requires simultaneous upgrade of the cooling system, and it is recommended to choose an integrated assembly with IP67 protection level.

If self-diagnosis fails, it is recommended to use an infrared thermal imager to scan the circuit (abnormal heating points are often the source of the fault), or contact a professional technician to perform oscilloscope waveform analysis (capture power ripple and relay control signals).

[skyfallights]

India Electromechanical Components Industry: Transforming the Nation’s Manufacturing and Mobility Landscape

The India Electromechanical Components Industry is undergoing a technological renaissance, driven by the rise of smart manufacturing, electric mobility, and connected consumer devices. Valued at USD 4.7 billion in 2024, the industry is forecast to reach USD 10.2 billion by 2032, expanding at a strong CAGR of 10.3%. With increasing investments in electronics production and rising domestic demand, India is quickly becoming a strategic hub for electromechanical innovation.

These components, which include switches, motors, relays, and connectors, are the backbone of digital automation across industries — from automotive and telecom to energy and consumer appliances.

Industry Overview

Electromechanical components serve as essential links between electrical signals and mechanical movement. They perform key control, sensing, and actuation roles in both simple and complex systems.

In India, the industry is expanding in sync with government-backed initiatives like Make in India, PLI schemes, and smart city missions. The increase in localized manufacturing of EVs, smartphones, and industrial equipment is significantly boosting the demand for electromechanical components across sectors.

Market Share Insights

Automotive and EV Sector

The automotive segment commands a significant market share, with a surge in electric vehicle adoption and advanced electronics integration. Components like electric actuators, rotary switches, and control relays are essential in modern EVs for battery management, motor control, and safety systems.

Industrial Automation

India’s push for smart factories has placed automation at the forefront, accounting for a notable share of component consumption. Manufacturing industries now heavily rely on motors, sensors, and programmable relays to improve precision and productivity.

Consumer Electronics

This segment holds a large share in volume due to mass production of devices like washing machines, air conditioners, smart TVs, and smartphones. As consumers demand compact, smart, and energy-efficient appliances, manufacturers are sourcing advanced micro-switches, connectors, and motors.

Energy & Utilities

The smart grid and renewable energy initiatives are also expanding the market share of electromechanical components used in power transmission, control systems, and renewable integration units.

India Electromechanical Components Market Growth Drivers

1. Make in India and Localization Efforts

Government-backed initiatives are encouraging global companies to set up local production facilities, ensuring faster availability and reduced import dependency.

2. Rise in Electronics Exports

India’s role as an electronics exporter is growing. With favorable tax policies and infrastructure support, components used in exported goods are also contributing to market growth.

3. Surge in Electric Mobility

The EV revolution is one of the most significant growth drivers, with every electric vehicle containing multiple electromechanical parts in its powertrain, dashboard systems, and safety modules.

4. Smart Cities and IoT Proliferation

From intelligent lighting to automated waste systems, smart cities rely on thousands of integrated sensors and electromechanical relays, driving exponential growth.

5. Growth in Industrial Robotics

Automated assembly lines and robotic systems — especially in automotive and electronics — are key contributors to component demand and industrial modernization.

Competitive Landscape

Key players dominating the India Electromechanical Components Industry include:

ABB India

Schneider Electric

Honeywell Automation

Panasonic Life Solutions

TE Connectivity

Omron Automation

EPCOS India (TDK Group)

Havells India Ltd.

Delta Electronics

Molex India Pvt. Ltd.

These companies are investing in R&D, increasing production capacity, and forming OEM partnerships to cater to the growing local and global demand.

Opportunities and Challenges

Opportunities

Custom component design for EVs and industrial use

Component export to Middle East, Africa, and ASEAN regions

Strong demand from emerging sectors like medtech and IoT devices

Challenges

Supply chain complexity for precision materials

High competition in low-cost segments

Dependence on imports for certain high-spec components

Conclusion

The India Electromechanical Components Industry is on a high-growth trajectory fueled by automation, smart infrastructure, and digital transformation. The increasing India Electromechanical Components Market Share in global supply chains showcases India’s growing capabilities and manufacturing potential. Companies that invest in localization, customization, and sustainable production will be best positioned to capitalize on this rapidly evolving market.

Trending Report Highlights

Stay ahead with insights from these emerging high-potential markets:

Gyro Sensor Market

Led Light Bar Market

Tunnel Detection System Market

Blue Laser Diode Market

3D Cinema Screen Market

[world-of-controls]

How Do Contact Output Modules Improve Flexibility in Turbine Control Systems?

In modern industrial automation and turbine control environments, scalability and signal expansion are essential. As systems grow in complexity, they often require additional I/O capabilities—especially for sending command signals to auxiliary devices, alarms, and field relays. This is where Contact Output Expansion Modules, like the IS200DTBDG1A, come into play. These modules allow you to extend the number of dry contact outputs available within GE Mark VI or VIe control systems, providing greater control flexibility without the need for complete system overhauls. Let’s explore what contact output modules do, where they are used, and why they are essential for scalable and reliable turbine control architectures. What Is a Contact Output Expansion Terminal Module? A contact output module is a terminal board that provides additional relay outputs or dry contact points used to control field devices. The IS200DTBDG1A is a GE-designed board that interfaces with the main control processor to output discrete signals when triggered by automation logic. Each contact acts like an electrical switch, opening or closing based on the controller’s command—ideal for controlling: Relays Circuit breakers Solenoids Warning indicators Shutdown signals Key Functions of the IS200DTBDG1A Board 1. Signal Expansion for Complex Systems As control systems grow—whether through added sensors, alarms, or safety functions—the need for more outputs increases. This board adds dedicated dry contact outputs without needing to replace or upgrade the main controller. 2. Discrete Command Signal Control Each contact output can represent a binary state (on/off) to trigger critical field equipment. This makes it ideal for alarm systems, motor starters, and interlock systems. 3. Integration with GE Mark VI Systems The module is fully compatible with GE’s Mark VI/VIe platforms, ensuring seamless integration without signal mismatch or configuration issues. 4. Rugged, Industrial Design Designed for harsh conditions found in turbine enclosures and control panels, the IS200DTBDG1A can operate reliably in environments with high vibration, temperature fluctuations, and electrical noise. Where Is It Used? The IS200DTBDG1A contact output module is commonly used in: Gas and steam turbine control panels Power plant automation systems Industrial DCS/PLC cabinets Oil & gas skids and compressor control units Its key role is to transmit safe, isolated command signals to field devices from the central control logic. Operational Benefits ✔ Scalability Instead of replacing a controller when output points are maxed out, you can simply add modules like the IS200DTBDG1A for quick expansion. ✔ Isolation and Protection Contact outputs are electrically isolated, which protects the main controller from voltage spikes or grounding issues in field wiring. ✔ Simplified Maintenance With clearly labeled terminals and test points, these boards make it easy for technicians to troubleshoot and verify control signals during shutdowns or commissioning. Installation and Maintenance Considerations To ensure long-term reliability: Use shielded cables to avoid interference Regularly check terminals for secure connections Verify logic mapping in the controller to confirm that outputs are assigned correctly Also, replacing these modules with OEM-certified hardware—such as the IS200DTBDG1A—ensures continued compatibility and system reliability. Conclusion In critical control systems like those found in gas and steam turbines, every signal matters. The IS200DTBDG1A Contact Output Expansion Terminal Module ensures that your control system has the flexibility, reliability, and capacity to scale with operational needs. Whether you're automating alarms, controlling breakers, or sending trip signals, this module provides a trusted, field-proven interface for executing your most essential commands. For operators and engineers alike, it's an indispensable component for robust and responsive turbine automation.

[teardownit]

Matrix Connection: Few Pins, Many Options

4+4=8, 4×4=16. It often happens that a microcontroller or other chip has too few pins. You can use a more complex and expensive microcontroller, or you can multiplex the pins. Today I will describe one of the ways to do this.

In previous posts, we have already talked about decoders and demultiplexers, as well as shift registers.

In the first case, an n-bit binary number can point to one of the decoder outputs, the number of which is equal to two to the power of n.

For example, the 74HC138 3:8 demultiplexer chip allows you to light up eight LEDs or turn on eight relays using only three microcontroller pins or three communication wires between devices.

However, this scheme does not allow activating several outputs simultaneously. In the case of LEDs, we can take advantage of the persistence of human vision and constantly send different numbers to the inputs of the 74HC138. If the frequency of numbers changing exceeds 24 hertz, then it will seem to us that from 0 to 8 LEDs are lit simultaneously and continuously.

It should be noted that the more LEDs are used, the dimmer each of them will be. Although in some cases this is a good thing, the consistency of the overall brightness means that when more LEDs are turned on, they will not be blinding.

It is also possible to turn on several relays simultaneously through a decoder, although it is more difficult. Timing circuits similar to those used in running lights with slowly dimming LEDs will be required.

Thanks to diodes with RC circuits at the bases of transistors, relay coils connected instead of LEDs will switch off not at the same moment as the signal disappears from the decoder output but after a certain period of time.

If you keep the capacitor charged by periodically applying the corresponding number to the decoder input, the relay remains on. If you stop transmitting this number, the relay will turn off.

This is very similar to the operation of the Williams-Kilburn tube, one of the first types of computer memory in history. The electron beam scanned the cathode-ray tube screen, just like a television.

To turn the indicator into a storage device, engineers simply added a matrix of electrodes onto the screen and synchronized the modulation of the beam with the scanning of this matrix. Those areas of the glass where the electrons hit acquired a charge that would fade if not renewed.

Of course, this was not a fast memory by any stretch. And controlling a relay via an RC chain is also not fast. However, it fits a number of applications.

Each additional wire or microcontroller pin doubles the capacity of the demultiplexer. For example, 4 bits give 16 outputs. But the required number of decoder chips also doubles. For 4:16 you need two 3:8 chips, for 5:32 you need four, and for 6:64 as many as eight, and so on.

But the shift register allows you to transmit or read practically an unlimited number of binary bits using only three wires: one for data, one for clocking, and one for register latching.

Therefore, when paired with microcontrollers, to expand the number of pins, shift registers are most often used rather than demultiplexers.

Two CD4017 decimal counter-decoders have 2×10=20 outputs. But if you make a matrix where one chip scans the rows and the second the columns, you get 10×10=100. Or 9×9=81, as done in this matrix LED effect.

The same design is used in an electronic timer, where 6×10=60 LEDs are placed around the circumference of the dial and serve as the second hand.

As you can see, the matrix is not necessarily square or rectangular. It can be stretched into a line or closed into a circle, and in general, its elements can be arranged in the shape you need.

The decade counter U2 receives timing signals with a frequency of 1 hertz from the generator on the 555 timer. Using switch SW1, you can switch the chip to 'disable counting' mode, which means a pause in the stopwatch operation.

U2 counts to ten (from Q0 to Q9) and transmits the CARRY-OUT signal to the clock input of U1. Note that CARRY-OUT goes to logical zero when the counter has counted to Q5, and to logical one at the moment of overflow, when Q0 is activated again after Q9.

The CD4017 chip reacts just to the transition from low to high, so U1 will turn on the next row of LEDs exactly when U2 has turned off column Q9 and turned on Q0.

The active voltage level at the outputs Q0..Q9 of the CD4017 counter is high, and the current in the LED should flow from plus to minus, from anode to cathode, in the direction of the arrow. Therefore, the signals from the U2 outputs are inverted by the U3 CD4069 chip.

This chip contains six logic inverters. To count 60=10×6 seconds, we just need 6 lines of 10 LEDs. On the diagram, they look like rows and columns, but on the board, they are placed around the circumference of the dial.

After a minute has passed and Q2 has counted to Q6, transistor Q1 opens through resistor R2, performing two actions in our circuit.

First, it charges the capacitor C1, the voltage across which turns on transistor Q2 through resistor R3. This is exactly the same scheme that we've discussed above.

While C1 is discharging, the BZ1 buzzer will beep, not continuously but in 1 hertz pulses, since the positive terminal of BZ1 is connected not to the positive power supply terminal but to the output of the second pulse generator.

An asymmetrical flip-flop is constructed on transistors Q3 and Q4. A logical one from capacitor C1 through diode D1 and resistor R4, or from the power supply positive through R5 and button SW3, sets the flip-flop to one, which goes to the reset input of both counters, stopping the counting and resetting them to zero.

The diode is needed so that the buzzer is triggered only at the end of the count, not when the STOP button is pressed or a logical one appears at the output of the trigger through resistor R6, which latches the trigger into a high- or low-level state.

Button SW2 resets the trigger and starts the second count. If you made a multi-position switch that allowed you to choose which of the Q1..Q6 pins to connect R2 to, the timer could count not only up to 60 but also up to 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 seconds.

And the last circuit for today is an RGB running light. Here IC1 is the familiar CD4060 binary counter, and 74HC138 is a 3:8 decoder that lights up one of the eight LEDs, LED1..LED8.

These are RGB LEDs, and the light color will depend on the state of the outputs Q8–Q10 of the IC1 chip.

000: white; all channels are on

001: blue-green

010: magenta; blue plus red

011: blue

100: yellow; red plus green

101: green

110: red

111: LEDs do not light up

As you can see, even to control RGB LEDs, it is not at all necessary to use a microcontroller. With two simple chips and three transistors, you can create the beautiful effect of a running, color-changing light.