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Evolutionary mismatch, also known as mismatch theory or evolutionary trap, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to evolved traits that were once advantageous but became maladaptive due to changes in the environment. This can take place in humans and animals and is often attributed to rapid environmental change.

Mismatch theory represents the idea that traits that evolved in an organism in one environment can be disadvantageous in a different environment.

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· Üniversite veya programı gözünüzde büyütmeyin, tek çıkış yolu olarak görmeyin. Kariyerinizi planlamak ve gelecekte fark yaratarak mutlu olabilmek için gereken donanımı edinmek sizin göreviniz. · Üniversitelerin verdiği içerik ile yetinmeyin. Sürekli öğrenin. Unutmayın ki, üniversite müfredatının çağı yakalaması çok zor. Dünya çok hızlı değişiyor ve üniversiteler çok yavaş hareket ediyor. · Her fırsatta staj yapın ve çalışın. Mezun olmadan önce 3–4 stajınız olsun. · İngilizceyi olabildiğince iyi öğrenin. Artık İngilizce “yabancı dil” değil, dünya dili. Bunun yanına bir yabancı dil koymaya çalışın (Rusça, Çince veya Arapça öneriyorum). · Mutlaka ders dışı etkinliklere katılın. Öğrenci kulüpleri, spor takımları, konferanslar, geziler çok değerli fırsatlar sunar. · Mutlaka anlamlı bir yurtdışı deneyimi kurgulayın. · Gelecekte ne olacağını kestirmek zor ama her şeyin içinde teknolojinin olacağını kestirmek kolay. Teknoloji okuryazarı olun. En az bir kodlama dili öğrenin. · Gelecekte daha fazla üniversite mezununun serbest çalışacağını (“freelancer”) veya tekno-girişimci olacağını düşünüyorum. Her üniversite öğrencisi ve mezunu girişimciliğin bir kariyer alternatifi olabileceğinin farkında olmalı. (http://erhanerkut.com/egitim/girisimci-olmak-isteyen-universitelilere-oneriler/) · Kariyer planlama ve geleceğe hazırlanma konusunda yazdığım blog yazılarını okuyun (http://erhanerkut.com/)

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Stretching & Central Nervous System. Why we can stretch further

https://www.jennirawlings.com/blog/stretching-is-in-your-brain-a-new-paradigm-of-flexibility-yoga-part-1

Our brain and spinal cord, which make up our central nervous system (CNS), are constantly monitoring the state of our body. One of the main imperatives of the CNS to keep our body where it perceives it is safe. Normal movements that we make throughout our day are considered safe by the CNS because it knows and trusts them. But on the other hand, our CNS is not familiar with ranges of motion that we never move into, so it’s much less likely to consider those places safe. When we stretch, if we move into a place that the CNS isn’t familiar with, our nervous system will likely end our stretch by creating a sensation of discomfort at the end range of motion it considers safe.

For example, if you happen to work on your computer for 8 solid hours a day (and if you don’t take frequent intermittent stretch breaks for your shoulders - hint hint :) ), the CNS becomes very familiar with the arms-forward position that you use while typing and considers that range safe. Then later, if you decide to do a chest stretch in which you take your arm out to the side and then behind you, the CNS doesn’t feel that that movement is safe because you so rarely go there, so it will limit your range very early on in the stretch.

A major takeaway from this new flexibility paradigm is that when we increase our range of motion through stretching, it isn’t because we pulled on our tissues and made them longer. It’s because we visited the edge of our stretch (also called stretch “tolerance”) enough times that our CNS started to feel comfortable there and it began to allow us to move deeper into that range.

...

And how we choose to stretch, which is based on whether we believe that we’re physically lengthening our muscles (old paradigm) or increasing our nervous system’s tolerance for the stretch (new paradigm), determines how our fascia will be affected during the movement. (Preview for Part 2 of this post: if we’re going with the older “pulling on our tissues like play-doh" paradigm, we’ll feel more drawn to stretching deeper and harder in our poses, which is much more likely to simply damage our tissues than give us the flexibility we seek.)

BUT HOW MUCH STRETCH IS THE RIGHT AMOUNT?

Here’s a key rule to use in your practice: when we stretch, we should only move into a range of motion over which we have muscular control. This is because our nervous system feels safest when it senses that we have control over our movement. Put another way, we don’t want to create flexibility without the strength to support it.

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Overgeneralization: what it is and how to avoid it

http://iameduard.com/overgeneralization/

The human mind is a very intriguing thing. It can help us get a better, broader and deeper grasp of reality, but it can also deceive us immensely. It has the ability to elucidate the truth, but also to distort it. And it does both things recurrently.

Working as a confidence and communication coach, I found that one of the most common and dangerous ways for our minds to distort reality is through a thought process called overgeneralization.

In order to understand overgeneralization, let’s first take a quick look at generalization.

Generalization is the process of extending the characteristics of a number of elements from a group or class to the entire group. These elements can be people, animals, objects, events, etc.

Basically, we come in contact with a several elements from a category, we notice a certain attribute they have, and by generalizing, we conclude that all elements within that category have that attribute.

In terms of formal logic, it goes like this:

A2, which is a member of group A, has characteristic X.

A3, which is a member of group A, has characteristic X.

A4, which is a member of group A, has characteristic X.

Therefore, all elements in group A have characteristic X.

So, by getting to know A1, A2, A3 and A4 and generalizing, we form a wide-ranging conclusion, which also applies to elements A5, A6, A 7 and so on, since they are members of group A.

From Generalization to Overgeneralization

Done right, generalization is very useful thought process. It’s a way to expand our field of knowledge beyond what we’ve experienced directly through our senses.

It allows us to infer characteristics of an entire category, without getting to know every single element in that category individually. You see a bunch of cows over a span of time and you notice that all of them have horns, so you correctly conclude that cows in general have horns.

The problem appears when we do generalization the wrong way; or more precisely, when we overdo it. This is overgeneralization. It’s the process of extending the characteristics of a number of elements from a group more that it is reasonable, thus reaching broad and inaccurate conclusions.

There are two major ways of generalizing the characteristics of a number of elements too much:

1. Generalizing from a very small sample (sometimes just 1 or 2 elements) to the entire population.

This leads to the all so common error of thinking you understand an entire class because you’ve dealt with a couple of its members. Examples of this include:

The guy who married the first woman he's been with and has never been with any other women, but thinks he knows what women in general want in a man and what turns them on sexually, so he preaches to his buddies about this.

The woman who is shocked to learn from a female friend that she got a job promotion by sleeping with her boss, and she concludes that women can only get a promotion in exchange for sexual favors.

The person who never met any rich people, but they saw a couple of them on TV a few times and they seemed like arrogant assholes, so they start believing that all rich people are like that.

The other possibility for generalizing too much is a bit trickier. It’s:

2. Generalizing from a large but unrepresentative sample to the entire population.

This is when the sample is generous in size, but the elements in it have some distinct trait that the larger population does not have, so generalizing to it from this sample is incorrect.

For example, let’s say you live in Los Angeles and you want get to know the eating habits of Italians, so you study 100 Italian people from your city and you extend the conclusions to Italians on the whole.

The trouble is that even if your sample of 100 Italians is big, it’s not representative of Italians in general. Italians in LA likely have different eating habits from Italians in New York, and they certainly have different eating habits from Italians in Italy. Because they have been affected by local influences.

So to extend the conclusions your reach to Italians in general is hasty. It’s an overgeneralization.

The thing that’s important for you to be aware of is that…

Overgeneralization Is a Very Serious Problem

It’s an extremely widespread phenomenon, much wider that you may imagine. In my experience, most of the time we don’t just generalize, we over-generalize.

Our minds are so hungry for the impression of knowledge and certainty about our surrounding reality that we often form broad, sweeping conclusions based on little real experience or little relevant experience. This is particularly true when we’re under the influence of strong negative emotions.

And then we rely on these conclusions to make choices and decisions in life. And guess what happens when you base your choices on faulty ideas? You end up making many ineffective choices, big and small, and you screw up your life instead of enhancing it.

Probably the most dangerous conclusions we develop by overgeneralizing take the form of limiting beliefs. These are beliefs that tell us various things cannot be done, they cannot happen, when in reality they can.

Our minds create artificial barriers that do not exist in the real word. And we spend our lives acting as if they are real.

Thus, we feel insecure, we have all sorts of absurd fears, we lack initiative, we miss opportunities and we sell ourselves short. Not because what we want is not possible, but because we deluded ourselves into believing that it’s not possible.

Now that I’ve explained what overgeneralization is and why it’s dangerous, let’s discuss what I’m betting you’re very curious to find out:

How to Avoid Overgeneralizing and See the Reality

Since overgeneralization is a thought process and it generates ideas about yourself, others, life and so on, the first important step for overcoming it is to start paying conscious attention to your thoughts and the ideas you operate on.

When doing this, what you want is to become aware of the thoughts and ideas you have that are broad and generic. I’m talking about stuff like: “Caucasian women don’t like Asian men”, “I fail in everything I do”, “People only care about themselves”, etc.

Many times, even though these ideas may seem true to you, they are in fact the product of hasty, exaggerated generalizations and they distort reality to a large degree.

Whenever you become aware of such a thought or idea, the crucial action to take is to question its validity, by questioning the quantity or quality of practical experiences to support it.

Ask yourself: How do I know this? What’s the real-life experience to prove this? Is this proof truly sufficient and relevant enough?

More often than not, you’ll come up empty handed. You won’t find enough reliable proof to support these generic ideas, and that’s a good thing because it confirms to you that they indeed are generalizations and it’s not worth taking them seriously.

As soon as you get this awareness, you’ll get a jolt of confidence that the possibilities the world offers extend beyond what you believe is possible.

But you’re not done. Unfortunately, your mind will keep going back to the old thinking patterns and present you those old, generic ideas. This is why, probably the most important part in overcoming overgeneralizing, is to persist in questioning your assumptions and shifting your awareness.

Keep noticing your broad thoughts and ideas, keep questioning the practical experience to support them, and when you don’t find much of it, admit to yourself that, bluntly said, you don’t have a clue what the fuck you’re talking about.

It’s an uphill battle at first, but your mind has the ability to learn, unlearn and re-learn. So it will get the message and those overgeneralizations will show up less and less in your thinking.

As soon as you’ve started shaking the foundations of your old, much too general beliefs, you can start executing the final key step for crushing them: taking action to gain real experience and lots of it, and seeing what that experience realistically indicates.

Based on this experience you’ll develop more realistic views, which will empower you and permit you to make the best decisions in life.

If, let’s say, you’re a short guy and you believe that girls aren’t attracted to short guys because you hit on like two girls in your entire life and they rejected you, go out and gets a lot more experience. Meet lots of girls, talk to them, and flirt with the ones you like. I promise you that you’ll reach some interesting conclusions, and none will confirm your generic initial belief.

It’s within this mix of mental and behavioral steps that lays the solution for overcoming overgeneralization. Understand it well, apply it as effectively and systematically as you can, and you’ll drastically improve your thinking, your emotions and your life.

You’ll begin to see the world with new eyes. Where you previously saw limits, you will see opportunities.  You’ll feel free to live your life any way you want and you’ll be confident in your power to fulfill your dreams.

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01.knick knacks - clutters

02.clothes - buy only when there’s needs

03.notebooks & journals - get from companies that freely give them away

04.movies & cds

05.pop & sugary beverages

06.bags

07.jewellery

08.artificially fragranced items

09.smoothies & juices

10.body sprays

11.getting brows done

12.dairy

13.badly farmed meats

14.shavers & shaving cream

15.make up wipes

16.manicures & pedicures

17.memberships - magazine subscriptions, gym memberships, netflix... - Make sure you get money’s worth

18.various cleaners - get all purpose cleaners

19.bottle waters

20.dryer sheets

21.fabric softener

22.over buying food - go shopping with a list & stick to it.

23.just-in-case items

24.impulse buys

25.bagged salads

26.alcohol

27.toys

28.fancy dishes

29.coffee filters

30.dishwasher rinse

31.salad dressings

32.plastic toothbrushes

33.seasonal / holiday decor

34.latest tech

35.souvenirs

36.cable tv

37.heavy liquid make up

38.hair creams & treatments

39.mouthwash

40.???

41.heels

42.apps

43.pre-prepared food

44.swimsuits

45.hair extensions

46.blankets & pillows

47.mugs

48.bpa kitchen tools

49.plastic bags while shopping - bring reusable bag

50.trendy stuff

JUST BECAUSE IT’S ON SALE, DOESN’T MEAN YOU NEED IT

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identity vs others

If AST is correct, 300 million years of reptilian, avian, and mammalian evolution have allowed the self-model and the social model to evolve in tandem, each influencing the other. We understand other people by projecting ourselves onto them. 

But we also understand ourselves by considering the way other people might see us. Data from my own lab suggests that the cortical networks in the human brain that allow us to attribute consciousness to others overlap extensively with the networks that construct our own sense of consciousness.

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/06/how-consciousness-evolved/485558/

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Unmotivated? Give Advice

Per traditional self-help narratives, if you can’t accomplish your goal, you should ask for advice. Find someone who has successfully landed the job, gotten the promotion, made the grades, achieved the weight loss, or created the financial stability that you want. Tell this person you’re struggling. Then do what she says.

According to two leading psychologists, this theory isn’t just hackneyed, it’s wrong. Their research suggests that the key to motivation is giving advice, not receiving it.

Writing in MIT Sloan Management Review, Lauren Eskreis-Winkler, a Wharton psychologist who studies motivation, and Ayelet Fishbach, a professor of behavioral science at University of Chicago Booth, explain that psychologists have long known problems related to self-control are connected to a lack of motivation to transform knowledge into action.

“Realizing this, we decided to turn the standard solution to self-control on its head: What if instead of seeking advice, we asked struggling people to give it,” write Eskreis-Winkler and Fishbach. To answer this question, they conducted a series of experiments that appointed people struggling with self-control to advise others on the very problems they themselves were encountering. The population samples they studied included unemployed adults struggling to find a job, adults struggling to save money, adults struggling with anger management, and children falling behind in school.

“Although giving advice confers no new information to the advice giver, we thought it would increase the advice giver’s confidence,” they write. “Confidence in one’s ability can galvanize motivation and achievement even more than actual ability.”

The results suggest their thesis was right. In one study, unemployed individuals gave advice to their equally deflated peers. Then all participants read job search tips from the career advice site The Muse. After giving and receiving advice, 68% of unemployed individuals said that they felt more motivated to search for jobs after giving advice than they did after receiving it.

Eskreis-Winkler and Fishbach similarly found that 72% of people struggling to save money said that giving advice motivated them to save money more than receiving tips from experts at America Saves; 77% of adults struggling with anger management said they were more motivated to control their temper after giving anger management advice than they were after receiving advice from professional psychologists at the American Psychological Association; and 72% of adults struggling to lose weight said that giving weight loss advice made them feel more confident about shedding pounds than did receiving advice from a seasoned nutritionist at the Mayo Clinic.

Even more surprisingly, experiment participants were completely unaware of the effectiveness of giving advice. “They consistently expected themselves and others to be less motivated by giving advice than receiving it,” Fishbach tells Quartz.

This false expectation is likely driven by the presumption that underperformance is the result of lacking knowledge. In fact, unmotivated people often know what they need to do to succeed, they just don’t take action. “For example, people think that failed dieters don’t have information on effective diets,” Fishbach says. “But the truth is that failed dieters know quite a bit, only don’t apply their knowledge to action.”

Giving advice, as opposed to receiving it, appears to help unmotivated people feel powerful because it involves reflecting on knowledge that they already have. So if you’re completely clueless about the resources or strategies necessary for progress, asking for help is probably the best first step. But if you (like most of us), know what you need to do, but are having trouble actually doing it, giving someone advice may be the push you need.

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9 Career Networking Tips

1. Stop by your school's career services office. Your first stop should be your college's career services office. Don't end your college career without taking advantage of the assistance you can get through your school - from resume help to alumni networking, your campus career services is a great way to jump-start your job search, from the first year to the last. Your career office is there to help, and best of all, the services available through it are all already paid for by your tuition.

2. Actively engage in your classes. When it comes to classes relevant to your major, don't just sit in the back with your eyes half-closed and only one ear open. Make yourself known to the professor: sit up front, ask questions, and attend the professor's office hours. Not only will this likely help your grade, but it will also lead to establishing a positive relationship. Professors often have tons of connections, from colleagues in the field to former students, making them a valuable resource during your job search later on.

Plus, you'll be grateful for the relationship if you have to ask a professor to provide a reference letter.

3. Reach out to other faculty and staff. Don't limit yourself to professors that you have classes with. If there's somebody in your department who you think might be able to offer career advice or help you land an internship or a job, you have nothing to lose by shooting him or her a friendly email and asking to arrange a time to meet casually and chat about your career path.

4. Use LinkedIn. Once you've made those connections, keep them. LinkedIn is a great way to stay in touch with professional contacts, so ensure you make an active effort to keep your profile updated. Setting up a ​personal website is another good addition to your online presence.

5. Talk to recent graduates. Although professors and professionals are valuable resources for advice, people who are a few years out of school are helpful, too. After all, job searching has changed a lot even in the past decade, so talking to people who are fresh in the work world can bring a whole new perspective to your job search. In addition, LinkedIn has a tool which users can use to access employment information for alumni from their college.

6. Take advantage of networking events. If your college offers alumni networking events, make an effort to attend - and be serious about it. Dress the part, and carry a few resumes with you too, because you never know who you might encounter. Keep your eye out for profession-specific events or job fairs in your area, too. Here's how to make the most out of college alumni networking events.

7. Do an internship - and take it seriously. An internship gets your foot in the door - and even if it doesn't end in a job at that specific company, it can connect you with other opportunities, as well as serving as a reference source in the future. So, even if you are unpaid, don't just treat your internship as a resume filler. Take it seriously, do your best, and you'll thank yourself after graduation.

8. Ask for an informational interview. Want to connect with someone at your internship, a professor, or even someone in your field that you admire? Request an informational interview to find out about what they do and how they got there. This can even take place via email or on the phone. Either way, establishing contacts - and maintaining them - creates valuable connections when it comes time to launch your career.

9. Connect with your company of choice on social media. Do you dream of working for a specific company? Make a point to follow them on social media sites like Twitter, Facebook, Google+, LinkedIn, Instagram, and Pinterest. Not only does this imply your interest in a future opportunity, but it's a good way to keep track of job openings. For example, some employers have a specific Twitter account for job opportunities, and many companies - small and large - post about when they're hiring on their social media pages.

RESOURCE

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